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Fernández-Fígares I, Haro A, Lachica M, Lara L, Seiquer I, Nieto R. Metabolic Profile of Growing Immune- and Surgically Castrated Iberian Pigs Fed Diets of Different Amino Acid Concentration. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2650. [PMID: 37627441 PMCID: PMC10451894 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to further characterize the performance and nitrogen retention differences previously observed between immunocastrated (IC) and surgically castrated (SC) pure Iberian pigs. Fifty-four pigs were used (three sexes: IC males, IC females and SC males), fed three isoenergetic diets (160, 140 and 120 g CP/kg DM; six pigs/treatment combination) from 40 kg BW until slaughter (105 kg BW). Plasmatic post-absorptive metabolites and hormones, and backfat tissue composition were determined. The IC males showed a trend towards higher plasmatic creatinine (p = 0.06) and IGF-1 concentrations than SC males and IC females (p < 0.001). SC males showed a higher predisposition to carcass fatness and insulin resistance compared to IC males. Plasmatic isoleucine concentration was higher in IC and SC males compared to IC females (p < 0.01), and valine was greater in IC males compared to the rest of the pigs (p < 0.001). Total branched-chain amino acids (AA) were greater in IC males than in IC females (p < 0.01). Total plasmatic essential AA concentrations tended to be greater in IC males (p = 0.09). The present results support the increased performance and nitrogen retention capacity previously observed in IC male Iberian pigs compared to SC males and IC females, which can be attributed to increased anabolic capacity related with lean growth in Iberian IC males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Fernández-Fígares
- Department of Nutrition and Sustainable Animal Production, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, Profesor Albareda, s/n, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Haro
- Department of Nutrition and Sustainable Animal Production, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, Profesor Albareda, s/n, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Lachica
- Department of Nutrition and Sustainable Animal Production, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, Profesor Albareda, s/n, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Lara
- Department of Nutrition and Sustainable Animal Production, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, Profesor Albareda, s/n, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Seiquer
- Department of Nutrition and Sustainable Animal Production, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, Profesor Albareda, s/n, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Rosa Nieto
- Department of Nutrition and Sustainable Animal Production, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, Profesor Albareda, s/n, 18008 Granada, Spain
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Stevenson H, Bartram S, Charalambides MM, Murthy S, Petitt T, Pradeep A, Vineall O, Abaraonye I, Lancaster A, Koysombat K, Patel B, Abbara A. Kisspeptin-neuron control of LH pulsatility and ovulation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:951938. [PMID: 36479214 PMCID: PMC9721495 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.951938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Feedback from oestradiol (E2) plays a critical role in the regulation of major events in the physiological menstrual cycle including the release of gonadotrophins to stimulate follicular growth, and the mid-cycle luteinising hormone (LH) surge that leads to ovulation. E2 predominantly exerts its action via oestrogen receptor-alpha (ERα), however, as gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons lack ERα, E2-feedback is posited to be indirectly mediated via upstream neurons. Kisspeptin (KP) is a neuropeptide expressed in hypothalamic KP-neurons that control GnRH secretion and plays a key role in the central mechanism regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. In the rodent arcuate (ARC) nucleus, KP is co-expressed with Neurokinin B and Dynorphin; and thus, these neurons are termed 'Kisspeptin-Neurokinin B-Dynorphin' (KNDy) neurons. ARC KP-neurons function as the 'GnRH pulse generator' to regulate GnRH pulsatility, as well as mediating negative feedback from E2. A second KP neuronal population is present in the rostral periventricular area of the third ventricle (RP3V), which includes anteroventral periventricular (AVPV) nucleus and preoptic area neurons. These RP3V KP-neurons mediate positive feedback to induce the mid-cycle luteinising hormone (LH) surge and subsequent ovulation. Here, we describe the role of KP-neurons in these two regions in mediating this differential feedback from oestrogens. We conclude by considering reproductive diseases for which exploitation of these mechanisms could yield future therapies.
