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Yoshii M, Kitazaki A, Ozawa K. Effects of Simvastatin on RBL-2H3 Cell Degranulation. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:874-882. [PMID: 37394638 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a major complication of arteriosclerosis. Mast cells in arteriosclerosis plaques induce inflammatory reactions and promote arterial sclerosis. In this study, we evaluated the pharmacological effects of simvastatin (SV)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors on the degranulation of rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-2H3 cells, which are commonly used as mast cell models. SV significantly decreased the degranulation induced by three types of stimulation: antigen antibody reaction (Ag-Ab), thapsigargin (Tg) serosal endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) inhibitor, and A23187 calcium ionophore. SV had a stronger inhibitory effect on degranulation induced by Ag-Ab stimulation than the other two stimulations. However, SV did not inhibit increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. Mevalonate or geranylgeraniol co-treatment with SV completely prevented the inhibitory effect of SV on the degranulation induced by these stimulations. Immunoblotting results showed that SV inhibited protein kinase C (PKC) delta translocation induced by Ag-Ab but not by Tg or A23187. SV induced a reduction in active Rac1, and actin filament rearrangement. In conclusion, SV inhibits RBL-2H3 cell degranulation by inhibiting downstream signaling pathways, including the sequential degranulation pathway. These inhibitory effects were completely reversed by the addition of geranylgeraniol and might be induced by changes in the translocation of the small guanosine 5'-triphosphatase (GTPase) families Rab and Rho, which are related to vesicular transport PKC delta translocation and actin filament formation, respectively. These changes are caused by the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase by SV following the synthesis of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphates, which play important roles in the activation of small GTPases, Rab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Yoshii
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Ai Kitazaki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Koichiro Ozawa
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
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2
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Abstract
The polytopic, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase produces mevalonate, the key intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol and many nonsterol isoprenoids including geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGpp). Transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational feedback mechanisms converge on this reductase to ensure cells maintain a sufficient supply of essential nonsterol isoprenoids but avoid overaccumulation of cholesterol and other sterols. The focus of this review is mechanisms for the posttranslational regulation of HMG CoA reductase, which include sterol-accelerated ubiquitination and ER-associated degradation (ERAD) that is augmented by GGpp. We discuss how GGpp-induced ER-to-Golgi trafficking of the vitamin K2 synthetic enzyme UbiA prenyltransferase domain-containing protein-1 (UBIAD1) modulates HMG CoA reductase ERAD to balance the synthesis of sterol and nonsterol isoprenoids. We also summarize the characterization of genetically manipulated mice, which established that sterol-accelerated, UBIAD1-modulated ERAD plays a major role in regulation of HMG CoA reductase and cholesterol metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc M Schumacher
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA;
| | - Russell A DeBose-Boyd
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA;
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Eschenhagen
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany (T.E.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany (T.E.)
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4
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Li M, Min W, Wang J, Wang L, Li Y, Zhou N, Yang Z, Qian Q. Effects of mevalonate kinase interference on cell differentiation, apoptosis, prenylation and geranylgeranylation of human keratinocytes are attenuated by farnesyl pyrophosphate or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:2861-2870. [PMID: 32256770 PMCID: PMC7086283 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mevalonate kinase (MVK) mutations were previously identified in disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. However, the role of MVK in differentiation, apoptosis and prenylation of keratinocytes requires further investigation. Farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) of the mevalonate pathway attach to small G proteins, and serve as molecular switches in biochemical pathways. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the role of MVK in the expression of keratin 1 and involucrin, apoptosis, protein prenylation and the processing of small G proteins. HaCat human keratinocytes were transfected with viruses carrying MVK interference and overexpression vectors, respectively. The mRNA expression of MVK, keratin 1 and involucrin was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Protein expression of MVK, keratin 1, involucrin, lamin A, HRAS, KRAS, NRAS, Rho E, Rho B, Rho A, RAC1 and cdc42 in HaCat cells was detected by western blotting. The apoptotic rates of HaCat cells and protein prenylation levels were examined by flow cytometry. The expression of MVK in HaCat cells was significantly decreased in the interference groups, and markedly increased in the overexpression group compared with the negative control groups. The mRNA and protein expression levels of keratin 1 and involucrin were significantly decreased following interference of MVK expression, and the decrease was markedly attenuated by FPP. Furthermore, the apoptotic rate was markedly increased following MVK interference, and the increase was significantly attenuated by GGPP. The overexpression of MVK significantly decreased the apoptotic rate of HaCat cells. The prenylation levels after MVK interference was notably decreased, which was markedly attenuated by GGPP. The overexpression of MVK significantly increased the prenylation levels of HaCat cells. FPP or GGPP reversed MVK interference-induced decrease in geranylgeranylation levels of lamin A, HRAS, KRAS, NRAS, Rho E, Rho B, Rho A, RAC1 and cdc42. In conclusion, MVK interference decreases the expression of differentiation markers, increases apoptosis, and decreases protein prenylation and geranylgeranylation levels in keratinocytes. These changes are attenuated by FPP or GGPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Wei Min
