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Seyedain‐Ardabili M, Azizi M. Effect of ficin-hydrolyzed wheat gluten on bread quality and in vitro antioxidant activity before and after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:1768-1778. [PMID: 38455197 PMCID: PMC10916597 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of adding ficin-hydrolyzed wheat gluten at different levels (0%, 1%, 2%, 4%) on bread quality, and in vitro antioxidant activity before and after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Our findings revealed that the incorporation of the generated wheat gluten hydrolysates (WGH) up to 4 g per 100 g flour positively affected the technological and physical-chemical characterizations of breads, including dough rheological properties, color, specific volume, and moisture. The texture profile analysis indicated reductions in hardness, springiness, and chewiness of the breads, and confirmed anti-staling properties during storage. The enriched breads received satisfactory scores from the sensory panel and were perceived as less stale after a 4-day period of storage. The aroma score of the 4% WGH bread was significantly higher than other treatments. Regarding taste, the 4% WGH bread scored the lowest, but the obtained value was not statistically significant. The enriched breads exhibited DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging, and Fe2+ chelation abilities that increased in response to higher levels of hydrolysate incorporation, and these antioxidant activities were enhanced after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Our findings confirm that it is possible to apply ficin-generated WGH to enhance physicochemical, nutritional, and biological quality of bread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojan Seyedain‐Ardabili
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of AgricultureTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Mohammad‐Hossein Azizi
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of AgricultureTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
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Baidamshina DR, Trizna EY, Goncharova SS, Sorokin AV, Lavlinskaya MS, Melnik AP, Gafarova LF, Kharitonova MA, Ostolopovskaya OV, Artyukhov VG, Sokolova EA, Holyavka MG, Bogachev MI, Kayumov AR, Zelenikhin PV. The Effect of Ficin Immobilized on Carboxymethyl Chitosan on Biofilms of Oral Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16090. [PMID: 38003281 PMCID: PMC10671066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, Ficin, a proteolytic enzyme extracted from the latex sap of the wild fig tree, has been widely investigated as a promising tool for the treatment of microbial biofilms, wound healing, and oral care. Here we report the antibiofilm properties of the enzyme immobilized on soluble carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh) and CMCh itself. Ficin was immobilized on CMCh with molecular weights of either 200, 350 or 600 kDa. Among them, the carrier with a molecular weight of 200 kDa bound the maximum amount of enzyme, binding up to 49% of the total protein compared to 19-32% of the total protein bound to other CMChs. Treatment with pure CMCh led to the destruction of biofilms formed by Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans, while no apparent effect on Staphylococcus aureus was observed. A soluble Ficin was less efficient in the destruction of the biofilms formed by Streptococcus sobrinus and S. gordonii. By contrast, treatment with CMCh200-immobilized Ficin led to a significant reduction of the biofilms of the primary colonizers S. gordonii and S. mutans. In model biofilms obtained by the inoculation of swabs from teeth of healthy volunteers, the destruction of the biofilm by both soluble and immobilized Ficin was observed, although the degree of the destruction varied between artificial plaque samples. Nevertheless, combined treatment of oral Streptococci biofilm by enzyme and chlorhexidine for 3 h led to a significant decrease in the viability of biofilm-embedded cells, compared to solely chlorhexidine application. This suggests that the use of either soluble or immobilized Ficin would allow decreasing the amount and/or concentration of the antiseptics required for oral care or improving the efficiency of oral cavity sanitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana R. Baidamshina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (D.R.B.); (E.Y.T.); (A.P.M.); (L.F.G.); (M.A.K.); (O.V.O.); (E.A.S.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Elena Yu. Trizna
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (D.R.B.); (E.Y.T.); (A.P.M.); (L.F.G.); (M.A.K.); (O.V.O.); (E.A.S.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Svetlana S. Goncharova
- Department of Biophysics and Biotechnology, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia; (S.S.G.); (A.V.S.); (M.S.L.); (V.G.A.); (M.G.H.)
| | - Andrey V. Sorokin
- Department of Biophysics and Biotechnology, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia; (S.S.G.); (A.V.S.); (M.S.L.); (V.G.A.); (M.G.H.)
- Laboratory of Bioresource Potential of Coastal Area, Institute for Advanced Studies, Sevastopol State University, 299053 Sevastopol, Russia
| | - Maria S. Lavlinskaya
- Department of Biophysics and Biotechnology, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia; (S.S.G.); (A.V.S.); (M.S.L.); (V.G.A.); (M.G.H.)
