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Sun C, Bai J, Sun J, Sun Y, Zhang F, Li H, Liu Y, Meng L, Wang X. OTU deubiquitinase 7B facilitates the hyperthermia-induced inhibition of lung cancer progression through enhancing Smac-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. Environ Toxicol 2024; 39:1989-2005. [PMID: 38088504 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Hyperthermia, as an adjuvant therapy, has shown promising anti-tumor effects. Ovarian tumor domain-containing 7B (OTUD7B) is a deubiquitinating enzyme that is frequently found in a variety of cancers. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of OTUD7B in lung cancer hyperthermia and the underlying mechanism. A549 and CALU-3 cells were respectively exposed to 42 or 44°C for the indicated times (0, 1, 3, or 6 h) followed by incubation at 37°C for 24 h. We found a temperature- and time-dependent decrease in cell viability and an increase in apoptosis levels. Compared with 0 h, heat treatment for 3 h inhibited the proliferation and invasion of A549 cells, reduced the expression levels of mitochondrial membrane potential, IAP family members (cIAP-1 and XIAP) proteins and ubiquitination of Smac, and increased Smac protein expression. Treatment with 10 μM Smac mimic BV6 further enhanced the anti-tumor effect of hyperthermia. Next, co-IP validation showed that OTUD7B interacted with Smac and stabilized Smac through deubiquitination. OTUD7B overexpression induced damage in A549 and CALU-3 cells, while silencing OTUD7B caused opposite effects. Overexpressing OTUD7B enhanced the anti-cancer effect of hyperthermia, while si-OTUD7B reversed the anti-cancer effect of hyperthermia, which was verified in the xenograft tumor model in nude mice. Taken together, OTUD7B may serve as a potential anticancer factor with potential clinical efficacy in the thermotherapeutic treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Bai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingying Sun
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Data Center, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - He Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Lian Meng
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xifang Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
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Zhao Y, He J, Liu X, Yi C, Sun L, Zhu H. Construction and validation of a novel tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand mutant MuR5S4-TR. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2024; 20:210-219. [PMID: 36658682 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) can selectively kill tumor cells but has no significant effect on normal cells. However, the use of TRAIL is limited for resistance by more than 50% of the tumor cell lines. It's very important to develop a more efficient form of TRAIL for cancer treatment. METHODS The N-terminal in soluble fragments (114-281aa) of TRAIL was redesigned to construct a novel TRAIL mutant-MuR5S4-TR. The Cell Counting Kit-8 method to explore the antitumor effects. The potential mechanisms were also explored. RESULTS Novel TRAIL mutant with cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) like and Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac) like structure-MuR5S4-TR was successfully constructed. The prokaryotic expression system was successfully built, and the MuR5S4-TR was purified and reconfirmed by western blot. MuR5S4-TR could enhance the antitumor effects of TRAIL in most of the cancer cell lines significantly, NCI-H460 lung cancer cell line, for instance. After MuR5S4-TR treatment, the expressions of death receptor 4 (DR4), DR5, Caspase-8, and cleaved Caspase-3 were remarkably increased, however, there was no significant difference in X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis expression. CONCLUSION We constructed a novel TRAIL mutant with CPP-like and Smac-like structure-MuR5S4-TR. The MuR5S4-TR showed significantly stronger antitumor effects than TRAIL in many tumor cell lines. The MuR5S4-TR showed strong antitumor effects both in vitro and in vivo. This preliminary study implies that MuR5S4-TR may be a more efficient form of TRAIL for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianping He
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Yi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Osteoporosis, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Zhang M, Chen Y, Qiu Y, Sun J, He J, Liu Z, Shi J, Wei W, Wu G, Liang J. PCSK9 Promotes Hypoxia-Induced EC Pyroptosis by Regulating Smac Mitochondrion-Cytoplasm Translocation in Critical Limb Ischemia. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2023; 8:1060-1077. [PMID: 37791316 PMCID: PMC10544082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2023.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced endothelial cell death and impaired angiogenesis are the main pathophysiological features of critical limb ischemia. Mechanistically, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) promoted Smac translocation from mitochondria to the cytoplasm. Inhibition of Smac release into the cytoplasm attenuated PCSK9-mediated hypoxia-induced pyroptosis. Functionally, PCSK9 overexpression impaired angiogenesis in vitro and reduced blood perfusion in mice with lower limb ischemia, but the effect was reversed by PCSK9 inhibition. This study demonstrates that PCSK9 aggravates pyroptosis by regulating Smac mitochondrion-cytoplasm translocation in the vascular endothelium, providing novel insights into PCSK9 as a potential therapeutic target in critical limb ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yixi Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yumin Qiu
- Department of Hypertension and Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiapan Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Hypertension and Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhefu Liu
- Department of Hypertension and Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenbin Wei
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Guifu Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianwen Liang
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Tavakoli S, Firoozpour L, Davoodi J. The synergistic effect of chimeras consisting of N-terminal smac and modified KLA peptides in inducing apoptosis in breast cancer cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 655:138-144. [PMID: 36934589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance is one of the most important obstacles in effective cancer therapy triggered through various mechanisms. One of these mechanisms is caused by the upregulation of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs). IAPs, inhibit apoptosis through direct and/or indirect caspase inhibition, which themselves are antagonized by an endogenous protein called Second Mitochondrial-derived Activator of Caspases, Smac/Diablo, mediated by the presence of a tetrapeptide IAP binding motif at its N-terminus. Accordingly, Smac-based peptides are under intense investigation as anti-cancer drugs and have reached Phase 2 clinical trials, although, Smac based peptides or mimetics alone have not been effective as anti-cancer agents. On the other hand, KLA peptide has shown major toxicity against cancer cells through the induction of apoptosis. Consequently, we designed an anti-cancer chimera by fusing an octa-peptide from the N-terminus of mature Smac protein to a modified proapoptotic KLA peptide (KLAKLCKKLAKLCK) to be called Smac-KLA. This chimera, therefore, possesses both proapoptotic and anti-IAP activities. In addition, we dimerized this chimera via intermolecular disulfide bonds in order to enhance their cellular permeability. Both the Smac-KLA monomeric and dimeric peptides exhibited cytotoxic activity against both MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 breast cancer cell lines at low micromolar concentrations. Importantly, the dimerization of the chimeras enhanced their potency 2-4- fold due to higher cellular uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Tavakoli
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Postal code: 1417614335, Tehran, Iran
| | - Loghman Firoozpour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamshid Davoodi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Postal code: 1417614335, Tehran, Iran.
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Xiang R, Xu J, Yu H, Huang Y, Li Z, Yu C, Wang L, Fu M, Chen Q. Effect of Butylphthalide Capsules on Smac and XIAP Expression in Rats after Ischemia Reperfusion. J Surg Res 2023; 283:1038-46. [PMID: 36914994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little is known about the protective effects of butylphthalide on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. This study aims to investigate the impact on the second mitochondrial-derived activator of Caspases (Smac) and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) expression in the ischemic semidark area using a rat model of carotid artery stenosis. METHODS Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the sham-operated group, carotid stenosis model controls, low-dose (20 mg/kg), medium-dose (40 mg/kg), and high-dose (80 mg/kg) butylphthalide groups. The neurological function was scored by the balance beam test (BBT). The morphological changes of brain tissue were detected by Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, with apoptosis detected by Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) staining. Smac and XIAP protein expression were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The expressions of Smac and XIAP mRNA were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS HE showed that neuronal loss, nuclear consolidation, and vacuolar degeneration were significantly reduced in the medium and high-dose butylphthalide groups compared with the model controls. The BBT scores and apoptotic index were significantly lower in the medium and high doses of butylphthalide compared with the model controls. RT-qPCR and IHC showed that Smac, XIAP mRNA and protein expressions in the ischemic hemispheric region were significantly reduced in low, medium, and high doses of butylphthalide compared with the model controls (P < 0.05), showing some concentration effect. CONCLUSIONS Butylphthalide can significantly reduce Smac and XIAP mRNA and protein expression, inhibit neuronal apoptosis induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats with carotid stenosis, and exert neuroprotective effects.
