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Fantke P, Aurisano N, Provoost J, Karamertzanis PG, Hauschild M. Toward effective use of REACH data for science and policy. Environ Int 2020; 135:105336. [PMID: 31884133 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 424, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Nicolò Aurisano
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 424, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jeroen Provoost
- Computational Assessment Unit, Directorate of Prioritisation and Integration, European Chemicals Agency, Annankatu 18, 00121 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Panagiotis G Karamertzanis
- Computational Assessment Unit, Directorate of Prioritisation and Integration, European Chemicals Agency, Annankatu 18, 00121 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Hauschild
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 424, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Kähkönen EE. Is It Safe to Paint Your Wall White? A Case Study on Titanium Dioxide Classification. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019; 15:1000-1011. [PMID: 31286652 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) is in the process of being classified as a suspected carcinogenic substance (Carc 2). The present case study probes the outcomes of this potential classification in terms of the reduction of hazardous exposure to TiO2 due to its classification. Furthermore, the case study examines the elements that are causing ambiguity during the classification process. This study was conducted by walking through the process from the present exposure to TiO2 to the hazard assessment associated with TiO2 exposure, to the regulatory classification process, and to practical outcomes affecting TiO2 usage. Finally, the impact of the classification on exposure, which was originally considered potentially hazardous, is evaluated. The case study shows that TiO2 classification as a carcinogen will not directly reduce respiratory exposure to TiO2 , which was the original reason for the classification. Instead, the classification will lead to restrictions on recycling. Moreover, the classification will have an impact on certain solid artifacts and liquid mixtures for which hazardous exposure was not detected. Altogether, the present case raises questions concerning hazard communications associated with the Carc 2 classification; treatment of poorly soluble low toxicity (PSLT) particles and nanoparticles in the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) and the Classification, Labelling and Packaging (CLP) classifications; and use of human exposure studies for the purposes of chemical regulations. Based on the present study, the following recommendations are made: the final decision on the TiO2 classification should be reconsidered together with those of other PSLT particles and take into account extensive developments in the field of nanoscience. Furthermore, the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) should develop state-of-the-art guidance on how to use the available human exposure data. Finally, the authorities that are in charge of European Union chemicals management are advised to further develop the regulatory network to utilize the information generated in REACH processes as efficiently as possible and to verify that the connections between the regulations result in the intended outcome. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;00:1-12. © 2019 SETAC.
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Konieczko K, Czerczak S, Kupczewska-Dobecka M. [Ten years of the application of REACH and CLP - assessing the knowledge and implementation of these regulations by Polish users of chemicals]. Med Pr 2019; 70:435-444. [PMID: 31184316 DOI: 10.13075/mp.5893.00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this work was to assess the awareness among both downstream users and distributors of chemicals in Poland, as regards legal regulations applicable to chemicals (i.e., the Regulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals - REACH, and the Registration on classification, labelling and packaging - CLP), and to identify on this basis the needs for training and information campaigns addressed to these professional groups, by means of a questionnaire survey. MATERIAL AND METHODS The SurveyMonkey Internet survey software was selected for this purpose. Two groups of respondents were surveyed - downstream users (DU) and distributors (D) of chemicals, and consumers. RESULTS Responses were obtained from 65 downstream users and distributors of chemicals, and from 98 consumers. As many as 23% of the respondents did not know the obligations imposed on their company by REACH and CLP. Over 59% of the DU/D respondents did not have the opportunity to participate in chemical safety management (CSM) training in the last 5 years. Eighty percent of the respondents were interested in participating in free courses that would enable them to broaden their knowledge of the classification, labeling and marketing of chemicals. CONCLUSIONS Despite the 10 years of the application of REACH and CLP, many people working for chemical enterprises still do not know their company's obligations set out in these regulations. The percentage of people positively assessing their competences increases with the size of the enterprise. The results of the survey indicate the need to organize continuous training for people using chemicals in their professional activity and for distributors. It is very important to ensure training at the basic level of chemical distributors. Such training should provide them with elementary knowledge on the hazards posed by chemicals, which could then be passed to consumers in an understandable manner. Med Pr. 2019;70(4):435-44.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Konieczko
- Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. J. Nofera / Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland (Zakład Bezpieczeństwa Chemicznego / Department of Chemical Safety).
