1
|
Fyfe C, Barnard LT, Douwes J, Howden-Chapman P, Crane J. Retrofitting home insulation reduces incidence and severity of chronic respiratory disease. Indoor Air 2022; 32:e13101. [PMID: 36040274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To assess whether retrofitting home insulation can reduce the risk of respiratory disease incidence and exacerbation, a retrospective cohort study was undertaken using linked data from a national intervention program. The study population was made up of 1 004 795 residents from 205 001 New Zealand houses that received an insulation subsidy though a national Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority program. A difference-in-difference model compared changes in the number of prescriptions dispensed for respiratory illness post- insulation to a control population over the same timeframe. New prescribing of chronic respiratory disease medication at follow-up was used to compare incidence risk ratios between intervention and control groups. Chronic respiratory disease incidence was significantly lower in the intervention group at follow-up: odds ratio 0.90 (95% CI: 0.86-0.94). There was also a 4% reduction in medication dispensed for treating exacerbations of chronic respiratory disease symptoms in the intervention group compared with the control group: relative rate ratio (RRR) 0.96 (95% CI: 0.96-0.97). There was no change in medication dispensed to prevent symptoms of chronic respiratory disease RRR: 1,00 (95% CI: 0.99-1.00). These findings support home insulation interventions as a means of improving respiratory health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Fyfe
- He Kāinga Oranga, Department of Public Health, University of Otago Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lucy Telfar Barnard
- He Kāinga Oranga, Department of Public Health, University of Otago Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jeroen Douwes
- Research Centre for Hauora and Health, Massey University Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Philippa Howden-Chapman
- He Kāinga Oranga, Department of Public Health, University of Otago Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Julian Crane
- Wellington Asthma Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Otago Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fyfe C, Barnard LT, Douwes J, Howden‐Chapman P, Crane J. Retrofitting home insulation reduces incidence and severity of chronic respiratory disease. Indoor Air 2022; 32:e13101. [PMID: 36040274 PMCID: PMC9545372 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
To assess whether retrofitting home insulation can reduce the risk of respiratory disease incidence and exacerbation, a retrospective cohort study was undertaken using linked data from a national intervention program. The study population was made up of 1 004 795 residents from 205 001 New Zealand houses that received an insulation subsidy though a national Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority program. A difference-in-difference model compared changes in the number of prescriptions dispensed for respiratory illness post- insulation to a control population over the same timeframe. New prescribing of chronic respiratory disease medication at follow-up was used to compare incidence risk ratios between intervention and control groups. Chronic respiratory disease incidence was significantly lower in the intervention group at follow-up: odds ratio 0.90 (95% CI: 0.86-0.94). There was also a 4% reduction in medication dispensed for treating exacerbations of chronic respiratory disease symptoms in the intervention group compared with the control group: relative rate ratio (RRR) 0.96 (95% CI: 0.96-0.97). There was no change in medication dispensed to prevent symptoms of chronic respiratory disease RRR: 1,00 (95% CI: 0.99-1.00). These findings support home insulation interventions as a means of improving respiratory health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Fyfe
- He Kāinga Oranga, Department of Public HealthUniversity of Otago WellingtonWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Lucy Telfar Barnard
- He Kāinga Oranga, Department of Public HealthUniversity of Otago WellingtonWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Jeroen Douwes
- Research Centre for Hauora and HealthMassey University WellingtonWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Philippa Howden‐Chapman
- He Kāinga Oranga, Department of Public HealthUniversity of Otago WellingtonWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Julian Crane
- Wellington Asthma Research Group, Department of MedicineUniversity of Otago WellingtonWellingtonNew Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Drug-induced ferroptosis, an iron-dependent regulatory necrosis, has been proposed for the therapy of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. However, genetically engineered mouse models have revealed that high-iron diets or deletion of pancreatic GPX4 (a key repressor of ferroptosis) accelerate the development of mutant Kras-driven PDAC by activating the STING1/TMEM173-dependent DNA sensor pathway. Abbreviations ADM: acinar-to-ductal metaplasia; CGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; DAMP: damage-associated molecular pattern; GPX4: glutathione peroxidase 4; GEMM: genetically engineered mouse models; PDAC: pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; PanIN: pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, SLC7A11: solute carrier family 7 member 11; STING1: cGAMP-stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; TME: tumor microenvironment; 8-OHG: 8-hydroxy-2ʹ-deoxyguanosine
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Liu
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Enyong Dai
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe Labellisée Par la Ligue Contre lCancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Suzhou Institute for Systems Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daolin Tang
