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Kumari R, Verma V, Singaravel M. Simulated Chronic Jet Lag Affects the Structural and Functional Complexity of Hippocampal Neurons in Mice. Neuroscience 2024; 543:1-12. [PMID: 38354900 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
There has been a long history that chronic circadian disruption such as jet lag or shift work negatively affects brain and body physiology. Studies have shown that circadian misalignment act as a risk factor for developing anxiety and mood-related depression-like behavior. Till date, most studies focused on simulating jet lag in model animals under laboratory conditions by repeated phase advances or phase delay only, while the real-life conditions may differ. In the present study, adult male mice were subjected to simulated chronic jet lag (CJL) by alternately advancing and delaying the ambient light-dark (LD) cycle by 9 h every 2 days, thereby covering a total of 24 days. The effect of CJL was then examined for a range of stress and depression-related behavioral and physiological responses. The results showed that mice exposed to CJL exhibited depression-like behavior, such as anhedonia. In the open field and elevated plus maze test, CJL-exposed mice showed increased anxiety behavior compared to LD control. In addition, CJL-exposed mice showed an increased level of serum corticosterone and proinflammatory cytokine, TNF-α in both serum and hippocampus. Moreover, CJL-exposed mice exhibited a reduction in structural complexity of hippocampal CA1 neurons along with decreased expression of neurotrophic growth factors, BDNF and NGF in the hippocampus compared to LD control. Taken together, our findings suggest that simulated chronic jet lag adversely affects structural and functional complexity in hippocampal neurons along with interrelated endocrine and inflammatory responses, ultimately leading to stress, anxiety, and depression-like behavior in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Kumari
- Chronobiology Lab, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Vivek Verma
- Chronobiology Lab, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Muniyandi Singaravel
- Chronobiology Lab, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India.
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Anderson T, Adams WM, Burns GT, Post EG, Baumann S, Clark E, Cogan K, Finnoff JT. Addressing Circadian Disruptions in Visually Impaired Paralympic Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:212-218. [PMID: 38168013 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transmeridian travel is common for elite athletes participating in competitions and training. However, this travel can lead to circadian misalignment wherein the internal biological clock becomes desynchronized with the light-dark cycle of the new environment, resulting in performance decrement and potential negative health consequences. Existing literature extensively discusses recommendations for managing jet lag, predominantly emphasizing light-based interventions to synchronize the internal clock with the anticipated time at the destination. Nevertheless, visually impaired (VI) athletes may lack photoreceptiveness, diminishing or nullifying the effectiveness of this therapy. Consequently, this invited commentary explores alternative strategies for addressing jet lag in VI athletes. CONCLUSIONS VI athletes with light perception but reduced visual acuity or visual fields may still benefit from light interventions in managing jet lag. However, VI athletes lacking a conscious perception of light should rely on gradual shifts in behavioral factors, such as meal timing and exercise, to facilitate the entrainment of circadian rhythms to the destination time. Furthermore, interventions like melatonin supplementation may prove useful during and after travel. In addition, it is recommended that athlete guides adopt phase-forward or phase-back approaches to synchronize with the athlete, aiding in jet-lag management and optimizing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Anderson
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - William M Adams
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Geoffrey T Burns
- Department of Para & Internal Sports, United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eric G Post
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Sally Baumann
- Department of Para & Internal Sports, United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Emily Clark
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Karen Cogan
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Jonathan T Finnoff
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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Ishikura IA, Xerfan EMS, Porcacchia AS, Tufik S, Andersen ML. Jet Lag and COVID-19: Extra Challenges for Athletes during the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. Sleep Sci 2023; 16:e486-e488. [PMID: 38197024 PMCID: PMC10773517 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1776754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Participating in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games demanded great efforts and had become extremely challenging compared with previous competitions. In addition to the physical performance of each modality, athletes had to deal with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and jet lag. The present manuscript pointed out negative factors that encompass the COVID-19 pandemic and the features brought out by the jet lag experienced by the athletes of this last Olympics. The influences of the pandemic and the procedures adopted to reduce transmission risk of the virus may have amplified the weight of jet lag for the athletes of Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games, even more considering the occurrence of this event in the far east of the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Antunes Ishikura
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ellen Maria Sampaio Xerfan
- Post-Graduate Program in Translational Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Allan Saj Porcacchia
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Sleep Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Monica Levy Andersen
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Sleep Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Kong X, Meerlo P, Hut RA. Melatonin Does Not Affect the Stress-Induced Phase Shifts of Peripheral Clocks in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2023; 165:bqad183. [PMID: 38128120 PMCID: PMC11083644 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Repeated or chronic stress can change the phase of peripheral circadian rhythms. Melatonin (Mel) is thought to be a circadian clock-controlled signal that might play a role in synchronizing peripheral rhythms, in addition to its direct suppressing effects on the stress axis. In this study we test whether Mel can reduce the social-defeat stress-induced phase shifts in peripheral rhythms, either by modulating circadian phase or by modulating the stress axis. Two experiments were performed with male Mel-deficient C57BL/6J mice carrying the circadian reporter gene construct (PER2::LUC). In the first experiment, mice received night-restricted (ZT11-21) Mel in their drinking water, resulting in physiological levels of plasma Mel peaking in the early dark phase. This treatment facilitated re-entrainment of the activity rhythm to a shifted light-dark cycle, but did not prevent the stress-induced (ZT21-22) reduction of activity during stress days. Also, this treatment did not attenuate the phase-delaying effects of stress in peripheral clocks in the pituitary, lung, and kidney. In a second experiment, pituitary, lung, and kidney collected from naive mice (ZT22-23), were treated with Mel, dexamethasone (Dex), or a combination of the two. Dex application affected PER2 rhythms in the pituitary, kidney, and lung by changing period, phase, or both. Administering Mel did not influence PER2 rhythms nor did it alleviate Dex-induced delays in PER2 rhythms in those tissues. We conclude that exogenous Mel is insufficient to affect peripheral PER2 rhythms and reduce stress effects on locomotor activity and phase changes in peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangpan Kong
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747AG, the Netherlands
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Peter Meerlo
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747AG, the Netherlands
| | - Roelof A Hut
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747AG, the Netherlands
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Cheng P, Fischer D, Johnson DA, McHill AW. Editorial: Influence of sleep and recurrent circadian disruption on cardiometabolic health, wellbeing, and safety: from shiftwork to Monday mornings. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1268940. [PMID: 37674614 PMCID: PMC10478227 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1268940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Cheng
- Thomas Roth Sleep Disorders & Research Center, Henry Ford Health + Michigan State University Health Sciences, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Dorothee Fischer
