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Keck H, Litz B, Hoffmann B, Sehl-Ewert J, Beer M, Eschbaumer M. Full-Length Genomic RNA of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Is Infectious for Cattle by Injection. Viruses 2022; 14:1924. [PMID: 36146730 PMCID: PMC9503123 DOI: 10.3390/v14091924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Safe sample transport is of great importance for infectious diseases diagnostics. Various treatments and buffers are used to inactivate pathogens in diagnostic samples. At the same time, adequate sample preservation, particularly of nucleic acids, is essential to allow an accurate laboratory diagnosis. For viruses with single-stranded RNA genomes of positive polarity, such as foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), however, naked full-length viral RNA can itself be infectious. In order to assess the risk of infection from inactivated FMDV samples, two animal experiments were performed. In the first trial, six cattle were injected with FMDV RNA (isolate A22/IRQ/24/64) into the tongue epithelium. All animals developed clinical disease within two days and FMDV was reisolated from serum and saliva samples. In the second trial, another group of six cattle was exposed to FMDV RNA by instilling it on the tongue and spraying it into the nose. The animals were observed for 10 days after exposure. All animals remained clinically unremarkable and virus isolation as well as FMDV genome detection in serum and saliva were negative. No transfection reagent was used for any of the animal inoculations. In conclusion, cattle can be infected by injection with naked FMDV RNA, but not by non-invasive exposure to the RNA. Inactivated FMDV samples that contain full-length viral RNA carry only a negligible risk of infecting animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Keck
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Benedikt Litz
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Julia Sehl-Ewert
- Laboratory for Pathology II, Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Michael Eschbaumer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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2
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Nishikawa K, Ishii M. Novel method for gain-of-function analyses in primary osteoclasts using a non-viral gene delivery system. J Bone Miner Metab 2021; 39:353-359. [PMID: 33106978 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-020-01161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Overexpression studies have been commonly used to yield significant advances in cell biology. In vitro osteoclast culturing involves the differentiation of bone marrow-derived monocyte macrophage precursors (BMMs) in medium supplemented with macrophage colony-stimulating factor and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL) into mature osteoclasts. Retroviral vectors are the gold standards for efficient gene delivery into BMMs. While this strategy is effective in BMMs that are in the early stages of differentiation, it is ineffective in RANKL-treated BMMs such as mono- and multinucleated osteoclasts. This study attempted to enhance gene delivery into differentiated BMMs using liposome-mediated RNA transfection. MATERIAL AND METHODS BMMs were transfected with an EYFP overexpression plasmid or EYFP RNA by lipofection, or transduced with a retroviral vector expressing EYFP. EYFP expression was assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS We performed overexpression analyses using enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP). Although EYFP expression was observed 24 h after infection of BMMs with a recombinant retrovirus containing EYFP, expression of EYFP was observed within 3 h of transfection with EYFP RNA. Moreover, the efficiency of EYFP RNA for gene delivery into BMMs was comparable to that of retroviral transduction of EYFP. In contrast, while very few BMMs stimulated by RANKL for two days expressed EYFP after retroviral infection, more than half of the cells expressed EYFP after transfection with EYFP RNA. CONCLUSION RNA-mediated gene delivery is quick and easy method for performing gain-of-function analyses in primary osteoclast precursors and mature osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Nishikawa
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Metabolic Biochemistry, Department of Medical Life Systems, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Tatara Miyakodani 1-3, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan.
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine/Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 2-2, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 2-2, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Masaru Ishii
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine/Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 2-2, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 2-2, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Watanabe T, Sasaki E. Efficient Induction of Primate iPS Cells Using a Combination of RNA Transfection and Chemical Compounds. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33772459 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2021_373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Non-human primate induced pluripotent cells (iPS cells) are useful for preclinical studies of iPS cell-based therapies and the research of primate developments. Since the initial report of iPS cells in 2006, various iPS cell induction methods have been reported. Here, we describe an efficient method for inducing iPS cells using a combination of RNA transfection and chemical compounds without using transgenes. Many kinds of marmoset cells, including difficult-to-reprogram cells, can be converted into iPS cells using this combinatorial method. Furthermore, this method can be applied to other primates, including humans.