| | - Sławomir Czerczak
- Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. J. Nofera / Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland (Zakład Bezpieczeństwa Chemicznego / Department of Chemical Safety).
| | - Małgorzata Kupczewska-Dobecka
- Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. J. Nofera / Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland (Zakład Bezpieczeństwa Chemicznego / Department of Chemical Safety).
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Marzo M, Leone C, Toma C, Roncaglioni A, Gianazzi S, Knauf R, Benfenati E. Impact of REACH legislation on the production and importation of CMR (carcinogen, mutagen and reproductive) and explosive chemicals in Italy from 2011 to 2015. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 101:166-171. [PMID: 30502361 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
On 1 June 2007, the European Commission issued the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) to protect both the environment and human health. We analyzed the impact of REACH in the Italian market considering the presence of chemicals, their diversity, importation and production during the period 2011-2015, with particular attention to products with toxic or explosive properties. There was a reduction of the chemicals on the market, in terms of tons but also the absolute numbers of types of compounds. The production reduction was particularly noticeable for explosive chemicals: -14.7%. CMR products did not show any statistically significant reduction in term of tons: -2.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Marzo
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milano, Italy.
| | - Caterina Leone
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Cosimo Toma
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Roncaglioni
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Emilio Benfenati
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milano, Italy
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Sackmann K, Reemtsma T, Rahmberg M, Bunke D. Impact of European chemicals regulation on the industrial use of plasticizers and patterns of substitution in Scandinavia. Environ Int 2018; 119:346-352. [PMID: 29990955 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
REACH aims at promoting the safe use of chemicals in Europe, inter alia by identification and regulation of substances of very high concern (SVHCs). Once identified, SVHCs need to be substituted by safer alternatives. However, substitutes are frequently not safer than the substances that they replace but rather show similar hazard profiles, resulting in regrettable substitution. This paper investigates the impact of chemicals regulation on substitution of chemicals by analyzing time trends in the industrial use of chemicals from 2000 to 2014 in Scandinavia. It is shown that the use of ten water-relevant SVHCs decreased by about 90% in the considered period in Sweden as compared to a control group of unregulated substances which decreased by only 20%. A closer inspection of the use of 23 highly used plasticizers revealed that the use of regulated phthalate plasticizers decreased while the use of non-phthalate plasticizers increased. A first comparison of hazardous properties showed that during the 15-years period chemical substitution drastically reduced the chemical hazard burden of plasticizers in Scandinavia for both, the environment and human health. This study shows that regulation and the related discussion on chemicals safety have significantly reduced the chemical hazard burden from plasticizers in Scandinavia since the year 2000. It is assumed that similar trends can be found for the whole European Union. To combat regrettable substitution, mitigation options are suggested, including information-based tools for the identification of safer alternatives and an improved accessibility of information on production volumes and uses of chemicals to allow for an improved assessment of chemical's risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Sackmann
- Öko-Institut e.V., Merzhauser Straße 173, 79100 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Magnus Rahmberg
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Valhallavägen 81, 114 27 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Dirk Bunke
- Öko-Institut e.V., Merzhauser Straße 173, 79100 Freiburg, Germany.