- Department of Sleep and Human Factors Research, Institute for Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dayna A. Johnson
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Andrew W. McHill
- Sleep, Chronobiology, and Health Laboratory, School of Nursing, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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Weigel TK, Guo CL, Güler AD, Ferris HA. Altered circadian behavior and light sensing in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1218193. [PMID: 37409006 PMCID: PMC10318184 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1218193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian symptoms have long been observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and often appear before cognitive symptoms, but the mechanisms underlying circadian alterations in AD are poorly understood. We studied circadian re-entrainment in AD model mice using a "jet lag" paradigm, observing their behavior on a running wheel after a 6 h advance in the light:dark cycle. Female 3xTg mice, which carry mutations producing progressive amyloid beta and tau pathology, re-entrained following jet lag more rapidly than age-matched wild type controls at both 8 and 13 months of age. This re-entrainment phenotype has not been previously reported in a murine AD model. Because microglia are activated in AD and in AD models, and inflammation can affect circadian rhythms, we hypothesized that microglia contribute to this re-entrainment phenotype. To test this, we used the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor PLX3397, which rapidly depletes microglia from the brain. Microglia depletion did not alter re-entrainment in either wild type or 3xTg mice, demonstrating that microglia activation is not acutely responsible for the re-entrainment phenotype. To test whether mutant tau pathology is necessary for this behavioral phenotype, we repeated the jet lag behavioral test with the 5xFAD mouse model, which develops amyloid plaques, but not neurofibrillary tangles. As with 3xTg mice, 7-month-old female 5xFAD mice re-entrained more rapidly than controls, demonstrating that mutant tau is not necessary for the re-entrainment phenotype. Because AD pathology affects the retina, we tested whether differences in light sensing may contribute to altered entrainment behavior. 3xTg mice demonstrated heightened negative masking, a circadian behavior measuring responses to different levels of light, and re-entrained dramatically faster than WT mice in a jet lag experiment performed in dim light. 3xTg mice show a heightened sensitivity to light as a circadian cue that may contribute to accelerated photic re-entrainment. Together, these experiments demonstrate novel circadian behavioral phenotypes with heightened responses to photic cues in AD model mice which are not dependent on tauopathy or microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus K. Weigel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Cherry L. Guo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Ali D. Güler
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Heather A. Ferris
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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Crodelle J, Vanty C, Booth V. Modeling homeostatic and circadian modulation of human pain sensitivity. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1166203. [PMID: 37360178 PMCID: PMC10285085 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1166203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mathematical modeling has played a significant role in understanding how homeostatic sleep pressure and the circadian rhythm interact to influence sleep-wake behavior. Pain sensitivity is also affected by these processes, and recent experimental results have measured the circadian and homeostatic components of the 24 h rhythm of thermal pain sensitivity in humans. To analyze how rhythms in pain sensitivity are affected by disruptions in sleep behavior and shifts in circadian rhythms, we introduce a dynamic mathematical model for circadian and homeostatic regulation of sleep-wake states and pain intensity. Methods The model consists of a biophysically based, sleep-wake regulation network model coupled to data-driven functions for the circadian and homeostatic modulation of pain sensitivity. This coupled sleep-wake-pain sensitivity model is validated by comparison to thermal pain intensities in adult humans measured across a 34 h sleep deprivation protocol. Results We use the model to predict dysregulation of pain sensitivity rhythms across different scenarios of sleep deprivation and circadian rhythm shifts, including entrainment to new environmental light and activity timing as occurs with jet lag and chronic sleep restriction. Model results show that increases in pain sensitivity occur under conditions of increased homeostatic sleep drive with nonlinear modulation by the circadian rhythm, leading to unexpected decreased pain sensitivity in some scenarios. Discussion This model provides a useful tool for pain management by predicting alterations in pain sensitivity due to varying or disrupted sleep schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Crodelle
- Department of Mathematics, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, United States
| | - Carolyn Vanty
- Department of Mathematics, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, United States
| | - Victoria Booth
- Departments of Mathematics and Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Xie L, Xiong Y, Ma D, Shi K, Chen J, Yang Q, Yan J. Cholecystokinin neurons in mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate the robustness of circadian clock. Neuron 2023:S0896-6273(23)00301-X. [PMID: 37172583 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) can generate robust circadian behaviors in mammals under different environments, but the underlying neural mechanisms remained unclear. Here, we showed that the activities of cholecystokinin (CCK) neurons in the mouse SCN preceded the onset of behavioral activities under different photoperiods. CCK-neuron-deficient mice displayed shortened free-running periods, failed to compress their activities under a long photoperiod, and developed rapid splitting or became arrhythmic under constant light. Furthermore, unlike vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) neurons, CCK neurons are not directly light sensitive, but their activation can elicit phase advance and counter light-induced phase delay mediated by VIP neurons. Under long photoperiods, the impact of CCK neurons on SCN dominates over that of VIP neurons. Finally, we found that the slow-responding CCK neurons control the rate of recovery during jet lag. Together, our results demonstrated that SCN CCK neurons are crucial for the robustness and plasticity of the mammalian circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucheng Xie
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yangyang Xiong
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Danyi Ma
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Kaiwen Shi
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jiu Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China.
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Clements E, Ehrmann F, Clark A, Jones M, McCall A, Duffield R. Travel Across More Time Zones Results in Worse Perceived Fatigue and Sleep in National-Team Footballers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:268-75. [PMID: 36716744 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the association between (1) time zone difference and (2) travel direction (east vs west) with posttravel changes in perceptual responses of national-team footballers. METHODS Travel schedules from 355 national-team trips (50 elite soccer players) were verified using an online flight database. All players provided perceptual ratings of fatigue, sleep quality, soreness, and stress to calculate changes in scores up to 2 days after travel. Trips were categorized as <3, 3 to 6, 6 to 9, or 9+ time zone changes, along with travel direction (eastward or westward). The pretravel to posttravel changes in perceptual ratings at days 1 and 2 postarrival were compared between time zone change and travel direction with linear mixed models. RESULTS For every time zone crossed, poorer ratings of perceptual fatigue (β = 0.068, P < .001), sleep (β = 0.095, P < .001), soreness (β = 0.0049, P < .001), and total wellness (β = 0.214, P < .001) were observed. However, the models explained only small proportions of the variation in postflight perceptual responses (7%-18%). Regardless, travel across 9+ time zones resulted in significantly worse perceived fatigue, sleep, and total wellness for days 1 and 2 postarrival compared with travel with <6 time zones (P < .05). Additionally, fatigue, sleep, and total scores were worse on day 2 following trips of 9+ time zones. Eastward travel resulted in poorer sleep ratings (β = 0.52, P < .001) than westward travel within time zone groupings. CONCLUSIONS Perceptual ratings of fatigue and sleep become progressively worse as travel increases in national-team soccer players, especially after travel across 9+ time zones and eastward travel.
