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Ogden EL, Cumming SG, Smith SL, Turetsky MR, Baltzer JL. Permafrost thaw induces short-term increase in vegetation productivity in northwestern Canada. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:5352-5366. [PMID: 37332117 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, various trends in vegetation productivity, from increases to decreases, have been observed throughout Arctic-Boreal ecosystems. While some of this variation can be explained by recent climate warming and increased disturbance, very little is known about the impacts of permafrost thaw on productivity across diverse vegetation communities. Active layer thickness data from 135 permafrost monitoring sites along a 10° latitudinal transect of the Northwest Territories, Canada, paired with a Landsat time series of normalized difference vegetation index from 1984 to 2019, were used to quantify the impacts of changing permafrost conditions on vegetation productivity. We found that active layer thickness contributed to the observed variation in vegetation productivity in recent decades in the northwestern Arctic-Boreal, with the highest rates of greening occurring at sites where the near-surface permafrost recently had thawed. However, the greening associated with permafrost thaw was not sustained after prolonged periods of thaw and appeared to diminish after the thaw front extended outside the plants' rooting zone. Highest rates of greening were found at the mid-transect sites, between 62.4° N and 65.2° N, suggesting that more southernly sites may have already surpassed the period of beneficial permafrost thaw, while more northern sites may have yet to reach a level of thaw that supports enhanced vegetation productivity. These results indicate that the response of vegetation productivity to permafrost thaw is highly dependent on the extent of active layer thickening and that increases in productivity may not continue in the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Ogden
- Biology Department, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven G Cumming
- Department of Wood and Forest Sciences, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sharon L Smith
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Merritt R Turetsky
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer L Baltzer
- Biology Department, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Mužević M, Lukačević I, Kovač I, Gracin D, Žužić A, Macan J, Pajtler MV. Potential of AMnO 3 (A=Ca, Sr, Ba, La) as Active Layer in Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200837. [PMID: 36718882 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic perovskite CaMnO3 ${{}_{3}}$ was proposed as a substitution for the TiO2 ${{}_{2}}$ anatase in electron transport layers of solar cells containing the hybrid perovskite CH3 ${{}_{3}}$ NH3 ${{}_{3}}$ PbI3 ${{}_{3}}$ based on increased mobility of electrons and better optical matching. Due to a suitable band gap concerning the absorption of sunlight, we investigate the potential of CaMnO3 ${{}_{3}}$ and similar manganite perovskites, where Ca is replaced by either Sr, Ba or La, as an absorber layer in inorganic perovskite solar cells. In this study, we have used optical measurements on the synthesized AMnO3 ${{}_{3}}$ (A=Ca, Sr, Ba, La) samples to aid density functional theory calculations (DFT) in order to accurately simulate the electronic and optical properties of AMnO3 ${{}_{3}}$ compounds and gauge their potential for the role of absorber layer. Both experimental measurements and theoretical calculations show suitable band gap of 1.1-1.5 eV, depending on the compound, and absorption coefficients of the order of10 5 ${{10}^{5}}$ cm- 1 ${{}^{-1}}$ in the visible part of the spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matko Mužević
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Ljudevita Gaja 6, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Igor Lukačević
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Ljudevita Gaja 6, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivan Kovač
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Ljudevita Gaja 6, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Davor Gracin
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andreja Žužić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Trg Marka Marulića 19, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Macan
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Trg Marka Marulića 19, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Varga Pajtler
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Ljudevita Gaja 6, Osijek, Croatia
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3
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Painter SL, Coon ET, Khattak AJ, Jastrow JD. Drying of tundra landscapes will limit subsidence-induced acceleration of permafrost thaw. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2212171120. [PMID: 36780526 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212171120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We used a model for permafrost hydrology informed by detailed measurements of soil ice content to better understand the potential risk of abrupt permafrost thaw triggered by melting ground ice, a key open question associated with permafrost response to a warming Arctic. Our spatially resolved simulations of a well-characterized site in polygonal tundra near Utqiaġvik, Alaska, agree well with multiple types of observations in the current climate. Projections indicate 63 cm of bulk subsidence from 2006 to 2100 in the strong-warming Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 climate. Permafrost thaw as measured by the increase in active layer thickness (ALT)-the thickness of the soil layer that thaws each summer-is accelerated by subsidence, but the effect is relatively small. The ALT increases from the current-day value of approximately 50 cm to approximately 180 cm by 2100 when subsidence is included compared to about 160 cm when it is neglected. In these simulations, previously identified positive feedbacks between subsidence and thaw are self-limiting on decadal time frames because landscape runoff and increasing evapotranspiration result in drier tundra with weaker surface/atmosphere coupling. These results for a tundra site that is representative of large swathes of the Alaska North Slope suggest that subsidence is unlikely to lead to abrupt thaw over large areas. However, subsidence does have significant effects on the hydrology of polygonal tundra. Specifically, subsidence increases landscape runoff, which helps maintain streamflow in the face of increased evapotranspiration but also causes drier tundra conditions that could have deleterious effects on sensitive Arctic wetland ecosystems.
