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Adezati E, Liu X, Ding J, Thye M, Szaflarski JP, Mirman D. Phase synchronization during the processing of taxonomic and thematic relations. Brain Lang 2024; 249:105379. [PMID: 38241856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2024.105379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Semantic relations include "taxonomic" relations based on shared features and "thematic" relations based on co-occurrence in events. The "dual-hub" account proposes that the anterior temporal lobe (ATL) is functionally specialized for taxonomic relations and the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) for thematic relations. This study examined this claim by analyzing the intra- and inter-region phase synchronization of intracranial EEG data from electrodes in the ATL, IPL, and two subregions of the semantic control network: left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and posterior middle temporal gyrus (pMTG). Ten participants with epilepsy completed a semantic relatedness judgment task during intracranial EEG recording and had electrodes in at least one hub and at least one semantic control region. Theta band phase synchronization was partially consistent with the dual-hub account: synchronization between the ATL and IFG/pMTG increased when processing taxonomic relations, and synchronization within the IPL and between IPL and pMTG increased when processing thematic relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Adezati
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Xianqing Liu
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Junhua Ding
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Melissa Thye
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jerzy P Szaflarski
- Department of Neurology and the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) Epilepsy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Daniel Mirman
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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2
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Chowdhary P, Badgal P, Bhat MA, Shakoor SA, Mir BA, Soodan AS. Phytoliths analysis in root, culm, leaf and synflorescence of Rostraria cristata (Poaceae). J Plant Res 2023; 136:787-801. [PMID: 37550551 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-023-01485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Phytoliths (siliceous structures) present in the plants have been employed in the fields of taxonomy and archaeology for many decades. Rostraria cristata is an economically important grass species (Poaceae) which accumulates silica in its different organs in the form of phytoliths. In order to understand the pattern of phytolith production and biochemical architecture of silica in R. cristata, leaf epidermis (blade) using the clearing solution method and different organs using the dry ashing method, X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy techniques were analyzed. Both abaxial and adaxial leaf epidermis showed the presence of acute bulbosus, rectangular sinuate and stomata phytolith morphotypes. Leaf including sheath and blade had the highest silica content. Characteristic phytolith morphotypes were present in different organs. A total of 34 phytolith morphotypes were present among which nine (9) were articulated and 25 were isolated forms. The most abundant were elongate scrobiculate (48.20%) in root and rectangular sinuate (26.16%) in leaf part. Other common phytolith morphotypes present in different organs of R. cristata were articulated elongate irregular, articulated elongate scrobiculate, acute bulbosus, and polygonal rondel etc. Leaf and synflorescence had the highest similarity based on presence/absence of phytolith morphotypes (Jaccard's similarity index). XRD studies revealed the presence of cristobalite, quartz, tridymite, zeolite etc. forms of silica in different organs. FTIR spectra showed that inplane stretching vibration of Si-C was unique to root, anti-symmetric stretching vibration of C-H was unique to leaf and Al2O3.SiO2 was found in synflorescence only. Our results show the characteristic pattern of phytoliths production in R. cristata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Chowdhary
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
| | - Priya Badgal
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Mudassir Ahmad Bhat
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Jammu, J&K, India
| | - Sheikh Abdul Shakoor
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Bilal Ahmad Mir
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir (North Campus), Delina, Baramulla, J&K, India.
| | - Amarjit Singh Soodan
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.