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Bahiru MS, Bittman EL. Adult Neurogenesis Is Altered by Circadian Phase Shifts and the Duper Mutation in Female Syrian Hamsters. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0359-22.2023. [PMID: 36878716 PMCID: PMC10062491 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0359-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell birth and survival in the adult hippocampus are regulated by a circadian clock. Rotating shift work and jet lag disrupt circadian rhythms and aggravate disease. Internal misalignment, a state in which abnormal phase relationships prevail between and within organs, is proposed to account for adverse effects of circadian disruption. This hypothesis has been difficult to test because phase shifts of the entraining cycle inevitably lead to transient desynchrony. Thus, it remains possible that phase shifts, regardless of internal desynchrony, account for adverse effects of circadian disruption and alter neurogenesis and cell fate. To address this question, we examined cell birth and differentiation in the duper Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), a Cry1-null mutant in which re-entrainment of locomotor rhythms is greatly accelerated. Adult females were subjected to alternating 8 h advances and delays at eight 16 d intervals. BrdU, a cell birth marker, was given midway through the experiment. Repeated phase shifts decreased the number of newborn non-neuronal cells in WT, but not in duper hamsters. The duper mutation increased the number of BrdU-IR cells that stained for NeuN, which marks neuronal differentiation. Immunocytochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen indicated no overall effect of genotype or repeated shifts on cell division rates after 131 days. Cell differentiation, assessed by doublecortin, was higher in duper hamsters but was not significantly altered by repeated phase shifts. Our results support the internal misalignment hypothesis and indicate that Cry1 regulates cell differentiation. Phase shifts may determine neuronal stem cell survival and time course of differentiation after cell birth. Figure created with BioRender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Seifu Bahiru
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Eric L Bittman
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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Meléndez-Fernández OH, Liu JA, Nelson RJ. Circadian Rhythms Disrupted by Light at Night and Mistimed Food Intake Alter Hormonal Rhythms and Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3392. [PMID: 36834801 PMCID: PMC9963929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Availability of artificial light and light-emitting devices have altered human temporal life, allowing 24-hour healthcare, commerce and production, and expanding social life around the clock. However, physiology and behavior that evolved in the context of 24 h solar days are frequently perturbed by exposure to artificial light at night. This is particularly salient in the context of circadian rhythms, the result of endogenous biological clocks with a rhythm of ~24 h. Circadian rhythms govern the temporal features of physiology and behavior, and are set to precisely 24 h primarily by exposure to light during the solar day, though other factors, such as the timing of meals, can also affect circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms are significantly affected by night shift work because of exposure to nocturnal light, electronic devices, and shifts in the timing of meals. Night shift workers are at increased risk for metabolic disorder, as well as several types of cancer. Others who are exposed to artificial light at night or late mealtimes also show disrupted circadian rhythms and increased metabolic and cardiac disorders. It is imperative to understand how disrupted circadian rhythms alter metabolic function to develop strategies to mitigate their negative effects. In this review, we provide an introduction to circadian rhythms, physiological regulation of homeostasis by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and SCN-mediated hormones that display circadian rhythms, including melatonin and glucocorticoids. Next, we discuss circadian-gated physiological processes including sleep and food intake, followed by types of disrupted circadian rhythms and how modern lighting disrupts molecular clock rhythms. Lastly, we identify how disruptions to hormones and metabolism can increase susceptibility to metabolic syndrome and risk for cardiovascular diseases, and discuss various strategies to mitigate the harmful consequences associated with disrupted circadian rhythms on human health.
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Jasper SC, Leenders MAAM, O'Shannassy T. Travel across time zones and the implications for human performance post pandemic: Insights from elite sport. Front Public Health 2022; 10:998484. [PMID: 36530733 PMCID: PMC9757163 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.998484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Notwithstanding technological innovation, the COVID-19 pandemic, and new communication tools, the need for travel is growing again and, in some travel segments, it is stronger than ever. Interestingly, the public health implications of traveling across time zones are still poorly understood and this is especially true for organizations that send their workers across the globe. Using data from 173 Olympic teams over 15 Olympic Games, we show that crossing multiple time zones has negative implications for human (sports) performance. More importantly, the results indicate that performance impairment is especially visible after flying east, with peak performance particularly impaired, leading to a "gold demotion effect" of gold medals to silver medals as a result. Given that Olympic sporting teams typically have dedicated medical staff and active mitigation strategies, these findings have important public health implications. For example, organizations are demanding their workers to be on "top of their game" while traveling, without providing them with the support and tools to do so. The implications for public health management and human resource management are discussed.
