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Rosselot AE, Park M, Kim M, Matsu-Ura T, Wu G, Flores DE, Subramanian KR, Lee S, Sundaram N, Broda TR, McCauley HA, Hawkins JA, Chetal K, Salomonis N, Shroyer NF, Helmrath MA, Wells JM, Hogenesch JB, Moore SR, Hong CI. Ontogeny and function of the circadian clock in intestinal organoids. EMBO J 2021; 41:e106973. [PMID: 34704277 PMCID: PMC8762567 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms regulate diverse aspects of gastrointestinal physiology ranging from the composition of microbiota to motility. However, development of the intestinal circadian clock and detailed mechanisms regulating circadian physiology of the intestine remain largely unknown. In this report, we show that both pluripotent stem cell-derived human intestinal organoids engrafted into mice and patient-derived human intestinal enteroids possess circadian rhythms and demonstrate circadian phase-dependent necrotic cell death responses to Clostridium difficile toxin B (TcdB). Intriguingly, mouse and human enteroids demonstrate anti-phasic necrotic cell death responses to TcdB. RNA-Seq analysis shows that ˜3-10% of the detectable transcripts are rhythmically expressed in mouse and human enteroids. Remarkably, we observe anti-phasic gene expression of Rac1, a small GTPase directly inactivated by TcdB, between mouse and human enteroids, and disruption of Rac1 abolishes clock-dependent necrotic cell death responses. Our findings uncover robust functions of circadian rhythms regulating clock-controlled genes in both mouse and human enteroids governing organism-specific, circadian phase-dependent necrotic cell death responses, and lay a foundation for human organ- and disease-specific investigation of clock functions using human organoids for translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Rosselot
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Miri Park
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mari Kim
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Toru Matsu-Ura
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Division of Human Genetics and Immunobiology, Center for Chronobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Danilo E Flores
- Division of Human Genetics and Immunobiology, Center for Chronobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Krithika R Subramanian
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Suengwon Lee
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nambirajan Sundaram
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Taylor R Broda
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Heather A McCauley
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer A Hawkins
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kashish Chetal
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nathan Salomonis
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Noah F Shroyer
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael A Helmrath
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James M Wells
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - John B Hogenesch
- Division of Human Genetics and Immunobiology, Center for Chronobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sean R Moore
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Christian I Hong
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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2
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Abstract
Human intestinal enteroids derived from adult stem cells offer a relevant ex vivo system to study biological processes of the human gut. They recreate cellular and functional features of the intestinal epithelium of the small intestine (enteroids) or colon (colonoids) albeit limited by the lack of associated cell types that help maintain tissue homeostasis and respond to external challenges. In the gut, innate immune cells interact with the epithelium, support barrier function, and deploy effector functions. We have established a co-culture system of enteroid/colonoid monolayers and underlying macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils to recapitulate the cellular framework of the human intestinal epithelial niche. Enteroids are generated from biopsies or resected tissue from any segment of the human gut and maintained in long-term cultures as three-dimensional structures through supplementation of stem cell growth factors. Immune cells are isolated from fresh human whole blood or frozen peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Monocytes from PBMC are differentiated into macrophages by cytokine stimulation prior to co-culture. The methods are divided into the two main components of the model: (1) generating enteroid/colonoid monolayers and isolating immune cells and (2) assembly of enteroid/colonoid-immune cell co-cultures with separate apical and basolateral compartments. Co-cultures containing macrophages can be maintained for 48 hr while those involving neutrophils, due to their shorter life span, remain viable for 4 hr. Enteroid-immune co-cultures enable multiple outcome measures, including transepithelial resistance, production of cytokines/chemokines, phenotypic analysis of immune cells, tissue immunofluorescence imaging, protein or mRNA expression, antigen or microbe uptake, and other cellular functions. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Seeding enteroid fragments onto Transwells for monolayer formation Alternate Protocol: Seeding enteroid fragments for monolayer formation using trituration Basic Protocol 2: Isolation of monocytes and derivation of immune cells from human peripheral blood Basic Protocol 3: Isolation of neutrophils from human peripheral blood Basic Protocol 4: Assembly of enteroid/macrophage or enteroid/neutrophil co-culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet F Staab
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jose M Lemme-Dumit
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rachel Latanich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marcella F Pasetti
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nicholas C Zachos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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3
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Pilla G, Wu T, Grassel C, Moon J, Foulke-Abel J, Tang CM, Barry EM. Evaluation of a Live Attenuated S. sonnei Vaccine Strain in the Human Enteroid Model. Pathogens 2021; 10:1079. [PMID: 34578112 PMCID: PMC8468197 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella is a leading cause of bacillary dysentery worldwide, responsible for high death rates especially among children under five in low-middle income countries. Shigella sonnei prevails in high-income countries and is becoming prevalent in industrializing countries, where multi-drug resistant strains have emerged, as a significant public health concern. One strategy to combat drug resistance in S. sonnei is the development of effective vaccines. There is no licensed vaccine against Shigella, and development has been hindered by the lack of an effective small-animal model. In this work, we used human enteroids, for the first time, as a model system to evaluate a plasmid-stabilized S. sonnei live attenuated vaccine strain, CVD 1233-SP, and a multivalent derivative, CVD 1233-SP::CS2-CS3, which expresses antigens from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. The strains were also tested for immunogenicity and protective capacity in the guinea pig model, demonstrating their ability to elicit serum and mucosal antibody responses as well as protection against challenge with wild-type S. sonnei. These promising results highlight the utility of enteroids as an innovative preclinical model to evaluate Shigella vaccine candidates, constituting a significant advance for the development of preventative strategies against this important human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pilla
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK; (G.P.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Tao Wu
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1509, USA; (T.W.); (C.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Christen Grassel
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1509, USA; (T.W.); (C.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Jonathan Moon
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1509, USA; (T.W.); (C.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Jennifer Foulke-Abel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Christoph M. Tang
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK; (G.P.); (C.M.T.)