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3
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Mathers KL, Doretto A, Fenoglio S, Hill MJ, Wood PJ. Temporal effects of fine sediment deposition on benthic macroinvertebrate community structure, function and biodiversity likely reflects landscape setting. Sci Total Environ 2022; 829:154612. [PMID: 35307447 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Globally, excessive fine sediment (particles <2 mm) deposition is acknowledged to have deleterious effects on aquatic biodiversity. However, the impacts are often equivocal possibly reflecting landscape context, although this is rarely considered. To address this, we examined the temporal response of macroinvertebrate taxonomic and functional diversity to experimental fine sediment clogging in a prealpine (Italy) and lowland setting (UK). Colonisation devices were installed insitu with either clean or clogged substrates and examined for short (7-14 days), medium (21-28 days) and long (56-63 days) timescales. Clogging resulted in altered taxonomic community composition in both the lowland and prealpine rivers and modified functional community composition in the prealpine river. Nestedness was consistently found to be the dominant process driving differences in taxonomic composition between the clean and clogged substrates in the prealpine environment, with clogged substrates forming a nested community. No dominant component structured lowland taxonomic communities. Functional community composition was driven by nestedness in both environments but was heavily dominant in the case of the prealpine river, possibly reflecting low functional redundancy. Widely employed community richness metrics (EPT, taxa and functional richness) only displayed a response to fine sediment loading in the prealpine environment but taxa characterized as sensitive to fine sediment as well as some functional feeding groups did exhibit differences in both settings. In the prealpine environment, the effects of fine sediment intensified over time for several community metrics. Although further research is required to corroborate our findings and extend our observations across more rivers and typologies, excessive fine sediment is a pervasive stressor affecting macroinvertebrate communities in prealpine and lowland environments. However, the biodiversity facets that responded to clogging differed between the two landscape settings probably reflecting wider environmental filtering. Monitoring and managing fine sediment loading likely requires context specific approaches to maximise ecological benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Mathers
- Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom.
| | - Alberto Doretto
- Department of Life Sciences and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via T. Michel, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; ALPSTREAM - Alpine Stream Research Center, 12030 Ostana, Italy
| | - Stefano Fenoglio
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina, 10123 Turin, Italy; ALPSTREAM - Alpine Stream Research Center, 12030 Ostana, Italy
| | - Matthew J Hill
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Wood
- Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
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Sandberg CW, Exton E, Coburn KL, Chun S, Miller C. Event related potential exploration of the organizational structure of abstract versus concrete words in neurologically intact younger adults. Brain Lang 2022; 230:105138. [PMID: 35644106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2022.105138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the effects of concreteness and relationship type (similarity vs. association) on semantic processing using event-related potentials (ERP). Neurophysiological evidence has been found for the concreteness effect and for an effect of relationship type. This study replicated and extended these findings by investigating the interaction of concreteness and relationship type. Twenty-four neurologically healthy young adults performed lexical decision and semantic relatedness tasks while continuous scalp EEG was recorded. Larger N400 effects were found for concrete words in associative relationships than for concrete words in similarity relationships and abstract words in either type of relationship. The results are discussed in relation to the different representational frameworks account for abstract and concrete word processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaleece W Sandberg
- Penn State University, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, United States.