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Watanabe T, Yamazaki S, Yoneda N, Shinohara H, Tomioka I, Higuchi Y, Yagoto M, Ema M, Suemizu H, Kawai K, Sasaki E. Highly efficient induction of primate iPS cells by combining RNA transfection and chemical compounds. Genes Cells 2019; 24:473-484. [PMID: 31099158 PMCID: PMC6852476 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells hold great promise for regenerative medicine and the treatment of various diseases. Before proceeding to clinical trials, it is important to test the efficacy and safety of iPS cell‐based treatments using experimental animals. The common marmoset is a new world monkey widely used in biomedical studies. However, efficient methods that could generate iPS cells from a variety of cells have not been established. Here, we report that marmoset cells are efficiently reprogrammed into iPS cells by combining RNA transfection and chemical compounds. Using this novel combination, we generate transgene integration‐free marmoset iPS cells from a variety of cells that are difficult to reprogram using conventional RNA transfection method. Furthermore, we show this is similarly effective for human and cynomolgus monkey iPS cell generation. Thus, the addition of chemical compounds during RNA transfection greatly facilitates reprogramming and efficient generation of completely integration‐free safe iPS cells in primates, particularly from difficult‐to‐reprogram cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shun Yamazaki
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Nao Yoneda
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | | | - Ikuo Tomioka
- Laboratory of Applied Reproductive Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | | | - Mika Yagoto
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Kawai
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
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Campillo-Davo D, Fujiki F, Van den Bergh JMJ, De Reu H, Smits ELJM, Goossens H, Sugiyama H, Lion E, Berneman ZN, Van Tendeloo V. Efficient and Non-genotoxic RNA-Based Engineering of Human T Cells Using Tumor-Specific T Cell Receptors With Minimal TCR Mispairing. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2503. [PMID: 30464762 PMCID: PMC6234959 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic engineering of T cells with tumor specific T-cell receptors (TCR) is a promising strategy to redirect their specificity against cancer cells in adoptive T cell therapy protocols. Most studies are exploiting integrating retro- or lentiviral vectors to permanently introduce the therapeutic TCR, which can pose serious safety issues when treatment-related toxicities would occur. Therefore, we developed a versatile, non-genotoxic transfection method for human unstimulated CD8+ T cells. We describe an optimized double sequential electroporation platform whereby Dicer-substrate small interfering RNAs (DsiRNA) are first introduced to suppress endogenous TCR α and β expression, followed by electroporation with DsiRNA-resistant tumor-specific TCR mRNA. We demonstrate that double sequential electroporation of human primary unstimulated T cells with DsiRNA and TCR mRNA leads to unprecedented levels of transgene TCR expression due to a strongly reduced degree of TCR mispairing. Importantly, superior transgenic TCR expression boosts epitope-specific CD8+ T cell activation and killing activity. Altogether, DsiRNA and TCR mRNA double sequential electroporation is a rapid, non-integrating and highly efficient approach with an enhanced biosafety profile to engineer T cells with antigen-specific TCRs for use in early phase clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Campillo-Davo
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Fumihiro Fujiki
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Johan M J Van den Bergh
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hans De Reu
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien L J M Smits
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Herman Goossens
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Division of Clinical Biology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Haruo Sugiyama
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eva Lion
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Zwi N Berneman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Division of Hematology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Viggo Van Tendeloo
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Terenin IM, Smirnova VV, Andreev DE, Dmitriev SE, Shatsky IN. A researcher's guide to the galaxy of IRESs. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1431-1455. [PMID: 27853833 PMCID: PMC11107752 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The idea of internal initiation is frequently exploited to explain the peculiar translation properties or unusual features of some eukaryotic mRNAs. In this review, we summarize the methods and arguments most commonly used to address cases of translation governed by internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs). Frequent mistakes are revealed. We explain why "cap-independent" does not readily mean "IRES-dependent" and why the presence of a long and highly structured 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) or translation under stress conditions cannot be regarded as an argument for appealing to internal initiation. We carefully describe the known pitfalls and limitations of the bicistronic assay and artefacts of some commercially available in vitro translation systems. We explain why plasmid DNA transfection should not be used in IRES studies and which control experiments are unavoidable if someone decides to use it anyway. Finally, we propose a workflow for the validation of IRES activity, including fast and simple experiments based on a single genetic construct with a sequence of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya M Terenin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