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Augustine RA, Seymour AJ, Campbell RE, Grattan DR, Brown CH. Integrative neuro-humoral regulation of oxytocin neuron activity in pregnancy and lactation. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30. [PMID: 29323764 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin is required for normal birth and lactation. Oxytocin is synthesised by hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei neurons and is released into the circulation from the posterior pituitary gland. Under basal conditions, circulating oxytocin levels are relatively constant but during birth and lactation, pulsatile oxytocin release triggers rhythmic contraction of the uterus during birth and milk ejection during suckling. Oxytocin levels are principally determined by the pattern of action potential firing that is, in turn, determined by the interplay between the intrinsic properties of the oxytocin neurons, regulation of their excitability by surrounding glia as well as by synaptic drive from their afferent inputs. During birth and suckling, oxytocin neurons fire high-frequency bursts of action potentials that are coordinated across the population of neurons and these bursts underpin the pulsatile secretion of oxytocin required for normal birth and lactation. Neuroglial regulation of oxytocin neurons changes during pregnancy to favour burst firing. However, these changes still require afferent input activity to drive activity. While it has long been known that noradrenergic inputs to oxytocin neurons are activated during birth and lactation, the involvement of other afferent inputs is less clear. Here, we provide a brief overview of the current understanding of the mechanisms that regulate oxytocin neuron activity during pregnancy and lactation, and focus on recent evidence from our laboratory identifying an input that increases kisspeptin production to excite oxytocin neurons in late pregnancy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Augustine
- Department of Physiology Brain Health Research Centre, Centre for Neuroendocrinology
| | - Alexander J Seymour
- Department of Physiology Brain Health Research Centre, Centre for Neuroendocrinology
| | - Rebecca E Campbell
- Department of Physiology Brain Health Research Centre, Centre for Neuroendocrinology
| | - David R Grattan
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Colin H Brown
- Department of Physiology Brain Health Research Centre, Centre for Neuroendocrinology
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Abstract
In mammals, lactation suppresses GnRH/LH secretion resulting in transient infertility. In rats, GnRH/LH secretion is rescued within 18-48 h after pup separation (PS) and rapidly re-suppressed by subsequent re-exposure of pups. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying these rapid modulations, changes in the expression of kisspeptin, a stimulator of GnRH secretion, in several lactating conditions (normal-lactating; 4-h PS; 18-h PS; 4-h PS +1-h re-exposure of pups; non-lactating) were examined using in situ hybridization. PS for 4 h or 18 h increased Kiss1 expressing neurons in both the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) and the arcuate nucleus (ARC), and subsequent exposure of pups re-suppressed Kiss1 in the AVPV. A change in Kiss1 expression was observed prior to the reported time of the change in GnRH/LH, indicating that the change in GnRH/LH results from changes in kisspeptin. We further examined the mechanisms underlying the rapid modulation of Kiss1. We first investigated the possible involvement of ascending sensory input during the suckling stimulus. Injection of the anterograde tracer to the subparafascicular parvocellular nucleus (SPFpc) in the midbrain, which relays the suckling stimulus, revealed direct neuronal connections between the SPFpc and kisspeptin neurons in both the AVPV and ARC. We also examined the possible involvement of prolactin (PRL). Administration of PRL for 1 h suppressed Kiss1 expression in the AVPV but not in the ARC. These results indicate that suckling stimulus rapidly modulates Kiss1 expression directly via neuronal connections and indirectly through serum PRL, resulting in modulation in GnRH/LH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Higo
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyGraduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi 1-1-5, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Satoko Aikawa
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyGraduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi 1-1-5, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Norio Iijima
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyGraduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi 1-1-5, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ozawa
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyGraduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi 1-1-5, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
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Abstract
This review provides an outline of how our understanding of the neuroendocrine control of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis has evolved since the publication of Geoffrey Harris' renowned monograph in 1955. Particular attention is directed to the neurobiology underlying pulsatile GnRH release from the hypothalamus, the neuroendocrine control of ovarian cycles, puberty and seasonality of gonadal function, and to ideas that have emerged as a result of examining the relationship between growth and the reproductive axis. The review closes with i) a brief discussion of how knowledge gained as a result of pursuing the early hypotheses of Harris has led to major clinical and therapeutic applications, and ii) a personal glimpse into the future of research in this fascinating area of biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony M Plant