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Rossiter A, Comyns TM, Sherwin I, Nevill AM, Campbell MJ, Warrington GD. Effects of long-haul transmeridian travel on physiological, sleep, perceptual and mood markers in Olympic team support staff. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:1640-1655. [PMID: 36367300 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2139186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to holistically examine the impact of long-haul transmeridian travel (LHTT) on perceptual, mood, sleep and physiological markers in Olympic team support staff travelling to Japan for the 2020 Summer Olympic Games. An observational descriptive study design was used. Nine support staff members of the Irish Olympic team (2 M/7 F; age 34.3 ± 8.3 y (mean ±SD)) embarked on a long-haul (LH) eastward flight across eight time-zones from Ireland to Japan (approx. 24 h total travel time), to work at the Irish Team's 2020 Summer pre-Olympic Games camp, postponed to July 2021 due to Covid-19 pandemic. Perceived jet lag and travel fatigue symptoms, mood states and salivary markers for circadian rhythm and stress were assessed in the morning and evening during the week prior to travel as baseline (BL) measures and on days 1 to 8 (C1-C8) and day 15 (C15) post-travel. Night-time sleep (duration and quality) was monitored via actigraphy monitors and self-report sleep diaries. Participants perceived themselves to be significantly jet lagged for six days post-travel (p < .05). Morning sCort decreased by 66% on C1 and remained significantly lower than BL until C6 (p ≤ .03). On arrival participants perceived sleep to be worse than BL on arrival (C1, C2, C4, C5; p ≤ .04), with significantly shorter sleep duration (C2, C3, C6; p ≤ .01) and lower sleep efficiency (C2, C6; p ≤ .04) recorded by actigraphy, all normalizing by C7. Negative changes in mood states were evident in the evening time following LHTT, with significant elevations in confusion (C2, C3, p ≤ .02), fatigue (C2, C3; p ≤ .03) and depression (C3, C7; p < .05) and reduction in vigour (C2, C6, C7; p < .05). Following LHTT in an eastward direction across eight time-zones, it took seven days for perceived jet lag, physiological markers for circadian rhythm and sleep to normalize in Olympic team support staff. Despite alleviation of jet lag and fatigue and return of sleep to normal by C15, vigor remained low, indicating a "submerged" mood profile in these Olympic team support staff. These findings highlight the need to put strategies in place before and after LHTT for the Olympic Games to assist Olympic team support staff to maximize sleep, minimize stress and assist with expediating recovery from jet lag and travel fatigue, allowing them to perform optimally in supporting Olympic athletes in their final preparations for the Games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Rossiter
- Sport Ireland Institute, Sport Ireland Campus, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Thomas M Comyns
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ian Sherwin
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Alan M Nevill
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Faculty for Education Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Mark J Campbell
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Lero, SFI Centre for Software Research, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Giles D Warrington
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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14
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Dasari SS, Archer M, Mohamed NE, Tewari AK, Figueiro MG, Kyprianou N. Circadian Rhythm Disruption as a Contributor to Racial Disparities in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14205116. [PMID: 36291899 PMCID: PMC9600368 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the United States, African American (AA) men have a 2.4 times higher mortality rate due to prostate cancer than White men. The multifactorial causes of the racial disparities in prostate cancer involve various social determinants of health, socioeconomic status, and access to healthcare. However, emerging evidence also suggests that circadian rhythm disruption (CRD) contributes to prostate cancer, and AA men may be more susceptible to developing CRDs. Circadian rhythms play a significant role in metabolism, hormone secretion, and sleep/wake cycles. Disruption in these circadian rhythms can be caused by airplane travel/jetlag, night shift work, exposure to light, and neighborhood noise levels, which can contribute to sleep disorders and chronic conditions such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and depression. The drivers of the racial disparities in CRD include night shift work, racial discrimination, elevated stress, and residing in poor neighborhoods characterized by high noise pollution. Given the increased vulnerability of AA men to CRDs, and the role that CRDs play in prostate cancer, elucidating the clock-related prostate cancer pathways and their behavior and environmental covariates may be critical to better understanding and reducing the racial disparities in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali S. Dasari
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Maddison Archer
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nihal E. Mohamed
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai Health, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ashutosh K. Tewari
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai Health, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mariana G. Figueiro
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai Health, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Light and Health Research Center, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Correspondence: (M.G.F.); (N.K.)
| | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai Health, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Correspondence: (M.G.F.); (N.K.)
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15
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Cook JD, Charest J, Walch O, Bender AM. Associations of circadian change, travel distance, and their interaction with basketball performance: a retrospective analysis of 2014-2018 National Basketball Association data. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:1399-1410. [PMID: 35980109 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2113093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This investigation aimed to clarify the influence of circadian change and travel distance on National Basketball Association (NBA) team performance using a dataset from the 2014-2018 seasons. Data from 9,840 games were acquired from an open-access source. Game point differential and team free-throw percentage served as outcome variables. Time zone change (TZΔ) captured raw circadian delay/advance based on travel for a game and adjusted TZΔ (AdjTZΔ) evolved TZΔ by allowing acclimation to a novel TZ. We also further categorized AdjTZΔ into AdjTZΔ_A, which assumed travel the day before each game and AdjTZΔ_B, which assumed teams spent as many days in their home city as possible. Travel distance for each game was calculated. Linear mixed-effects modeling estimated associations, with games nested within team and year. Adjusted associations accounted for differences in team ability, whether the game was home or away, and whether the game occurred on the second half of a back-to-back game sequence. Greater circadian misalignment, regardless of delay or advance, and increasing travel distance negatively influenced NBA game performance. Yet, results suggest that performance outcomes may be more influenced by travel distance than circadian misalignment. Moreover, circadian misalignment and travel distance interacted to significantly influence game point differential. Furthermore, differences in results across analyses were observed between AdjTZΔ_A and AdjTZΔ_B, which suggests that subtle differences in constructed travel schedules can have notable impact on NBA performance outcomes. Lastly, playing on the second half of a back-to-back sequence emerged as a robust predictor of performance disadvantage, which corroborates the existing literature and provides further support for NBA schedule changes purposed to enhance competitive equity by reducing the number of back-to-back games across a season. These findings can help guide NBA teams on key strategies for reducing travel-related disadvantages and inform schedule makers on critical factors to prioritize across future schedules to attenuate competitive inequity from travel. Furthermore, they can help direct teams towards scenarios that are best to target for load management purposes due to the cumulative disadvantage arising from travel-related factors, opponent quality, game location, and game sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D Cook
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jonathan Charest
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada.,Centre for Sleep & Human Performance, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Olivia Walch
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Arcascope, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Amy M Bender
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Cerebra, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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16
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Sisson C, Bahiru MS, Manoogian ENC, Bittman EL. The duper mutation reveals previously unsuspected functions of Cryptochrome 1 in circadian entrainment and heart disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2121883119. [PMID: 35930669 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121883119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cryptochrome 1 (Cry1)-deficient duper mutant hamster has a short free-running period in constant darkness (τDD) and shows large phase shifts in response to brief light pulses. We tested whether this measure of the lability of the circadian phase is a general characteristic of Cry1-null animals and whether it indicates resistance to jet lag. Upon advance of the light:dark (LD) cycle, both duper hamsters and Cry1-/- mice re-entrained locomotor rhythms three times as fast as wild types. However, accelerated re-entrainment was dissociated from the amplified phase-response curve (PRC): unlike duper hamsters, Cry1-/- mice show no amplification of the phase response to 15' light pulses. Neither the amplified acute shifts nor the increased rate of re-entrainment in duper mutants is due to acceleration of the circadian clock: when mutants drank heavy water to lengthen the period, these aspects of the phenotype persisted. In light of the health consequences of circadian misalignment, we examined effects of duper and phase shifts on a hamster model of heart disease previously shown to be aggravated by repeated phase shifts. The mutation shortened the lifespan of cardiomyopathic hamsters relative to wild types, but this effect was eliminated when mutants experienced 8-h phase shifts every second week, to which they rapidly re-entrained. Our results reveal previously unsuspected roles of Cry1 in phase shifting and longevity in the face of heart disease. The duper mutant offers new opportunities to understand the basis of circadian disruption and jet lag.