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Xu W, Fang F, Wang Y, Qin L, Han Y, Huang Y, Li B, Liu Y, Wang Z. Co-overexpression of TRAIL and Smac sensitizes MDA-MB-231 cells to radiation through apoptosis depending on mitochondrial pathway. Radiat Environ Biophys 2022; 61:37-48. [PMID: 35006369 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-021-00961-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pro-apoptosis in cancer cells has been proposed as a beneficial therapeutic strategy for potentiating the anticancer effects of radiotherapy. TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) and Second mitochondria derived activator of caspase (Smac) can induce cell apoptosis. Herein, we designed a conditionally replicating adenoviral co-overexpression vector of TRAIL and Smac regulated by the Egr1 promoter, in which hTERT, E1A-E1B and E1B55K genes were inserted to achieve enhanced tumor targeting characteristics. After breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells were infected and irradiated, cellular proliferation and colony formation were measured, apoptotic rate was detected by FCM after AnnexinV-FITC/PI staining. To explore the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis, mRNA and protein levels of TRAIL, Smac, Cytochrome c (Cyt c), death receptor 5 (DR5), caspase-8, -9 and -3 were measured by quantitative real-time PCR, ELISA and Western blot, and caspase-3 activity was detected using caspase-3 activity kits. The results showed that TRAIL and/or Smac overexpression enhanced proliferation inhibition and radio-sensitivity through apoptosis. In addition, the combination of IR and overexpression of TRAIL and/or Smac can activate more apoptosis in tumor cells, and the transcriptional levels and protein expressions of Cyt c, DR5, caspase-8, -9 and -3 had similar regularity with apoptotic changes, indicating the molecular mechanisms of TRAIL and Smac involves the mitochondrial pathway. Our findings may have implications for novel radiotherapy plans for breast tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Jilin University), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Fang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Jilin University), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuexuan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Jilin University), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijing Qin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Jilin University), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Jilin University), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuwei Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Jilin University), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Jilin University), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Jilin University), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Jilin University), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.
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Tang S, Shi L, Luker BT, Mickler C, Suresh B, Lesinski GB, Fan D, Liu Y, Luo M. Modulation of the tumor microenvironment by armed vesicular stomatitis virus in a syngeneic pancreatic cancer model. Virol J 2022; 19:32. [PMID: 35197076 PMCID: PMC8867845 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01757-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The immunosuppressive microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a major factor that limits the benefits of immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint blockade. One viable strategy for reverting the immunosuppressive conditions is the use of an oncolytic virus (OV) in combination with other immunotherapy approaches. Infection of PDAC cells with a robust OV can change the tumor microenvironment and increase tumor antigen release by its lytic activities. These changes in the tumor may improve responses to immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint blockade. However, a more potent OV may be required for efficiently infecting pancreatic tumors that may be resistant to OV. Methods Vesicular stomatitis virus, a rapid replicating OV, was armed to express the Smac protein during virus infection (VSV-S). Adaptation by limited dilution largely increased the selective infection of pancreatic cancer cells by VSV-S. The engineered OV was propagated to a large quantity and evaluated for their antitumor activities in an animal model. Results In a syngeneic KPC model, intratumoral injection of VSV-S inhibited tumor growth, and induced increasing tumor infiltration of neutrophils and elimination of myeloid derived suppressor cells and macrophages in the tumor. More importantly, M2-like macrophages were eliminated preferentially over those with an M1 phenotype. Reduced levels of arginase 1, TGF-β and IL-10 in the tumor also provided evidence for reversion of the immunosuppressive conditions by VSV-S infection. In several cases, tumors were completely cleared by VSV-S treatment, especially when combined with anti-PD-1 therapy. A long-term survival of 44% was achieved. Conclusions The improved OV, VSV-S, was shown to drastically alter the immune suppressive tumor microenvironment when intratumorally injected. Our results suggest that the combination of potent OV treatment with immune checkpoint blockade may be a promising strategy to treat pancreatic cancer more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Tang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Breona T Luker
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Channen Mickler
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Bhavana Suresh
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Gregory B Lesinski
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Daping Fan
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA.,Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Ming Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA. .,Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA.
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Abbas R, Larisch S. Killing by Degradation: Regulation of Apoptosis by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome-System. Cells 2021; 10:3465. [PMID: 34943974 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a cell suicide process that is essential for development, tissue homeostasis and human health. Impaired apoptosis is associated with a variety of human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmunity and cancer. As the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins can determine the life or death of cells, tight regulation of these proteins is critical. The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is essential for maintaining protein turnover, which can either trigger or inhibit apoptosis. In this review, we will describe the E3 ligases that regulate the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and assisting proteins that regulate the levels of these E3 ligases. We will provide examples of apoptotic cell death modulations using the UPS, determined by positive and negative feedback loop reactions. Specifically, we will review how the stability of p53, Bcl-2 family members and IAPs (Inhibitor of Apoptosis proteins) are regulated upon initiation of apoptosis. As increased levels of oncogenes and decreased levels of tumor suppressor proteins can promote tumorigenesis, targeting these pathways offers opportunities to develop novel anti-cancer therapies, which act by recruiting the UPS for the effective and selective killing of cancer cells.
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Abstract
Current cancer therapies aim at eradicating cancer cells from the body. However, killing cells generates cell “debris” which can promote tumor progression. Thus, therapy can be a double-edged sword. Specifically, injury and debris generated by cancer therapies, including chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery, may offset their benefit by promoting the secretion of pro-tumorigenic factors (e.g., eicosanoid-driven cytokines) that stimulate regrowth and metastasis of surviving cells. The debris produced by cytotoxic cancer therapy can also contribute to a tumor microenvironment that promotes tumor progression and recurrence. Although not well understood, several molecular mechanisms have been implicated in debris-stimulated tumor growth that we review here, such as the involvement of extracellular vesicles, exosomal miR-194-5p, Bax, Bak, Smac, HMGB1, cytokines, and caspase-3. We discuss the cases of pancreatic and other cancer types where debris promotes postoperative tumor recurrence and metastasis, thus offering a new opportunity to prevent cancer progression intrinsically linked to treatment by stimulating resolution of tumor-promoting debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Haak
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Sui Huang
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dipak Panigrahy
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Polykretis P, Luchinat E. Biophysical characterization of the interaction between the full-length XIAP and Smac/DIABLO. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 568:180-185. [PMID: 34247143 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
XIAP is multi-functional protein which regulates apoptosis acting as a direct caspase inhibitor. It is overexpressed in cancer cells, where it antagonizes the pro-apoptotic action of chemotherapeutics, and therefore it has become an important target for the treatment of cancer. In cells undergoing programmed cell death, the pro-apoptotic protein Smac is released by the mitochondria and binds to XIAP, thereby blocking caspase inhibition. Thus, Smac is considered a master regulator of apoptosis in mammals. In this regard, several Smac mimetic compounds have been developed to inhibit XIAP activity in cancer tissues. These compounds have shown low efficacy, partly due to the lack of structural knowledge of the XIAP-Smac interaction. In this work, through SEC-MALS and circular dichroism, we provide the first biophysical characterization of the interaction between the full-length form of XIAP and Smac, determining the stoichiometry of the complex and providing important information to develop more effective XIAP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagis Polykretis
- CERM - Magnetic Resonance Center, University of Florence, via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Enrico Luchinat
- CERM - Magnetic Resonance Center, University of Florence, via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; Neurofarba Department, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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Yang C, Ran Q, Zhou Y, Liu S, Zhao C, Yu X, Zhu F, Ji Y, Du Q, Yang T, Zhang W, He S. Doxorubicin sensitizes cancer cells to Smac mimetic via synergistic activation of the CYLD/RIPK1/FADD/caspase-8-dependent apoptosis. Apoptosis 2021; 25:441-455. [PMID: 32418059 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-020-01604-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Smac/Diablo is a pro-apoptotic protein via interaction with inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) to relieve their inhibition of caspases. Smac mimetic compounds (also known as antagonists of IAPs) mimic the function of Smac/Diablo and sensitize cancer cells to TNF-induced apoptosis. However, the majority of cancer cells are resistant to Smac mimetic alone. Doxorubicin is a widely used chemotherapeutic drug and causes adverse effect of cardiotoxicity in many patients. Therefore, it is important to find strategies of combined chemotherapy to increase chemosensitivity and reduce the adverse effects. Here, we report that doxorubicin synergizes with Smac mimetic to trigger TNF-mediated apoptosis, which is mechanistically distinct from doxorubicin-induced cell death. Doxorubicin sensitizes cancer cells including human pancreatic and colorectal cancer cells to Smac mimetic treatment. The combined treatment leads to synergistic induction of TNFα to initiate apoptosis through activating NF-κB and c-Jun signaling pathways. Knockdown of caspase-8 or knockout of FADD significantly blocked apoptosis synergistically induced by Smac mimetic and doxorubicin, but had no effect on cell death caused by doxorubicin alone. Moreover, Smac mimetic and doxorubicin-induced apoptosis requires receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and its deubiquitinating enzyme cylindromatosis (CYLD), not A20. These in vitro findings demonstrate that combination of Smac mimetic and doxorubicin synergistically triggers apoptosis through the TNF/CYLD/RIPK1/FADD/caspase-8 signaling pathway. Importantly, the combined treatment induced in vivo synergistic anti-tumor effects in the xenograft tumor model. Thus, the combined therapy using Smac mimetic and doxorubicin presents a promising apoptosis-inducing strategy with great potential for the development of anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkui Yang
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medial College, Beijing, China. .,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China. .,Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qiao Ran
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medial College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.,Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yifei Zhou
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medial College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.,Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cong Zhao
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medial College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.,Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoliang Yu
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medial College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.,Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Zhu
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medial College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.,Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuting Ji
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medial College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210038, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Du
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medial College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.,Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medial College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.,Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medial College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.,Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sudan He
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medial College, Beijing, China. .,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China. .,Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
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12
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Xiang RP, Zhou MJ, Cui R, Yu HY, Chen Q, Huang YJ, Li Z, Yu C. Effects of Different Degrees of Carotid Artery Stenosis on the Expression of XIAP and Smac in the Ischemic Penumbra of Rats with Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 30:105516. [PMID: 33310074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of different degrees of carotid artery stenosis (CAS) on the expression of XIAP and Smac in ischemic penumbra of rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples were collected at 12 h and 24 h after reperfusion, and then the treated groups were divided into the NC-12 group, NC-24 group, MIS-12 group, MIS-24 group, MOS-12 group, MOS-24 group, SES-12 group and SES-24 group. HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of the brain tissue. TUNEL assay was used to detect the apoptosis in the ischemic penumbra. IHC and RT-qPCR were used to detect the expression of XIAP and Smac in the brain tissue. RESULTS By observing the pathological sections of brain tissue, the rats in MIS, MOS and SES groups showed loose brain tissue on the infarcted side and neuronal pyknosis in the ischemic penumbra. And with the aggravation and prolongation of the degree of stenosis, the degree of brain injury deepened. It was further found that the TUNEL positive rate was significantly increased in the ischemic penumbra in the SES and MOS groups compared with that in the normal control (NC) group. The results of IHC and RT-qPCR showed that the mRNA expression of XIAP and Smac in the ischemic penumbra was significantly up-regulated in the MIS, MOS and SES groups compared with that in the NC group. CONCLUSIONS CAS may activate XIAP/Smac signaling pathway to induce neuronal apoptosis and promote the injury in the ischemic penumbra caused by cerebral I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Ping Xiang
- Department of Neurology, Changsha Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, Hunan, China
| | - Mei-Jun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Changsha Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, Hunan, China
| | - Rong Cui
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Changsha Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No.70 Lu-Shan Road, Changsha 410006, Hunan, China.