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Baltrėnas P, Urbanas D, Sukackienė Z, Stalnionienė I, Tamašauskaitė-Tamašiūnaitė L, Balčiūnaitė A, Jasulaitienė V. Selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH 3 using Mn-based catalysts supported by Ukrainian clinoptiolite and lightweight expanded clay aggregate. Environ Technol 2022; 43:3269-3282. [PMID: 33881966 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1921046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Mn-based multicomponent catalysts supported by two different carriers (lightweight expanded clay aggregate and the Ukrainian clinoptiolite) were prepared by electroless metal deposition method and tested for the selective catalytic reduction of NO with ammonia (NH3-SCR de-NO). Prior to the activity test, all the catalysts prepared were characterized by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray mapping, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, H2-TPR and NH3-TPD techniques. The particular interest of the present study was focused on the investigation of the carrier's role in the NO catalytic reduction and the promoting effect provided by the incorporation of the small amount of Pt (0.1 wt.%) in the Mn-based catalytic layer. The results revealed that the carrier's role in the NO catalytic conversion can be considered as a factor determining the effectiveness of the conversion process. Ukrainian clinoptiolite was proved to be a more attractive carrier for the preparation of the effective SCR de-NO catalysts due to its intrinsic sorption capacity, surface acidity and the redox potential. The high NO conversion efficiency provided by the Mn-based clinoptiolite-supported catalysts can be explained by the synergistic effect between the carrier and the active species deposited. It was shown that both the Mn97.6Cu2.4/clinoptiolite and the Mn97.5Co2.5/clinoptiolite catalysts can be successfully applied as the low-temperature (100-300°C) catalysts for NH3-SCR de-NO. When the NO removal efficiency varies in the range of 86-91%, the additional incorporation of Pt in the active layer in the amount of 0.1 wt.% can enhance the NO reduction by about 5% on average.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranas Baltrėnas
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Davyd Urbanas
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Zita Sukackienė
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | | | | | - Vitalija Jasulaitienė
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Cheng Y, Sun Y, Zhou Y, Wang S, Meng J, Cao N, Shi W. Study on Morphology and Chemical States of Surface Active Layer of Th-W Cathode. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:2726. [PMID: 35454417 DOI: 10.3390/ma15082726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The surface morphology and chemical states of W-2%ThO2 thermionic cathode during vacuum high-temperature treatment were investigated in this research. The W-2%ThO2 thermionic cathode was prepared by a solid-liquid doping method combined with high-temperature sintering. The morphology and distribution of thorium oxide were observed using a transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope. The chemical states of elements at different temperatures were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results indicate that the surface morphology and chemical form of the alloy evolve with the increase of temperature. The matrix had a lamellar structure at low temperatures, and the surface was relatively flat. The samples were heated to 500 °C, 1100 °C, and 1300 °C for 1 h. During the heating process, thorium oxide changed from granular to spherical, and the matrix was recrystallized. As the heating temperature rises, diffusion channels appear inside the cathode. As the temperature increases, the high-priced tungsten gradually decreases, and the zero-valent tungsten content increases. The adsorbed oxygen left the cathode surface, and the lattice oxygen increased. The surface oxygen content decreased, and the thorium and tungsten content increased.