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17
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Biggins M, Purtill H, Fowler P, O'Sullivan K, Cahalan R. Impact of Long-Haul Travel to International Competition on Sleep and Recovery in Elite Male and Female Soccer Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022;:1-10. [PMID: 35172276 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the impact of eastward travel across 7 time zones on sleep, jet lag, and recovery in elite soccer athletes. METHODS Twenty-one male and 20 female athletes (21.5 [1.7] y) traveled from Ireland to Taiwan to represent their national team at the World University Games 2017. Daily monitoring via actigraphy and subjective sleep and well-being measures were obtained for 1 week in Ireland (baseline), and for the duration of an international soccer tournament (days 1-5 [precompetition] and days 6-18 [competition]). RESULTS Sleep duration (P = .028) and time in bed (P = .006) were significantly lower at precompetition compared with baseline. Sleep quality (P < .001) was significantly decreased in precompetition compared with baseline and competition. Subjective jet lag symptoms continued for up to 13 days posttravel. Athletes reported significantly greater fatigue during precompetition compared with competition (P = .005); however, there were no significant differences for recovery (P = .35) and readiness to train (P = .35). Sleep hygiene changed significantly during precompetition and competition compared with baseline in relation to reduced electronic device use (P = .005) and reduced caffeine intake (P < .001). Females reported significantly greater presleep tension-anxiety compared with males at all timepoints (P = .02). CONCLUSION Long-haul eastward travel across 7 time zones has a significant impact on sleep duration and quality, likely related to changes in sleep patterns and jet lag. Athletes report changes in sleep hygiene posttravel; however, sleep remained negatively impacted for up to 5 days. Despite significant sleep disturbance and jet lag symptoms, young healthy athletes appear to recover well from long-haul travel; however, it is unknown if this interferes with training and competition performance.
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18
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Yang D, Oike H, Furuse M, Yasuo S. Effect of regular and irregular stimulation cycles of dexamethasone on circadian clock in NIH3T3 cells. Chronobiol Int 2021; 39:97-105. [PMID: 34525889 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1977654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Animal studies have shown that irregular light-dark cycles cause circadian desynchronization, while few studies have addressed the effect of regular/irregular stimulation cycles of signaling hormones on the cellular clock in vitro. Here, we examined how cellular clocks respond to regular and irregular stimulation cycles of dexamethasone, using NIH3T3 cells transfected with the Bmal1 promoter-driven luciferase (Bmal1-Luc) reporter gene. Cyclic stimulation with dexamethasone at different time intervals (18-28 h, 3 times regularly) revealed that Bmal1-Luc bioluminescence rhythms can be entrained to 22 and 24 h cycles during the stimulation period, but not to other cycles. The rhythm entrained for 24 h cycles persisted for at least one day after the last stimulation. Irregular dexamethasone treatment (16, 24, and 16 h, sequentially; short-term jet lag protocol) resulted in an overall upregulation and phase shifts of the temporal expression of several clock genes and cell cycle genes, including c-Myc and p53. Regular dexamethasone stimulation three times with 24 h cycles also caused upregulation of Per1 and Per2 expression, but not c-Myc and p53 expression. In conclusion, our study identified the entrainable range of the circadian clock in NIH3T3 cells to the dexamethasone stimulation cycle and demonstrated that irregular dexamethasone treatment could disturb the expression of cell cycle genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideaki Oike
- Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization; Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Furuse
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinobu Yasuo
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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19
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Li Q, Wang B, Qiu HY, Yan XJ, Cheng L, Wang QQ, Chen SL. Chronic Jet Lag Exacerbates Jejunal and Colonic Microenvironment in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:648175. [PMID: 34141627 PMCID: PMC8204051 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.648175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence suggests that circadian rhythm disorder is associated with a variety of gastrointestinal diseases, and the circadian rhythm plays a key role in maintaining the homeostasis of intestinal flora. The underlying mechanisms are still not completely identified. This study was aimed to explore whether jet lag-caused circadian disruption influences gut microbiome and its metabolites. Methods Mice were synchronized with 12-h light/dark cycles (control group) or subjected to daily 8-h advance of the light/dark cycle for every 3 days (jet-lagged group). Four months later, fecal samples and jejunal contents were collected and analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In addition, fecal samples were subjected to metabolome analysis with ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Results The results of 16s rRNA sequencing showed that chronic jet lag led to decreased microbial abundance, richness, and diversity in both feces and jejunal contents. ANOSIM analysis revealed significant difference between control and jet-lagged groups. As the colonic microbiome, the abundance of Bacteroidetes phylum was significantly decreased and that of Actinobacteria phylum was increased in jet-lagged mice. Jet lag increased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, an indicator for the imbalance of gut microbiota. Metabolome analysis of fecal samples showed that the levels of tryptophan and its derivatives were decreased in jet-lagged mice. In addition, fecal levels of secondary bile acids changed under jet lag conditions. Correlation analysis identified associations between tryptophan (and its derivatives) levels and colonic microbiota. Conclusions This study presents a comprehensive landscape of gut microbiota and its metabolites in mice subjected to chronic jet lag. The results suggest that circadian disruption may lead to changes in fecal and jejunal microbiota and fecal metabolites. Moreover, our results demonstrate a novel interplay between the gut microbiome and metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Yi Qiu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiu-Juan Yan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian-Qian Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Liang Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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20
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Zhang F, Yang Z, Qin K, Sweeney JA, Roberts N, Jia Z, Gong Q. Effect of jet lag on brain white matter functional connectivity. Psychoradiology 2021; 1:55-65. [PMID: 38665361 PMCID: PMC10917196 DOI: 10.1093/psyrad/kkaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background A long-haul flight across more than five time zones may produce a circadian rhythm sleep disorder known as jet lag. Little is known about the effect of jet lag on white matter (WM) functional connectivity (FC). Objective The present study is to investigate changes in WM FC in subjects due to recovery from jet lag after flying across six time zones. Methods Here, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 23 participants within 24 hours of flying and again 50 days later. Gray matter (GM) and WM networks were identified by k-means clustering. WM FC and functional covariance connectivity (FCC) were analyzed. Next, a sliding window method was used to establish dynamic WM FC. WM static and dynamic FC and FCC were compared between when participants had initially completed their journey and 50 days later. Emotion was assessed using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and the State Anxiety Inventory. Results All participants were confirmed to have jet lag symptoms by the Columbian Jet Lag Scale. The static FC strengthes of cingulate network (WM7)- sensorimotor network and ventral frontal network- visual network were lower after the long-haul flight compared with recovery. Corresponding results were obtained for the dynamic FC analysis. The analysis of FCC revealed weakened connections between the WM7 and several other brain networks, especially the precentral/postcentral network. Moreover, a negative correlation was found between emotion scores and the FC between the WM7 and sensorimotor related regions. Conclusions The results of this study provide further evidence for the existence of WM networks and show that jet lag is associated with alterations in static and dynamic WM FC and FCC, especially in sensorimotor networks. Jet lag is a complex problem that not only is related to sleep rhythm but also influences emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Zhang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhipeng Yang
