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Straburzyński M, Kuca-Warnawin E, Waliszewska-Prosół M. COVID-19-related headache and innate immune response - a narrative review. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2022; 57:43-52. [PMID: 35758225 DOI: 10.5603/pjnns.a2022.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Headache is one of the most prevalent, although often underreported, symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is generally accepted that this symptom is a form of secondary headache due to systemic viral infection. There are several hypotheses that try to explain its aetiopathogenesis. One of the most compelling is related to innate immune response to viral infection. This rationale is supported by similarities to other viral infections and the temporal overlap between immunological reactions and headache. Moreover, several key factors in innate immunity have been shown to facilitate headache e.g. interferons, interleukin (IL) -1-β, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor. There is also a possibility that the virus causes headache by the direct activation of afferents through pattern recognition receptors (i.e. Toll-like receptor 7). Moreover, some data on post-COVID-19 headache and after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection suggests a similar cytokine-mediated pathomechanism in these clinical situations. Future research should look for evidence of causality between particular immune response factors and headache. Identifying key molecules responsible for headache during acute viral infection would be an important step towards managing one of the most prevalent secondary headache disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Straburzyński
- Department of Family Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Ewa Kuca-Warnawin
- Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland
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Pessoa NL, Bentes AA, de Carvalho AL, de Souza Silva TB, Alves PA, de Sousa Reis EV, Rodrigues TA, Kroon EG, Campos MA. Case report: hepatitis in a child infected with SARS-CoV-2 presenting toll-like receptor 7 Gln11Leu single nucleotide polymorphism. Virol J 2021; 18:180. [PMID: 34482844 PMCID: PMC8418785 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01656-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Covid-19 has the respiratory tract as the main target of infection, and patients present mainly dyspnea, pneumonia, dry cough, and fever. Nevertheless, organs outside the respiratory tract had been reported in recent studies, including the gastrointestinal tract and liver. The host innate immune system recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) through their pattern recognition receptor (PRRs). Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR-7) is a pattern recognition receptor recognizing ssRNA (SARS-CoV-2 is an ssRNA). Polymorphisms are characterized by two or more alternative forms of a distinct phenotype in the same population. Polymorphisms in tlrs genes can negatively influence the immune response to infectious diseases. There are several references in the literature to non-synonymous single nucleotide (rs) polymorphisms related to several genes. Some of them are important for the innate immunity, as rs 179008 (tlr-7), rs3775291 (tlr3), rs8177374 (tir domain-containing adaptor protein, tirap), rs1024611 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, mcp-1) and rs61942233 (2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase-3, oas-3). CASE PRESENTATION We identified a 5-year-old-male child with gastrointestinal symptoms and fever presenting acholic stool and jaundice, who was positive for SARS-CoV-2 IgM, IgA, and IgG and presenting the Gln11Leu rs 179008 in tlr-7. The child presented high levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, and was negative for serological tests for hepatitis A, B, C, E, HIV 1 and 2, herpes virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and negative for RTqPCR for Influenza A and B, RSV and SARS-CoV-2. We also investigated other SNPs in the tlr-3 (rs3775291), tirap (rs8177374), mcp-1 (rs1024611), and oas-3 (rs61942233) genes, and no mutation was detected. After an interview with the child's caregivers, any possible accidental ingestion of drugs or hepatotoxic substances was ruled out. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first report of a SARS-CoV-2 caused hepatitis in a male child that has the tlr-7 Gln11Leu rs 179008, which could impair an efficient initial immune response. The knowledge of the patient's immune deficiency could improve the treatment to correct this deficiency with specific medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Lima Pessoa
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Aline Almeida Bentes
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Hospital João Paulo II, Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Pedro Augusto Alves
- Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Tayse Andrade Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Quibasa Química Básica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Campos
- Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Moradi M, Tabibzadeh A, Javanmard D, Ghorbani S, Bokharaei-Salim F, Keivani H, Khazeni M, Monavari SHR. Assessment of Key Elements in the Innate Immunity System Among Patients with HIV, HCV, and Coinfections of HIV/HCV. Curr HIV Res 2021; 18:194-200. [PMID: 32209045 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x18999200325162533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coinfection of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has a higher risk of mortality than HCV or HIV monoinfection. HCV and HIV infections are specified by systemic inflammation, but the inflammation process in HCV/HIV coinfection is much complicated and is not well characterized. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of TLR-3, TLR-7, IL-10, IFN-1 (IFN-α, IFN-β), and TNF-α in HIV, HCV and HIV/HCV co-infected patients. METHODS Forty-five patients including HIV group (n=15), HCV group (n=15), HIV/HCV coinfection group (n=15) and healthy control group (n=15) participated. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained. PBMC-RNA, HCV and HIV RNA were extracted from all subjects and cDNA was synthesized. The viral load analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and the expression levels of IFN-α, IFN-β, TLR-3, TLR-7, TNF, and IL-10 mRNA were quantified in PBMCs. RESULTS The levels of IFN-I, IL-10, and TNF-α were overexpressed in all patients' groups (p<0.05), TLR-7 was upregulated in all groups, but this upregulation was not statistically significant (p>0.05). TLR-3 showed a decrease in all patient groups (p<0.05). The statistical analysis demonstrated that TLR-3 has a negative correlation with HIV load, whereas other genes positively correlated with HIV load. In addition, TLR-3, TNF-α, and IFN-I were negatively correlated with HCV load, whereas TLR-7 and IL-10 s were positively correlated with HCV load. CONCLUSION Our results showed a significant relationship between the expression level of innate immunity genes and inflammation in HCV, HIV, and HIV/HCV coinfected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Moradi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Tabibzadeh
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davod Javanmard
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Saied Ghorbani
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farah Bokharaei-Salim
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,HIV Laboratory of National Center, Deputy of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hosein Keivani
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khazeni
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina E Traber
- Boston University School of Medicine, 12259, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - David M Center
- Boston University School of Medicine, 12259, Boston, Massachusetts, United States;
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Affiliation(s)
- L Englmeier
- Patent Attorney Dr. Ludwig Englmeier, Erlenaustrasse 11, 83080 Oberaudorf, Germany. e-mail:
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6
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Zeng X, Zhang X, Wei D. Toonaciliatin K attenuates the lung injury induced by lung infection of H1N1 influenza virus by regulating the NF-κB/MyD88/ TLR-7 pathway in mice. Arch Med Sci 2020; 16:1387-1393. [PMID: 33224338 PMCID: PMC7667422 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.86220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION H1N1 infection has a high mortality rate due to lung injury and respiratory distress. The present study determines the protective effect of toonaciliatin K against the lung injury induced by the lung infection of H1N1 influenza mice and also postulates the molecular mechanism. MATERIAL AND METHODS Infection was induced by exposing the anesthetized mice to H1N1 virus (10 LD50 in a volume of 30 ml) intranasally at day zero and mice were treated with toonaciliatin K 16.5 and 33 mg/kg intragastrically for 2 weeks. The effect of toonaciliatin K was assessed by estimating survival rate and lung edema by the lung index. Histopathological changes were determined by H + E staining and western blot and an RT-PCR study was also performed on the lung tissue homogenate. RESULTS Data of the study suggest that toonaciliatin K treatment enhances the survival rate and reduces the lung index compared to infected mice. There was a decrease in the level of chemokines and cytokines in the lung tissue of the toonaciliatin K treated group compared to infected mice. Moreover, expression of TLR-7, NF-κB p65 and MyD88 protein was found to be reduced in the lung tissue of the toonaciliatin K treated group compared to infected mice. CONCLUSIONS Data of the study suggested that toonaciliatin K protects against lung injury in lung H1N1 lung infection by regulating the TLR-7/Myd88/NF-κB p65 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiankun Zeng
- Department of Laboratory, Tongliao City Hospital, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, Tongliao City Hospital, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Dongsheng Wei
- Department of Laboratory, Tongliao City Hospital, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