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Tranfo G, Caporossi L, Pigini D, Capanna S, Papaleo B, Paci E. Temporal Trends of Urinary Phthalate Concentrations in Two Populations: Effects of REACH Authorization after Five Years. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:E1950. [PMID: 30200671 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15091950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates are widely used in the industrial manufacture of many products. Some phthalates have shown reproductive toxicity in humans, acting as endocrine disruptors, so they were included in the authorization process defined in Reg. CE 1907/2006 (REACH). Two groups of population were recruited, before and after the inclusion of some phthalates in the authorization list in REACH: the first group of 157 volunteers was studied in 2011 and the second, 171 volunteers, in 2016. Each subject completed a questionnaire about personal lifestyle, working activities and use of chemical products. The main urinary metabolites of five phthalates were analyzed by HPLC/MS/MS: mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP) and mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) for di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) exposure; monoethylphthalate (MEP) for diethylphtahate (DEP); monobenzylphthalate (MBzP) for butylbenzylphtahalate (BBP) and dibenzylphthalate (DBzP), mono-n-butylphthalate (MnBP) for butylbenzylphtahalate (BBP) and di-n-butylphthalate (DnBP). The results show a significant difference for all metabolites between the two periods, with the exception of MEP in women. The comparison of the two sets of results shows a decrease in urinary metabolites excretion from 2011 to 2016, statistically significant for the three phthalates included in Annex XIV of REACH. DEP, not currently included in the list for authorization, maintains a constant presence in the daily life of the population, particularly for women.
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Sobanska M, Scholz S, Nyman AM, Cesnaitis R, Gutierrez Alonso S, Klüver N, Kühne R, Tyle H, de Knecht J, Dang Z, Lundbergh I, Carlon C, De Coen W. Applicability of the fish embryo acute toxicity (FET) test (OECD 236) in the regulatory context of Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). Environ Toxicol Chem 2018; 37:657-670. [PMID: 29226368 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In 2013 the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) test guideline (236) for fish embryo acute toxicity (FET) was adopted. It determines the acute toxicity of chemicals to embryonic fish. Previous studies show a good correlation of FET with the standard acute fish toxicity (AFT) test; however, the potential of the FET test to predict AFT, which is required by the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulation (EC 1907/2006) and the Classification, Labelling and Packaging (CLP) Regulation (EC 1272/2008), has not yet been fully clarified. In 2015 the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) requested that a consultant perform a scientific analysis of the applicability of FET to predict AFT. The purpose was to compare the toxicity of substances to fish embryos and to adult fish, and to investigate whether certain factors (e.g., physicochemical properties, modes of action, or chemical structures) could be used to define the applicability boundaries of the FET test. Given the limited data availability, the analysis focused on organic substances. The present critical review summarizes the main findings and discusses regulatory application of the FET test under REACH. Given some limitations (e.g., neurotoxic mode of action) and/or remaining uncertainties (e.g., deviation of some narcotic substances), it has been found that the FET test alone is currently not sufficient to meet the essential information on AFT as required by the REACH regulation. However, the test may be used within weight-of-evidence approaches together with other independent, relevant, and reliable sources of information. The present review also discusses further research needs that may overcome the remaining uncertainties and help to increase acceptance of FET as a replacement for AFT in the future. For example, an increase in the availability of data generated according to OECD test guideline 236 may provide evidence of a higher predictive power of the test. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:657-670. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Scholz
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Nils Klüver
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralph Kühne
- Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henrik Tyle
- Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joop de Knecht
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Zhichao Dang