- College of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Kun Qin
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - John A Sweeney
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Neil Roberts
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Zhiyun Jia
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
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21
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González-Luna IA, Juárez-Tapia C, Aguilar-Vázquez A, Arnold E, Díaz-Cintra S, Miranda-Anaya M, Díaz-Muñoz M. Changes in 24 h Rhythmicity of Spontaneous Locomotor Activity in the Triple Transgenic Mouse for Alzheimer's Disease (3xTg-AD) in a Jet Lag Protocol: Correlations with Retinal Sensitivity. J Circadian Rhythms 2021; 19:7. [PMID: 34163535 DOI: 10.5334/jcr.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in different brain areas is associated with the effects of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In addition to cognitive impairment, circadian alterations in locomotor activity have also been detected, but they have not been characterized in a jet lag protocol. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare 3xTg-AD and non-transgenic mice in changes of 24 h cycles of spontaneous locomotor activity in a jet lag protocol, in an environment without a running wheel, at 3 different states of neuronal damage: early, intermediate and advanced (3, 8 and 13 months, respectively). The 3xTg-AD mice at 3 months presented differences in phase angle and acrophase, and differentially increased activity after advances more than after delays. At 13 months, a shortening of the free-running period in constant darkness was also noted. 3xTg-AD mice showed a significant increase (123%) in global activity at 8 to 13 months and in nighttime activity (153%) at 13 months. In the advance protocol (ADV), 3xTg-AD mice displayed a significant increase in global activity (171%) at 8 and 13 months. The differences in masking effect were evident at 8 months. To assess a possible retinal dysfunction that could interfere with photic entrainment as part of the neurodegenerative process, we compared electroretinogram recordings. The results showed early deterioration in the retinal response to light flashes in mesopic conditions, observed in the B-wave latency and amplitude. Thus, our study presents new behavioral and pathological characteristics of 3xTg-AD mice and reveals the usefulness of non-invasive tools in early diagnosis.
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22
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Han SH, Lee GY, Hyun W, Kim Y, Jang JS. Obstructive sleep apnea in airline pilots during daytime sleep following overnight flights. J Sleep Res 2021; 30:e13375. [PMID: 33913207 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To identify the vulnerability of recovery sleep, this study investigated the occurrence of obstructive sleep apnea during daytime sleep following overnight flights in healthy airline pilots. We conducted daytime polysomnography following a long-haul night-time flight in 103 pilots. The following variables were assessed: apnea-hypopnea index, respiratory disturbance index and oxygen desaturation index. Moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea was defined as an apnea-hypopnea index ≥15. Seventy-three pilots (70.9%) with no known history of obstructive sleep apnea presented with moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea. Pilots showed high mean apnea-hypopnea, respiratory disturbance and oxygen desaturation indices. The body mass index, Berlin questionnaire score and cumulative flight time contributed to these indices, with both body mass index and cumulative flight time remaining significant at an apnea-hypopnea index ≥15. We found that pilots are vulnerable to obstructive sleep apnea during daytime sleep after night-time flights, which may deteriorate their health, increase fatigue and impair overall flight safety. Further research is needed to ensure flight safety, as daytime recovery sleep is unavoidable for night-time flight pilots. The pilots' normal and recovery sleep patterns should both be studied to develop an effective sleep management protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hyun Han
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gun-Young Lee
- Department of Flight Operation, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju, Korea
| | - Wooseok Hyun
- Department of Computer Software, Korean Bible University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yongsung Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joung Soon Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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23
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Ren B, Ma C, Chen L, FitzGerald GA, Yang G. Impact of Time-Restricted Feeding to Late Night on Adaptation to a 6 h Phase Advance of the Light-Dark Cycle in Mice. Front Physiol 2021; 12:634187. [PMID: 33664675 PMCID: PMC7920952 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.634187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In modern society, more and more people suffer from circadian disruption, which in turn affects health. But until now, there are no widely accepted therapies for circadian disorders. Rhythmic feeding behavior is one of the most potent non-photic zeitgebers, thus it has been suggested that it was important to eat during specific periods of time (time-restricted feeding, TRF) so that feeding is aligned with environmental cues under normal light/dark conditions. Here, we challenged mice with a 6 h advanced shift, combined with various approaches to TRF, and found that food restricted to the second half of the nights after the shift facilitated adaptation. This coincided with improved resilience to sepsis. These results raise the possibility of reducing the adverse responses to jet lag by subsequent timing of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyin Ren
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Changxiao Ma
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Lihong Chen
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Garret A FitzGerald
- Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Guangrui Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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Leduc C, Robineau J, Tee JC, Cheradame J, Jones B, Piscione J, Lacome M. The Travel Demands of an Elite Rugby Sevens Team: Effects on Objective and Subjective Sleep Parameters. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:688-94. [PMID: 33540379 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the effects of travel related to international rugby sevens competition on sleep patterns. METHODS A total of 17 international male rugby sevens players participated in this study. Actigraphic and subjective sleep assessments were performed daily during 2 separate Sevens World Series competition legs (Oceania and America). The duration of each competition leg was subdivided into key periods (pretour, precompetition, tournament 1, relocation, tournament 2, and posttour) lasting 2 to 7 nights. Linear mixed models in combination with magnitude-based decisions were used to assess (1) the difference between preseason and key periods and (2) the effect of travel direction (eastward or westward). RESULTS Shorter total sleep time (hours:minutes) was observed during tournament 2 (mean [SD], 06:16 [01:08]), relocation (06:09 [01:09]), and the pretour week (06:34 [01:24]) compared with the preseason (06:52 [01:00]). Worse sleep quality (arbitrary units) was observed during tournament 1 (6.1 [2.0]) and 2 (5.7 [1.2]), as well as during the relocation week (6.3 [1.5]) than during the preseason (6.5 [1.8]). When traveling eastward compared with westward, earlier fall-asleep time was observed during tournament 1 (ES - 0.57; 90% CI, -1.12 to -0.01), the relocation week (-0.70 [-1.11 to -0.28]), and the posttour (-0.57 [-0.95 to -0.18]). However, possibly trivial and unclear differences were observed during the precompetition week (0.15 [-0.15 to 0.45]) and tournament 2 (0.81 [-0.29 to 1.91]). CONCLUSION The sleep patterns of elite rugby sevens players are robust to the effects of long-haul travel and jet lag. However, the staff should consider promoting sleep during the tournament and relocation week.