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Sipes K, Paul R, Fine A, Li P, Liang R, Boike J, Onstott TC, Vishnivetskaya TA, Schaeffer S, Lloyd KG. Permafrost Active Layer Microbes From Ny Ålesund, Svalbard (79°N) Show Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Metabolisms With Diverse Carbon-Degrading Enzymes. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:757812. [PMID: 35185810 PMCID: PMC8851200 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.757812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The active layer of permafrost in Ny Ålesund, Svalbard (79°N) around the Bayelva River in the Leirhaugen glacier moraine is measured as a small net carbon sink at the brink of becoming a carbon source. In many permafrost-dominating ecosystems, microbes in the active layers have been shown to drive organic matter degradation and greenhouse gas production, creating positive feedback on climate change. However, the microbial metabolisms linking the environmental geochemical processes and the populations that perform them have not been fully characterized. In this paper, we present geochemical, enzymatic, and isotopic data paired with 10 Pseudomonas sp. cultures and metagenomic libraries of two active layer soil cores (BPF1 and BPF2) from Ny Ålesund, Svalbard, (79°N). Relative to BPF1, BPF2 had statistically higher C/N ratios (15 ± 1 for BPF1 vs. 29 ± 10 for BPF2; n = 30, p < 10–5), statistically lower organic carbon (2% ± 0.6% for BPF1 vs. 1.6% ± 0.4% for BPF2, p < 0.02), statistically lower nitrogen (0.1% ± 0.03% for BPF1 vs. 0.07% ± 0.02% for BPF2, p < 10–6). The d13C values for inorganic carbon did not correlate with those of organic carbon in BPF2, suggesting lower heterotrophic respiration. An increase in the δ13C of inorganic carbon with depth either reflects an autotrophic signal or mixing between a heterotrophic source at the surface and a lithotrophic source at depth. Potential enzyme activity of xylosidase and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase increases twofold at 15°C, relative to 25°C, indicating cold adaptation in the cultures and bulk soil. Potential enzyme activity of leucine aminopeptidase across soils and cultures was two orders of magnitude higher than other tested enzymes, implying that organisms use leucine as a nitrogen and carbon source in this nutrient-limited environment. Besides demonstrating large variability in carbon compositions of permafrost active layer soils only ∼84 m apart, results suggest that the Svalbard active layer microbes are often limited by organic carbon or nitrogen availability and have adaptations to the current environment, and metabolic flexibility to adapt to the warming climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Sipes
- Microbiology Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Raegan Paul
- Microbiology Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Aubrey Fine
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Peibo Li
- Microbiology Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Renxing Liang
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Julia Boike
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Potsdam, Germany.,Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tullis C Onstott
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Tatiana A Vishnivetskaya
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Sean Schaeffer
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Karen G Lloyd
- Microbiology Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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7
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Velasco Davoise L, Díez-Pascual AM, Peña Capilla R. Application of Graphene-Related Materials in Organic Solar Cells. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15031171. [PMID: 35161115 PMCID: PMC8837950 DOI: 10.3390/ma15031171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-related materials (GRMs) such as graphene quantum dots (GQDs), graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), and so forth have recently emerged as photovoltaic (PV) materials due to their nanodimensional structure and outstanding properties such as high electrical and thermal conductivity, large specific surface, and unique combination of mechanical strength and flexibility. They can be a crucial part of transparent electrodes, hole/electron transport materials, and active layers in organic solar cells (OSCs). Besides their role in charge extraction and transport, GRMs act as device protectors against environmental degradation through their compact bidimensional structure and offer good durability. This review briefly presents the synthesis methods of GRMs and describes the current progress in GRM-based OSCs. PV parameters (short circuit current, open circuit voltage, power conversion efficiency, and fill factor) are summarized and comparatively discussed for the different structures. The efficiency recently surpassed 15% for an OSC incorporating polymer-modified graphene as a transparent electrode. The long-term stability of OSCs incorporating GRMs is also discussed. Finally, conclusions and the outlook for future investigation into GRM-based devices for PVs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Velasco Davoise
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ana M. Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Rafael Peña Capilla
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain;
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8
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Dong X, Liu C, Ma D, Wu Y, Man H, Wu X, Li M, Zang S. Organic Carbon Mineralization and Bacterial Community of Active Layer Soils Response to Short-Term Warming in the Great Hing'an Mountains of Northeast China. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:802213. [PMID: 35003032 PMCID: PMC8739994 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.802213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As a buffer layer for the energy and water exchange between atmosphere and permafrost, the active layer is sensitive to climate warming. Changes in the thermal state in active layer can alter soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics. It is critical to identify the response of soil microbial communities to warming to better predict the regional carbon cycle under the background of global warming. Here, the active layer soils collected from a wetland-forest ecotone in the continuous permafrost region of Northeastern China were incubated at 5 and 15°C for 45 days. High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was used to examine the response of bacterial community structure to experimental warming. A total of 4148 OTUs were identified, which followed the order 15°C > 5°C > pre-incubated. Incubation temperature, soil layer and their interaction have significant effects on bacterial alpha diversity (Chao index). Bacterial communities under different temperature were clearly distinguished. Chloroflexi, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Acidobacteria accounted for more than 80% of the community abundance at the phylum level. Warming decreased the relative abundance of Chloroflexi and Acidobacteria, while Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria exhibited increasing trend. At family level, the abundance of norank_o__norank_c__AD3 and Ktedonobacteraceae decreased significantly with the increase of temperature, while Micrococcaccac increased. In addition, the amount of SOC mineralization were positively correlated with the relative abundances of most bacterial phyla and SOC content. SOC content was positively correlated with the relative abundance of most bacterial phyla. Results indicate that the SOC content was the primary explanatory variable and driver of microbial regulation for SOC mineralization. Our results provide a new perspective for understanding the microbial mechanisms that accelerates SOC decomposition under warming conditions in the forest-wetland ecotone of permafrost region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfeng Dong
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Cold Region Ecological Safety, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Cold Region Ecological Safety, Harbin, China
| | - Dalong Ma
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Cold Region Ecological Safety, Harbin, China
| | - Yufei Wu
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Cold Region Ecological Safety, Harbin, China
| | - Haoran Man
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Cold Region Ecological Safety, Harbin, China
| | - Xiangwen Wu
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Cold Region Ecological Safety, Harbin, China
| | - Miao Li
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Cold Region Ecological Safety, Harbin, China
| | - Shuying Zang
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Cold Region Ecological Safety, Harbin, China
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9
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Sánchez-Bodón J, Andrade del Olmo J, Alonso JM, Moreno-Benítez I, Vilas-Vilela JL, Pérez-Álvarez L. Bioactive Coatings on Titanium: A Review on Hydroxylation, Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) and Surface Modification Strategies. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:165. [PMID: 35012187 PMCID: PMC8747097 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium (Ti) and its alloys have been demonstrated over the last decades to play an important role as inert materials in the field of orthopedic and dental implants. Nevertheless, with the widespread use of Ti, implant-associated rejection issues have arisen. To overcome these problems, antibacterial properties, fast and adequate osseointegration and long-term stability are essential features. Indeed, surface modification is currently presented as a versatile strategy for developing Ti coatings with all these challenging requirements and achieve a successful performance of the implant. Numerous approaches have been investigated to obtain stable and well-organized Ti coatings that promote the tailoring of surface chemical functionalization regardless of the geometry and shape of the implant. However, among all the approaches available in the literature to functionalize the Ti surface, a promising strategy is the combination of surface pre-activation treatments typically followed by the development of intermediate anchoring layers (self-assembled monolayers, SAMs) that serve as the supporting linkage of a final active layer. Therefore, this paper aims to review the latest approaches in the biomedical area to obtain bioactive coatings onto Ti surfaces with a special focus on (i) the most employed methods for Ti surface hydroxylation, (ii) SAMs-mediated active coatings development, and (iii) the latest advances in active agent immobilization and polymeric coatings for controlled release on Ti surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sánchez-Bodón
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (J.S.-B.); (J.A.d.O.); (I.M.-B.); (J.L.V.-V.)
| | - Jon Andrade del Olmo
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (J.S.-B.); (J.A.d.O.); (I.M.-B.); (J.L.V.-V.)
- i+Med S. Coop, Parque Tecnológico de Alava, Albert Einstein 15, Nave 15, 01510 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
| | - Jose María Alonso
- i+Med S. Coop, Parque Tecnológico de Alava, Albert Einstein 15, Nave 15, 01510 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
| | - Isabel Moreno-Benítez
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (J.S.-B.); (J.A.d.O.); (I.M.-B.); (J.L.V.-V.)
| | - José Luis Vilas-Vilela
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (J.S.-B.); (J.A.d.O.); (I.M.-B.); (J.L.V.-V.)
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Leyre Pérez-Álvarez
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (J.S.-B.); (J.A.d.O.); (I.M.-B.); (J.L.V.-V.)
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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10
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Chen N, Ning H, Liang Z, Liu X, Wang X, Yao R, Zhong J, Fu X, Qiu T, Peng J. Application of Laser Treatment in MOS-TFT Active Layer Prepared by Solution Method. Micromachines (Basel) 2021; 12:1496. [PMID: 34945352 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The active layer of metal oxide semiconductor thin film transistor (MOS-TFT) prepared by solution method, with the advantages of being a low cost and simple preparation process, usually needs heat treatment to improve its performance. Laser treatment has the advantages of high energy, fast speed, less damage to the substrate and controllable treatment area, which is more suitable for flexible and large-scale roll-to-roll preparation than thermal treatment. This paper mainly introduces the basic principle of active layer thin films prepared by laser treatment solution, including laser photochemical cracking of metastable bonds, laser thermal effect, photoactivation effect and laser sintering of nanoparticles. In addition, the application of laser treatment in the regulation of MOS-TFT performance is also described, including the effects of laser energy density, treatment atmosphere, laser wavelength and other factors on the performance of active layer thin films and MOS-TFT devices. Finally, the problems and future development trends of laser treatment technology in the application of metal oxide semiconductor thin films prepared by solution method and MOS-TFT are summarized.