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ge C, Hao J, Wu X, Li C, Zhi R, Yu P, Wang X, Hu J, Xu H. A novel arthritis model induced by wind, damp, cold and heat in female rats. Lab Anim 2019; 54:433-442. [PMID: 31584316 DOI: 10.1177/0023677219874844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are in constant development to benefit scientific research. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered a very complex disease due to its complicated pathogenesis, and patients with rheumatic disease around the world are still unable to obtain effective, simple and curable treatment. In order to obtain a clear insight into the pathogenesis of RA, a rat model was established based on the concept of Bi syndrome in Traditional Chinese Medicine by simulating the conditions of RA as much as possible via the change in the physical conditions wind, damp, cold and heat (WDCH). For the first time, a new WDCH-induced RA model in female rats was successfully established and evaluated by body-weight change, paw swelling, blood cells analysis, spleen and thymus coefficients, autoantibodies and serum cytokine changes and histopathology. This model is characterised by its objectivity, no exogenous induction, short modelling time, extremely elevated expression level of autoantibodies and obvious histopathological change. The establishment of such a new model may provide more benefits in the research of the pathogenesis of RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Ge
- The Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Polypeptide Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Jiangsu Province, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingchao Hao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- The Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Polypeptide Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Jiangsu Province, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chencheng Li
- The Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Polypeptide Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Jiangsu Province, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhi
- The Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Polypeptide Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Jiangsu Province, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengcheng Yu
- The Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Polypeptide Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Jiangsu Province, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinmin Wang
- The Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Polypeptide Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Jiangsu Province, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialiang Hu
- The Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Polypeptide Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Jiangsu Province, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanmei Xu
- The Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Polypeptide Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Jiangsu Province, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sharpe RA, Thornton CR, Tyrrell J, Nikolaou V, Osborne NJ. Variable risk of atopic disease due to indoor fungal exposure in NHANES 2005-2006. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 45:1566-78. [PMID: 25845975 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to damp indoor environments is associated with increased risk of eczema, allergy and asthma. The role of dampness-related exposures and risk of allergic diseases are yet to be fully explored in the US population. OBJECTIVE We assess whether exposure to fungi, house dust mites and endotoxin increases the risk of eczema, allergy and asthma in children and adults participating in NHANES 2005-2006. METHODS A total of 8412 participants (2849 were children aged between 6 and 17 years) were recruited in the 2005-2006 survey. We used multiple logistic regression to investigate whether mildew/musty odour and increased concentrations of Alternaria alternata allergen, Aspergillus fumigatus antigens, house dust mite and endotoxin antigens increase the risk of eczema, allergy and asthma. We stratified models by total IgE < 170 and ≥ 170 KU/L to assess allergic and non-allergic asthma outcomes. Exposure to multiple biological agents and risk of reporting eczema, allergy and asthma were also investigated. RESULTS Reporting of a mildew/musty odour was associated with increased risk of childhood asthma (OR 1.60; 95% CI 1.17-2.19), and adult eczema, allergy and asthma (OR 1.92; 95% CI 1.39-2.63, OR 1.59 95% CI 1.26-2.02 and OR 1.61 95% CI 1.00-2.57, respectively). Risk of asthma was associated with total IgE ≥ 170 KU/L in children (OR 1.81; 95% CI 1.01-3.25) and total IgE < 170 KU/L in adults (OR 1.91; 95% CI 1.07-3.42). Children and adults exposed to more than eight biological agents present in the home were at reduced risk of eczema (OR 0.17; 95% CI 0.04-0.77) and asthma (OR 0.49; 95% CI 0.25-0.97), respectively. CONCLUSION Exposure to a mildew/musty odour, as a proxy for exposure to fungus, was implicated in an increased risk of atopic diseases. Sensitisation may play a different role in children and adults, and exposure to multiple allergens may reduce the risk of atopic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Sharpe
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, UK
| | - C R Thornton
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - J Tyrrell
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, UK
| | - V Nikolaou
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - N J Osborne