| | - Erika Exton
- University of Maryland CollegePark, Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, United States
| | - Kelly L Coburn
- Penn State University, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, United States
| | - Soyeon Chun
- Penn State University, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, United States
| | - Carol Miller
- Penn State University, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, United States
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5
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Park S, Cho JY, Jung DH, Jang SW, Eom JH, Nam SW, Kwon DR, Ryu J, Kim KT. Fibrivirga algicola gen. nov., sp. nov., an algicidal bacterium isolated from a freshwater river. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2022; 115:899-909. [PMID: 35610407 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-022-01743-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
An aerobic, gram-stain-negative, pink-colored, non-motile and rod-shaped algicidal bacterium, designated as JA-25T was isolated from freshwater in Geumgang River, Republic of Korea. Strain JA-25T grew at 15-30 °C and pH 6-9, and did not require NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain JA-25T belongs to the family 'Spirosomaceae' and is most closely related to Fibrella aestuarina BUZ 2T (93.6%). Strain JA-25T showed < 90% sequence similarity to other members of the family 'Spirosomaceae'. The average nucleotide identity(ANI), in silico DNA-DNA hybridization and average amino acid identity(AAI) values based on the genomic sequences of JA-25T and F. aestuarina BUZ 2T were 74.4, 20.5, and 73.6%, respectively. Strain JA-25T showed an algicidal effect on the marine flagellate alga Heterocapsa triquetra, but no effect on fresh water cyanobacterium (Nostoc). In genome analysis, RIPP-like peptides were detected and predicted to resemble the indolmycin biosynthetic gene cluster, which possibly influence its algicidal effect. Furthermore, a bacteriorhodopsin gene with photoheterotrophic characteristics was detected. The genomic DNA G + C content was 52.5 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c/C16:1 ω7c), C16:1 ω5c, C16:0 (> 10%). The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone 7 and major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids, two phospholipids, and five unidentified lipids. Considering the phylogenetic inference, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic data, strain JA-25T should be classified as a novel species in the novel genus Fibrivirga, with the proposed name Fibrivirga algicola sp. nov. The type strain is JA-25T (= KCCM 43334T = NBRC 114259T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghwa Park
- Bacteria Research Team. Freshwater Bacteria Research Department, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources (NNIBR), Sangju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Young Cho
- Bacteria Research Team. Freshwater Bacteria Research Department, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources (NNIBR), Sangju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Jung
- Microorganism Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Won Jang
- Bacteria Research Team. Freshwater Bacteria Research Department, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources (NNIBR), Sangju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hye Eom
- Bacteria Research Team. Freshwater Bacteria Research Department, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources (NNIBR), Sangju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Nam
- Protist Research Team. Freshwater Bacteria Research Department, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources (NNIBR), Sangju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Ryul Kwon
- Protist Research Team. Freshwater Bacteria Research Department, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources (NNIBR), Sangju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Ryu
- Department of Environmental Bio Research, Eco P&G Co., University of Suwon, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Keug Tae Kim
- Department of Environmental & Energy Engineering, University of Suwon, 17 Wauan-gil, Bongdam-eup, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 18323, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Thye M, Geller J, Szaflarski JP, Mirman D. Intracranial EEG evidence of functional specialization for taxonomic and thematic relations. Cortex 2021; 140:40-50. [PMID: 33933929 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The dual-hub account posits that the neural organization of semantic knowledge is segregated by the type of semantic relation with anterior temporal lobe (ATL) specializing for taxonomic relations and inferior parietal lobule (IPL) for thematic relations. This study critically examined this account by recording intracranial EEG from an array of depth electrodes within ATL, IPL, and two regions within the semantic control network, inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and posterior middle temporal gyrus (pMTG), while 17 participants with refractory epilepsy completed a semantic relatedness judgment task. We observed a significant difference between relation types in ATL and IPL approximately 600-800 ms after trial presentation, and no significant differences in IFG or pMTG. Within this time window, alpha and theta suppression indexing cognitive effort and memory retrieval was observed in ATL for taxonomic trials and in IPL for thematic trials. These results suggest taxonomic specialization in ATL and thematic specialization in IPL, consistent with the dual-hub account of semantic cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Thye
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Jason Geller
- Center for Cognitive Science, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jerzy P Szaflarski
- Department of Neurology and the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) Epilepsy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Daniel Mirman
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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7