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11
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Wu X, Chauhan A, Layton AC, Lau Vetter MCY, Stackhouse BT, Williams DE, Whyte L, Pfiffner SM, Onstott TC, Vishnivetskaya TA. Comparative Metagenomics of the Active Layer and Permafrost from Low-Carbon Soil in the Canadian High Arctic. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:12683-12693. [PMID: 34472853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 87% of the Arctic consists of low-organic carbon mineral soil, but knowledge of microbial activity in low-carbon permafrost (PF) and active layer soils remains limited. This study investigated the taxonomic composition and genetic potential of microbial communities at contrasting depths of the active layer (5, 35, and 65 cm below surface, bls) and PF (80 cm bls). We showed microbial communities in PF to be taxonomically and functionally different from those in the active layer. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed higher biodiversity in the active layer than in PF, and biodiversity decreased significantly with depth. The reconstructed 91 metagenome-assembled genomes showed that PF was dominated by heterotrophic, fermenting Bacteroidota using nitrite as their main electron acceptor. Prevalent microbes identified in the active layer belonged to bacterial taxa, gaining energy via aerobic respiration. Gene abundance in metagenomes revealed enrichment of genes encoding the plant-derived polysaccharide degradation and metabolism of nitrate and sulfate in PF, whereas genes encoding methane/ammonia oxidation, cold-shock protein, and two-component systems were generally more abundant in the active layer, particularly at 5 cm bls. The results of this study deepen our understanding of the low-carbon Arctic soil microbiome and improve prediction of the impacts of thawing PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofen Wu
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Archana Chauhan
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Alice C Layton
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Maggie C Y Lau Vetter
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Brandon T Stackhouse
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Daniel E Williams
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Lyle Whyte
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Susan M Pfiffner
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Tullis C Onstott
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Tatiana A Vishnivetskaya
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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12
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Pedersen EP, Elberling B, Michelsen A. Foraging deeply: Depth-specific plant nitrogen uptake in response to climate-induced N-release and permafrost thaw in the High Arctic. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:6523-6536. [PMID: 32777164 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Warming in the Arctic accelerates top-soil decomposition and deep-soil permafrost thaw. This may lead to an increase in plant-available nutrients throughout the active layer soil and near the permafrost thaw front. For nitrogen (N) limited high arctic plants, increased N availability may enhance growth and alter community composition, importantly affecting the ecosystem carbon balance. However, the extent to which plants can take advantage of this newly available N may be constrained by the following three factors: vertical distribution of N within the soil profile, timing of N-release, and competition with other plants and microorganisms. Therefore, we investigated species- and depth-specific plant N uptake in a high arctic tundra, northeastern Greenland. Using stable isotopic labelling (15 N-NH4 + ), we simulated autumn N-release at three depths within the active layer: top (10 cm), mid (45 cm) and deep-soil near the permafrost thaw front (90 cm). We measured plant species-specific N uptake immediately after N-release (autumn) and after 1 year, and assessed depth-specific microbial N uptake and resource partitioning between above- and below-ground plant parts, microorganisms and soil. We found that high arctic plants actively foraged for N past the peak growing season, notably the graminoid Kobresia myosuroides. While most plant species (Carex rupestris, Dryas octopetala, K. myosuroides) preferred top-soil N, the shrub Salix arctica also effectively acquired N from deeper soil layers. All plants were able to obtain N from the permafrost thaw front, both in autumn and during the following growing season, demonstrating the importance of permafrost-released N as a new N source for arctic plants. Finally, microbial N uptake markedly declined with depth, hence, plant access to deep-soil N pools is a competitive strength. In conclusion, plant species-specific competitive advantages with respect to both time- and depth-specific N-release may dictate short- and long-term plant community changes in the Arctic and consequently, larger-scale climate feedbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P Pedersen
- Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo Elberling
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Robinson CH, Wookey PA, Parker TC. Root-associated fungi and carbon storage in Arctic ecosystems. New Phytol 2020; 226:8-10. [PMID: 32053735 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Clare H Robinson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Williamson Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Philip A Wookey
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Thomas C Parker
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
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14
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Hewitt RE, DeVan MR, Lagutina IV, Genet H, McGuire AD, Taylor DL, Mack MC. Mycobiont contribution to tundra plant acquisition of permafrost-derived nitrogen. New Phytol 2020; 226:126-141. [PMID: 31580482 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As Arctic soils warm, thawed permafrost releases nitrogen (N) that could stimulate plant productivity and thus offset soil carbon losses from tundra ecosystems. Although mycorrhizal fungi could facilitate plant access to permafrost-derived N, their exploration capacity beyond host plant root systems into deep, cold active layer soils adjacent to the permafrost table is unknown. We characterized root-associated fungi (RAF) that colonized ericoid (ERM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) shrub roots and occurred below the maximum rooting depth in permafrost thaw-front soil in tussock and shrub tundra communities. We explored the relationships between root and thaw front fungal composition and plant uptake of a 15 N tracer applied at the permafrost boundary. We show that ERM and ECM shrubs associate with RAF at the thaw front providing evidence for potential mycelial connectivity between roots and the permafrost boundary. Among shrubs and tundra communities, RAF connectivity to the thaw boundary was ubiquitous. The occurrence of particular RAF in both roots and thaw front soil was positively correlated with 15 N recovered in shrub biomass Taxon-specific RAF associations could be a mechanism for the vertical redistribution of deep, permafrost-derived nutrients, which may alleviate N limitation and stimulate productivity in warming tundra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Hewitt