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Hu X, Chi Q, Liu Q, Wang D, Zhang Y, Li S. Atmospheric H 2S triggers immune damage by activating the TLR-7/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome in broiler thymus. Chemosphere 2019; 237:124427. [PMID: 31352103 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a highly toxic air pollutant that has a negative effect on human health and animal welfare. The immunotoxicity of H2S has been explored previously, but its mechanism still needs to be clarified, especially in chickens. To further evaluate the immunotoxicity of H2S, 1-day-old broilers were recruited and exposed to atmospheric H2S for 42 days of age. Our results showed that H2S significantly reduced the thymus index and the CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte numbers and that it also changed the CD4+/CD8+ ratio. The morphological analysis showed that H2S incrassated the medulla and generated inflammatory infiltration. In addition, it caused the mitochondria to swell and the chromatin to condense, and destroyed nuclear structures were observed. We also conducted bioinformation and transcriptomic analyses to delve the mechanism of H2S toxicity in chicken thymus. We measured 172 differently expression genes (DEGs) after H2S exposure and further filtrated the DEGs that are related to inflammation and cell death that play a critical role in immune function. We concluded that H2S significantly increased IL-1β, IL-4 and IL-10 levels, whereas it downregulated IL-12 and IFN-γ. This study confirmed that H2S triggered the thymus inflammatory response and caused a Th1/Th2 imbalance. Moreover, our results demonstrated that H2S triggered the TLR-7/MyD88/NF-κB pathway to promote NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In conclusion, atmospheric H2S actives the TLR-7/MyD88/NF-κB pathway and the NLRP3 inflammasome to promote an inflammatory response, which then causes tissues damage in broiler thymus. These results provide new insights for unveiling the immunotoxic effects of H2S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Qianru Chi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Dongxu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Shu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Baxan N, Papanikolaou A, Salles-Crawley I, Lota A, Chowdhury R, Dubois O, Branca J, Hasham MG, Rosenthal N, Prasad SK, Zhao L, Harding SE, Sattler S. Characterization of acute TLR-7 agonist-induced hemorrhagic myocarditis in mice by multiparametric quantitative cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm040725. [PMID: 31324689 PMCID: PMC6737951 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.040725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic myocarditis is a potentially fatal complication of excessive levels of systemic inflammation. It has been reported in viral infection, but is also possible in systemic autoimmunity. Epicutaneous treatment of mice with the Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR-7) agonist Resiquimod induces auto-antibodies and systemic tissue damage, including in the heart, and is used as an inducible mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here, we show that overactivation of the TLR-7 pathway of viral recognition by Resiquimod treatment of CFN mice induces severe thrombocytopenia and internal bleeding, which manifests most prominently as hemorrhagic myocarditis. We optimized a cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) tissue mapping approach for the in vivo detection of diffuse infiltration, fibrosis and hemorrhages using a combination of T1, T2 and T2* relaxation times, and compared results with ex vivo histopathology of cardiac sections corresponding to CMR tissue maps. This allowed detailed correlation between in vivo CMR parameters and ex vivo histopathology, and confirmed the need to include T2* measurements to detect tissue iron for accurate interpretation of pathology associated with CMR parameter changes. In summary, we provide detailed histological and in vivo imaging-based characterization of acute hemorrhagic myocarditis as an acute cardiac complication in the mouse model of Resiquimod-induced SLE, and a refined CMR protocol to allow non-invasive longitudinal in vivo studies of heart involvement in acute inflammation. We propose that adding T2* mapping to CMR protocols for myocarditis diagnosis improves diagnostic sensitivity and interpretation of disease mechanisms.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Baxan
- Biological Imaging Centre, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | | | | | - Amrit Lota
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Rasheda Chowdhury
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Olivier Dubois
- Biological Imaging Centre, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jane Branca
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Muneer G Hasham
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Nadia Rosenthal
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Sanjay K Prasad
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Lan Zhao
- Biological Imaging Centre, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sian E Harding