| | - Eileen M. Barry
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1509, USA; (T.W.); (C.G.); (J.M.)
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4
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Aggarwal S, Hassan E, Baldridge MT. Experimental Methods to Study the Pathogenesis of Human Enteric RNA Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:975. [PMID: 34070283 PMCID: PMC8225081 DOI: 10.3390/v13060975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Every year, millions of children are infected with viruses that target the gastrointestinal tract, causing acute gastroenteritis and diarrheal illness. Indeed, approximately 700 million episodes of diarrhea occur in children under five annually, with RNA viruses norovirus, rotavirus, and astrovirus serving as major causative pathogens. Numerous methodological advancements in recent years, including the establishment of novel cultivation systems using enteroids as well as the development of murine and other animal models of infection, have helped provide insight into many features of viral pathogenesis. However, many aspects of enteric viral infections remain elusive, demanding further study. Here, we describe the different in vitro and in vivo tools available to explore different pathophysiological attributes of human enteric RNA viruses, highlighting their advantages and limitations depending upon the question being explored. In addition, we discuss key areas and opportunities that would benefit from further methodological progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somya Aggarwal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (S.A.); (E.H.)
| | - Ebrahim Hassan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (S.A.); (E.H.)
| | - Megan T. Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (S.A.); (E.H.)
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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5
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Yin J, Sunuwar L, Kasendra M, Yu H, Tse CM, Talbot CC, Boronina T, Cole R, Karalis K, Donowitz M. Fluid shear stress enhances differentiation of jejunal human enteroids in Intestine-Chip. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G258-G271. [PMID: 33074011 PMCID: PMC8202237 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00282.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the study of normal human enteroids duplicates many known aspects of human intestinal physiology. However, this epithelial cell-only model lacks the many nonepithelial intestinal cells present in the gastrointestinal tract and exposure to the mechanical forces to which the intestine is exposed. We tested the hypothesis that physical shear forces produced by luminal and blood flow would provide an intestinal model more closely resembling normal human jejunum. Jejunal enteroid monolayers were studied in the Emulate, Inc. Intestine-Chip under conditions of constant luminal and basolateral flow that was designed to mimic normal intestinal fluid flow, with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) on the basolateral surface and with Wnt3A, R-spondin, and Noggin only on the luminal surface. The jejunal enteroids formed monolayers that remained confluent for 6-8 days, began differentiating at least as early as day 2 post plating, and demonstrated continuing differentiation over the entire time of the study, as shown by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Differentiation impacted villus genes and proteins differently with early expression of regenerating family member 1α (REG1A), early reduction to a low but constant level of expression of Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1), and increasing expression of sucrase-isomaltase (SI) and downregulated in adenoma (DRA). These results were consistent with continual differentiation, as was shown to occur in mouse villus enterocytes. Compared with differentiated enteroid monolayers grown on Transwell inserts, enteroids exposed to flow were more differentiated but exhibited increased apoptosis and reduced carbohydrate metabolism, as shown by proteomic analysis. This study of human jejunal enteroids-on-chip suggests that luminal and basolateral flow produce a model of continual differentiation over time and NaCl absorption that mimics normal intestine and should provide new insights in intestinal physiology.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study showed that polarized enteroid models in which there is no basolateral Wnt3a, are differentiated, regardless of the Wnt3a status of the apical media. The study supports the concept that in the human intestine villus differentiation is not an all or none phenomenon, demonstrating that at different days after lack of basolateral Wnt exposure, clusters of genes and proteins exist geographically along the villus with different domains having different functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyi Yin
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laxmi Sunuwar
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Huimin Yu
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chung-Ming Tse
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - C. Conover Talbot
- 3Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tatiana Boronina
- 4Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert Cole
- 4Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Katia Karalis
- 2Emulate, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts,5Biomedical Sciences Research Center (BSRC) Alexander Fleming, Vari, Greece,7Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark Donowitz
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,7Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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6