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Naihui Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Ziliang Yang
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Qihong Qian
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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Harshman SG, Shea MK, Fu X, Grusak MA, Smith D, Lamon-Fava S, Kuliopulos A, Greenberg A, Booth SL. Atorvastatin Decreases Renal Menaquinone-4 Formation in C57BL/6 Male Mice. J Nutr 2019; 149:416-421. [PMID: 30753659 PMCID: PMC6398385 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Menaquinone-4 (MK4), a vitamin K metabolite, is converted from phylloquinone through a process that requires intermediates of endogenous cholesterol production. Recent evidence suggests that MK4 is involved in kidney function. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of atorvastatin treatment on MK4 formation in young and old male mice. METHODS C57BL/6 male mice (4-mo-old and 20-mo-old) were randomly assigned to either a diet containing 300 mg atorvastatin/kg with 3 mg phylloquinone/kg or a control diet containing 3 mg phylloquinone/kg for 8 wk. During week 8, all mice received deuterium-labeled phylloquinone in the diet. Labeled and unlabeled phylloquinone and MK4 in liver, kidney, brain, and intestine were measured by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization LC/MS. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase gene expression was quantified by reverse transcriptase-PCR. Tissue MK4 and phylloquinone concentrations were compared between atorvastatin treatment groups with use of general linear models. RESULTS There was no age-treatment interaction on MK4 tissue concentrations. In atorvastatin-treated mice, total MK4 and percentage of deuterium-labeled MK4 in kidney were both approximately 45% lower compared to values in mice not given atorvastatin (all P < 0.05). MK4 concentrations did not differ between groups in any other tissue measured. CONCLUSION In male mice, atorvastatin reduced endogenous MK4 formation in the kidney, but not other organs. These observations are consistent with our hypothesis that cholesterol metabolism is involved in the generation of MK4. Further research is needed to understand potential regulatory mechanisms and the unique functions of MK4 in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Kyla Shea
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging
| | - Xueyan Fu
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging
| | - Michael A Grusak
- USDA/ARS Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND
| | - Donald Smith
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging
| | | | - Athan Kuliopulos
- Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | | | - Sarah L Booth
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging,Address correspondence to SLB (e-mail: )
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Jo Y, Hamilton JS, Hwang S, Garland K, Smith GA, Su S, Fuentes I, Neelam S, Thompson BM, McDonald JG, DeBose-Boyd RA. Schnyder corneal dystrophy-associated UBIAD1 inhibits ER-associated degradation of HMG CoA reductase in mice. eLife 2019; 8:44396. [PMID: 30785396 PMCID: PMC6402834 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal-dominant Schnyder corneal dystrophy (SCD) is characterized by corneal opacification owing to overaccumulation of cholesterol. SCD is caused by mutations in UBIAD1, which utilizes geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGpp) to synthesize vitamin K2. Using cultured cells, we previously showed that sterols trigger binding of UBIAD1 to the cholesterol biosynthetic enzyme HMG CoA reductase (HMGCR), thereby inhibiting its endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) (Schumacher et al. 2015). GGpp triggers release of UBIAD1 from HMGCR, allowing maximal ERAD and ER-to-Golgi transport of UBIAD1. SCD-associated UBIAD1 resists GGpp-induced release and is sequestered in ER to inhibit ERAD. We now report knockin mice expressing SCD-associated UBIAD1 accumulate HMGCR in several tissues resulting from ER sequestration of mutant UBIAD1 and inhibition of HMGCR ERAD. Corneas from aged knockin mice exhibit signs of opacification and sterol overaccumulation. These results establish the physiological significance of UBIAD1 in cholesterol homeostasis and indicate inhibition of HMGCR ERAD contributes to SCD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngah Jo
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Jason S Hamilton
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Seonghwan Hwang
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Kristina Garland
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Gennipher A Smith
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Shan Su
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Iris Fuentes
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Sudha Neelam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Bonne M Thompson
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Russell A DeBose-Boyd