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Unger L, Vales C, Fisher AV. The Role of Co-Occurrence Statistics in Developing Semantic Knowledge. Cogn Sci 2020; 44:e12894. [PMID: 32929791 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The organization of our knowledge about the world into an interconnected network of concepts linked by relations profoundly impacts many facets of cognition, including attention, memory retrieval, reasoning, and learning. It is therefore crucial to understand how organized semantic representations are acquired. The present experiment investigated the contributions of readily observable environmental statistical regularities to semantic organization in childhood. Specifically, we investigated whether co-occurrence regularities with which entities or their labels more reliably occur together than with others (a) contribute to relations between concepts independently and (b) contribute to relations between concepts belonging to the same taxonomic category. Using child-directed speech corpora to estimate reliable co-occurrences between labels for familiar items, we constructed triads consisting of a target, a related distractor, and an unrelated distractor in which targets and related distractors consistently co-occurred (e.g., sock-foot), belonged to the same taxonomic category (e.g., sock-coat), or both (e.g., sock-shoe). We used an implicit, eye-gaze measure of relations between concepts based on the degree to which children (N = 72, age 4-7 years) looked at related versus unrelated distractors when asked to look for a target. The results indicated that co-occurrence both independently contributes to relations between concepts and contributes to relations between concepts belonging to the same taxonomic category. These findings suggest that sensitivity to the regularity with which different entities co-occur in children's environments shapes the organization of semantic knowledge during development. Implications for theoretical accounts and empirical investigations of semantic organization are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Unger
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University
| | | | - Anna V Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University
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8
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Abstract
Current models and theories of semantic knowledge primarily capture taxonomic relationships (DOG and WOLF) and largely do not address the role of thematic relationships in semantic knowledge (DOG and LEASH). Recent evidence suggests that processing or representation of thematic relationships may be distinct from taxonomic relationships. If taxonomic and thematic relations are distinct, then there should be a cost associated with switching between them even when the task remains constant. This hypothesis was tested using two different semantic-relatedness judgment tasks: Experiment 1 used a triads task and Experiment 2 used an oddball task. In both experiments, participants were faster to respond when the same relationship appeared on consecutive trials than when the relationship types were different, even though the task remained the same and the specific relations were different on each trial. These results are consistent with the theory that taxonomic and thematic relations rely on distinct processes or representations.
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Abstract
The rate of discovery of new spider species greatly exceeds the rate of spider venom characterisation, leading to an increasing number of species with unstudied venoms. However, recent advances in proteomics and genomics that enable the study of venoms from smaller species has expanded the accessible taxonomic range. Thus, although the number of unstudied spider venoms is likely to further increase, future research should focus on the characterisation of venoms and toxins from previously unstudied spider families. The rate of discovery of new spider species by far exceeds the rate of spider venom characterisation. Advances in proteomics and genomics techniques now allow the study of venoms from a much wider taxonomic range. Closing the taxonomic gap at the family level should be the main focus for toxinologists over the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Herzig
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Glenn F King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Eivind A B Undheim
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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10
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Wang Y, Xia H, Zhang B, Liu X, Yuan Z. Isolation and characterization of a novel mesonivirus from Culex mosquitoes in China. Virus Res 2017; 240:130-9. [PMID: 28823942 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A new insect nidovirus (named Yichang virus) from the family Mesoniviridae was isolated, identified, and characterized from Culex mosquitoes in Hubei, China. Results showed a high number of viral RNA copies (up to 1011 copies/ml) within 48 h in C6/36 cells. In addition, the titers of the Yichang virus reached maximal levels of 107 PFU/mL at 6 d post-infection (dpi). The virus produced moderate cytopathic effects when the multiplicity of infection ranged from 0.001–0.1 at 6 dpi, but did not replicate in mammalian cells. Under electron microscopy, the virion of the Yichang virus appeared as spherical particles with diameters of ∼80 nm and large club-shaped projections. Although subsequent genomic sequence analysis revealed that the Yichang virus had similar protein patterns as those of other mesoniviruses, the nucleotide acids shared less than 20% BLAST query coverage with known viruses in the family Mesoniviridae, and showed a maximum sequence identity of 67% for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The putative protein sequences showed slightly higher identity (28%–68%), and the most conserved domain was RdRp. Based on the phylogenetic and pairwise evolutionary distance analyses, the Yichang virus should be considered a new species belonging to a currently unassigned genus within the family Mesoniviridae.