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, UK.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Behbod B, Sordillo JE, Hoffman EB, Datta S, Webb TE, Kwan DL, Kamel JA, Muilenberg ML, Scott JA, Chew GL, Platts-Mills TAE, Schwartz J, Coull B, Burge H, Gold DR. Asthma and allergy development: contrasting influences of yeasts and other fungal exposures. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:154-63. [PMID: 25200568 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infancy is a developmental stage with heightened susceptibility to environmental influences on the risk of chronic childhood disease. Few birth cohort studies have detailed measures of fungal diversity data in infants' bedrooms, limiting the potential to measure long-term associations of these complex exposures with development of asthma or allergy. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the relation of home fungal levels in infancy to repeated measures of wheeze and development of asthma and rhinitis by age 13, and sensitization by age 12 years. METHODS In the Epidemiology of Home Allergens and Asthma prospective birth cohort study, we recruited 408 children with family history of allergic disease or asthma. When children were aged 2-3 months, we measured culturable fungi in bedroom air and dust, and in outdoor air. Main outcomes included ascertainment of symptoms/disease onset by questionnaire from birth through age 13. We estimated hazard ratios and, for wheeze and sensitization, odds ratios for an interquartile increase in log-transformed fungal concentrations, adjusting for other outcome predictors and potential confounders. RESULTS Elevated levels of yeasts in bedroom floor dust were associated with reduced: i) wheeze at any age; ii) fungal sensitization; and iii) asthma development by age 13 (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.86; 95% confidence interval (CI), [0.75 to 0.98]). Outdoor airborne Cladosporium and dustborne Aspergillus predicted increased rhinitis. Risk of fungal sensitization by age 12, in response to environmental Alternaria and Aspergillus, was elevated in children with a maternal history of fungal sensitization. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Despite the irritant and allergenic properties of fungi, early-life elevated dust yeast exposures or their components may be protective against allergy and asthma in children at risk for these outcomes. Ascertainment of fungal components associated with immunoprotective effects may have therapeutic relevance for asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Behbod
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sharpe RA, Bearman N, Thornton CR, Husk K, Osborne NJ. Indoor fungal diversity and asthma: a meta-analysis and systematic review of risk factors. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 135:110-22. [PMID: 25159468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoor dampness increases the risk of indoor fungal growth. A complex interaction between occupant behaviors and the built environment are thought to affect indoor fungal concentrations and species diversity, which are believed to increase the risk of having asthma, exacerbation of asthma symptoms, or both. To date, no systematic review has investigated this relationship. OBJECTIVE This review aims to assess the relationship between exposure to indoor fungi identified to the genera or species level on asthma outcomes in children and adults. METHODS Ten databases were systematically searched on April 18, 2013, and limited to articles published since 1990. Reference lists were independently screened by 2 reviewers, and authors were contacted to identify relevant articles. Data were extracted from included studies meeting our eligibility criteria by 2 reviewers and quality assessed by using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale designed for assessment of case-control and cohort studies. RESULTS Cladosporium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, and Penicillium species were found to be present in higher concentrations in homes of asthmatic participants. Exposure to Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Cladosporium species were found to be associated with increased risk of reporting asthma symptoms by a limited number of studies. The presence of Cladosporium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, and Penicillium species increased the exacerbation of current asthma symptoms by 36% to 48% compared with those exposed to lower concentrations of these fungi, as shown by using random-effect estimates. Studies were of medium quality and showed medium-high heterogeneity, but evidence concerning the specific role of fungal species was limited. CONCLUSION Longitudinal studies assessing increased exposure to indoor fungi before the development of asthma symptoms suggests that Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Cladosporium species pose a respiratory health risk in susceptible populations. Increased exacerbation of current asthma symptoms in children and adults were associated with increased levels of Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Alternaria species, although further work should consider the role of fungal diversity and increased exposure to other fungal species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Sharpe
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Bearman
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, United Kingdom; Department of Geography and Planning, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher R Thornton
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Kerryn Husk
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Osborne
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chatterjee S, Rana R, Corbett J, Kadiiska MB, Goldstein J, Mason RP. P2X7 receptor-NADPH oxidase axis mediates protein radical formation and Kupffer cell activation in carbon tetrachloride-mediated steatohepatitis in obese mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1666-79. [PMID: 22343416 PMCID: PMC3341527 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