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Wim De Coen
- European Chemicals Agency, Helsinki, Finland
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Bettinetti R, Kopp-Schneider A, Vignati DAL. The European water-based environmental quality standard for pentachlorophenol is NOT protective of benthic organisms. Sci Total Environ 2018; 613-614:39-45. [PMID: 28898810 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Risk management of toxic substances is often based on Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) set for the water compartment, assuming they will also protect benthic organisms. In the absence of experimental data, EQS for sediments can be estimated by the equilibrium partitioning approach. The present study investigates whether this approach is protective of benthic organisms against pentachlorophenol (PCP), a legacy contaminant and EU priority substance still used in some parts of the world. Three freshwater species of invertebrates with different life cycles and feeding behaviors (the oligochaetes Lumbriculus variegatus, Tubifex tubifex and the dipteran insect Chironomus riparius) were exposed to PCP spiked sediments (2.10-46.03mgPCP/kg d.w. plus controls) in laboratory standard tests. Exposure duration was 28days for T. tubifex and L. variegatus and 10 and 28days for C. riparius; according to the corresponding OECD guidelines. For each investigated end-point, dose-response data were normalized to the mean control and fitted to a four-parameter log-logistic model for calculating the corresponding EC50 and EC10. The ranges for EC50 and EC10 estimates were 4.39 (Chironomus riparius-emergence)-27.50 (Tubifex tubifex-cocoon) and 0.30 (T. tubifex-young worms) -16.70 (T. tubifex-cocoon) mg/kg d.w., respectively. The EC50 and the EC10 values of L. variegatus were within these ranges. Following the EU Technical Guidance for deriving EQS, the lowest EC10 value of 0.30mg/kg (T. tubifex-young worms) resulted in a PCP quality standard (QS) for sediments of 30ng/g, about one fourth of the tentative QS of 119ng/g estimated by the equilibrium partitioning (EqP) approach. The response of benthic biota to PCP varied across organisms and across end-points for the same organism, so that the use of sediment PCP-QS calculated using the EqP-approach may be under-protective of the most sensitive organisms. Information on the possible effects of PCP on resident organisms must therefore be collected for appropriately managing aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annette Kopp-Schneider
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Davide A L Vignati
- CNRS and Université de Lorraine, LIEC-UMR 7360, 8 rue du Général Delestraint, 57070 Metz, France
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McKee RH, Tibaldi R, Adenuga MD, Carrillo JC, Margary A. Assessment of the potential human health risks from exposure to complex substances in accordance with REACH requirements. "White spirit" as a case study. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 92:439-457. [PMID: 29069582 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The European chemical control regulation (REACH) requires that data on physical/chemical, toxicological and environmental hazards be compiled. Additionally, REACH requires formal assessments to ensure that substances can be safely used for their intended purposes. For health hazard assessments, reference values (Derived No Effect levels, DNELs) are calculated from toxicology data and compared to estimated exposure levels. If the ratio of the predicted exposure level to the DNEL, i.e. the Risk Characterization Ratio (RCR), is less than 1, the risk is considered controlled; otherwise, additional Risk Management Measures (RMM) must be applied. These requirements pose particular challenges for complex substances. Herein, "white spirit", a complex hydrocarbon solvent, is used as an example to illustrate how these procedures were applied. Hydrocarbon solvents were divided into categories of similar substances. Representative substances were identified for DNEL determinations. Adjustment factors were applied to the no effect levels to calculate the DNELs. Exposure assessments utilized a standardized set of generic exposure scenarios (GES) which incorporated exposure predictions for solvent handling activities. Computer-based tools were developed to automate RCR calculations and identify appropriate RMMs, allowing consistent communications to users via safety data sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H McKee
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., 1545 US Highway 22 East, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA
| | - Rosalie Tibaldi
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., 1545 US Highway 22 East, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA.