| | - Hui-Yun Yu
- Department of Neurology, Changsha Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, Hunan, China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Changsha Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, Hunan, China
| | - Yu-Juan Huang
- Department of Neurology, Changsha Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, Hunan, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Neurology, Changsha Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, Hunan, China
| | - Cheng Yu
- Department of Neurology, Changsha Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, Hunan, China
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13
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Shallie PD, Naicker T. Differential upregulations of SMAC and LAMIN B levels in the buffy coat of HIV associated preeclamptic women. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2021; 35:5080-5086. [PMID: 33478301 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2021.1875210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess HIV positivity as an apoptotic confounding variable in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia. METHODS AND MATERIALS Using a Bio-plex Multiplex Immunoassay, Smac and Lamin B concentrations (ng/ml) were analyzed in a buffy coat collected from 128 pregnant women attending a large regional hospital in Durban, South Africa. Study groups consisted of Normotensive and Preeclamptic pregnant women stratified according to their HIV status. All HIV positive groups received highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). RESULTS Our findings showed significant (p < .05) upregulation in the levels of both SMAC and LAMIN B in the HIV positive patients and a concomitant downregulation of the same apoptotic makers were observed in preeclampsia regardless of HIV status. CONCLUSIONS These results could be associated with the fact that apoptosis promotes deregulation of mitochondrial dynamics, contributing to the associated severe obstetric events observed in pregnancies among HIV-infected women on HAART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philemon D Shallie
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Anatomy, College of Medicine, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Nigeria
| | - Thajasvarie Naicker
- Optics and Imaging Centre, College of Health Sciences, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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14
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Abstract
Microglial apoptosis is associated with neuroinflammation and no effective strategies are currently available to protect microglia against inflammation-induced apoptosis. Mouse microglial BV-2 cells (5 × 106) were incubated with 10 μg/mL lipopolysaccharides for 12 hours to mimic an inflammatory environment. Then the cells were co-cultured with mitochonic acid 5 (MA-5) for another 12 hours. MA-5 improved the survival of lipopolysaccharide-exposed cells. MA-5 decreased the activity of caspase-3, which is associated with apoptosis. MA-5 reduced the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling-positive cells, and increased adenosine triphosphate levels in cells. MA-5 decreased the open state of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and reduced calcium overload and diffusion of second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac). MA-5 decreased the expression of apoptosis-related proteins (mitochondrial Smac, cytoplasmic Smac, pro-caspase-3, cleaved-caspase-3, and caspase-9), and increased the levels of anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl2 and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein), mitochondria-related proteins (mitochondrial fusion protein 2, mitochondrial microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B II), and autophagy-related proteins (Beclin1, p62 and autophagy related 5). However, MA-5 did not promote mitochondrial homeostasis or decrease microglial apoptosis when Mitofusin 2 expression was silenced. This shows that MA-5 increased Mitofusin 2-related mitophagy, reversed cellular energy production and maintained energy metabolism in BV-2 cells in response to lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. These findings indicate that MA-5 may promote the survival of microglial cells via Mitofusin 2-related mitophagy in response to lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shuang-Xi Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qing-Yun Lei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shan-Qing Yi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Na Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yi-Lin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zi-Jian Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Heng Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
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15
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Song WH, Liu A, Zhu YF, Wang SY, Yang XH, Ma LN. Effects of butylphthalide on cognitive dysfunction and expression of superoxide dismutase and Smac in cortex of rats with chronic cerebral ischemia. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2020; 34:2121-2126. [PMID: 33198448 DOI: 10.23812/20-305-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W H Song
- Department of Psychiatry, Ji'nan City Yingcheng Rongjun Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - A Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhangqiu Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Y F Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - S Y Wang
- Emergency Ward, the People's Hospital of Zhangqiu Area, Jinan, China
| | - X H Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, the People's Hospital of Zhangqiu Area, Jinan, China
| | - L N Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Community Health Service Centers of Grand View Garden, Blood Station of Jinan, Jinan, China
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16
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Nejabat M, Eisvand F, Soltani F, Alibolandi M, Mohammad Taghdisi S, Abnous K, Hadizadeh F, Ramezani M. Combination therapy using Smac peptide and doxorubicin-encapsulated MUC 1-targeted polymeric nanoparticles to sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy: An in vitro and in vivo study. Int J Pharm 2020; 587:119650. [PMID: 32679263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Targeting inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) family comprising high level expression in many cancer cells, could sensitize tumor cells to conventional chemotherapies. In the present study, we designed both doxorubicin and SmacN6 (an antagonist of the IAPs) encapsulated polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) and investigated their synergistic effect of combination therapy in vitro and in vivo. According to the results, NPs-SmacN6 significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity effect of NPs-DOX and reduced its IC50 in MCF-7, 4T1 and C26 cancer cells. Western blot analysis confirmed mechanism of cell apoptosis via caspase activation through intrinsic and also extrinsic pathways. Moreover, 5TR1 aptamer-modified NPs could effectively deliver DOXor SmacN6 to C26 cancer cells (MUC1 positive) in comparison with the non-targeted one (p < 0.001). However, they could not be efficiently internalized into CHO cells (MUC1 negative), showing less cytotoxicity in this cell line. In vivo experiments in BALB/c mice bearing C26 tumor indicated that Apt-NPs-DOX in combination with Apt-NPs-SmacN6 had significant tumor growth inhibition in comparison with mice receiving either free DOX or Apt-NPs-DOX with p < 0.0001 and p < 0.05, respectively. Our results revealed that combination therapy of DOX and SmacN6 via Apt-modified nanoparticles can lead to improvement of therapeutic index of DOX in MUC1 positive cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Nejabat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farhad Eisvand
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Soltani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mona Alibolandi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzin Hadizadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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17
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Abstract
Smac mimetics that deplete cellular inhibitor of apoptosis (cIAP) proteins have been shown to activate Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Here, we report that Smac mimetic-mediated activation of NF-κB contributes to the rescue of cancer cells from tunicamycin (TM)-triggered apoptosis. The prototypic Smac mimetic BV6 activates non-canonical and canonical NF-κB pathways, while TM has little effect on NF-κB signaling. Importantly, ectopic expression of dominant-negative IκBα superrepressor (IκBα-SR), which inhibits canonical and non-canonical NF-κB activation, significantly reversed this BV6-imposed protection against TM. Similarly, transient or stable knockdown of NF-κB-inducing kinase, which accumulated upon exposure to BV6 alone and in combination with TM, significantly counteracted BV6-mediated inhibition of TM-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, while cIAP2 was initially degraded upon BV6 treatment, it was subsequently upregulated in an NF-κB-dependent manner, as this restoration of cIAP2 expression was abolished in IκBα-SR-overexpressing cells. Interestingly, upon exposure to TM/BV6 apoptosis was significantly increased in cIAP2 knockdown cells. Furthermore, NF-κB inhibition partially prevented BV6-stimulated expression of Mcl-1 upon TM treatment. Consistently, Mcl-1 silencing significantly inhibited BV6-mediated protection from TM-induced apoptosis. Thus, NF-κB activation by Smac mimetic contributes to Smac mimetic-mediated protection against TM-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Ahangarian Abhari
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Komturstr. 3a, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nicole McCarthy
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Komturstr. 3a, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Komturstr. 3a, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Heidelberg, Germany. .,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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18
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Abstract
Inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) are a family of proteins that regulate cell death and inflammation. XIAP (X-linked IAP) is the only family member that suppresses apoptosis by directly binding to and inhibiting caspases. On the other hand, cIAPs suppress the activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway by preventing the formation of pro-apoptotic signaling complexes. IAPs are negatively regulated by IAP-antagonist proteins such as Smac/Diablo and ARTS. ARTS can promote apoptosis by binding and degrading XIAP via the ubiquitin proteasome-system (UPS). Smac can induce the degradation of cIAPs but not XIAP. Many types of cancer overexpress IAPs, thus enabling tumor cells to evade apoptosis. Therefore, IAPs, and in particular XIAP, have become attractive targets for cancer therapy. In this review, we describe the differences in the mechanisms of action between Smac and ARTS, and we summarize efforts to develop cancer therapies based on mimicking Smac and ARTS. Several Smac-mimetic small molecules are currently under evaluation in clinical trials. Initial efforts to develop ARTS-mimetics resulted in a novel class of compounds, which bind and degrade XIAP but not cIAPs. Smac-mimetics can target tumors with high levels of cIAPs, whereas ARTS-mimetics are expected to be effective for cancers with high levels of XIAP.