While some studies show that carbon tetrachloride-mediated metabolic oxidative stress exacerbates steatohepatitic-like lesions in obese mice, the redox mechanisms that trigger the innate immune system and accentuate the inflammatory cascade remain unclear. Here we have explored the role of the purinergic receptor P2X7-NADPH oxidase axis as a primary event in recognizing the heightened release of extracellular ATP from CCl(4)-treated hepatocytes and generating redox-mediated Kupffer cell activation in obese mice. We found that an underlying condition of obesity led to the formation of protein radicals and posttranslational nitration, primarily in Kupffer cells, at 24h post-CCl(4) administration. The free radical-mediated oxidation of cellular macromolecules, which was NADPH oxidase and P2X7 receptor-dependent, correlated well with the release of TNF-α and MCP-2 from Kupffer cells. The Kupffer cells in CCl(4)-treated mice exhibited increased expression of MHC Class II proteins and showed an activated phenotype. Increased expression of MHC Class II was inhibited by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin , P2X7 receptor antagonist A438709 hydrochloride, and genetic deletions of the NADPH oxidase p47 phox subunit or the P2X7 receptor. The P2X7 receptor acted upstream of NADPH oxidase activation by up-regulating the expression of the p47 phox subunit and p47 phox binding to the membrane subunit, gp91 phox. We conclude that the P2X7 receptor is a primary mediator of oxidative stress-induced exacerbation of inflammatory liver injury in obese mice via NADPH oxidase-dependent mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Chatterjee
- Free Radical Metabolism Group, Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Until recently, the immune system was seen solely as a defense system with its primary task being the elimination of unwanted microbial invaders. Currently, however, the functional significance of the immune system has obtained a much wider perspective, to include among others the maintenance and restoration of homeostasis following tissue damage. In this latter aspect, there is a growing interest in the identification of molecules involved, such as the so-called danger or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), also called alarmins. Since heat shock proteins are archetypical molecules produced under stressful conditions, such as tissue damage or inflammation, they are frequently mentioned as prime examples of DAMPs (Bianchi, J Leukoc Biol 81:1-5, 2007; Kono and Rock, Nat Rev Immunol 8:279-289, 2008; Martin-Murphy et al., Toxicol Lett 192:387-394, 2010). See for instance also a recent review (Chen and Nunez, Science 298:1395-1401, 2010). Contrary to this description, we recently presented some of the arguments against a role of heat shock protein as DAMPs (Broere et al., Nat Rev Immunol 11:565-c1, 2011). With this perspective and reflection article, we hope to elaborate on this debate and provide additional thoughts to further ignite this discussion on this critical and evolving issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willem van Eden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
The initial injury in acute pancreatitis is characteristically sterile and results in acinar cells necrosis. Intracellular contents released from damaged cells into the extracellular space serve as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that trigger inflammation. There is increasing evidence that this sterile inflammatory response mediated through DAMPs released from necrotic acinar cells is a key determinant of further pancreatic injury, remote organ injury, and disease resolution in experimental models. A number of DAMPS, including high-mobility group box protein 1, DNA, adenosine triphosphate and heat shock protein 70, have been shown to have a role in experimental pancreatitis. Many of these DAMPs are also detectable in the human pancreatitis. Genetic deletion and pharmacologic antagonism demonstrate that specific DAMP receptors, including Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, TLR9, and P2X7, are also required for inflammation in experimental acute pancreatitis. Downstream DAMP-sensing components include nod-like receptor protein 3, caspase 1, interleukin-1β (IL-1), IL-18, and IL-1 receptor, and also are required for full experimental pancreatitis. These DAMP-mediated pathways provide novel therapeutic targets using antagonists of TLRs and other receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafaz Hoque
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ahsan Malik
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fred Gorelick
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wajahat Mehal
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Finkel JS, Yudanin N, Nett JE, Andes DR, Mitchell AP. Application of the systematic "DAmP" approach to create a partially defective C. albicans mutant. Fungal Genet Biol 2011; 48:1056-61. [PMID: 21820070 PMCID: PMC3185220 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of gene function often relies upon creating multiple kinds of alleles. Functional analysis in Candida albicans, a major fungal pathogen, has generally included characterization of mutant strains with insertion or deletion alleles and over-expression alleles. Here we use in C. albicans another type of allele that has been employed effectively in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a "Decreased Abundance by mRNA Perturbation" (DAmP) allele (Yan et al., 2008). DAmP alleles are created systematically through replacement of 30 noncoding regions with nonfunctional heterologous sequences, and thus are broadly applicable. We used a DAmP allele to probe the function of Sun41, a surface protein with roles in cell wall integrity, cell-cell adherence, hyphal formation, and biofilm formation that has been suggested as a possible therapeutic target (Firon et al., 2007; Hiller et al., 2007; Norice et al., 2007). A SUN41-DAmP allele results in approximately 10-fold reduced levels of SUN41 RNA, and yields intermediate phenotypes in most assays. We report that a sun41Δ/Δ mutant is defective in biofilm formation in vivo, and that the SUN41-DAmP allele complements that defect. This finding argues that Sun41 may not be an ideal therapeutic target for biofilm inhibition, since a 90% decrease in activity has little effect on biofilm formation in vivo. We anticipate that DAmP alleles of C. albicans genes will be informative for analysis of other prospective drug targets, including essential genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JS Finkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - N Yudanin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - JE Nett
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53792 USA
| | - DR Andes
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53792 USA
| | - AP Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| |
Collapse
|