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Li S, De La Cruz J, Hutchens S, Mukhopadhyay S, Criss ZK, Aita R, Pellon-Cardenas O, Hur J, Soteropoulos P, Husain S, Dhawan P, Verlinden L, Carmeliet G, Fleet JC, Shroyer NF, Verzi MP, Christakos S. Analysis of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 Genomic Action Reveals Calcium-Regulating and Calcium-Independent Effects in Mouse Intestine and Human Enteroids. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 41:e00372-20. [PMID: 33139494 PMCID: PMC7849401 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00372-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although vitamin D is critical for the function of the intestine, most studies have focused on the duodenum. We show that transgenic expression of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) only in the distal intestine of VDR null mice (KO/TG mice) results in the normalization of serum calcium and rescue of rickets. Although it had been suggested that calcium transport in the distal intestine involves a paracellular process, we found that the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]-activated genes in the proximal intestine associated with active calcium transport (Trpv6, S100g, and Atp2b1) are also induced by 1,25(OH)2D3 in the distal intestine of KO/TG mice. In addition, Slc30a10, encoding a manganese efflux transporter, was one of the genes most induced by 1,25(OH)2D3 in both proximal and distal intestine. Both villus and crypt were found to express Vdr and VDR target genes. RNA sequence (RNA-seq) analysis of human enteroids indicated that the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 observed in mice are conserved in humans. Using Slc30a10-/- mice, a loss of cortical bone and a marked decrease in S100g and Trpv6 in the intestine was observed. Our findings suggest an interrelationship between vitamin D and intestinal Mn efflux and indicate the importance of distal intestinal segments to vitamin D action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jessica De La Cruz
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Steven Hutchens
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology and Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Somshuvra Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology and Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Zachary K Criss
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Division of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rohit Aita
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Joseph Hur
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Patricia Soteropoulos
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Genomics Center, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Seema Husain
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Genomics Center, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Puneet Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Genomics Center, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lieve Verlinden
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Leuven, Belgium
| | - James C Fleet
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Noah F Shroyer
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Division of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael P Verzi
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sylvia Christakos
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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7
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Co JY, Margalef-Català M, Li X, Mah AT, Kuo CJ, Monack DM, Amieva MR. Controlling Epithelial Polarity: A Human Enteroid Model for Host-Pathogen Interactions. Cell Rep 2020; 26:2509-2520.e4. [PMID: 30811997 PMCID: PMC6391775 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Human enteroids-epithelial spheroids derived from primary gastrointestinal tissue-are a promising model to study pathogen-epithelial interactions. However, accessing the apical enteroid surface is challenging because it is enclosed within the spheroid. We developed a technique to reverse enteroid polarity such that the apical surface everts to face the media. Apical-out enteroids maintain proper polarity and barrier function, differentiate into the major intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) types, and exhibit polarized absorption of nutrients. We used this model to study host-pathogen interactions and identified distinct polarity-specific patterns of infection by invasive enteropathogens. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium targets IEC apical surfaces for invasion via cytoskeletal rearrangements, and Listeria monocytogenes, which binds to basolateral receptors, invade apical surfaces at sites of cell extrusion. Despite different modes of entry, both pathogens exit the epithelium within apically extruding enteroid cells. This model will enable further examination of IECs in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Y Co
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mar Margalef-Català
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xingnan Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amanda T Mah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Calvin J Kuo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Denise M Monack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Manuel R Amieva
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Saxena K, Simon LM, Zeng XL, Blutt SE, Crawford SE, Sastri NP, Karandikar UC, Ajami NJ, Zachos NC, Kovbasnjuk O, Donowitz M, Conner ME, Shaw CA, Estes MK. A paradox of transcriptional and functional innate interferon responses of human intestinal enteroids to enteric virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E570-9. [PMID: 28069942 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615422114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium can limit enteric pathogens by producing antiviral cytokines, such as IFNs. Type I IFN (IFN-α/β) and type III IFN (IFN-λ) function at the epithelial level, and their respective efficacies depend on the specific pathogen and site of infection. However, the roles of type I and type III IFN in restricting human enteric viruses are poorly characterized as a result of the difficulties in cultivating these viruses in vitro and directly obtaining control and infected small intestinal human tissue. We infected nontransformed human intestinal enteroid cultures from multiple individuals with human rotavirus (HRV) and assessed the host epithelial response by using RNA-sequencing and functional assays. The dominant transcriptional pathway induced by HRV infection is a type III IFN-regulated response. Early after HRV infection, low levels of type III IFN protein activate IFN-stimulated genes. However, this endogenous response does not restrict HRV replication because replication-competent HRV antagonizes the type III IFN response at pre- and posttranscriptional levels. In contrast, exogenous IFN treatment restricts HRV replication, with type I IFN being more potent than type III IFN, suggesting that extraepithelial sources of type I IFN may be the critical IFN for limiting enteric virus replication in the human intestine.
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