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19
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Cheung CHA, Chang YC, Lin TY, Cheng SM, Leung E. Anti-apoptotic proteins in the autophagic world: an update on functions of XIAP, Survivin, and BRUCE. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:31. [PMID: 32019552 PMCID: PMC7001279 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-0627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), survivin, and BRUCE are members of the inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein (IAP) family known for their inhibitory effects on caspase activity and dysregulation of these molecules has widely been shown to cause embryonic defects and to promote tumorigenesis in human. Besides the anti-apoptotic functions, recent discoveries have revealed that XIAP, survivin, and BRUCE also exhibit regulatory functions for autophagy in cells. As the role of autophagy in human diseases has already been discussed extensively in different reviews; in this review, we will discuss the emerging autophagic role of XIAP, survivin, and BRUCE in cancer cells. We also provide an update on the anti-apoptotic functions and the roles in maintaining DNA integrity of these molecules. Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac) is a pro-apoptotic protein and IAPs are the molecular targets of various Smac mimetics currently under clinical trials. Better understanding on the functions of XIAP, survivin, and BRUCE can enable us to predict possible side effects of these drugs and to design a more “patient-specific” clinical trial for Smac mimetics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Hei Antonio Cheung
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Chieh Chang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Siao Muk Cheng
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Euphemia Leung
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
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20
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Abstract
Melanoma of the skin has become a prime example for demonstrating the success of targeted cancer therapy. Nevertheless, high mortality has remained, mainly related to tumor heterogeneity and inducible therapy resistance. But the development of new therapeutic strategies and combinations has raised hope of finally defeating this deadly disease. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) represents a promising antitumor strategy. The principal sensitivity of melanoma cells for TRAIL was demonstrated in previous studies; however, inducible resistance appeared as a major problem. To address this issue, combination strategies were tested, and survival pathway inhibitors were shown to sensitize melanoma cells for TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Finally, cell cycle inhibition was identified as a common principle of TRAIL sensitization in melanoma cells. Mitochondrial apoptosis pathways, pro- and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins as well as the rheostat consisted of Smac (Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase) and XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein) appeared to be of particular importance. Furthermore, the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was recognized in this setting. Inducible TRAIL resistance in melanoma can be explained by (i) high levels of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, (ii) high levels of XIAP, and (iii) suppressed Bax activity. These hurdles have to be overcome to enable the use of TRAIL in melanoma therapy. Several strategies appear as particularly promising, including new TRAIL receptor agonists, Smac and BH3 mimetics, as well as selective kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Eberle
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Skin Cancer Center Charité, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (University Medical Center Charité), 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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21
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Smac mimetics (also known as IAP antagonist) are a new class of targeted drugs having a goal to suppress the IAPs, reestablishing the apoptotic pathways and inducing cancer cell death. Therefore, development of Smac mimetics was considered an attractive strategy for the development of new anticancer drugs. Lots of reviews have come in yesteryears which mainly discussed the biology of IAPs and their role in cancer development. None of these reviews focused on the chemical synthesis of Smac mimetics. METHODS Literature study was done by using standard bibliographic search engines like scifinder, pubmed etc. The characteristic features of screened articles were described in the review. RESULTS The review gives an introduction of IAP proteins and Smac mimetics. Readers will gain an overview of the development of Smac mimetics with representative examples of both monovalent and bivalent Smac mimetics as anticancer agents and an understanding of their structure-activity relationships. Chemical synthesis of biologically important Smac mimetics was discussed briefly in this review. CONCLUSION Small molecules that mimic Smac are continuously progressing towards clinical development. Smac mimetics are generally well tolerated and have demonstrated rapid suppression of their target (the IAPs), activation of apoptosis and anti-tumor activity. Continuous research has been done to generate even more insight into the function of IAP proteins to significantly enhance the therapeutical potential of Smac mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafat Ali
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, India
| | - Shalini Singh
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, India
| | - Wahajul Haq
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi-11000, India
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22
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Abstract
Ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rate among gynecological malignancies, presenting a major threat to women's life and health. It is essential to study the mechanisms of drug resistance to chemotherapy to identify ways to enhance drug-sensitivity. In recent years, many studies have shown that Smac/DIABLO is closely related to tumor drug resistance. Smac/DIABLO expression is markedly different between drug-resistant and chemo sensitive tumor cells. Up-regulation of Smac/DIABLO has been shown to increase tumor cell chemotherapy sensitivity. We found that Smac, combined with DDP greatly inhibited proliferation of subcutaneous xenografts of ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3/DDP without side effects. Mechanistic studies showed that Smac can inhibit the expression of Survivin, promote cell apoptosis of drug-resistant ovarian cancer cells and reverse the drug resistance.
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23
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Ji K, Sun X, Liu Y, Du L, Wang Y, He N, Wang J, Xu C, Liu Q. Regulation of Apoptosis and Radiation Sensitization in Lung Cancer Cells via the Sirt1/NF-κB/ Smac Pathway. Cell Physiol Biochem 2018; 48:304-316. [PMID: 30016782 DOI: 10.1159/000491730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS SirT1, a conserved NAD+-dependent deacetylase, has been implicated in modulating cell survival and stress responses, and it appears to play an important role in tumorigenesis and cancer resistance to chemoradiotherapy. The mechanism of SirT1 in cancer chemoradiotherapy remains to be further elucidated, which could provide potential targets for cancer therapy. METHODS We performed colony formation, immunofluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, RNA interference, and western blotting assays to determine whether SirT1 regulates radiation sensitization and which mechanisms and/or pathways it takes in lung cancer cell lines A549 and H460. RESULTS Initially, the expression of SirT1 was found to be negatively correlated with radiosensitivity in lung cancer cell lines A549 and H460. RNA interference with siSirT1 against SirT1 specifically reduced SirT1 expression and induced radiosensitivity both in A549 and H460 cell lines. In contrast, the radiosensitivity was significantly reduced once SirT1 was activated by resveratrol. Immunofluorescence assay and apoptosis analysis indicated that the effect of SirT1 on the radiosensitivity observed in the A549 and H460 cell lines was mainly achieved by regulating DNA damage repair and apoptosis processes. Furthermore, the expression of SirT1 negatively modulated the expression of apoptosis-related protein NF-κB and its downstream regulator of Smac. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that SirT1 regulates apoptosis and radiation sensitization in lung cancer cell lines A549 and H460 via the SirT1/NF-κB/Smac pathway.
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Shekhar TM, Miles MA, Gupte A, Taylor S, Tascone B, Walkley CR, Hawkins CJ. IAP antagonists sensitize murine osteosarcoma cells to killing by TNFα. Oncotarget 2016; 7:33866-86. [PMID: 27129149 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Outcomes for patients diagnosed with the bone cancer osteosarcoma have not improved significantly in the last four decades. Only around 60% of patients and about a quarter of those with metastatic disease survive for more than five years. Although DNA-damaging chemotherapy drugs can be effective, they can provoke serious or fatal adverse effects including cardiotoxicity and therapy-related cancers. Better and safer treatments are therefore needed. We investigated the anti-osteosarcoma activity of IAP antagonists (also known as Smac mimetics) using cells from primary and metastatic osteosarcomas that arose spontaneously in mice engineered to lack p53 and Rb expression in osteoblast-derived cells. The IAP antagonists SM-164, GDC-0152 and LCL161, which efficiently target XIAP and cIAPs, sensitized cells from most osteosarcomas to killing by low levels of TNFα but not TRAIL. RIPK1 expression levels and activity correlated with sensitivity. RIPK3 levels varied considerably between tumors and RIPK3 was not required for IAP antagonism to sensitize osteosarcoma cells to TNFα. IAP antagonists, including SM-164, lacked mutagenic activity. These data suggest that drugs targeting XIAP and cIAP1/2 may be effective for osteosarcoma patients whose tumors express abundant RIPK1 and contain high levels of TNFα, and would be unlikely to provoke therapy-induced cancers in osteosarcoma survivors.