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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Chhonker YS, Haney SL, Bala V, Holstein SA, Murry DJ. Simultaneous Quantitation of Isoprenoid Pyrophosphates in Plasma and Cancer Cells Using LC-MS/MS. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123275. [PMID: 30544938 PMCID: PMC6321327 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoprenoids (IsoP) are an important class of molecules involved in many different cellular processes including cholesterol synthesis. We have developed a sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of three key IsoPs in bio-matrices, geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP), farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). LC-MS/MS analysis was performed using a Nexera UPLC System connected to a LCMS-8060 (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Columbia, MD) with a dual ion source. The electrospray ionization source was operated in the negative MRM mode. The chromatographic separation and detection of analytes was achieved on a reversed phase ACCQ-TAG Ultra C18 (1.7 µm, 100 mm × 2.1 mm I.D.) column. The mobile phase consisted of (1) a 10 mM ammonium carbonate with 0.1% ammonium hydroxide in water, and (2) a 0.1% ammonium hydroxide in acetonitrile/methanol (75/25). The flow rate was set to 0.25 mL/min in a gradient condition. The limit of quantification was 0.04 ng/mL for all analytes with a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.998 or better and a total run time of 12 min. The inter- and intra-day accuracy (85–115%) precision (<15%), and recovery (40–90%) values met the acceptance criteria. The validated method was successfully applied to quantitate basal concentrations of GPP, FPP and GGPP in human plasma and in cultured cancer cell lines. Our LC-MS/MS method may be used for IsoP quantification in different bio-fluids and to further investigate the role of these compounds in various physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashpal S Chhonker
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Staci L Haney
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Veenu Bala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313001, India.
| | - Sarah A Holstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Daryl J Murry
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Hashemi M, Hoshyar R, Ande SR, Chen QM, Solomon C, Zuse A, Naderi M. Mevalonate Cascade and its Regulation in Cholesterol Metabolism in Different Tissues in Health and Disease. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2017; 10:13-26. [PMID: 26758949 DOI: 10.2174/1874467209666160112123746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, also referred to as the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, is responsible for the biosynthesis of two key isoprenoids: farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). Post-translational modification of small GTPases by FPP and GGPP has captured much attention due to their potential contribution to cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. The enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (HMGCR) catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to MVA, and is the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of cholesterol. Statins are HMGCR inhibitors that are used extensively in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Inhibitors of the MVA pathway exhibit anti-tumor effects and may reduce cancer incidence and cancer-related mortality in humans. In this review, we will focus on the mevalonate cascade and its regulation in cholesterol metabolism as well as polymorphisms of the MVA cascade in cancer development, infectious and cardiovascular disease (CVD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hashemi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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Bathaie SZ, Ashrafi M, Azizian M, Tamanoi F. Mevalonate Pathway and Human Cancers. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2016; 10:77-85. [PMID: 26758953 DOI: 10.2174/1874467209666160112123205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mevalonate (MVA) is synthesized from 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) by HMG-CoA reductase (HMG-CoAR). MVA is further metabolized to farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), a precursor of cholesterol and sterols. FPP is also converted to geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, and these lipids are used for post-translational modification of proteins that are involved in various aspects of tumor development and progression. Many studies showed that the MVA pathway is up-regulated in several cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma; as well as breast, hepatic, pancreatic, esophageal and prostate cancers. Several mechanisms may be involved in dysregulation of this pathway. They include p53 mutation, a mutation in HMG-CoAR and sterol-regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) cleavage-activating protein SCAP as its regulator, PKB/Akt activation, decreased AMPK activation, and activation of transcription factors such as: SREBP and HIF-1. Statins as inhibitors of MVA pathway might be useful for cancer prevention and/or treatment through their interactions with essential cellular functions, such as cell proliferation and differentiation. Other inhibitors are also designed for inhibition of this key pathway and their mechanism of action was investigated. In the present review, we will first describe about some inhibitors of MVA, including statins that have been suggested for cancer treatment. We will then discuss about the mechanisms involved in MVA dysregulation, especially in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Zahra Bathaie
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Ashrafi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahshid Azizian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fuyuhiko Tamanoi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), United States