- Laboratory of Bioresource Potential of Coastal Area, Institute for Advanced Studies, Sevastopol State University, 299053 Sevastopol, Russia
| | - Anastasia P. Melnik
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (D.R.B.); (E.Y.T.); (A.P.M.); (L.F.G.); (M.A.K.); (O.V.O.); (E.A.S.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Leysan F. Gafarova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (D.R.B.); (E.Y.T.); (A.P.M.); (L.F.G.); (M.A.K.); (O.V.O.); (E.A.S.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Maya A. Kharitonova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (D.R.B.); (E.Y.T.); (A.P.M.); (L.F.G.); (M.A.K.); (O.V.O.); (E.A.S.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Olga V. Ostolopovskaya
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (D.R.B.); (E.Y.T.); (A.P.M.); (L.F.G.); (M.A.K.); (O.V.O.); (E.A.S.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Valeriy G. Artyukhov
- Department of Biophysics and Biotechnology, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia; (S.S.G.); (A.V.S.); (M.S.L.); (V.G.A.); (M.G.H.)
| | - Evgenia A. Sokolova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (D.R.B.); (E.Y.T.); (A.P.M.); (L.F.G.); (M.A.K.); (O.V.O.); (E.A.S.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Marina G. Holyavka
- Department of Biophysics and Biotechnology, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia; (S.S.G.); (A.V.S.); (M.S.L.); (V.G.A.); (M.G.H.)
- Laboratory of Bioresource Potential of Coastal Area, Institute for Advanced Studies, Sevastopol State University, 299053 Sevastopol, Russia
| | - Mikhail I. Bogachev
- Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Airat R. Kayumov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (D.R.B.); (E.Y.T.); (A.P.M.); (L.F.G.); (M.A.K.); (O.V.O.); (E.A.S.); (A.R.K.)
- Interdepartment Research Laboratory, Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine Named after N. E. Bauman, 420029 Kazan, Russia
| | - Pavel V. Zelenikhin
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (D.R.B.); (E.Y.T.); (A.P.M.); (L.F.G.); (M.A.K.); (O.V.O.); (E.A.S.); (A.R.K.)
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Sorokin AV, Goncharova SS, Lavlinskaya MS, Holyavka MG, Faizullin DA, Zuev YF, Kondratyev MS, Artyukhov VG. Complexation of Bromelain, Ficin, and Papain with the Graft Copolymer of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Sodium Salt and N-Vinylimidazole Enhances Enzyme Proteolytic Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11246. [PMID: 37511006 PMCID: PMC10379864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the features of interactions between cysteine proteases (bromelain, ficin, and papain) and a graft copolymer of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt with N-vinylimidazole. The objective is to understand the influence of this interactions on the proteolytic activity and stability of the enzymes. The enzymes were immobilized through complexation with the carrier. The interaction mechanism was examined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and flexible molecular docking simulations. The findings reveal that the enzymes interact with the functional groups of the carrier via amino acid residues, resulting in the formation of secondary structure elements and enzyme's active sites. These interactions induce modulation of active site of the enzymes, leading to an enhancement in their proteolytic activity. Furthermore, the immobilized enzymes demonstrate superior stability compared to their native counterparts. Notably, during a 21-day incubation period, no protein release from the conjugates was observed. These results suggest that the complexation of the enzymes with the graft copolymer has the potential to improve their performance as biocatalysts, with applications in various fields such as biomedicine, pharmaceutics, and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Sorokin
- Biophysics and Biotechnology Department, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya Square, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
- Bioresource Potential of the Seaside Territory Laboratory, Sevastopol State University, 33 Studencheskaya Street, 299053 Sevastopol, Russia
| | - Svetlana S Goncharova
- Biophysics and Biotechnology Department, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya Square, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Maria S Lavlinskaya
- Biophysics and Biotechnology Department, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya Square, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
- Bioresource Potential of the Seaside Territory Laboratory, Sevastopol State University, 33 Studencheskaya Street, 299053 Sevastopol, Russia
| | - Marina G Holyavka
- Biophysics and Biotechnology Department, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya Square, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
- Bioresource Potential of the Seaside Territory Laboratory, Sevastopol State University, 33 Studencheskaya Street, 299053 Sevastopol, Russia
| | - Dzhigangir A Faizullin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Yuriy F Zuev
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Alexander Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Street 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Maxim S Kondratyev
- Biophysics and Biotechnology Department, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya Square, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the RAS, 3 Institutskaya Street, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Valeriy G Artyukhov