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Feldmann F, Schenk B, Martens S, Vandenabeele P, Fulda S. Sorafenib inhibits therapeutic induction of necroptosis in acute leukemia cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:68208-68220. [PMID: 28978109 PMCID: PMC5620249 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of necroptosis has emerged as an alternative approach to trigger programmed cell death, in particular in apoptosis-resistant cancer cells. Recent evidence suggests that kinase inhibitors targeting oncogenic B-RAF can also affect Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase (RIP)1 and RIP3. Sorafenib, a multi-targeting kinase inhibitor with activity against B-RAF, is used for the treatment of acute leukemia. In the present study, we therefore investigated whether Sorafenib interferes with therapeutic induction of necroptosis in acute leukemia. Here, we report that Sorafenib inhibits necroptotic signaling and cell death in two models of necroptosis in acute leukemia. Sorafenib significantly reduces Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac) mimetic-induced necroptosis in apoptosis-resistant acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells as well as Smac mimetic/Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)α-induced necroptosis in FADD-deficient acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells. Sub- to low micromolar concentrations of Sorafenib corresponding to its plasma levels reported in cancer patients are sufficient to inhibit necroptosis, emphasizing the clinical relevance of our findings. Furthermore, Sorafenib blocks Smac mimetic-mediated phosphorylation of mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) that marks its activation, indicating that Sorafenib targets components upstream of MLKL such as RIP1 and RIP3. Intriguingly, Sorafenib reduces the Smac mimetic/TNFα-stimulated interaction of RIP1 with RIP3 and MLKL, demonstrating that it interferes with the assembly of the necrosome complex. Importantly, Sorafenib significantly protects primary, patient-derived AML blasts from Smac mimetic-induced necroptosis. By demonstrating that Sorafenib limits the anti-leukemic activity of necroptosis-inducing drugs in acute leukemia cells, our study has important implications for the use of Sorafenib in the treatment of acute leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Feldmann
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Schenk
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sofie Martens
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Attaran-Bandarabadi F, Abhari BA, Neishabouri SH, Davoodi J. Integrity of XIAP is essential for effective activity recovery of apoptosome and its downstream caspases by Smac/Diablo. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 101:283-289. [PMID: 28322955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Contribution of individual BIR domains to Smac antagonism is investigated. Ammonium citrate was used to activate caspase-9 and pro-caspase-9 (D315, D330/A). However, the presence of citrate resulted in autoproteolysis of pro-caspase-9 and its inhibition by XIAP BIR3, which was not observed for apoptosome activated pro-caspase-9 indicating abnormal behavior of pro-caspase-9 in kosmotropic citrate salt. Thus, we used Apaf-1(residues 1-591) to activate caspase-9 through the formation of mini-apoptosome instead. Inhibition of apoptosome by XIAP BIR-1-2-3 was observed to be similar to that of BIR3 indicating that the cleavage of XIAP does not affect its potency. However, BIR1-2-3 was more prone to Smac antagonism due to simultaneous interaction of two BIR domains from XIAP with two N-terminal binding sites of Smac. Therefore, despite the role in caspase-9 activation, Apaf-1 does not influence caspase-9 inhibition by XIAP. In addition, caspase-3, -7 and -9 activity recovery by Smac protein and peptide were more efficient for BIR1-2-3 than for BIR1-2. Consequently, it can be proposed that the presence of multiple BIR domains for XIAP among different species along with dimeric nature of Smac are evolutionary designed to strengthen the antagonistic activity of Smac culminating in efficient induction of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jamshid Davoodi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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27
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Victoria-Acosta G, Martínez-Archundia M, Moreno-Vargas L, Meléndez-Zajgla J, Martínez-Ruiz GU. Is there something else besides the proapoptotic AVPI-segment in the Smac/DIABLO protein? Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 2016; 73:365-371. [PMID: 29421280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmhimx.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, apoptosis is the main mechanism to eliminate unwanted cells, securing tissue homeostasis and consequently maintaining the health in the organism. Classically, apoptosis culminates with the activation of caspases, which are enzymes that display cysteine protease activity to degrade specific substrates implied in essential cellular processes. This process is highly regulated. A key regulation mechanism is mediated by the Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs) family members, which inhibit the activated forms of caspases through physical interaction with them. Smac/DIABLO, a mitochondrial protein that is translocated to the cytoplasm in apoptotic conditions, derepresses the IAP-mediated caspase inhibition through physical interaction with IAPs. The first four amino acids (AVPI) of Smac/DIABLO mediate the interaction with IAPs and subsequent apoptosis induction. This interaction has lead to the creation of small molecules mimicking the AVPI segment for potential anticancer therapy. Nevertheless, several studies have pointed out the existence of AVPI-independent functions of Smac/DIABLO. The aim of this review was to provide a landscape of these underestimated AVPI-independent biological functions that have been observed using different approaches, such as the study of endogenous splice variant isoforms and truncated and mutated artificial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Victoria-Acosta
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marlet Martínez-Archundia
- Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular, Diseño de Fármacos y Bioinformática, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Liliana Moreno-Vargas
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Meléndez-Zajgla
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Ulises Martínez-Ruiz
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico; División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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28
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Roesler S, Eckhardt I, Wolf S, Fulda S. Cooperative TRAIL production mediates IFNα/ Smac mimetic-induced cell death in TNFα-resistant solid cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:3709-25. [PMID: 26788912 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Smac mimetics antagonize IAP proteins, which are highly expressed in several cancers. Recent reports indicate that Smac mimetics trigger a broad cytokine response and synergize with immune modulators to induce cell death. Here, we identify a differential requirement of TRAIL or TNFα as mediators of IFNα/Smac mimetic-induced cell death depending on the cellular context. Subtoxic concentrations of Smac mimetics cooperate with IFNα to induce cell death in various solid tumor cell lines in a highly synergistic manner as determined by combination index. Mechanistic studies show that IFNα/BV6 cotreatment promotes the formation of a caspase-8-activating complex together with the adaptor protein FADD and RIP1. Assembly of this RIP1/FADD/caspase-8 complex represents a critical event, since RIP1 silencing inhibits IFNα/BV6-induced cell death. Strikingly, pharmacological inhibition of paracrine/autocrine TNFα signaling by the TNFα scavenger Enbrel rescues HT-29 colon carcinoma cells, but not A172 glioblastoma cells from IFNα/BV6-induced cell death. By comparison, A172 cells are significantly protected against IFNα/BV6 treatment by blockage of TRAIL signaling through genetic silencing of TRAIL or its cognate receptor TRAIL receptor 2 (DR5). Despite this differential requirement of TNFα and TRAIL signaling, mRNA and protein expression is increased by IFNα/BV6 cotreatment in both cell lines. Interestingly, A172 cells turn out to be resistant to exogenously added recombinant TNFα even in the presence of BV6, whereas they display a high sensitivity towards TRAIL/BV6. In contrast, BV6 efficiently sensitizes HT-29 cells to TNFα while TRAIL only had limited efficacy. This demonstrates that a differential sensitivity towards TRAIL or TNFα determines the dependency on either death receptor ligand for IFNα/Smac mimetic-induced cell death. Thus, by concomitant stimulation of both death receptor systems IFNα/Smac mimetic combination treatment is an effective strategy to induce cell death in TNFα- or TRAIL-responsive cancers.