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 5620, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - M Rae DeVan
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Irina V Lagutina
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Helene Genet
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, PO Box 757000, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | - A David McGuire
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, PO Box 757000, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | - D Lee Taylor
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Michelle C Mack
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 5620, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
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15
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Yamamoto K, Nakano K, Tanaka A, Honda Y, Ando Y, Ogura M, Matsumoto M, Anada S, Ishikawa Y, Amano H, Hirayama T. Visualization of different carrier concentrations in n-type-GaN semiconductors by phase-shifting electron holography with multiple electron biprisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 69:1-10. [PMID: 31711167 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Phase-shifting electron holography (PS-EH) using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) was applied to visualize layers with different concentrations of carriers activated by Si (at dopant levels of 1019, 1018, 1017 and 1016 atoms cm-3) in n-type GaN semiconductors. To precisely measure the reconstructed phase profiles in the GaN sample, three electron biprisms were used to obtain a series of high-contrast holograms without Fresnel fringes generated by a biprism filament, and a cryo-focused-ion-beam (cryo-FIB) was used to prepare a uniform TEM sample with less distortion in the wide field of view. All layers in a 350-nm-thick TEM sample were distinguished with 1.8-nm spatial resolution and 0.02-rad phase-resolution, and variations of step width in the phase profile (corresponding to depletion width) at the interfaces between the layers were also measured. Thicknesses of the active and inactive layers at each dopant level were estimated from the observed phase profile and the simulation of theoretical band structure. Ratio of active-layer thickness to total thickness of the TEM sample significantly decreased as dopant concentration decreased; thus, a thicker TEM sample is necessary to visualize lower carrier concentrations; for example, to distinguish layers with dopant concentrations of 1016 and 1015 atoms cm-3. It was estimated that sample thickness must be more than 700 nm to make it be possible to detect sub-layers by the combination of PS-EH and cryo-FIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Yamamoto
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, 2-4-1 Mutsuno, Atsuta-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 456-8587, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nakano
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, 2-4-1 Mutsuno, Atsuta-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 456-8587, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yoshio Honda
- Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yuto Ando
- Department of Electronics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Masaya Ogura
- Department of Electronics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Miko Matsumoto
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, 2-4-1 Mutsuno, Atsuta-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 456-8587, Japan
| | - Satoshi Anada
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, 2-4-1 Mutsuno, Atsuta-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 456-8587, Japan
| | - Yukari Ishikawa
- Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan.,Materials Research and Development Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, 2-4-1 Mutsuno, Atsuta-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 456-8587, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Amano
- Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan.,Akasaki Research Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Hirayama
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, 2-4-1 Mutsuno, Atsuta-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 456-8587, Japan.,Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
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16
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Idarraga-Mora JA, Lemelin MA, Weinman ST, Husson SM. Effect of Short-Term Contact with C1-C4 Monohydric Alcohols on the Water Permeance of MPD-TMC Thin-Film Composite Reverse Osmosis Membranes. Membranes (Basel) 2019; 9:E92. [PMID: 31357425 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9080092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we discuss the effect of alcohol contact on the transport properties of thin-film composite reverse osmosis membranes. Five commercial membranes were studied to quantify the changes in water permeance and sodium chloride rejection from contact with five C1–C4 monohydric, alcohols. Water permeance generally increased without decreasing rejection after short-term contact. The extent of these changes depends on the membrane and alcohol used. Young′s modulus measurements showed decreased stiffness of the active layer after contacting the membranes with alcohol, suggesting plasticization. Data analysis using a dual-mode sorption model identified positive correlations of the initial water permeance, as well as the change in free energy of mixing between water and the alcohols, with the increase in water permeance after alcohol contact. We suggest that the mixing of water with the alcohols facilitates alcohol penetration into the active layer, likely by disrupting inter-chain hydrogen bonds, thus increasing the free volume for water permeation. Our studies provide a modeling framework to estimate the changes in transport properties after short-term contact with C1–C4 alcohols.