- Biophysics and Biotechnology Department, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya Square, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
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Pakbin B, Dibazar SP, Allahyari S, Shariatifar H, Brück WM, Farasat A. ACE2-Inhibitory Effects of Bromelain and Ficin in Colon Cancer Cells. Medicina (Kaunas) 2023; 59. [PMID: 36837502 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Bromelain and ficin are aqueous extracts from fruits of Ananas comosus and Ficus carcia plants, used widely for medical applications. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a homolog of ACE, degrading Ang II to angiotensin 1-7 and decreasing the cellular concentration of Ang II. Materials and Methods: In this study, we investigated the ACE2-inhibitory, antiproliferative, and apoptosis-inducing effects of ficin and bromelain on caco-2 cells. Results: We found that bromelain and ficin significantly reduced the viability of human colon cancer cells with IC50 value concentrations of 8.8 and 4.2 mg/mL for bromelain after 24 and 48 h treatments, and 8.8 and 4.2 mg/mL for ficin after 24 and 48 h treatments, respectively. The apoptosis of the caco-2 cell line treated with bromelain was 81.04% and 56.70%, observed after 24 and 48 h. Total apoptotic proportions in caco-2 cells treated with ficin after 24 and 48 h were 83.7% and 73.0%. An amount of 1.6 mg/mL of bromelain and ficin treatments on caco-2 cells after 24 h revealed a higher decrease than that of other concentrations in the expression of ACE2 protein. Conclusions: In conclusion, bromelain and ficin can dose-dependently decrease the expression of ACE2 protein in caco-2 cells.
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Srisai P, Lin HC, Liu CC, Zeng FJ, Yang YC, Chou WM. Thermostable ficin from jelly fig (Ficus pumila var. awkeotsang) latex: purification, identification and characterization. J Sci Food Agric 2023; 103:846-855. [PMID: 36071690 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The achenes/seeds of endemic jelly fig (Ficus pumila var. awkeotsang) fruit have been applied to prepare a traditional beverage in Taiwan. Upon fruit harvest, jelly fig latex exuded from stalks was discarded. Protease activity was monitored in its latex. Proteases capable of hydrolyzing proteins have many application aspects based on diverse characteristics. Commercial plant proteases are frequently from latex. RESULTS The latex protease of jelly fig, termed FaFicin, was purified to homogeneity with a molecular mass of ~32 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. According to liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric analyses, the expected protein band of protease was matched to ficin A, ficin B or chymopapain from common fig or papaya. Iodoacetamide, an inhibitor of cysteine protease, inhibited its protease activity completely. Hence FaFicin was identified as a papain-like cysteine protease (PLCP), exhibiting more than 80% and 70% activity as assayed at pH 5-8 and 40-70 °C, respectively. It maintained ~89% of initial activity after 120 min at 55 °C and pH 7. Moreover, FaFicin could degrade the myosin and actin of meat, and clot milk. CONCLUSION The ficin FaFicin was obtained, purified and identified as a PLCP member from agricultural waste: jelly fig latex. It possessed activity under a wide range of pH values and temperature, and exhibited excellent thermostability. Based on its initial evaluation as a meat tenderizer and milk clotting reagent, the application of FaFicin was possible, which may extend utilization of jelly fig. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parawee Srisai
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Huwei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hua-Chian Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Huwei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Chen Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Huwei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Feng-Jin Zeng
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Huwei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yuan-Chang Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Huwei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wing-Ming Chou
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Huwei, Taiwan, ROC
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Sorokin AV, Goncharova SS, Lavlinskaya MS, Holyavka MG, Faizullin DA, Kondratyev MS, Kannykin SV, Zuev YF, Artyukhov VG. Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Based Polymers as Promising Matrices for Ficin Immobilization. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030649. [PMID: 36771951 PMCID: PMC9920955 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work is devoted to research on the interaction between carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt and its derivatives (graft copolymer of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt and N,N-dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate) with cysteine protease (ficin). The interaction was studied by FTIR and by flexible molecular docking, which have shown the conjugates' formation with both matrices. The proteolytic activity assay performed with azocasein demonstrated that the specific activities of all immobilized ficin samples are higher in comparison with those of the native enzyme. This is due to the modulation of the conformation of ficin globule and of the enzyme active site by weak physical interactions involving catalytically valuable amino acids. The results obtained can extend the practical use of ficin in biomedicine and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V. Sorokin