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29
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Fulda S. Redox regulation of Smac mimetic-induced cell death. Mol Cell Oncol 2016; 2:e1000697. [PMID: 27308489 PMCID: PMC4905326 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2014.1000697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell death and survival programs are controlled by the cellular redox state, which is typically dysregulated during oncogenesis. A recent study reports that the inhibition of antioxidant defenses resulting from glutathione depletion can prime acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells for death induced by Smac mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics; Goethe-University ; Frankfurt, Germany
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30
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Holmgren C, Cornmark L, Lønne GK, Masoumi KC, Larsson C. Molecular characterization of protein kinase C delta (PKCδ)- Smac interactions. BMC Biochem 2016; 17:11. [PMID: 27216037 PMCID: PMC4877760 DOI: 10.1186/s12858-016-0065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Protein kinase C δ (PKCδ) is known to be an important regulator of apoptosis, having mainly pro- but also anti-apoptotic effects depending on context. In a previous study, we found that PKCδ interacts with the pro-apoptotic protein Smac. Smac facilitates apoptosis by suppressing inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). We previously established that the PKCδ-Smac complex dissociates during induction of apoptosis indicating a functional importance. Because the knowledge on the molecular determinants of the interaction is limited, we aimed at characterizing the interactions between PKCδ and Smac. Results We found that PKCδ binds directly to Smac through its regulatory domain. The interaction is enhanced by the PKC activator TPA and seems to be independent of PKCδ catalytic activity since the PKC kinase inhibitor GF109203X did not inhibit the interaction. In addition, we found that C1 and C2 domains from several PKC isoforms have Smac-binding capacity. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that the Smac-PKCδ interaction is direct and that it is facilitated by an open conformation of PKCδ. The binding is mediated via the PKCδ regulatory domain and both the C1 and C2 domains have Smac-binding capacity. With this study we thereby provide molecular information on an interaction between two apoptosis-regulating proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Holmgren
- Lund University, Translational Cancer Research, Medicon Village, Building 404:C3, SE-22363, Lund, Sweden
| | - Louise Cornmark
- Lund University, Translational Cancer Research, Medicon Village, Building 404:C3, SE-22363, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gry Kalstad Lønne
- Lund University, Translational Cancer Research, Medicon Village, Building 404:C3, SE-22363, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Christer Larsson
- Lund University, Translational Cancer Research, Medicon Village, Building 404:C3, SE-22363, Lund, Sweden.
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31
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Haß C, Belz K, Schoeneberger H, Fulda S. Sensitization of acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells for LCL161-induced cell death by targeting redox homeostasis. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 105:14-22. [PMID: 26774450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Disturbed redox homeostasis with both elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and antioxidant defense mechanisms has been reported in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We therefore hypothesized that inhibition of pathways responsible for ROS detoxification renders ALL cells more susceptible for cell death. Here, we report that pharmacological inhibitors of key pathways for the elimination of ROS, i.e. Erastin, buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) and Auranofin, sensitize ALL cells for cell death upon treatment with the Smac mimetic LCL161 that antagonizes Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) proteins. Erastin, BSO or Auranofin significantly increase LCL161-induced cell death and also act in concert with LCL161 to profoundly suppress long-term clonogenic survival in several ALL cell lines. Erastin or BSO cooperates with LCL161 to stimulate ROS production and lipid peroxidation prior to cell death. ROS production and lipid peroxidation are required for this cotreatment-induced cell death, since ROS scavengers or pharmacological inhibition of lipid peroxidation provides significant protection against cell death. These results emphasize that inhibition of antioxidant defense mechanisms can serve as a potent approach to prime ALL cells for LCL161-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Haß
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Komturstr. 3a, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katharina Belz
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Komturstr. 3a, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hannah Schoeneberger
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Komturstr. 3a, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Komturstr. 3a, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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32
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Kocab AJ, Duckett CS. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins as intracellular signaling intermediates. FEBS J 2015; 283:221-31. [PMID: 26462035 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins have often been considered inhibitors of cell death due to early reports that described their ability to directly bind and inhibit caspases, the primary factors that implement apoptosis. However, a greater understanding is evolving regarding the vital roles played by IAPs as transduction intermediates in a diverse set of signaling cascades associated with functions ranging from the innate immune response to cell migration to cell-cycle regulation. In this review, we discuss the functions of IAPs in signaling, focusing primarily on the cellular IAP (c-IAP) proteins. The c-IAPs are important components in tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily signaling cascades, which include activation of the NF-κB transcription factor family. As these receptors modulate cell proliferation and cell death, the involvement of the c-IAPs in these pathways provides an additional means of controlling cellular fate beyond simply inhibiting caspase activity. Additionally, IAP-binding proteins, such as Smac and caspases, which have been described as having cell death-independent roles, may affect c-IAP activity in intracellular signaling. Collectively, the multi-faceted functions and complex regulation of the c-IAPs illustrate their importance as intracellular signaling intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Kocab
- Graduate Program in Immunology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Colin S Duckett
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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33
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Talbott RL, Borzilleri RM, Chaudhry C, Fargnoli J, Shen H, Fairchild C, Barnhart B, Ortega M, McDonagh TE, Vuppugalla R, Vite GD, Hunt JT, Gottardis M, Naglich JG. Pharmacology of smac mimetics; chemotype differentiation based on physical association with caspase regulators and cellular transport. Exp Cell Res 2015; 338:251-60. [PMID: 26302264 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellular levels of inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins are elevated in multiple human cancers and their activities often play a part in promoting cancer cell survival by blocking apoptotic pathways, controlling signal transduction pathways and contributing to resistance. These proteins function through interactions of their BIR (baculoviral IAP repeat) protein domains with pathway components and these interactions are endogenously antagonized by Smac/Diablo (second mitochondrial activator of caspases/direct IAP binding protein with low isoelectric point). This report describes development of synthetic smac mimetics (SM) and compares their binding, antiproliferative and anti-tumor activities. All dimeric antagonists inhibit in vitro smac tetrapeptide binding to recombinant IAP proteins, rescue IAP-bound caspase-3 activity and show anti-proliferative activity against human A875 melanoma cells. One heterodimeric SM, SM3, binds tightly to IAP proteins in vitro and slowly dissociates (greater than two hours) from these protein complexes compared to the other antagonists. In addition, in vitro SM anti-proliferation potency is influenced by ABCB1 transporter (ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B; MDR1, P-gp) activities and one antagonist, SM5, does not appear to be an ABCB1 efflux pump substrate. All dimeric smac mimetics inhibit the growth of human melanoma A875 tumors implanted in athymic mice at well-tolerated doses. One antagonist, SM4, shows broad spectrum in vivo anti-tumor activity and modulates known pharmacodynamic markers of IAP antagonism. These data taken together demonstrate the range of diverse dimeric IAP antagonist activities and supports their potential as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy L Talbott
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA.
| | | | - Charu Chaudhry
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA
| | - Joseph Fargnoli
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA
| | - Henry Shen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA
| | - Craig Fairchild
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA
| | - Bryan Barnhart
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA
| | - Marie Ortega
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA
| | - Thomas E McDonagh
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA
| | - Ragini Vuppugalla
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA
| | - Gregory D Vite
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA
| | - John T Hunt
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA
| | - Marco Gottardis
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA
| | - Joseph G Naglich
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA
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34
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Steinwascher S, Nugues AL, Schoeneberger H, Fulda S. Identification of a novel synergistic induction of cell death by Smac mimetic and HDAC inhibitors in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Cancer Lett 2015; 366:32-43. [PMID: 26028172 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) proteins are expressed at high levels in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and contribute to resistance to programmed cell death. Here, we report that inhibition of IAP proteins by the small-molecule Smac mimetic BV6 acts together with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDACIs) such as MS275 or SAHA to trigger cell death in AML cell lines in a synergistic manner, as underscored by calculation of combination index (CI). Also, BV6 and HDACIs cooperate to trigger DNA fragmentation, a marker of apoptotic cell death, and to suppress long-term clonogenic survival of AML cells. In contrast, equimolar concentrations of BV6 and MS275 or SAHA do not synergize to elicit cell death in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs), emphasizing some tumor cell selectivity of this combination treatment. Addition of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α-blocking antibody Enbrel significantly reduces BV6/MS275-induced cell death in the majority of AML cell lines, indicating that autocrine/paracrine TNFα signaling contributes to cell death. Remarkably, the broad-range caspase inhibitor N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone (zVAD.fmk) fails to rescue MV4-11, Molm13 and OCI-AML3 cells and even enhances BV6/MS275-mediated cell death, whereas zVAD.fmk reduces BV6/MS275-induced cell death in NB4 cells. Annexin-V/propidium iodide (PI) double staining reveals that BV6/MS275 cotreatment predominately increases the percentage of double-positive cells. Of note, the Receptor-Interacting Protein (RIP)1 inhibitor necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) or the Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-Like protein (MLKL) inhibitor necrosulfonamide (NSA) significantly reduce BV6/MS275-induced cell death in the presence of zVAD.fmk, suggesting that BV6/MS275 cotreatment triggers necroptosis when caspases are inhibited. Thus, BV6 acts in concert with HDACIs to induce cell death in AML cells and can bypass apoptosis resistance, at least in several AML cell lines, by engaging necroptosis as an alternative route of regulated cell death. The identification of a novel synergism of BV6 and HDACIs has important implications for the development of new treatment strategies for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Steinwascher