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17
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Tetzlaff D, Piovano T, Ala‐Aho P, Smith A, Carey SK, Marsh P, Wookey PA, Street LE, Soulsby C. Using stable isotopes to estimate travel times in a data-sparse Arctic catchment: Challenges and possible solutions. Hydrol Process 2018; 32:1936-1952. [PMID: 30034089 PMCID: PMC6049890 DOI: 10.1002/hyp.13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Use of isotopes to quantify the temporal dynamics of the transformation of precipitation into run-off has revealed fundamental new insights into catchment flow paths and mixing processes that influence biogeochemical transport. However, catchments underlain by permafrost have received little attention in isotope-based studies, despite their global importance in terms of rapid environmental change. These high-latitude regions offer limited access for data collection during critical periods (e.g., early phases of snowmelt). Additionally, spatio-temporal variable freeze-thaw cycles, together with the development of an active layer, have a time variant influence on catchment hydrology. All of these characteristics make the application of traditional transit time estimation approaches challenging. We describe an isotope-based study undertaken to provide a preliminary assessment of travel times at Siksik Creek in the western Canadian Arctic. We adopted a model-data fusion approach to estimate the volumes and isotopic characteristics of snowpack and meltwater. Using samples collected in the spring/summer, we characterize the isotopic composition of summer rainfall, melt from snow, soil water, and stream water. In addition, soil moisture dynamics and the temporal evolution of the active layer profile were monitored. First approximations of transit times were estimated for soil and streamwater compositions using lumped convolution integral models and temporally variable inputs including snowmelt, ice thaw, and summer rainfall. Comparing transit time estimates using a variety of inputs revealed that transit time was best estimated using all available inflows (i.e., snowmelt, soil ice thaw, and rainfall). Early spring transit times were short, dominated by snowmelt and soil ice thaw and limited catchment storage when soils are predominantly frozen. However, significant and increasing mixing with water in the active layer during the summer resulted in more damped steam water variation and longer mean travel times (~1.5 years). The study has also highlighted key data needs to better constrain travel time estimates in permafrost catchments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doerthe Tetzlaff
- Northern Rivers Institute, School of GeosciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenAB24 3UEUnited Kingdom
- IGB Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland FisheriesBerlinGermany
- Department of GeographyHumboldt University BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Thea Piovano
- Northern Rivers Institute, School of GeosciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenAB24 3UEUnited Kingdom
| | - Pertti Ala‐Aho
- Northern Rivers Institute, School of GeosciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenAB24 3UEUnited Kingdom
| | - Aaron Smith
- Northern Rivers Institute, School of GeosciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenAB24 3UEUnited Kingdom
| | - Sean K. Carey
- School of Geography and Earth SciencesMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Philip Marsh
- Dept. of Geography and Cold Regions Research CentreWilfrid Laurier UniversityWaterlooCanada
| | - Philip A. Wookey
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Biological & Environmental SciencesUniversity of StirlingStirlingFK9 4LAUnited Kingdom
| | - Lorna E. Street
- School of GeoSciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Chris Soulsby
- Northern Rivers Institute, School of GeosciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenAB24 3UEUnited Kingdom
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18
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Díez-Pascual AM, Luceño Sánchez JA, Peña Capilla R, García Díaz P. Recent Developments in Graphene/Polymer Nanocomposites for Application in Polymer Solar Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E217. [PMID: 30966253 PMCID: PMC6415067 DOI: 10.3390/polym10020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene (G) and its derivatives, graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have enormous potential for energy applications owing to their 2D structure, large specific surface area, high electrical and thermal conductivity, optical transparency, and huge mechanical strength combined with inherent flexibility. The combination of G-based materials with polymers leads to new nanocomposites with enhanced structural and functional properties due to synergistic effects. This review briefly summarizes recent progress in the development of G/polymer nanocomposites for use in polymer solar cells (PSCs). These nanocomposites have been explored as transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs), active layers (ALs) and interfacial layers (IFLs) of PSCs. Photovoltaic parameters, such as the open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current density (Jsc), fill factor (FF) and power-conversion efficiency (PCE) are compared for different device structures. Finally, future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Díez-Pascual
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, Alcalá University, 28871 Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Luceño Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, Alcalá University, 28871 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rafael Peña Capilla
- Department of Signal Theory and Communication, Polytechnic High School, Alcalá University, 28871 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pilar García Díaz
- Department of Signal Theory and Communication, Polytechnic High School, Alcalá University, 28871 Madrid, Spain.