- Biophysics and Biotechnology Department, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya Square, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
- Laboratory of Bioresource Potential of Coastal Area, Institute for Advanced Studies, Sevastopol State University, 33 Studencheskaya Street, 299053 Sevastopol, Russia
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnologies, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 19 Revolutsii Avenue, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Svetlana S. Goncharova
- Biophysics and Biotechnology Department, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya Square, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Maria S. Lavlinskaya
- Biophysics and Biotechnology Department, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya Square, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
- Laboratory of Bioresource Potential of Coastal Area, Institute for Advanced Studies, Sevastopol State University, 33 Studencheskaya Street, 299053 Sevastopol, Russia
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnologies, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 19 Revolutsii Avenue, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Marina G. Holyavka
- Biophysics and Biotechnology Department, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya Square, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
- Laboratory of Bioresource Potential of Coastal Area, Institute for Advanced Studies, Sevastopol State University, 33 Studencheskaya Street, 299053 Sevastopol, Russia
| | - Dzhigangir A. Faizullin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of the RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Maxim S. Kondratyev
- Biophysics and Biotechnology Department, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya Square, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
- Laboratory of Structure and Dynamics of Biomolecular Systems, Institute of Cell Biophysics of the RAS, 3 Institutskaya Street, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Kannykin
- Material Science and Nanosystem Industry Department, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya Square, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Yuriy F. Zuev
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of the RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Valeriy G. Artyukhov
- Biophysics and Biotechnology Department, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya Square, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
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Ma JW, Hung JL, Takeuchi M, Shieh PC, Horng CT. A New Pharmacological Vitreolysis through the Supplement of Mixed Fruit Enzymes for Patients with Ocular Floaters or Vitreous Hemorrhage-Induced Floaters. J Clin Med 2022; 11. [PMID: 36431188 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11226710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Ocular floaters caused by vitreous degeneration or blood clots may interfere with various visual functions. Our study investigated the pharmacologic effects of oral supplementation of mixed fruit enzymes (MFEs) for treating spontaneous symptomatic vitreous opacities (SVOs) and those secondary to vitreous hemorrhage (VH). Methods: 224 patients with monocular symptomatic vitreous opacities (SVOs) were recruited between September and December 2017 and received oral supplementation of MFEs (190 mg bromelain, 95 mg papain, and 95 mg ficin) for 3 months in a double-blind clinical trial. Participants were divided according to the etiology of the SVOs, spontaneous (experiment 1) versus VH (experiment 2), and then randomly assigned into four treatments groups: one group received oral vitamin C, as a placebo; and the other 3 groups received 1 capsule per day (low dose), 2 capsules per day (middle dose), or 3 capsules per day (high dose) of MFEs. The number of SVOs was determined at baseline and then 1, 2, and 3 months after initiating treatment. Further, in cases secondary to VH, the changes in corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) were assessed after 3 months. Second, we compared the free radical scavenging capabilities of each substance: vitamin C, bromelain, papain, ficin, and MFEs (combination of bromelain, papain, and ficin) by DDPH assay. Finally, SVOs-related symptoms and satisfaction with the treatments were evaluated at the last follow-up visit Results: In experiment 1, the disappearance rate of SVOs was 55%, 62.5%, and 70% after taking 1, 2, and 3 capsules daily, respectively (total p < 0.001), in a dose-dependent manner. In experiment 2, the disappearance rate of VH-induced SVOs was 18%, 25%, and 56% (p < 0.001) after 1, 2, and 3 capsules of the supplement daily, respectively. Additionally, the patients’ vision elevated from 0.63LogMAR to 0.19LogMAR (p = 0.008). Conclusions: A pharmacological approach using a high dose of oral supplementation with MFEs (bromelain, papain, and ficin) was effective in reducing vitreous opacities, even after intraocular hemorrhage. Furthermore, pharmacologic vitreolysis with MFEs supplementation showed high patient satisfaction, and also improved CDVA in patients with vitreous hemorrhage-induced floaters