- Department of ObstetricsGynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 204 Craft Avenue, Room B311, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Yu X, Ruan J, He LP, Hu W, Xu Q, Tang J, Jiang J, Han J, Peng YF. Efficacy of growth hormone supplementation with gonadotrophins in vitro fertilization for poor ovarian responders: an updated meta-analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:4954-4967. [PMID: 26131068 PMCID: PMC4483949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is involved in the regulation of male and female infertility. Several clinical studies reveal that adjuvant GH treatment has a possible role in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), especially in poor ovarian responders (POR) undergoing IVF/ICSI. Recent studies suggest that GH addition in POR patients significantly improves the rate of clinical pregnancy and live birth. Databases including PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Central China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Google Scholar were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or controlled clinical trials (CCTs) on the effectiveness of GH supplementation with gonadotrophins in IVF/ICSI for POR. Two reviewers independently screened literature according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality. Meta Analyst Beta 3.13 software was used to meta-analysis. Eleven studies (six RCTs and five CCTs) and 3788 subjects (613 subjects in cases group and 3175 subjects in controls group) were included in our study. The results of meta-analysis showed that GH addition significantly increased serum E2 level on the day of HCG (OR = 0.55; 95% CI = 0.127-0.973) and MII oocyte number (OR = 0.827; 95% CI = 0.470-1.184). Furthermore, GH addition significantly improved the number of 2PN (OR = 0.934; 95% CI = 0.206-1.661) and obtained embryos (OR = 0.934; 95% CI = 0.206-1.661). However, no significant difference was found for the overall implantation rate was 8.8% (95% CI = -0.062-0.237) and clinical pregnancy rate was 5.1% (95% CI = -0.033-0.134). The present result revel that GH supplementation for IVF/ICSI in POR increases the probability of serum E2 level on the day of HCG, the number of MII oocyte, 2PN and obtained embryos. However, GH addition does not increase implantation rate and clinical pregnancy rates. Due to the limited quantity and quality of the included studies as well as the difference in methodology, we suggest this above could be taken as a reference for clinical analysis which needs to be further evaluated in its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Yu
- Departement of Reproductive Medicine Center, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical CollegeWuhu 241001, Anhui, China
| | - Jian Ruan
- Departement of Reproductive Medicine Center, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical CollegeWuhu 241001, Anhui, China
| | - Lian-Ping He
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical CollegeWuhu 241002, Anhui, China
| | - Weihua Hu
- Departement of Reproductive Medicine Center, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical CollegeWuhu 241001, Anhui, China
| | - Qinyang Xu
- Departement of Reproductive Medicine Center, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical CollegeWuhu 241001, Anhui, China
| | - Jingwen Tang
- Departement of Reproductive Medicine Center, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical CollegeWuhu 241001, Anhui, China
| | - Jian Jiang
- Departement of Reproductive Medicine Center, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical CollegeWuhu 241001, Anhui, China
| | - Jun Han
- Departement of Reproductive Medicine Center, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical CollegeWuhu 241001, Anhui, China
| | - Yi-Feng Peng
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical CollegeWuhu 241001, Anhui, China
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Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) has one of the broadest ranges of functions of any vertebrate hormone, and plays a critical role in regulating aspects of reproduction in widely divergent lineages. However, while PRL structure, mode of action and functions have been well-characterised in mammals, studies of other vertebrate lineages remain incomplete. As the most diverse group of vertebrates, fish offer a particularly valuable model system for the study of the evolution of reproductive endocrine function. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on the role of prolactin in fish reproduction, which extends to migration, reproductive development and cycling, brood care behaviour, pregnancy, and nutrient provisioning to young. We also highlight significant gaps in knowledge and advocate a specific bidirectional research methodology including both observational and manipulative experiments. Focusing research efforts towards the thorough characterisation of a restricted number of reproductively diverse fish models will help to provide the foundation necessary for a more explicitly evolutionary analysis of PRL function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla M Whittington
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Science, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.