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Minami Y, Yoshikawa T, Nagano M, Koinuma S, Morimoto T, Fujioka A, Furukawa K, Ikegami K, Tatemizo A, Egawa K, Tamaru T, Taniguchi T, Shigeyoshi Y. Transgenic rats expressing dominant negative BMAL1 showed circadian clock amplitude reduction and rapid recovery from jet lag. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:1783-1793. [PMID: 33351992 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The circadian rhythms are endogenous rhythms of about 24 h, and are driven by the circadian clock. The clock centre locates in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Light signals from the retina shift the circadian rhythm in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, but there is a robust part of the suprachiasmatic nucleus that causes jet lag after an abrupt shift of the environmental lighting condition. To examine the effect of attenuated circadian rhythm on the duration of jet lag, we established a transgenic rat expressing BMAL1 dominant negative form under control by mouse Prnp-based transcriptional regulation cassette [BMAL1 DN (+)]. The transgenic rats became active earlier than controls, just after light offset. Compared to control rats, BMAL1 DN (+) rats showed smaller circadian rhythm amplitudes in both behavioural and Per2 promoter driven luciferase activity rhythms. A light pulse during the night resulted in a larger phase shift of behavioural rhythm. Furthermore, at an abrupt shift of the light-dark cycle, BMAL1 DN (+) rat showed faster entrainment to the new light-dark cycle compared to controls. The circadian rhythm has been regarded as a limit cycle phenomenon, and our results support the hypothesis that modification of the amplitude of the circadian limit cycle leads to alteration in the length of the phase shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Minami
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yoshikawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mamoru Nagano
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Koinuma
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadamitsu Morimoto
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsuko Fujioka
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichi Furukawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ikegami
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Tatemizo
- Central Research Facilities, Faculty of Medicine Center for Animal Experiment, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Egawa
- Central Research Facilities, Faculty of Medicine Center for Animal Experiment, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Teruya Tamaru
- Department of Physiology and Advanced Research Center for Medical Science, Toho University School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taizo Taniguchi
- Research Institute for Human Health Science, Konan University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Shigeyoshi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Fowler
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sebastien Racinais
- Research Education Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital Research Department, Doha, Ad-Dawhah, Qatar
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Fowler PM, Knez W, Thornton HR, Sargent C, Mendham AE, Crowcroft S, Miller J, Halson S, Duffield R. Sleep Hygiene and Light Exposure Can Improve Performance Following Long-Haul Air Travel. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 16:517-26. [PMID: 33152686 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the efficacy of a combined light exposure and sleep hygiene intervention to improve team-sport performance following eastward long-haul transmeridian travel. METHODS Twenty physically trained males underwent testing at 09:00 and 17:00 hours local time on 4 consecutive days at home (baseline) and the first 4 days following 21 hours of air travel east across 8 time zones. In a randomized, matched-pairs design, participants traveled with (INT; n = 10) or without (CON; n = 10) a light exposure and sleep hygiene intervention. Performance was assessed via countermovement jump, 20-m sprint, T test, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 tests, together with perceptual measures of jet lag, fatigue, mood, and motivation. Sleep was measured using wrist activity monitors in conjunction with self-report diaries. RESULTS Magnitude-based inference and standardized effect-size analysis indicated there was a very likely improvement in the mean change in countermovement jump peak power (effect size 1.10, ±0.55), and likely improvement in 5-m (0.54, ±0.67) and 20-m (0.74, ±0.71) sprint time in INT compared with CON across the 4 days posttravel. Sleep duration was most likely greater in INT both during travel (1.61, ±0.82) and across the 4 nights following travel (1.28, ±0.58) compared with CON. Finally, perceived mood and motivation were likely worse (0.73, ±0.88 and 0.63, ±0.87) across the 4 days posttravel in CON compared with INT. CONCLUSIONS Combined light exposure and sleep hygiene improved speed and power but not intermittent-sprint performance up to 96 hours following long-haul transmeridian travel. The reduction of sleep disruption during and following travel is a likely contributor to improved performance.