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Bruce B. Enzyme treatment of red blood cells: use of ficin and papain. Immunohematology 2022; 38:90-95. [PMID: 36190201 DOI: 10.21307/immunohematology-2022-048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes are used to treat red blood cells (RBCs) to aid in complex antibody identification. Although there are many enzymes that can be used, for the purpose of this method review, enzyme-treated RBCs refers only to RBCs treated with ficin or papain. Ficin and papain can increase the sensitivity of antibody detection by modifying the RBC membrane. Enzyme treatment and test methods can be performed using one-stage or two-stage procedures. Enzyme treatment is especially useful for the differentiation of multiple antibodies, enhancement of detection of weak antibodies, and adsorption methods. In all cases, quality control is required to ensure adequate treatment of RBCs before additional testing. Ficin and papain are useful tools for both immunohematology reference laboratories and transfusion services.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bruce
- Diagnostic Laboratory of Oklahoma, 225 NE 97th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73114 United States
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Peslerbes M, Fellenberg A, Jardin J, Deglaire A, Ibáñez RA. Manufacture of Whey Protein Hydrolysates Using Plant Enzymes: Effect of Processing Conditions and Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion on Angiotensin-I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitory Activity. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162429. [PMID: 36010429 PMCID: PMC9407499 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrolysis of proteins leads to the release of bioactive peptides with positive impact on human health. Peptides exhibiting antihypertensive properties (i.e., inhibition of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme) are commonly found in whey protein hydrolysates made with enzymes of animal, plant or microbial origin. However, bioactive properties can be influenced by processing conditions and gastrointestinal digestion. In this study, we evaluated the impact of three plant enzymes (papain, bromelain and ficin) in the manufacture of whey protein hydrolysates with varying level of pH, enzyme-to-substrate ratio and time of hydrolysis, based on a central composite design, to determine the degree of hydrolysis and antihypertensive properties. Hydrolysates made on laboratory scales showed great variation in the type of enzyme used, their concentrations and the pH level of hydrolysis. However, low degrees of hydrolysis in papain and bromelain treatments were associated with increased antihypertensive properties, when compared to ficin. Simulated gastrointestinal digestion performed for selected hydrolysates showed an increase in antihypertensive properties of hydrolysates made with papain and bromelain, which was probably caused by further release of peptides. Several peptides with reported antihypertensive properties were found in all treatments. These results suggest plant enzymes used in this study can be suitable candidates to develop ingredients with bioactive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Peslerbes
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomia e Ingenieria Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
- École Supérieure D’agricultures Angers Loire, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Angélica Fellenberg
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomia e Ingenieria Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
- Correspondence: (A.F.); (R.A.I.); Tel.: +56-2-2354-4147 (A.F.); +1-608-262-3268 (R.A.I)
| | | | | | - Rodrigo A. Ibáñez
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomia e Ingenieria Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
- Center for Dairy Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Correspondence: (A.F.); (R.A.I.); Tel.: +56-2-2354-4147 (A.F.); +1-608-262-3268 (R.A.I)
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Olshannikova SS, Malykhina NV, Lavlinskaya MS, Sorokin AV, Yudin NE, Vyshkvorkina YM, Lukin AN, Holyavka MG, Artyukhov VG. Novel Immobilized Biocatalysts Based on Cysteine Proteases Bound to 2-(4-Acetamido-2-sulfanilamide) Chitosan and Research on Their Structural Features. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:3223. [PMID: 35956736 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Briefly, 2-(4-Acetamido-2-sulfanilamide) chitosan, which is a chitosan water-soluble derivative, with molecular weights of 200, 350, and 600 kDa, was successfully synthesized. The immobilization of ficin, papain, and bromelain was carried out by complexation with these polymers. The interaction mechanism of 2-(4-acetamido-2-sulfanilamide) chitosan with bromelain, ficin, and papain was studied using FTIR spectroscopy. It was found that the hydroxy, thionyl, and amino groups of 2-(4-acetamido-2-sulfanilamide) chitosan were involved in the complexation process. Molecular docking research showed that all amino acid residues of the active site of papain formed hydrogen bonds with the immobilization matrix, while only two catalytically valuable amino acid residues took part in the H-bond formation for bromelain and ficin. The spectral and in silico data were in good agreement with the catalytic activity evaluation data. Immobilized papain was more active compared to the other immobilized proteases. Moreover, the total and specific proteolytic activity of papain immobilized on the carrier with a molecular weight of 350 kDa were higher compared to the native one due to the hyperactivation. The optimal ratio of protein content (mg × g −1 of carrier), total activity (U × mL−1 of solution), and specific activity (U × mg−1 of protein) was determined for the enzymes immobilized on 2-(4-acetamido-2-sulfanilamide) chitosan with a molecular weight of 350 kDa.