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Susanne Sattler
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
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Zhao W, Li D, Su Y, Zhao H, Pang W, Sun Y, Wu S. MicroRNA-147 negatively regulates expression of toll-like receptor-7 in rat macrophages and attenuates pristane induced rheumatoid arthritis in rats. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:2219-2231. [PMID: 31105830 PMCID: PMC6511793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Background/Introduction: Aberrant expression of Toll like receptors (TLR) plays a vital role in pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Micro RNAs (miRs) could play important role in the related signaling pathways. The present study was undertaken to establish the link between miR-147 and TLR-7 in rat macrophages (in vitro) and in pristane (PS) induced arthritic rats. METHODOLOGY Dual luciferase assay was done to confirm the interaction between miR-147 and TLR-7. The effect of miR-147 on regulation of TLR-7 was done by RT-qPCR and Immunoblotting studies in rat macrophages (ATCC® CRL-2192TM) after treating them with miR-147 mimics and inhibitors. R-848 (Imiquimod) was used as TLR-7 stimulant, the mRNA and protein expression levels of IFN-β and TNF-α were recorded to determine the regulation of TLR-7. The levels of miR-147 and TLR-7 were evaluated during induction of rat bone marrow derived macrophage in the PS induced rat macrophages and spleens of methotrexate exposed rats. The miR-147 mimics was injected intraperitoneal to the PS treated rats and the severity of arthritis was studied. RESULTS The study confirmed TLR-7 mRNA as the potential target of miR-147 in rats. Alterations in miR-147 by transfecting mimics or inhibitors in ATCC® CRL-2192TM cells exhibited suppression and amelioration of TLR-7 and cytokine expression. The alteration in expression of miR-147 was inversely correlated with expression of TLR-7 during bone marrow derived macrophages induction in PS exposed cells and spleens. The abnormal expression was reversed in spleens of methotrexate treated arthritic rats. The treatment of miR-147 mimic caused suppression in expression of TLR-7 and improved the severity of arthritis in PS induced arthritic rats. CONCLUSIONS MiR-147 inversely regulates the TLR-7 signaling by targeting TLR-7 itself both in vivo and in vitro. The study provides a novel approach for conditions involving abnormal TLR-7 expression in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical UniversityXi’an 710038, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dai Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Hai Hospital, Naval Military Medical UniversityShanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuqiang Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical UniversityXi’an 710038, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haikang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical UniversityXi’an 710038, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weiwei Pang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical UniversityXi’an 710038, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical UniversityXi’an 710038, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shengjun Wu
- Department of Gynaecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical UniversityXi’an 710038, Shaanxi, China
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Shimizu T, Nakamura H, Takatani A, Umeda M, Horai Y, Kurushima S, Michitsuji T, Nakashima Y, Kawakami A. Activation of Toll-like receptor 7 signaling in labial salivary glands of primary Sjögren's syndrome patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 196:39-51. [PMID: 30446998 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the expressions of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7-9 and type I interferon (IFN) signal in labial salivary glands (LSGs) and cultured salivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs) from primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) patients. We performed an immunohistochemistry analysis of LSGs from 11 patients with pSS as defined by American-European Consensus Group classification criteria and five healthy subjects. The pSS patients' SGECs were analyzed by immunofluorescence and western blotting. IFN-α expression was examined by immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry. Mononuclear cells (MNCs) from pSS patients' LSGs showed TLR-7-dominant expression. B cells, plasma cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) co-expressed with TLR-7. Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) co-expressed with the pDC marker CD303 in LSGs. Ducts from pSS patients dominantly expressed TLR-7, and TLR-7 in the ducts co-expressed with MyD88, TRAF6 and IRF7. Type I IFNs including IFN-α and IFN-β were detected in MNCs and ducts in pSS patients' LSGs. Increased TRAF6 expression and the nuclear translocation of IRF7 in SGECs were detected by immunofluorescence following loxoribine (a TLR-7 ligand) stimulation despite IFN-β pretreatment. Western blotting showed increased TRAF6 expression in SGECs following IFN-β and loxoribine stimulation. Although no increase in IFN-α was detected in supernatant from stimulated SGECs, the IFN-α in supernatant from stimulated peripheral blood pDCs from pSS patients was significantly increased. Our findings suggest that TLR-7 is dominantly expressed in both MNCs and ducts with downstream signals for type I IFNs, indicating that TLR7-dominant innate immunity is related to the development of sialadenitis in pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shimizu