| | - Moyinoluwa D Adenuga
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., 1545 US Highway 22 East, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA
| | | | - Alison Margary
- Shell Health, Shell International B.V., The Hague, The Netherlands
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Prichystalova R, Fini JB, Trasande L, Bellanger M, Demeneix B, Maxim L. Comparison of methods for calculating the health costs of endocrine disrupters: a case study on triclosan. Environ Health 2017; 16:55. [PMID: 28599657 PMCID: PMC5466740 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0265-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Socioeconomic analysis is currently used in the Europe Union as part of the regulatory process in Regulation Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals (REACH), with the aim of assessing and managing risks from dangerous chemicals. The political impact of the socio-economic analysis is potentially high in the authorisation and restriction procedures, however, current socio-economic analysis dossiers submitted under REACH are very heterogeneous in terms of methodology used and quality. Furthermore, the economic literature is not very helpful for regulatory purposes, as most published calculations of health costs associated with chemical exposures use epidemiological studies as input data, but such studies are rarely available for most substances. The quasi-totality of the data used in the REACH dossiers comes from toxicological studies. METHODS This paper assesses the use of the integrated probabilistic risk assessment, based on toxicological data, for the calculation of health costs associated with endocrine disrupting effects of triclosan. The results are compared with those obtained using the population attributable fraction, based on epidemiological data. RESULTS The results based on the integrated probabilistic risk assessment indicated that 4894 men could have reproductive deficits based on the decreased vas deferens weights observed in rats, 0 cases of changed T3 levels, and 0 cases of girls with early pubertal development. The results obtained with the Population Attributable Fraction method showed 7,199,228 cases of obesity per year, 281,923 girls per year with early pubertal development and 88,957 to 303,759 cases per year with increased total T3 hormone levels. The economic costs associated with increased BMI due to TCS exposure could be calculated. Direct health costs were estimated at €5.8 billion per year. CONCLUSIONS The two methods give very different results for the same effects. The choice of a toxicological-based or an epidemiological-based method in the socio-economic analysis will therefore significantly impact the estimated health costs and consequently the political risk management decision. Additional work should be done for understanding the reasons of these significant differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Prichystalova
- Institut des Sciences de la Communication (UMS 3665), CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)/Université Paris Sorbonne/UPMC (Université Pierre et Marie Curie), 20 rue Berbier du Mets, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Fini
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS UMR 7221, RDDM, Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU School of Medicine, 403 E 34th St, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Martine Bellanger
- School of Public Health, University Sorbonne Paris Cité, EA7348 MOS, Paris, France
| | - Barbara Demeneix
- Sorbonne Universités, CNRS UMR 7221, RDDM, Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Laura Maxim
- Institut des Sciences de la Communication (UMS 3665), CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)/Université Paris Sorbonne/UPMC (Université Pierre et Marie Curie), 20 rue Berbier du Mets, 75013 Paris, France
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Campisi T, Samorì C, Torri C, Barbera G, Foschini A, Kiwan A, Galletti P, Tagliavini E, Pasteris A. Chemical and ecotoxicological properties of three bio-oils from pyrolysis of biomasses. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2016; 132:87-93. [PMID: 27285282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In view of the potential use of pyrolysis-based technologies, it is crucial to understand the environmental hazards of pyrolysis-derived products, in particular bio-oils. Here, three bio-oils were produced from fast pyrolysis of pine wood and intermediate pyrolysis of corn stalk and poultry litter. They were fully characterized by chemical analysis and tested for their biodegradability and their ecotoxicity on the crustacean Daphnia magna and the green alga Raphidocelis subcapitata. These tests were chosen as required by the European REACH regulation. These three bio-oils were biodegradable, with 40-60% of biodegradation after 28 days, and had EC50 values above 100mgL(-1) for the crustacean and above 10mgL(-1) for the alga, showing low toxicity to the aquatic life. The toxic unit approach was applied to verify whether the observed toxicity could be predicted from the data available for the substances detected in the bio-oils. The predicted values largely underestimated the experimental values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Campisi
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Industriale Energia e Ambiente, University of Bologna, via S. Alberto 163, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Chiara Samorì
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Industriale Energia e Ambiente, University of Bologna, via S. Alberto 163, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Cristian Torri
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Industriale Energia e Ambiente, University of Bologna, via S. Alberto 163, Ravenna, Italy; Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Barbera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, University of Bologna, via Selmi 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Foschini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, University of Bologna, via Selmi 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alisar Kiwan
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Industriale Energia e Ambiente, University of Bologna, via S. Alberto 163, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Paola Galletti
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Industriale Energia e Ambiente, University of Bologna, via S. Alberto 163, Ravenna, Italy; Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emilio Tagliavini
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Industriale Energia e Ambiente, University of Bologna, via S. Alberto 163, Ravenna, Italy; Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Pasteris
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Industriale Energia e Ambiente, University of Bologna, via S. Alberto 163, Ravenna, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, University of Bologna, via Selmi 3, Bologna, Italy.