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López G, Cañas-Duarte SJ, Pinzón-Velasco AM, Vega-Vela NE, Rodríguez M, Restrepo S, Baena S. Description of a new anaerobic thermophilic bacterium, Thermoanaerobacterium butyriciformans sp. nov. Syst Appl Microbiol 2017; 40:86-91. [PMID: 28057375 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Strain USBA-019T, an anaerobic and thermophilic strain, was identified as a new member of the genus Thermoanaerobacterium. USBA-019T cells are gram-positive, strictly anaerobic, thermophilic, chemoorganotrophic, moderately acidophilic, non-motile, endospore-forming, slightly curved, and rod-shaped. Cells measure 0.4×3.0-7.0μm. Optimal growth occurs at 50-55°C (35-65°C). Optimum pH is 5.0-5.5 (4.0-8.5). Thiosulfate, elemental sulfur and nitrate were utilized as electron acceptors. Fermentation of glucose, lactose, cellobiose, galactose, arabinose, xylose, starch and xylan primarily produced acetate and butyrate. Xylan, starch and cellobiose produced ethanol and starch, cellobiose, galactose, arabinose and mannose produced lactic acid. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison and genomic relatedness indices show the close relation of USBA-019T to Thermoanaerobacterium thermostercoris and Thermoanaerobacterium aotearoense (similarity value: 99%). Hybridization of USBA-019T, Th. thermostercoris DSM22141T and Th. aotearoense DMS10170T found DNA-DNA relatedness of 33.2% and 18.2%, respectively. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic evidence, along with low identity at whole genome level, USBA-019T is a novel species of the genus Thermoanaerobacterium which we propose to name Thermoanaerobacterium butyriciformans sp. nov. The type strain is USBA-019T (=CMPUJ U-019T=DSM 101588T).
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Seckin M, Mesulam MM, Voss JL, Huang W, Rogalski EJ, Hurley RS. Am I looking at a cat or a dog? Gaze in the semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia is subject to excessive taxonomic capture. J Neurolinguistics 2016; 37:68-81. [PMID: 26500393 PMCID: PMC4612367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroling.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Object naming impairments or anomias are the most frequent symptom in aphasia, and can be caused by a variety of underlying neurocognitive mechanisms. Anomia in neurodegenerative or primary progressive aphasias (PPA) often appears to be based on taxonomic blurring of word meaning: words such as "dog" and "cat" are still recognized generically as referring to animals, but are no longer conceptually differentiated from each other, leading to coordinate errors in word-object matching. This blurring is the hallmark symptom of the "semantic variant" of PPA, who invariably show focal atrophy in the left anterior temporal lobe. In this study we used eye tracking to characterize information processing online (in real time) as non-aphasic controls, semantic and non-semantic PPA participants completed a word-to-object matching task. All participants (including controls) showed taxonomic capture of gaze, spending more time viewing foils that were from the same category as the target compared to unrelated foils, but capture was more extreme in the semantic PPA group. The semantic group showed heightened capture even on trials where they ultimately pointed to the correct target, demonstrating the superiority of eye movements over traditional testing methods in detecting subtle processing impairments. Heightened capture was primarily driven by a tendency to direct gaze back and forth, repeatedly, between a set of related foils on each trial, a behavior almost never shown by controls or non-semantic participants. This suggests semantic PPA participants were accumulating and weighing evidence for a probabilistic rather than definitive mapping between the noun and several candidate objects. Neurodegeneration in PPA thus appears to distort lexical concepts prior to extinguishing them altogether, causing uncertainty in recognition and word-object matching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Seckin
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - M.-Marsel Mesulam
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Joel L. Voss
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Wei Huang
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Emily J. Rogalski
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Robert S. Hurley
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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13