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19
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Cho HH, Glazer MPB, Dunand DC. Modeling of Stresses and Strains during (De)Lithiation of Ni 3Sn 2-Coated Nickel Inverse-Opal Anodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:15433-15438. [PMID: 28421737 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tin alloy-based anodes supported by inverse-opal nanoscaffolds undergo large volume changes from (de)lithiation during cyclic battery (dis)charging, affecting their mechanical stability. We perform continuum mechanics-based simulation to study the evolution of internal stresses and strains as a function of the geometry of the active layer(s): (i) thickness of Ni3Sn2 single layer (30 and 60 nm) and (ii) stacking sequence of Ni3Sn2 and amorphous Si in bilayers (60 nm thick). For single Ni3Sn2 active layers, a thinner layer displays higher strains and stresses, which are relevant to mechanical stability, but causes lower strains and stresses in the Ni scaffold. For Ni3Sn2-Si bilayers, the stacking sequence significantly affects the deformation of the active layers and thus its mechanical stability due to different lithiation behaviors and volume changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon-Hwe Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew P B Glazer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - David C Dunand
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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20
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Bae JY, Park J, Kim HY, Kim HS, Park JS. Facile Route to the Controlled Synthesis of Tetragonal and Orthorhombic SnO2 Films by Mist Chemical Vapor Deposition. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:12074-12079. [PMID: 25984757 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b02251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Two types of tin dioxide (SnO2) films were grown by mist chemical vapor deposition (Mist-CVD), and their electrical properties were studied. A tetragonal phase is obtained when methanol is used as the solvent, while an orthorhombic structure is formed with acetone. The two phases of SnO2 exhibit different electrical properties. Tetragonal SnO2 behaves as a semiconductor, and thin-film transistors (TFTs) incorporating this material as the active layer exhibit n-type characteristics with typical field-effect mobility (μ(FE)) values of approximately 3-4 cm(2)/(V s). On the other hand, orthorhombic SnO2 is found to behave as a metal-like transparent conductive oxide. Density functional theory calculations reveal that orthorhombic SnO2 is more stable under oxygen-rich conditions, which correlates well with the experimentally observed solvent effects. The present study paves the way for the controlled synthesis of functional materials by atmospheric pressure growth techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Yoon Bae
- †Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul 133-719, Republic of Korea
| | - Jozeph Park
- §Department of Material Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-338, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun You Kim
- ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Suk Kim
- ⊥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Seong Park
- †Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul 133-719, Republic of Korea
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21
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Vonhoeren B, Dalgleish S, Hu L, Matsushita MM, Awaga K, Ravoo BJ. Photocurrent generation in organic photodetectors with tailor-made active layers fabricated by layer-by-layer deposition. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:7049-7053. [PMID: 25797321 DOI: 10.1021/am509031u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Photodetectors supply an electric response when illuminated. The detectors in this study consist of an active layer and a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) blocking layer, which are sandwiched by an aluminum and an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. The active layer was prepared of Zn porphyrins and assembled by covalent layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition. Layer growth was monitored by UV-vis absorbance, ellipsometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Upon exposure to chopped light, the detectors show an alternating transient photocurrent, which is limited by the accumulation of space charges at the blocking layer/active layer interface. We could show that the number of photoactive layers has a significant impact on device performance. The fastest response was achieved with fewer layers. The highest photocurrents were measured for detectors with an intermediate number of layers, beyond which, more layers did not lead to an increase in the photocurrent despite containing more active material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Vonhoeren
- †Department of Chemistry and Research Centre for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, 464-8602 Nagoya, Japan
- ‡Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Simon Dalgleish
- †Department of Chemistry and Research Centre for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, 464-8602 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Laigui Hu
- †Department of Chemistry and Research Centre for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, 464-8602 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Michio M Matsushita
- †Department of Chemistry and Research Centre for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, 464-8602 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kunio Awaga
- †Department of Chemistry and Research Centre for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, 464-8602 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- ‡Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Paytan A, Lecher AL, Dimova N, Sparrow KJ, Kodovska FG, Murray J, Tulaczyk S, Kessler JD. Methane transport from the active layer to lakes in the Arctic using Toolik Lake, Alaska, as a case study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:3636-40. [PMID: 25775530 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1417392112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Methane emissions in the Arctic are important, and may be contributing to global warming. While methane emission rates from Arctic lakes are well documented, methods are needed to quantify the relative contribution of active layer groundwater to the overall lake methane budget. Here we report measurements of natural tracers of soil/groundwater, radon, and radium, along with methane concentration in Toolik Lake, Alaska, to evaluate the role active layer water plays as an exogenous source for lake methane. Average concentrations of methane, radium, and radon were all elevated in the active layer compared with lake water (1.6 × 10(4) nM, 61.6 dpm⋅m(-3), and 4.5 × 10(5) dpm⋅m(-3) compared with 1.3 × 10(2) nM, 5.7 dpm⋅m(-3), and 4.4 × 10(3) dpm⋅m(-3), respectively). Methane transport from the active layer to Toolik Lake based on the geochemical tracer radon (up to 2.9 g⋅m(-2)⋅y(-1)) can account for a large fraction of methane emissions from this lake. Strong but spatially and temporally variable correlations between radon activity and methane concentrations (r(2) > 0.69) in lake water suggest that the parameters that control methane discharge from the active layer also vary. Warming in the Arctic may expand the active layer and increase the discharge, thereby increasing the methane flux to lakes and from lakes to the atmosphere, exacerbating global warming. More work is needed to quantify and elucidate the processes that control methane fluxes from the active layer to predict how this flux might change in the future and to evaluate the regional and global contribution of active layer water associated methane inputs.
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