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Komturstr. 3a, Frankfurt 60528, Germany
| | - Anne-Lucie Nugues
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Komturstr. 3a, Frankfurt 60528, Germany
| | - Hannah Schoeneberger
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Komturstr. 3a, Frankfurt 60528, Germany
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Komturstr. 3a, Frankfurt 60528, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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35
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Liese J, Abhari BA, Fulda S. Smac mimetic and oleanolic acid synergize to induce cell death in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2015; 365:47-56. [PMID: 25917078 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still a major unsolved problem highlighting the need to develop novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we identify a novel synergistic induction of cell death by the combination of the Smac mimetic BV6, which antagonizes Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins, and the triterpenoid oleanolic acid (OA) in human HCC cells. Importantly, BV6 and OA also cooperate to suppress long-term clonogenic survival as well as tumor growth in a preclinical in vivo model of HCC underscoring the clinical relevance of our findings. In contrast, BV6/OA cotreatment does not exert cytotoxic effects against normal primary hepatocytes, pointing to some tumor selectivity. Mechanistic studies show that BV6/OA cotreatment leads to DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 cleavage, while supply of the pan-caspase inhibitor N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone (zVAD.fmk) revealed a cell type-dependent requirement of caspases for BV6/OA-induced cell death. The receptor interacting protein (RIP)1 kinase Inhibitor Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) or genetic knockdown of RIP1 fails to rescue BV6/OA-mediated cell death, indicating that BV6/OA cotreatment does not primarily engage necroptotic cell death. Notably, the addition of several reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers significantly decreases BV6/OA-triggered cell death, indicating that ROS production contributes to BV6/OA-induced cell death. In conclusion, cotreatment of Smac mimetic and OA represents a novel approach for the induction of cell death in HCC and implicates further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Liese
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; General and Visceral Surgery, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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36
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Li M, Liu P, Gao G, Deng J, Pan Z, Wu X, Xie G, Yue C, Cho CH, Ma Y, Cai L. Smac therapeutic Peptide nanoparticles inducing apoptosis of cancer cells for combination chemotherapy with Doxorubicin. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:8005-8012. [PMID: 25815797 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Smac-conjugated nanoparticle (Smac-NP) was designed to induce the apoptosis of cancer cells and as a drug carrier for combination therapy. It contained three parts, a SmacN7 peptide which could induce apoptosis of cancer cells by interacting with XIAPs, the cell penetrating domain rich in arginine, and four hydrophobic tails for self-assembled Smac-NP. We demonstrated that Smac-NPs exerted an antitumor effect in breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231 and nonsmall lung cancer (NSCLC) cell H460, which efficiently inhibited cancer cells proliferation without influencing normal liver cell lines LO2. Smac-NPs also significantly induced apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 and H460 cells through activating pro-caspase-3, down-regulating the expression of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and up-regulating the pro-apoptotic protein Bax. Furthermore, Smac-NPs could be explored as a drug delivery system to load hydrophobic drug such as DOX for combination therapy. The DOX-loaded nanoparticles (DOX-Smac-NPs) exhibited higher cellular uptake efficiency and antitumor effect. Our work provided a new insight into therapeutic peptides integrated with drug simultaneously in one system for cancer combination treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Li
- †School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Peng Liu
- ‡Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guanhui Gao
- ‡Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jizhe Deng
- ‡Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhengyin Pan
- ‡Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xu Wu
- †School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Gaofeng Xie
- ‡Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Caixia Yue
- §Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chi Hin Cho
- †School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yifan Ma
- ‡Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lintao Cai
- ‡Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Jiang X, Jiang H, Shen Z, Wang X. Activation of mitochondrial protease OMA1 by Bax and Bak promotes cytochrome c release during apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:14782-7. [PMID: 25275009 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1417253111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic apoptotic stimuli initiate mammalian cells' apoptotic program by first activating the proteins that have only Bcl-2 homology domain 3 (BH3), such as Bcl-2 interacting mediator of cell death (Bim) and truncated BH3 interacting death domain agonist (tBid), which in turn trigger conformational changes in BCL2-associated X (Bax) and BCL2-antagonist/killer (Bak) proteins that enable oligomer formation on the mitochondria, causing cytochrome c and other apoptogenic proteins in the intermembrane space to leak out. Leaked cytochrome c then initiates apoptotic caspase activation through a well-defined biochemical pathway. However, how oligomerized Bax and Bak cause cytochrome c release from mitochondria remains unknown. We report here the establishment of cell lines in which Bim or tBid can be inducibly expressed to initiate apoptosis in a controlled, quantitative manner. We used these cell lines to examine apoptotic events after Bax and Bak oligomerization but before cytochrome c release. The mitochondrial metalloprotease OMA1 was activated in this system in a Bax- and Bak-dependent fashion. Activated OMA1 cleaved the dynamin-like GTPase, optical nerve atrophy 1, an event that is critical for remodeling of mitochondrial cristae. Knockdown or knockout of OMA1 in these cells attenuated cytochrome c release. Thus it is clear that oligomerized Bax and Bak trigger apoptosis by causing both the permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane and activation OMA1.
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Lin H, Lin D, Xiong X. Differential expression of Livin, caspase-3, and second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014; 151:1067-72. [PMID: 25238746 DOI: 10.1177/0194599814551142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The pathogenesis of human chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) remains undetermined. Livin is a member of the inhibitor of the apoptosis protein family proteins. Caspase-3 and second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac) are critical in the induction of apoptosis. However, little is known about their roles in CRSwNP. We aimed to investigate the expression and role of Livin, caspase-3, and Smac in CRSwNP. STUDY DESIGN Basic research and descriptive study. SETTING Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China. METHODS The immunohistochemistry method was employed for detecting Livin, caspase-3, and Smac protein expression, and real-time polymerase chain reaction was used for assaying mRNA expression of Livin, caspase-3, and Smac in CRSwNP and controls. Moreover, the effects of various stimulators on Livin were evaluated on human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) culture. Then, the effects of Livin on caspase-3 and Smac were observed on the culture of HNECs. RESULTS Stronger protein and mRNA expression of Livin was observed in CRSwNP, especially eosinophilic CRSwNP, weaker protein and mRNA expression of caspase-3 and Smac was observed in CRSwNP, and Livin expression was negatively related to caspase-3 or Smac expression, respectively. Livin mRNA was augmented by interleukin (IL)-4, IL-17A, and IL-1β but suppressed by interferon-γ. Caspase-3 and Smac mRNA expression were inhibited by Livin. CONCLUSIONS Upregulation of Livin and downregulation of caspase-3 and Smac were observed in CRSwNP, especially in eosinophilic CRSwNP. Livin may exert its anti-apoptosis effect by suppressing caspase-3 and Smac in CRSwNP. IL-4, IL-17A, and IL-1β may be critical for Livin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Lin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Dong Lin
- Department of Biology and Chemical Engineering, Fuqing Branch of Fujian Normal University, Fuqing, Fujian, China
| | - Xisheng Xiong
- Department of Pathology, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Bake V, Roesler S, Eckhardt I, Belz K, Fulda S. Synergistic interaction of Smac mimetic and IFNα to trigger apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Cancer Lett 2014; 355:224-31. [PMID: 25179908 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic targeting of inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins by small-molecule inhibitors such as Smac mimetic is considered as a promising anticancer strategy to elicit apoptosis. Recent advances have renewed the interest in exploiting the antileukemic activity of interferon (IFN)α for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here, we identify a novel synergistic interaction of the Smac mimetic BV6 and IFNα to trigger cell death in AML cells. Calculation of combination index (CI) confirms the synergism of BV6 and IFNα. In contrast to AML cells, no synergistic toxicity of BV6 and IFNα at equimolar concentrations is found against normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. BV6 and IFNα act in concert to stimulate expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α and its secretion into the supernatant, thereby initiating an autocrine/paracrine TNFα/TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) loop that drives cell death by BV6 and IFNα. Consistently, pharmacological inhibition of TNFα by the TNFα-blocking antibody Enbrel or genetic silencing of TNFR1 significantly reduces BV6/IFNα-induced cell death. In addition, BV6/IFNα-induced cell death depends on interferon regulatory factor (IRF)1, since RNA interference-imposed knockdown of IRF1 significantly rescues cell death. In conclusion, the identification of a novel synergistic antileukemic combination of Smac mimetic and IFNα has important implications for the development of innovative treatment strategies in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Bake
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Komturstr. 3a, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Roesler
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Komturstr. 3a, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ines Eckhardt
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Komturstr. 3a, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katharina Belz