| | - Victoria V Smirnova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
- Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Dmitri E Andreev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Sergey E Dmitriev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Ivan N Shatsky
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
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7
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Bujaki E. Generation of Infectious Poliovirus with Altered Genetic Information from Cloned cDNA. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1387:239-49. [PMID: 26983738 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3292-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The effect of specific genetic alterations on virus biology and phenotype can be studied by a great number of available assays. The following method describes the basic protocol to generate infectious poliovirus with altered genetic information from cloned cDNA in cultured cells.The example explained here involves generation of a recombinant poliovirus genome by simply replacing a portion of the 5' noncoding region with a synthetic gene by restriction cloning. The vector containing the full length poliovirus genome and the insert DNA with the known mutation(s) are cleaved for directional cloning, then ligated and transformed into competent bacteria. The recombinant plasmid DNA is then propagated in bacteria and transcribed to RNA in vitro before RNA transfection of cultured cells is performed. Finally, viral particles are recovered from the cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Bujaki
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK.
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8
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Dannull J, Nair SK. Transfecting Human Monocytes with RNA. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1428:177-86. [PMID: 27236800 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3625-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Targeting monocytes as a delivery system for drugs or nucleic acids, and thereby harnessing their natural tissue-infiltrating capacity, has become an area of intense investigation in both basic and clinical research. Herein we describe an efficient method to deliver mRNA (messenger RNA) or siRNA (small interfering RNA) into human monocytes by electroporation. This method can be applied in the laboratory to monocytes isolated via magnetic bead-based techniques, or in a clinical setting using monocytes that were collected via counterflow centrifugation elutriation using the Elutra(®) Cell Separation System. We further demonstrate that electroporation of monocytes with RNA represents a robust and highly relevant approach to modify monocytes for cell-based therapies. Last, the procedure described can readily be adapted to monocytes from different species, hence facilitating research in animal models.
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9
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Bisht P, Mohapatra JK, Subramaniam S, Das B, Pande V, Biswal JK, Sharma GK, Rout M, Ranjan R, Dash BB, Sanyal A, Pattnaik B. Efficient rescue of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cultured cells transfected with RNA extracted from clinical samples. J Virol Methods 2013; 196:65-70. [PMID: 24239633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an RNA transfection was used to rescue infectious foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus from clinical samples in BHK-21 cell line for diagnosis of FMD. Tissue samples (n=190) were subjected to FMD virus isolation by conventional cell culture and also by RNA transfection. FMD virus was isolated from 62% of the clinical samples by RNA transfection, whereas virus was isolated only from 16% of the clinical samples in conventional cell culture method, suggesting better performance of the RNA transfection. Virus was rescued from 67% and 10% of ELISA negative but multiplex PCR positive samples by RNA transfection and conventional cell culture, respectively. The efficiency of transfection was studied on clinical samples subjected to temperature as high as 37°C and varying pH (pH 4-9). Except up to 1 week of storage at 4°C at pH 7.5, virus isolation was not possible by cell culture. Virus was rescued by transfection from samples stored at 4°C for any of the applied pH up to 4 weeks, and when stored at 37°C virus could be rescued up to 4 weeks at pH 7.5 suggesting the fitness of transfection to isolate virus from clinical samples stored under inappropriate conditions. The sequence data and antigenic relationships with the vaccine strains, between virus rescued by transfection and conventional cell culture, were comparable. The RNA transfection will help to increase the efficiency of virus isolation, diagnosis and molecular epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punam Bisht
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jajati K Mohapatra
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Biswajit Das
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Veena Pande
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jitendra K Biswal
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Gaurav K Sharma
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Manoranjan Rout
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rajeev Ranjan
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Bana B Dash
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Aniket Sanyal
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India.
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