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Ma J, Nossa CW, Alvarez PJJ. Groundwater ecosystem resilience to organic contaminations: microbial and geochemical dynamics throughout the 5-year life cycle of a surrogate ethanol blend fuel plume. Water Res 2015; 80:119-129. [PMID: 25996759 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of groundwater ecosystem to recover from contamination by organic chemicals is a vital concern for environmental scientists. A pilot-scale aquifer system was used to investigate the long-term dynamics of contaminants, groundwater geochemistry, and microbial community structure (by 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing and quantitative real-time PCR) throughout the 5-year life cycle of a surrogate ethanol blend fuel plume (10% ethanol + 50 mg/L benzene + 50 mg/L toluene). Two-year continuous ethanol-blended release significantly changed the groundwater geochemistry (resulted in anaerobic, low pH, and organotrophic conditions) and increased bacterial and archaeal populations by 82- and 314-fold respectively. Various anaerobic heterotrophs (fermenters, acetogens, methanogens, and hydrocarbon degraders) were enriched. Two years after the release was shut off, all contaminants and their degradation byproducts disappeared and groundwater geochemistry completely restored to the pre-release states (aerobic, neutral pH, and oligotrophic). Bacterial and archaeal populations declined by 18- and 45-fold respectively (relative to the time of shut off). Microbial community structure reverted towards the pre-release states and alpha diversity indices rebounded, suggesting the resilience of microbial community to ethanol blend releases. We also found shifts from O2-sensitive methanogens (e.g., Methanobacterium) to methanogens that are not so sensitive to O2 (e.g., Methanosarcina and Methanocella), which is likely to contribute to the persistence of methanogens and methane generation following the source removal. Overall, the rapid disappearance of contaminants and their metabolites, rebound of geochemical footprints, and resilience of microbial community unequivocally document the natural capacity of groundwater ecosystem to attenuate and recover from a large volume of catastrophic spill of ethanol-based biofuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| | | | - Pedro J J Alvarez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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14
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Abstract
As more and more prokaryotic sequencing takes place, a method to quickly and accurately analyze this data is needed. Previous tools are mainly designed for metagenomic analysis and have limitations; such as long runtimes and significant false positive error rates. The online tool GenomePeek (edwards.sdsu.edu/GenomePeek) was developed to analyze both single genome and metagenome sequencing files, quickly and with low error rates. GenomePeek uses a sequence assembly approach where reads to a set of conserved genes are extracted, assembled and then aligned against the highly specific reference database. GenomePeek was found to be faster than traditional approaches while still keeping error rates low, as well as offering unique data visualization options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn McNair
- Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University , San Diego, CA , USA ; Department of Biology, San Diego State University , San Diego, CA , USA
| | - Robert A Edwards
- Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University , San Diego, CA , USA ; Department of Biology, San Diego State University , San Diego, CA , USA ; Computational Sciences Research Center, San Diego State University , San Diego, CA , USA ; Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, IL , USA
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15
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Shen Y, Aharoni BE, Mashal N. Taxonomic and ad hoc categorization within the two cerebral hemispheres. Laterality 2015; 20:517-29. [PMID: 25644310 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2015.1006235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A typicality effect refers to categorization which is performed more quickly or more accurately for typical than for atypical members of a given category. Previous studies reported a typicality effect for category members presented in the left visual field/right hemisphere (RH), suggesting that the RH applies a similarity-based categorization strategy. However, findings regarding the typicality effect within the left hemisphere (LH) are less conclusive. The current study tested the pattern of typicality effects within each hemisphere for both taxonomic and ad hoc categories, using words presented to the left or right visual fields. Experiment 1 tested typical and atypical members of taxonomic categories as well as non-members, and Experiment 2 tested typical and atypical members of ad hoc categories as well as non-members. The results revealed a typicality effect in both hemispheres and in both types of categories. Furthermore, the RH categorized atypical stimuli more accurately than did the LH. Our findings suggest that both hemispheres rely on a similarity-based categorization strategy, but the coarse semantic coding of the RH seems to facilitate the categorization of atypical members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshayahu Shen
- a Program of Cognitive Studies of Language Use , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel
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