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Bandow N, Simon FG. Significance of cadmium from artists' paints to agricultural soil and the food chain. Environ Sci Eur 2016; 28:12. [PMID: 27752446 PMCID: PMC5044963 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-016-0077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An Annex XV restriction dossier for cadmium in artists' paints was submitted by an EU member state to the European Chemicals Agency ECHA. By cleaning, used brushes under the tap cadmium can enter the food chain via waste water treatment and subsequent agricultural application of the sewage sludge. It was estimated that 110 kg Cd per year is spread on agricultural land via this exposure route. Other sources of Cd amount to almost 120 tons per year. RESULTS The mobility of Cd from pigments was studied in a field-like scenario by leaching experiments using soil samples amended with sewage sludge and spiked with Cd pigments in percolation columns. The redox conditions were confirmed to be the decisive factor for the release of Cd. The release of Cd from artists' paints was in most cases 1 % or lower in the experiments performed. CONCLUSIONS Application of sewage sludge containing Cd from artist paints does not increase the amount of Cd leached from this soils. Furthermore, the quantity of Cd from artists' paints calculated in the restriction dossier is negligible compared to other sources of Cd to agricultural soil. Therefore, ECHA did not consider the proposed restriction to be the most appropriate EU wide measure to address the negligible level of risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bandow
- BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franz-Georg Simon
- BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Benfenati E, Manganelli S, Giordano S, Raitano G, Manganaro A. Hierarchical Rules for Read-Across and In Silico Models of Mutagenicity. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev 2015; 33:385-403. [PMID: 26403277 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2015.1096881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A broad set of rules has been implemented within the ToxRead software for read-across of chemicals for bacterial mutagenicity. These rules were obtained by manually analyzing more than 6000 chemicals and the associated chemical classes. A hierarchy of rules was established to identify those most specifically relating to the target compounds, linked in sequence to the other, more generic ones, which may match with the target compound. Rules related to both mutagenicity and lack of mutagenicity were found. Some of the latter are exceptions to the mutagenicity rules, while others are modulators of activity. These rules can also be used to predict mutagenicity, offering good performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Benfenati
- a IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri,' Department of Environmental Health Sciences , Milan , Italy
| | - Serena Manganelli
- a IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri,' Department of Environmental Health Sciences , Milan , Italy
| | - Sabrina Giordano
- a IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri,' Department of Environmental Health Sciences , Milan , Italy
| | - Giuseppa Raitano
- a IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri,' Department of Environmental Health Sciences , Milan , Italy
| | - Alberto Manganaro
- a IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri,' Department of Environmental Health Sciences , Milan , Italy
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Prana V, Rotureau P, Fayet G, André D, Hub S, Vicot P, Rao L, Adamo C. Prediction of the thermal decomposition of organic peroxides by validated QSPR models. J Hazard Mater 2014; 276:216-224. [PMID: 24887124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic peroxides are unstable chemicals which can easily decompose and may lead to explosion. Such a process can be characterized by physico-chemical parameters such as heat and temperature of decomposition, whose determination is crucial to manage related hazards. These thermal stability properties are also required within many regulatory frameworks related to chemicals in order to assess their hazardous properties. In this work, new quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPR) models were developed to predict accurately the thermal stability of organic peroxides from their molecular structure respecting the OECD guidelines for regulatory acceptability of QSPRs. Based on the acquisition of 38 reference experimental data using DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) apparatus in homogenous experimental conditions, multi-linear models were derived for the prediction of the decomposition heat and the onset temperature using different types of molecular descriptors. Models were tested by internal and external validation tests and their applicability domains were defined and analyzed. Being rigorously validated, they presented the best performances in terms of fitting, robustness and predictive power and the descriptors used in these models were linked to the peroxide bond whose breaking represents the main decomposition mechanism of organic peroxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinca Prana
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Chimie ParisTech CNRS, 11 rue P. et M. Curie, Paris 75005, France; Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, Verneuil-en-Halatte 60550, France
| | - Patricia Rotureau
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, Verneuil-en-Halatte 60550, France.