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - H Nakamura
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - A Takatani
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - M Umeda
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Y Horai
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - S Kurushima
- Department of Rheumatology, Sasebo Chuo Hospital, Sasebo, Japan
| | - T Michitsuji
- Department of General and Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Y Nakashima
- Department of Rheumatology, Sasebo City Medical Center, Sasebo, Japan
| | - A Kawakami
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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Falke J, Hulsbergen-van de Kaa CA, Maj R, Oosterwijk E, Witjes JA. A placebo-controlled efficacy study of the intravesical immunomodulators TMX-101 and TMX-202 in an orthotopic bladder cancer rat model. World J Urol 2018; 36:1719-1725. [PMID: 29767328 PMCID: PMC6208681 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-018-2334-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose TMX-101 and TMX-202 are formulations of toll-like receptor 7 (TLR-7) agonists, under investigation for the treatment of urothelial carcinoma. Our goal was to evaluate the efficacy of intravesical instillations of TMX-101 or TMX-202 in an orthotopic bladder cancer rat model. Methods Four groups of 14 rats received an instillation with isogenic AY-27 tumor cells on day 0, starting tumor development. On day 2 and 5, the rats were treated with an intravesical instillation of TMX-101 0.1%, TMX-202 0.38%, vehicle solution or NaCl. On day 12 the rats were sacrificed and the bladders were evaluated histopathologically. Results No signs of toxicity were seen. The number of tumor-positive rats was 11 of 14 (79%) in the vehicle control group and in the NaCl control group, versus 9 of 14 (64%) in the TMX-101-treated group, and 8 of 14 (57%) in the TMX-20-treated group. The difference between tumor-bearing rats in the treated and control groups was not significant (p = 0.12). Bladder weight was significantly lower for TMX-202-treated rats compared to vehicle (p = 0.005). Conclusions TMX-101 and TMX-202 are TLR-7 agonists with antitumor activity. Treatment with TMX-101 and TMX-202 resulted in less tumor-bearing rats compared to vehicle or saline control groups, although not statistically significant. In this aggressive bladder cancer model, a lower number of tumor-positive rats after treatment with TLR-7 agonists indicates activity for the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00345-018-2334-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Falke
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10 (610), P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Egbert Oosterwijk
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10 (610), P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Alfred Witjes
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10 (610), P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Dutta SK, Tripathi A. Association of toll-like receptor polymorphisms with susceptibility to chikungunya virus infection. Virology 2017; 511:207-213. [PMID: 28888110 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection leads to activation of innate immune response by triggering Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways resulting in elevated cytokines and type-I interferon levels. Genetic variations of these genes may influence human CHIKV-susceptibility and disease progression. Present study aimed to identify role of TLR polymorphisms in CHIKV-susceptibility and their association with cytokines and clinical symptoms. This is the first study illustrating certain genotypes of TLR-7 and TLR-8 SNPs viz. CT(p = 0.002)]; rs3853839[GC(p < 0.001), CC(p = 0.039)] and rs3764879[GC(p < 0.001)] were considerably associated with CHIKV susceptibility. Increased risk of CHIKV infection among male patients with CC-genotype (rs179010) (p = 0.028) and female patients with GT-genotype (rs5741880) (p = 0.019) was observed. Significant higher IFN-α (P = 0.002) levels among chikungunya TNF-α (P = 0.034) patients was reported. Chikungunya patients with rs179010-CC genotype showed significantly high IFN-α level(p = 0.003). Thus, these TLR variants might act as potential prognostic biomarkers for predicting CHIKV susceptibility among uninfected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Kumar Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology; Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, 108, C.R. Avenue, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Anusri Tripathi
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology; Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, 108, C.R. Avenue, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India.