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11
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Malewicz NM, Ieong HFH, Oeck S, Kumowski N, Zhang Z, Shimada SG, LaMotte RH. Punctate Administration of Ficin as a Human and Animal Model of Non-Histaminergic Itch. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36:1300-1307. [PMID: 35412669 PMCID: PMC9296617 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ficin, a cysteine protease derived from fig-tree latex, has been reported to elicit itch and nociceptive sensations, though quantitative sensory studies are lacking. Cowhage containing the pruritic cysteine Mucunain, on the other hand, has been widely studied as activating polymodal nociceptors and eliciting a histamine-independent itch. OBJECTIVES We tested whether ficin in heat-inactivated cowhage spicules would elicit itch and nociceptive sensations in humans, and analogous behaviors in mice, that are similar to those evoked by native cowhage and, whether these behaviors in mice were dose-dependent when ficin was injected intradermally. METHODS Human volunteers rated the magnitude of itch and nociceptive sensations evoked by either native cowhage spicules or heat-inactivated spicules soaked in 1, 10 or 100 mg/ml ficin (0.03, 0.3, and 3 ng of ficin in spicule tip), applied to forearm. In mice, itch-like scratching and nociceptive-like wiping were recorded in response to either native cowhage, to heat-inactivated spicules that were either inactive or contained 100 mg/ml ficin, or to intradermal injections of 1.25, 2.5, or 5 μg/ 5 μl, each treatment applied to the cheek. RESULTS The dose of 100 mg/ml ficin in spicules evoked comparable magnitudes of itch, nociceptive sensations and areas of cutaneous dysesthesia as native cowhage in humans and comparable itch-like scratching and pain-like wiping behaviors in mice. But to elicit similar behaviors when injected intradermally in mice a greater amount of ficin (1.25 μg) was required. CONCLUSION Spicule-delivery or intradermal injection of ficin elicits behaviors in mice that model itch and nociceptive sensations in humans, suggesting that ficin may be useful in translating mechanistic research on the neural mechanisms of pruritic and nociceptive effects of cysteine proteases between the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Malewicz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.,Clinics for Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital of Ruhr University Bergmannsheil Bochum, 44789, Germany
| | - H F-H Ieong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - S Oeck
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - N Kumowski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - S G Shimada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - R H LaMotte
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
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12
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Uba G, Manogaran M, Gunasekaran B, Halmi MIE, Shukor MYA. Improvement of Ficin-Based Inhibitive Enzyme Assay for Toxic Metals Using Response Surface Methodology and Its Application for Near Real-Time Monitoring of Mercury in Marine Waters. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E8585. [PMID: 33227985 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Potentially toxic metals pollution in the Straits of Malacca warrants the development of rapid, simple and sensitive assays. Enzyme-based assays are excellent preliminary screening tools with near real-time potential. The heavy-metal assay based on the protease ficin was optimized for mercury detection using response surface methodology. The inhibitive assay is based on ficin action on the substrate casein and residual casein is determined using the Coomassie dye-binding assay. Toxic metals strongly inhibit this hydrolysis. A central composite design (CCD) was utilized to optimize the detection of toxic metals. The results show a marked improvement for the concentration causing 50% inhibition (IC50) for mercury, silver and copper. Compared to one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) optimization, RSM gave an improvement of IC50 (mg/L) from 0.060 (95% CI, 0.030–0.080) to 0.017 (95% CI, 0.016–0.019), from 0.098 (95% CI, 0.077–0.127) to 0.028 (95% CI, 0.022–0.037) and from 0.040 (95% CI, 0.035–0.045) to 0.023 (95% CI, 0.020–0.027), for mercury, silver and copper, respectively. A near-real time monitoring of mercury concentration in the Straits of Malacca at one location in Port Klang was carried out over a 4 h interval for a total of 24 h and validated by instrumental analysis, with the result revealing an absence of mercury pollution in the sampling site.
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13
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Hu R, Chen G, Li Y. Production and Characterization of Antioxidative Hydrolysates and Peptides from Corn Gluten Meal Using Papain, Ficin, and Bromelain. Molecules 2020; 25:E4091. [PMID: 32906778 PMCID: PMC7571122 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a growing interest in developing natural antioxidants with high efficiency and low cost. Bioactive protein hydrolysates could be a potential source of natural and safer antioxidants. The objectives of this study were to hydrolyze corn gluten meal using three plant-derived proteases, namely papain, ficin, and bromelain, to produce antioxidative hydrolysates and peptides and to characterize the antioxidant performances using both chemical assays and a ground meat model. The optimum hydrolysis time for papain was 3 h, and for ficin and bromelain was 4 h. The hydrolysates were further separated by sequential ultrafiltration to 5 hydrolysate fractions named F1 to F5 from low molecular weight (MW) (<1 kDa) to high MW range (>10 kDa), which were further characterized for TPC, free radical scavenging capacity against DPPH and ABTS, and metal chelating activity. The fraction F4 produced by papain (CH-P4), F1 produced by ficin (CH-F1), and F3 produced by bromelain (CH-B3) showed the strongest antioxidant activity and yield, respectively. These three fractions were incorporated into ground pork to determine their inhibition effects on lipid oxidation during a 16-day storage period. The inhibition effect was enhanced with the addition of higher amount of hydrolysate (e.g., 1000 vs. 500 mg/kg). The CH-P4 reduced lipid oxidation in ground meat by as much as 30.45%, and CH-B3 reduced oxidation by 27.2% at the same level, but the inhibition was only 13.83% with 1000 mg/kg of CH-F1. The study demonstrated that CGM protein hydrolysates and peptides could be used as naturally derived antioxidant in retarding lipid oxidation and improving product storage stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yonghui Li
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (R.H.); (G.C.)