| | - Guillaume Fayet
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, Verneuil-en-Halatte 60550, France
| | - David André
- ARKEMA, rue Henri Moissan, BP63, Pierre Benite 69493, France
| | - Serge Hub
- ARKEMA, rue Henri Moissan, BP63, Pierre Benite 69493, France
| | - Patricia Vicot
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, Verneuil-en-Halatte 60550, France
| | - Li Rao
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Chimie ParisTech CNRS, 11 rue P. et M. Curie, Paris 75005, France
| | - Carlo Adamo
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Chimie ParisTech CNRS, 11 rue P. et M. Curie, Paris 75005, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 103 Boulevard Saint Michel, Paris F-75005, France
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15
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Taxell P, Koponen M, Kallio N, Santonen T. Consolidating exposure scenario information for mixtures--experiences and challenges. Ann Occup Hyg 2014; 58:793-805. [PMID: 24860039 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/meu031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The requirements of the European Union Regulation on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), including the preparation of exposure scenarios for the communication of safe use, are focused on single substances. Since the chemical products used at workplaces are typically mixtures, it is important to ensure that accurate information is available regarding their safe use. The focus of the present study was on the methods for consolidating (combining) the information presented in the exposure scenarios of the individual components of a mixture. METHODS We tested the applicability and comparability of three methods for consolidating the exposure scenario information on six real products, focusing on occupational exposure. Two of the reviewed methods were based on the identification of the critical components that determine the health effects and risk management of the product, and one was based on the selection of the most stringent risk management measures presented in the exposure scenarios of the components. RESULTS The differences in the critical components recognised by the two critical component-based methods revealed limitations in both of the methods. The quality and comprehensiveness of the consolidated scenarios produced by the two methods were generally of the same level, depended directly on the content of the exposure scenarios of the critical components. Choosing the most stringent risk management measures improved the comprehensiveness of the scenarios. All of the examined methods run the risk of communicating over-precautionary measures if the concentration of the components determining the level of protection is not taken into consideration. CONCLUSIONS Of the three methods considered, we recommend the selection of the most stringent operational conditions and risk management measures as a conservative default approach for consolidating exposure scenario information. If a critical component-based approach is used, checking the adequacy of the consolidated scenario for the other components of the mixture is recommended. With all of the methods, further modification of the consolidated scenario may be necessary to achieve the intended level of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piia Taxell
- Work Environment Development, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Milja Koponen
- Work Environment Development, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niina Kallio
- Work Environment Development, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Santonen
- Work Environment Development, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
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Cassano A, Raitano G, Mombelli E, Fernández A, Cester J, Roncaglioni A, Benfenati E. Evaluation of QSAR models for the prediction of ames genotoxicity: a retrospective exercise on the chemical substances registered under the EU REACH regulation. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev 2014; 32:273-298. [PMID: 25226221 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2014.938955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the performance of seven freely available quantitative structure-activity relationship models predicting Ames genotoxicity thanks to a dataset of chemicals that were registered under the EU Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulation. The performance of the models was estimated according to Cooper's statistics and Matthew's Correlation Coefficients (MCC). The Benigni/Bossa rule base originally implemented in Toxtree and re-implemented within the Virtual models for property Evaluation of chemicals within a Global Architecture (VEGA) platform displayed the best performance (accuracy = 92%, sensitivity = 83%, specificity = 93%, MCC = 0.68) indicating that this rule base provides a reliable tool for the identification of genotoxic chemicals. Finally, we elaborated a consensus model that outperformed the accuracy of the individual models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cassano
- a Unité Modèles pour l'Ecotoxicologie et la Toxicologie (METO) , Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS) , Verneuil en Halatte , France
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