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Komturstr. 3a, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Komturstr. 3a, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Hashim YM, Spitzer D, Vangveravong S, Hornick MC, Garg G, Hornick JR, Goedegebuure P, Mach RH, Hawkins WG. Targeted pancreatic cancer therapy with the small molecule drug conjugate SW IV-134. Mol Oncol 2014; 8:956-67. [PMID: 24731702 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is highly resistant to conventional therapeutics and has been shown to evade apoptosis by deregulation of the X-linked and cellular inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (XIAP and cIAP). Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac) induces and amplifies cell death by reversing the anti-apoptotic activity of IAPs. Thus, Smac-derived peptide analogues (peptidomimetics) have been developed and shown to represent promising cancer therapeutics. Sigma-2 receptors are overexpressed in many proliferating tumor cells including pancreatic cancer. Selected ligands to this receptor are rapidly internalized by cancer cells. These characteristics have made the sigma-2 receptor an attractive target for drug delivery because selective delivery to cancer cells has the potential to increase therapeutic efficacy while minimizing toxicity to normal tissues. Here, we describe the initial characterization of SW IV-134, a chemically linked drug conjugate between the sigma-2 ligand SW43 and the Smac mimetic SW IV-52 as a novel treatment option for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The tumor killing characteristics of our dual-domain therapeutic SW IV-134 was far greater than either component in isolation or in an equimolar mix and suggests enhanced cellular delivery when chemically linked to the sigma-2 ligand. One of the key findings was that SW IV-134 retained target selectivity of the Smac cargo with the involvement of the NF-κB/TNFα signaling pathway. Importantly, SW IV-134 slowed tumor growth and improved survival in murine models of pancreatic cancer. Our data support further study of this novel therapeutic and this drug delivery strategy because it may eventually benefit patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassar M Hashim
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Dirk Spitzer
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Suwanna Vangveravong
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Mary C Hornick
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Gunjal Garg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - John R Hornick
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Peter Goedegebuure
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Robert H Mach
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - William G Hawkins
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Department of Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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Fulda S. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins in pediatric leukemia: molecular pathways and novel approaches to therapy. Front Oncol 2014; 4:3. [PMID: 24478984 PMCID: PMC3902469 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) proteins are a family of proteins with antiapoptotic functions that contribute to the evasion of apoptosis, a form of programed cell death. IAP proteins are expressed at high levels in a variety of human cancers including childhood acute leukemia. This elevated expression has been associated with unfavorable prognosis and poor outcome. Therefore, IAP proteins are currently exploited as therapeutic targets for cancer drug discovery. Consequently, small-molecule inhibitors or antisense oligonucleotides directed against IAP proteins have been developed over the last years. Indeed, IAP antagonists proved to exhibit in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities against childhood pediatric leukemia in several preclinical studies. Thus, targeting IAP proteins represents a promising molecular targeted strategy to overcome apoptosis resistance in childhood leukemia, which warrants further exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University , Frankfurt , Germany
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Abstract
Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins interface with, and regulate a large number of, cell signaling pathways. If there is a common theme to these pathways, it is that they are involved in the development of the immune system, immune responses, and unsurprisingly, given their name, cell death. Beyond that it is difficult to discover an underlying logic because sometimes IAPs are required to inhibit or prevent signaling, whereas in other cases they are required for signaling to take place. In whatever role they play, they are recruited into signaling complexes and function as ubiquitin E3 ligases, via their RING domains. This review discusses IAP regulation of signaling pathways and focuses on the mammalian IAPs, XIAP, c-IAP1, and c-IAP2, with a particular emphasis on techniques and methods that were used to uncover their roles. We also provide a perspective on targeting IAP proteins for therapeutic intervention and methods used to define the clinical relevance of IAP proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Silke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Domagoj Vucic
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA.
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Li J, Wang Y, DU L, Xu C, Cao J, Wang Q, Liu Q, Fan F. Radiation-induced cytochrome c release and the neuroprotective effects of the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk in the hypoglossal nucleus. Exp Ther Med 2013; 7:383-388. [PMID: 24396410 PMCID: PMC3881038 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that neuronal cell death occurs via extrinsic (death receptors) and intrinsic (mitochondria) pathways. Radiation induces caspase activation fundamentally via the mitochondrial pathway. To investigate the role of caspase, a cell permeable pan-caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk [N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone], was used to investigate the effects of caspase blockade in vivo following irradiation. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (weight, 250–300 g) underwent irradiation at room temperature with a 4-Gy dose of radiation. Since z-VAD-fmk does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier, it was applied intracerebroventricularly via a bolus injection (0.2 μg/h for 1 h). Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) demonstrated that z-VAD-fmk reduced the numbers of TUNEL-positive cells within the hypoglossal nucleus, suggesting that intervention in the caspase cascade following radiation may have therapeutic applications. The caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk reduced the expression and activation of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 in the irradiated rats, indicating that caspase may be a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of brain radiation injury. Treatment with z-VAD-fmk also reduced the appearance of cytochrome c within the cytosolic fraction following radiation. The hypoglossal nucleus may be used as a model of radiation-induced injury in the central nervous system, providing visual information and displaying apoptotic nuclear morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China ; Department of Human Anatomy, The Medical School of Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, Neimenggu 028041, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Liqing DU
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Chang Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Jia Cao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Qin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Feiyue Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
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Chromik J, Safferthal C, Serve H, Fulda S. Smac mimetic primes apoptosis-resistant acute myeloid leukaemia cells for cytarabine-induced cell death by triggering necroptosis. Cancer Lett 2014; 344:101-9. [PMID: 24184825 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis for patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is still poor, thus calling for novel treatment strategies. Here, we report that the small-molecule Smac mimetic BV6, which antagonizes Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) proteins, acts in concert with cytarabine (AraC) to trigger cell death in AML cells in a highly synergistic manner (combination index 0.02-0.27). Similarly, BV6 cooperates with AraC to trigger cell death in primary AML samples, underscoring the clinical relevance of our findings. Molecular studies reveal that the TNFα-blocking antibody Enbrel significantly reduces BV6/AraC-induced cell death, demonstrating that an autocrine/paracrine TNFα loop mediates cell death. Furthermore, BV6 and AraC synergize to induce loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase activation and DNA fragmentation, consistent with apoptotic cell death. Nevertheless, the caspase inhibitor zVAD.fmk fails to protect against BV6/AraC-induced cell death. Intriguingly, this cell death upon caspase inhibition is significantly reduced by pharmacological inhibition of two key components of necroptosis signaling, i.e. by RIP1 kinase inhibitor Necrostatin-1 or MLKL inhibitor NSA. Thus, BV6 sensitizes AML cells to AraC-induced cell death and overcomes apoptosis resistance by triggering necroptosis as alternative form of cell death. These findings have important implications for Smac mimetic-based strategies to bypass apoptosis resistance of AML.
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Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac) and inhibitor of apoptosis protein Survivin in adenocarcinoma of the colon and to analyze their clinical significance.
METHODS: The expression of Smac and Survivin was detected by immunohistochemistry on a tissue chip containing 10 normal colon mucosal specimens and 59 colon adenocarcinoma specimens.
RESULTS: The positive rate of Smac expression in colon adenocarcinoma was significantly lower than that in normal colon mucosal tissue (66.10% vs 100%, P = 0.03), but the positive rate of Survivin expression was significantly higher in colon adenocarcinoma than in normal colon mucosal tissue (69.49% vs 20%, P = 0.001). Expression of Smac and Survivin in colon adenocarcinoma was both correlated with pathological grade and lymph node metastasis (both P < 0.05), but not with tumor size, infiltration depth, or patient age (all P > 0.05). The expression of Smac had a significant negative correlation with that of Survivin in colon adenocarcinoma.
CONCLUSION: Low expression of Smac and high expression of Survivin closely correlate with lymph node metastasis and tumor pathological grade in colon adenocarcinoma. Expression of Smac positively correlates with that of Survivin in colon adenocarcinoma.
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Xu Y, Liu F, Zhou LP, Zhao XH. c-IAP1 expression and tumor chemosensitivity in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:1138-1144. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i11.1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (c-IAP1) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and to evaluate the correlation between c-IAP1 expression and chemosensitivity of ESCC cell lines.
METHODS: Immunohistochemistry staining was performed to determine the expression of c-IAP1 in ESCC on tissue microarray. The chi-square test was used to analyze the correlation between c-IAP1 expression and clinicopathologic parameters of ESCC. The expression of c-IAP1 and Smac in several ESCC cell lines was detected by Western blot. The chemosensitivity of ESCC cell lines was evaluated by RNA interference with Smac gene expression and MTT assay.
RESULTS: c-IAP1 expression was found in 67% (35/52) of ESCC tissue specimens and in 54% (28/52) of tumor-adjacent normal tissue specimens. c-IAP1 expression was not correlated with age, gender, tumor stage (all P > 0.05). c-IAP1 was localized to both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Cytoplasmic c-IAP1 expression was detected more frequently in ESCC than in tumor-adjacent tissue specimens [45% (24/52) vs 4% (2/52), P < 0.001]. c-IAP1 and Smac were widely expressed in ESCC cell lines, including EC0156, KYSE510, KYSE180, KYSE170, and KYSE30. Knockdown of Smac significantly reduced chemosensitivity of KYSE170 cell line to anticancer drugs.
CONCLUSION: The expression of c-IAP1 was up-regulated in both ESCC cell lines and tumor tissue. Smac mediates the degradation of c-IAP1 after cisplatin treatment. c-IAP1 and Smac might regulate chemosensitivity of ESCC cell lines.
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