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Tsai WC, Yu TY, Lin LP, Cheng ML, Chen CL, Pang JHS. Prevention of Simvastatin-Induced Inhibition of Tendon Cell Proliferation and Cell Cycle Progression by Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate. Toxicol Sci 2015; 149:326-34. [PMID: 26577051 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins have been reported to induce tendinopathy and even tendon rupture. The present study was designed to investigate the potential molecular mechanism underlying the adverse effect of simvastatin on tendon cells. An in vitro tendon healing model was performed using tendon cells isolated from rat Achilles tendons. The viability of tendon cells and cell cycle progression were examined by the MTT assay and flow cytometric analysis, respectively. Immunofluorescent staining for Ki-67 was used to assess the proliferation activity of tendon cells. Western blot analysis and coimmunoprecipitation was used to determine the protein expression of cell cycle-related proteins. To investigate the potential mechanism underlying the effect of statins on tendon cells, mevalonate, farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) was added to simvastatin-treated tendon cells. Simvastatin inhibited the in vitro tendon healing model and tendon cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Immunofluorescent staining demonstrated reduced ki-67 expression in simvastatin-treated tendon cells. Furthermore, simvastatin induced cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. The expression levels of cdk1, cdk2, cyclin A, and cyclin E were downregulated by simvastatin in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect of simvastatin was proved to mediate the reduction of mevalonate, and the addition of exogenous GGPP completely prevented the inhibitory effect of simvastatin on tendon cells. The present study demonstrated, for the first time, the molecular mechanism underlying simvastatin-induced tendinopathy or tendon rupture. GGPP was shown to prevent the adverse effect of simvastatin in tendon cells without interfering with its cholesterol-reducing efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chung Tsai
- *Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Yang Yu
- *Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ping Lin
- *Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Lun Chen
- *Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Hwei S Pang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
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Abstract
Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is likely to be caused by continuous imperfection of bone healing after surgical treatments in patients with long-term administration of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (NBPs). NBPs inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption by impairing the mevalonic acid sterol pathway in osteoclasts. Thus, we hypothesized that exogenous mevalonic acid metabolites restore the inhibitory effects of NBPs on osteoclastogenesis and bone remodeling. To clarify the effects of mevalonic acid metabolites, especially geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) and geranylgeranyl transferase substrate geranylgeranyl acid (GGOH), we examined the effects of zoledronic acid with or without GGOH or GGPP on osteoclast differentiation, multinucleation, and bone mineral deposition in tooth-extracted sockets. Zoledronic acid decreased the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells derived from mouse osteoclast precursors treated with receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Zoledronic acid simultaneously suppressed not only the expressions of osteoclastic differentiation-related molecules such as TRAP, cathepsin K, calcitonin receptor, and vacuolar H-ATPase but also those of multinucleation-related molecules such as dendrocyte-expressed 7 transmembrane proteins and osteoclast stimulatory transmembrane protein. Treatment with GGOH or GGPP, but not farnesyl acid, restored the zoledronic acid-inhibited number of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells together with the expressions of these molecules. Although intraperitoneal administration of zoledronic acid and lipopolysaccharide into mice appeared to induce BRONJ-like lesions with empty bone lacunae and decreased mineral deposition in tooth-extracted socket, both GGOH and GGPP partially restored the inhibitory effects on zoledronic acid-related mineral deposition. These results suggest the potential of mevalonic acid metabolites as therapeutic agents for BRONJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nagaoka
- Department of Physiological Science and Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - H Kajiya
- Department of Physiological Science and Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - S Ozeki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Ikebe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - K Okabe
- Department of Physiological Science and Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
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Abstract
In the human body, the complex biochemical network known as the mevalonate pathway is responsible for the biosynthesis of all isoprenoids, which consists of a vast array of metabolites that are vital for proper cellular functions. Two key isoprenoids, farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) are responsible for the post-translational prenylation of small GTP-binding proteins, and serve as the biosynthetic precursors to numerous other biomolecules. The down-stream metabolite of FPP and GGPP is squalene, the precursor to steroids, bile acids, lipoproteins, and vitamin D. In the past, interest in prenyl synthase inhibitors focused mainly on the role of the FPP in lytic bone diseases. More recently pre-clinical and clinical studies have strongly implicated high levels of protein prenylation in a plethora of human diseases, including non-skeletal cancers, the progression of neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we focus mainly on the potential therapeutic value of down-regulating the biosynthesis of FPP, GGPP, and squalene. We summarize the most recent drug discovery efforts and the structural data available that support the current on-going studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeok Park