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Joseph NT, Tello JA, Bedecarrats GY, Millar RP. Reproductive neuropeptides: prevalence of GnRH and KNDy neural signalling components in a model avian, gallus gallus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 190:134-43. [PMID: 23756151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diverse external and internal environmental factors are integrated in the hypothalamus to regulate the reproductive system. This is mediated through the pulsatile secretion of GnRH into the portal system to stimulate pituitary gonadotrophin secretion, which in turn regulates gonadal function. A single subpopulation of neurones termed 'KNDy neurones' located in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus co-localise kisspeptin (Kiss), neurokinin B (NKB) and dynorphin (Dyn) and are responsive to negative feedback effects of sex steroids. The co-ordinated secretion from KNDy neurones appears to modulate the pulsatile release of GnRH, acting as a proximate pacemaker. This review briefly describes the neuropeptidergic control of reproduction in the avian class, highlighting the status of reproductive neuropeptide signalling systems homologous to those found in mammalian genomes. Genes encoding the GnRH system are complete in the chicken with similar roles to the mammalian counterparts, whereas genes encoding Kiss signalling components appear missing in the avian lineage, indicating a differing set of hypothalamic signals controlling avian reproduction. Gene sequences encoding both NKB and Dyn signalling components are present in the chicken genome, but expression analysis and functional studies remain to be completed. The focus of this article is to describe the avian complement of neuropeptidergic reproductive hormones and provide insights into the putative mechanisms that regulate reproduction in birds. These postulations highlight differences in reproductive strategies of birds in terms of gonadal steroid feedback systems, integration of metabolic signals and seasonality. Also included are propositions of KNDy neuropeptide gene silencing and plasticity in utilisation of these neuropeptides during avian evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerine T Joseph
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Martins RS, Power DM, Fuentes J, Deloffre LA, Canário AV. DAX1 regulatory networks unveil conserved and potentially new functions. Gene 2013; 530:66-74. [PMID: 23954228 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
DAX1 is an orphan nuclear receptor with actions in mammalian sex determination, regulation of steroidogenesis, embryonic development and neural differentiation. Conserved patterns of DAX1 gene expression from mammals to fish have been taken to suggest conserved function. In the present study, the European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, DAX1 promoter was isolated and its conserved features compared to other fish and mammalian DAX1 promoters in order to derive common regulators and functional gene networks. Fish and mammalian DAX1 promoters share common sets of transcription factor frameworks which were also present in the promoter region of another 127 genes. Pathway analysis clustered these into candidate gene networks associated with the fish and mammalian DAX1. The networks identified are concordant with described functions for DAX1 in embryogenesis, regulation of transcription, endocrine development and steroid production. Novel candidate gene network partners were also identified, which implicate DAX1 in ion homeostasis and transport, lipid transport and skeletal development. Experimental evidence is provided supporting roles for DAX1 in steroid signalling and osmoregulation in fish. These results highlight the usefulness of the in silico comparative approach to analyse gene regulation for hypothesis generation. Conserved promoter architecture can be used also to predict potentially new gene functions. The approach reported can be applied to genes from model and non-model species.
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Prasad HK, Khadilkar VV, Jahagirdar R, Khadilkar AV, Lalwani SK. Evaluation of GnRH analogue testing in diagnosis and management of children with pubertal disorders. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2012; 16:400-405. [PMID: 22629507 PMCID: PMC3354848 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.95682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test is pivotal in the assessment of children with pubertal disorders. However, lack of availability and high cost often result in the test falling into disfavor. We routinely use the GnRH analogue stimulation test as an alternative at our center. AIM To present the data on children with endocrine disorders who underwent GnRH agonist stimulation test in pediatric endocrine clinic of a tertiary care referral hospital. SETTING AND DESIGN Pediatric endocrine clinic of a tertiary care referral hospital. Retrospective analysis of case records. MATERIALS AND METHODS The details pertaining to clinical and radiological parameters and hormonal tests were retrieved from case records of 15 children who underwent GnRH agonist stimulation test from May 2010 to April 2011. RESULTS Indications for testing with GnRH analogue were evaluation of delayed puberty, diagnosis of precocious puberty, assessment of hormonal suppression in treatment of precocious puberty and micropenis in two, nine, three and one cases, respectively. The results of the test and clinical and radiological parameters were in concordance. The test was also crucial in diagnosing the onset of central precocious puberty in two children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. CONCLUSION GnRH agonist test is a convenient, safe test that can be performed on an out-patient basis and can help the clinicians in the correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment of various puberty-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemchand K. Prasad
- Department of Pediatrics, Bharati Vidyapeeth University Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vaman V. Khadilkar
- Department of Pediatrics, Bharati Vidyapeeth University Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Growth and Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rahul Jahagirdar
- Department of Pediatrics, Bharati Vidyapeeth University Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anuradha V. Khadilkar
- Growth and Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Jehangir Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjay K. Lalwani
- Department of Pediatrics, Bharati Vidyapeeth University Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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