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Rausch J, Lopez PA, Bialojan A, Denny M, Langguth P, Probst HC, Schild H, Radsak MP. Combined immunotherapy: CTLA-4 blockade potentiates anti-tumor response induced by transcutaneous immunization. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 87:300-306. [PMID: 28666747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidermal application of the Toll Like Receptor 7 agonist imiquimod and a T-cell peptide epitope (transcutaneous immunization, TCI) mediates systemic peptide-specific cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) responses and leads to tumor protection in a prophylactic tumor setting. However, it does not accomplish memory formation or permanent defiance of tumors in a therapeutic set-up. As a distinct immunologic approach, CTLA-4 blockade augments systemic immune responses and has shown long-lasting effects in preclinical experiments as well as in clinical trials. OBJECTIVE The study investigates the vaccination capacity of TCI in combination with the checkpoint inhibitor CTLA-4 in matters of primary response, memory formation and tumor protection and characterizes the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs). METHODS After performing TCI with IMI-Sol (containing 5% Imiquimod) and the model epitope SIINFEKL, 6-8 week old C57BL/6 mice received anti-CTLA-4 antibody either s.c or i.p. The CTL responses and frequency of peptide specific CD8+ T-cells were then evaluated on day 8. To determine anti-tumor effects, a therapeutic tumor challenge with B16 OVA melanoma was performed. RESULTS The combination of s.c. anti-CTLA-4 antibody and TCI leads to an enhanced systemic cytotoxic response, to memory formation and allows significantly improved survival in a tumor setting with B16 OVA melanoma. Towards the mechanism, we show that in this vaccination protocol the CTLA-4 antibody acts mainly Treg-independent. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that the combination of TCI with IMI-Sol and anti-CTLA-4 can confer potent immune responses and tumor-protection. These results might contribute to the development of advanced vaccination approaches targeting tumors or persistent infectious diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Aminoquinolines/pharmacology
- Aminoquinolines/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- CTLA-4 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- CTLA-4 Antigen/immunology
- Drug Synergism
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Imiquimod
- Immunologic Memory/drug effects
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/mortality
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Ovalbumin/pharmacology
- Ovalbumin/therapeutic use
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Peptide Fragments/therapeutic use
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/mortality
- Skin Neoplasms/therapy
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 7/antagonists & inhibitors
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Rausch
- Third Department of Medicine - Hematology, Oncology, Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Pamela Aranda Lopez
- Third Department of Medicine - Hematology, Oncology, Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ariane Bialojan
- Third Department of Medicine - Hematology, Oncology, Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mark Denny
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Langguth
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans Christian Probst
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Schild
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus P Radsak
- Third Department of Medicine - Hematology, Oncology, Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
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El-Ekiaby N, Hamdi N, Negm M, Ahmed R, Zekri AR, Esmat G, Abdelaziz AI. Repressed induction of interferon-related microRNAs miR-146a and miR-155 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with HCV genotype 4. FEBS Open Bio 2012; 2:179-86. [PMID: 23650597 PMCID: PMC3642156 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs regulate the expression of many genes and subsequently control various cellular processes, such as the immune response to viral infections mediated by type I interferon (IFN). In this study, the expression pattern of two interferon-related microRNAs, miR-146a and miR-155, was examined in healthy and HCV-genotype-4-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using qRT-PCR. In contrast to other viral infections, the expression pattern was similar in both healthy and infected PBMCs. This could be attributed to attenuation of IFN pathway by HCV, which was assessed by investigating the expression of MxA, an interferon-stimulated gene, that showed lower expression in HCV-infected PBMCs. To determine the site of interference of HCV in the IFN pathway, expression of both microRNAs was examined following stimulation of PBMCs with IFN-α2a, an activator of the JAK/STAT pathway as well as with imiquimod, a toll-like receptor-7 (TLR-7) agonist that promotes interferon release. IFN stimulation induced the expression of miR-146a and miR-155 in HCV-infected and healthy PBMCs. Stimulation with imiquimod led to a down-regulation of both microRNAs in infected PBMCs, while it increased their expression in healthy PBMCs, indicating that HCV might interfere with miR-146a and miR-155 expression at sites upstream of interferon release, specifically in the TLR-7 pathway. The pattern of expression of both miR-146a and miR-155 was very similar with a strong positive correlation, but showed no correlation to the patients' clinical or histopathological parameters or response to treatment. In conclusion, HCV infection might repress the induction of miR-146a and miR-155 by interfering with TLR-7 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada El-Ekiaby
- The Molecular Pathology Research Group, Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
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