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Albert M Berghuis
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Youla S Tsantrizos
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada ; Department of Chemistry, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
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13
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Yang C, Madonna R, Li Y, Zhang Q, Shen WF, McNamara K, Yang YJ, Geng YJ. Simvastatin-enhanced expression of promyogenic nuclear factors and cardiomyogenesis of murine embryonic stem cells. Vascul Pharmacol 2013; 60:8-16. [PMID: 24200505 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A combination of statin and stem cell therapies has been shown to benefit in experimental models of myocardial infarction. This study tests whether treatment with simvastatin has a direct impact on the cardiomyogenic development of murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in embryoid bodies. In a concentration-dependent manner, simvastatin treatment enhanced expression of several promyogenic nuclear transcription factors, including GATA4, Nkx2.5, DTEF-1 and myocardin A. The statin-treated cells also displayed higher levels of cardiac proteins, including myosin, α-actinin, Ryanodine receptor-2, and atrial natriuretic peptide, and they developed synchronized contraction. The statin's promyogenic effect was partially diminished by the addition of the two isoprenoids FPP and GGPP, which are intermediates of cholesterol synthesis. Thus, simvastatin treatment enhances ESC myogenesis during early development perhaps via a mechanism inhibiting the mevalonate-FPP/GGPP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChenMin Yang
- The Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Research, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX USA; The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ruijin Hospital, Jiao-Tong University Medical School, Shanghai, China; Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rosalinda Madonna
- The Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Research, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX USA; Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yangxin Li
- The Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Research, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX USA; Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- The Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Jiao-Tong University Medical School, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Feng Shen
- The Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Jiao-Tong University Medical School, Shanghai, China
| | - Katharine McNamara
- The Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Research, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX USA; Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yue-Jin Yang
- FuWai Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Jian Geng
- The Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Research, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX USA; Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
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Roy M, Kung HJ, Ghosh PM. Statins and prostate cancer: role of cholesterol inhibition vs. prevention of small GTP-binding proteins. Am J Cancer Res 2011; 1:542-561. [PMID: 21984972 PMCID: PMC3186052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is initially regulated by androgens, such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, which regulates cell proliferation and survival by activating the androgen receptor (AR), but later progresses to an aggressive, metastatic, androgen-independent stage for which, currently, there is no cure. Here, we argue that prevention of PCa progression is a better strategy compared to trying to cure the disease once it has already progressed. Statins inhibit the mevalonate pathway, thus preventing the synthesis of cholesterol, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and farnesyl pyrophosphate. Multiple clinical studies have shown an inverse relationship between statin use and PCa risk, especially the risk for developing advanced metastatic cancer. Biochemical investigations have largely corroborated the positive effect of statins on PCa risk, showing that statins inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and decreased cell migration and invasion in PCa cells in vitro. However, investigations of the biochemical mechanism of statin action in preventing advanced/high risk PCa remains inconclusive, as statins can act through cholesterol, geranylgeranyl, or farnesyl mediated signals. This review discusses the current clinical and biochemical findings on the use of statins in preventing PCa. Evidence of statin action through cholesterol as well as geranylgeranylation and farnesylation has been discussed. As cholesterol is a precursor of androgen production, it can reduce PCa risk by decreasing the levels of circulating testosterone, which in turn reduces the levels of interprostatic dihydrotestosterone, a strong ligand for the AR. Cholesterol was also shown to accumulate in lipid rafts and regulate the activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. However, clinical evidence from multiple studies also point to the existence of cholesterol-independent pathways mediating statin action in PCa patients. In particular, ligand-activated AR activation is seen in early stage PCa and activation of the cholesterol pathway did not indicate an effect on metastasis. Cell migration and invasion, on the other hand, is regulated strongly by members of the Ras superfamily of small GTPases, especially the Rho family, which is geranylgeranylated. This review, therefore, also compares the effects of statins on both cholesterol and geranylgeranylated and farnesylated small GTPases regulating tumor progression and metastasis in biochemical and clinical studies.
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