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14
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Žiemytė M, Rodríguez-Díaz JC, Ventero MP, Mira A, Ferrer MD. Effect of Dalbavancin on Staphylococcal Biofilms When Administered Alone or in Combination With Biofilm-Detaching Compounds. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:553. [PMID: 32362877 PMCID: PMC7180179 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms grown in biofilms are more resistant to antimicrobial treatment and immune system attacks compared to their planktonic forms. In fact, infections caused by biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are a large threat for public health, including patients with medical devices. The aim of the current manuscript was to test the effect of dalbavancin, a recently developed lipoglycopeptide antibiotic, alone or in combination with compounds contributing to bacterial cell disaggregation, on staphylococcal biofilm formation and elimination. We used real-time impedance measurements in microtiter plates to study biofilm growth dynamics of S. aureus and S. epidermidis strains, in the absence or presence of dalbavancin, linezolid, vancomycin, cloxacillin, and rifampicin. Further experiments were undertaken to check whether biofilm-detaching compounds such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and ficin could enhance dalbavancin efficiency. Real-time dose–response experiments showed that dalbavancin is a highly effective antimicrobial, preventing staphylococcal biofilm formation at low concentrations. Minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations were up to 22 higher compared to standard E-test values. Dalbavancin was the only antimicrobial that could halt new biofilm formation on established biofilms compared to the other four antibiotics. The addition of NAC decreased dalbavancin efficacy while the combination of dalbavancin with ficin was more efficient than antibiotic alone in preventing growth once the biofilm was established. Results were confirmed by classical biofilm quantification methods such as crystal violet (CV) staining and viable colony counting. Thus, our data support the use of dalbavancin as a promising antimicrobial to treat biofilm-related infections. Our data also highlight that synergistic and antagonistic effects between antibiotics and biofilm-detaching compounds should be carefully tested in order to achieve an efficient treatment that could prevent both biofilm formation and disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miglë Žiemytė
- Genomics and Health Department, FISABIO Foundation, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan C Rodríguez-Díaz
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
| | - María P Ventero
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
| | - Alex Mira
- Genomics and Health Department, FISABIO Foundation, Valencia, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - María D Ferrer
- Genomics and Health Department, FISABIO Foundation, Valencia, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Nishimura K, Higashiya K, Ueshima N, Abe T, Yasukawa K. Characterization of proteases activities in Ficus carica cultivars. J Food Sci 2020; 85:535-544. [PMID: 32027028 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we characterized protease activities of 23 Ficus carica cultivars. Extracts of fruit, branch, and leaf of Masui Dauphine, one of the most representative F. carica cultivars in Japan, exhibited gelatin-hydrolyzing activity, both in the absence and presence of a cysteine protease-specific inhibitor, E-64, suggesting that not only ficin (classified as cysteine protease) but also collagenase (classified as serine protease) were involved in the digestion of gelatin. In the hydrolysis of (7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl-l-Lys-l-Pro-l-Leu-Gly-l-Leu-[N3 -(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-l-2,3-diaminopropionyl]-l-Ala-l-Arg-NH2 , all branch extracts of 23 F. carica cultivars exhibited the activity both in the absence and presence of cysteine protease-specific inhibitor E-64, indicating that they contain ficin and collagenase. During digestion of acid-solubilized type I collagen by the branch extract of Masui Dauphine at 40-55 °C, collagen was completely digested in the absence of E-64, while it was partially digested in the presence of the inhibitor, indicating that the manner of digestion differed between ficin and collagenase contained in the extract. These results suggest that F. carica is attractive for industrial use to digest collagen. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The industrial use of F. carica might be enhanced by efficiently utilizing these proteases and/or selecting the appropriate F. carica cultivar. Collagen is one of the targets to which our results might be applied. It is widely accepted today that collagen and its digestion products could be useful as functional food. F. carica is a potential candidate for use in not only complete but also partial digestion of collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosaku Nishimura
- Div. of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto Univ., Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.,Toyo Inst. of Food Technology, 4-23-2, Minami-Hanayashiki, Kawanishi, Hyogo, 666-0026, Japan
| | - Keisuke Higashiya
- Div. of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto Univ., Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Naoki Ueshima
- Div. of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto Univ., Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Abe
- Toyo Inst. of Food Technology, 4-23-2, Minami-Hanayashiki, Kawanishi, Hyogo, 666-0026, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yasukawa
- Div. of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto Univ., Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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16
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Raskovic B, Lazic J, Polovic N. Characterisation of general proteolytic, milk clotting and antifungal activity of Ficus carica latex during fruit ripening. J Sci Food Agric 2016; 96:576-82. [PMID: 25664689 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The physiological role of fig latex is to protect the plant from pathogens. Latex is a rich source of proteases, predominantly ficin. Fig latex also contains collagenolytic protease and chitinolytic enzymes. Our aim was to investigate changes in protein composition, enzyme and antifungal activities of fig latex during fruit ripening. RESULTS Comparison of latex samples in different time periods showed a uniform increase of protein concentration in chronological order. The content of collagenolytic protease did not differ significantly in the latex samples, while the content of ficin decreased. Ficin-specific activity towards casein was the highest at the beginning of fruit development (about 80 U mg(-1)). Specific milk clotting activity increased as well as the abundance of casein band in the clots. Specific chitinolytic activity at the beginning of flowering was 6.5 times higher than the activity in the period when fruits are ripe. Antifungal activity is the most extensive in spring. CONCLUSION Ficin forms with different casein specificities are present in different proportions during fruit ripening, which is of importance for applications in the dairy industry. The protection mechanism against insects and fungi, which relies on chitinolytic activity, is the most important in the early phases of flowering and is replaced with other strategies over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brankica Raskovic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Jelena Lazic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Natalija Polovic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
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17
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Haesaerts S, Rodriguez Buitrago JA, Loris R, Baeyens-Volant D, Azarkan M. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of four cysteine proteases from Ficus carica latex. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:459-65. [PMID: 25849510 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x15005014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The latex of the common fig (Ficus carica) contains a mixture of at least five cysteine proteases commonly known as ficins (EC 3.4.22.3). Four of these proteases were purified to homogeneity and crystals were obtained in a variety of conditions. The four ficin (iso)forms appear in ten different crystal forms. All diffracted to better than 2.10 Å resolution and for each form at least one crystal form diffracted to 1.60 Å resolution or higher. Ficin (iso)forms B and C share a common crystal form, suggesting close sequence and structural similarity. The latter diffracted to a resolution of 1.20 Å and belonged to space group P3₁21 or P3₂21, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 88.9, c = 55.9 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Haesaerts
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - John Alexander Rodriguez Buitrago
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Remy Loris
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Danielle Baeyens-Volant
- Protein Chemistry Unit, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Azarkan
- Protein Chemistry Unit, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Zare H, Moosavi-Movahedi AA, Salami M, Mirzaei M, Saboury AA, Sheibani N. Purification and autolysis of the ficin isoforms from fig (Ficus carica cv. Sabz) latex. Phytochemistry 2013; 87:16-22. [PMID: 23312458 PMCID: PMC3755362 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Ficin (EC 3.4.22.3), a cysteine endoproteolytic protease in fig trees' latex, has multiple isoforms. Until now, no data on autolysis of individual ficins (ficin isoforms) are available. Following purification, ficins' autolysis was determined by HPLC chromatogram changes and ultrafiltrations at different temperatures and storage times. These results showed that the number of HPLC peaks in latex proteins purification of Ficus carica cv. Sabz varied from previous fig varieties or cultivars. Proteolytic activity of ficins was inhibited by specific cysteine protease inhibitors, confirming the participation of the cysteine residue in the active site. The zeta potential of the first two eluted peaks (I and II) was negative, while that of other peaks were positive. All ficins were susceptible to autolysis when stored at high temperatures. In contrast, only the last two ficins (B, C) were prone to autolysis at cold temperature after long storage period. The rate of degradation of the ficins was significantly increased with the increased storage time. The ficin (A) related to peak (III) had the highest and the lowest surface hydrophobic patches and ratio of autolytic to proteolytic activity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Zare
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Moosavi-Movahedi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Center of Excellence in Biothermodynamics (CEBiotherm), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding author at: Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Tel.: +98 21 6640 3957; fax: +98 21 6640 4680. , (A.A. Moosavi-Movahedi)
| | - Maryam Salami
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Mirzaei
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences (BMSU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Center of Excellence in Biothermodynamics (CEBiotherm), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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