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Richardson MES, Parkins S, Kaneza I, Dauphin AC. Jet Lag Recovery and Memory Functions Are Correlated with Direct Light Effects on Locomotion. J Biol Rhythms 2020; 35:588-597. [PMID: 32877295 DOI: 10.1177/0748730420947589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Jet lag is a circadian disruption that affects millions of people, resulting, among other things, in extreme sleepiness and memory loss. The hazardous implications of such effects are evident in situations in which focus and attention are required. Remarkably, there is a limited understanding of how jet lag recovery and associated memory loss vary year round under different photoperiods. Here we show, using different cycles representing winter, summer, and equinox in male mice, that jet lag recovery and memory vary significantly with photoperiod changes. We uncover a positive correlation of acute light effects on circadian-driven locomotion (known as negative masking) with photoentrainment speed and memory enhancement during jet lag. Specifically, we show that enhancing or reducing negative masking is correlated with better or worse memory performance, respectively. This study indicates that in addition to timed-light exposure for phase shifting, the negative masking response could also be biologically relevant when designing effective treatments of jet lag.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Parkins
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Isabelle Kaneza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakwood University, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - Amy-Claire Dauphin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakwood University, Huntsville, Alabama
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Polymeropoulos CM, Mohrman MA, Keefe MS, Brzezynski JL, Wang J, Prokosch LS, Polymeropoulos VM, Xiao C, Birznieks G, Polymeropoulos MH. Efficacy of Tasimelteon (HETLIOZ®) in the Treatment of Jet Lag Disorder Evaluated in an 8-h Phase Advance Model; a Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Front Neurol 2020; 11:611. [PMID: 32754110 PMCID: PMC7381312 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Most travelers experience Jet Lag Disorder (JLD) symptoms due to misalignment of their circadian rhythms with respect to the new time zone. We assessed the efficacy and safety of tasimelteon (HETLIOZ®) in healthy participants using a laboratory model of JLD induced by an 8-h phase advance of the sleep-wake cycle (JET8 Study). We hypothesized that tasimelteon treatment in participants experiencing JLD would cause increased sleep time, increased next-day alertness, and reduced next-day sleepiness. Methods: We undertook a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 12 US clinical research sleep centers. We screened healthy adults ages 18–73 years, who were eligible for the randomization phase of JET8 if they typically went to bed between 21:00 and 01:00, slept between 7 and 9 h each night, and slept at a consistent bedtime. We used block randomization stratified by site to assign participants (1:1) to receive a single oral dose of tasimelteon (20 mg) or placebo 30 min before their 8-h phase-advanced bedtime. The primary endpoint was Total Sleep Time in the first 2/3 of the night (TST2/3), which was measured by polysomnography during the 8-h sleep episode, and assessed in the intent-to-treat population. The trial is completed and registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03373201. Results: Between October 16, 2017 and January 17, 2018, we screened 607 healthy participants for JET8, of whom 320 (53%) were assigned to receive tasimelteon (n = 160) or placebo (n = 160). Tasimelteon treatment increased TST2/3 (primary endpoint) by 60.3 min (95%CI 44.0 to 76.7, P < 0.0001) and whole night TST by 85.5 min (95% CI 64.3 to 106.6, P < 0.0001), improved next day alertness, next day sleepiness, and shortened latency to persistent sleep by −15.1 min (95% CI −26.2 to −4.0, P = 0.0081). Conclusion: A single dose of tasimelteon improves the primary symptoms of JLD, including nighttime insomnia and next day functioning among participants in a laboratory model of JLD simulating eastward trans-meridian travel by inducing an 8-h phase advance of the sleep-wake cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jingyuan Wang
- Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc., Washington, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Changfu Xiao
- Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc., Washington, CA, United States
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Abstract
Understanding the health consequences of chronic disruption of circadian rhythms can contribute to improving prevention strategies for shift workers. Chronic circadian disruption in shift work has been linked to a higher risk of stroke. Dysregulated immune responses are also linked to circadian disruption and may be a factor in stroke outcomes in shift workers. In this study, we test the hypotheses that specific schedules of circadian disruption exacerbate inflammatory responses in the brain, causing an increase in infarct size after experimentally induced ischemic stroke. Mice were exposed to 1 of 5 different lighting schedules followed by a 30-min middle cerebral artery occlusion, then reperfusion and 3-day recovery. A history of weekly phase advances resulted in an increased infarct volume versus the control lighting schedule. These effects were shift-direction specific, nonpermanent, and required multiple shifts to occur. In a separate cohort, stereotaxic injections of lipopolysaccharide were given bilaterally after exposure to 1 of 3 different lighting schedules. Ratios of pro- to anti-inflammatory cytokine expression show dysregulated responses after a history of phase advances. We conclude that chronic circadian disruption leads to worsened stroke outcome in a direction- and schedule-specific manner likely because of priming of the inflammatory response in the brain. These pieces of evidence suggest that the health impacts of shift work may be improved by targeting shift work scheduling, inflammatory mediators, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Ramsey
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Adam Stowie
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Alec J Davidson
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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31
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Zhang F, Li W, Li H, Gao S, Sweeney JA, Jia Z, Gong Q. The effect of jet lag on the human brain: A neuroimaging study. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:2281-2291. [PMID: 32125068 PMCID: PMC7268074 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Jet lag is commonly experienced when travelers cross multiple time zones, leaving the wake-sleep cycle and intrinsic biological "clocks" out of synchrony with the current environment. The effect of jet lag on intrinsic cortical function remains unclear. Twenty-two healthy individuals experiencing west-to-east jet lag flight were recruited. Brain structural and functional magnetic resonance studies, as well as psychological and neurohormonal tests, were carried out when participants returned from travel over six time zones and 50 days later when their jet lag symptoms had resolved. During jet lag, the functional brain network exhibited a small-world topology that was shifted toward regularity. Alterations during jet lag relative to recovery included decreased basal ganglia-thalamocortical network connections and increased functional connectivity between the medial temporal lobe subsystem and medial visual cortex. The lower melatonin and higher thyroid hormone levels during jet lag showed the same trend as brain activity in the right lingual gyrus. Although there was no significant difference between cortisol measurements during and after jet lag, cortisol levels were associated with temporal lobe activity in the jet lag condition. Brain and neuroendocrine changes during jet lag were related to jet lag symptoms. Further prospective studies are needed to explore the time course over which jet lag acts on the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Zhang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of RadiologyWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Weikai Li
- College of Computer Science & TechnologyNanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics (NUAA)NanjingChina
| | - Huiru Li
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of RadiologyWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Shaobing Gao
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of RadiologyWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- College of Computer ScienceSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - John A. Sweeney
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of RadiologyWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral NeuroscienceUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhio
| | - Zhiyun Jia
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of RadiologyWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of RadiologyWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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32
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Ramsey AM, Stowie A, Castanon-Cervantes O, Davidson AJ. Environmental Circadian Disruption Increases Stroke Severity and Dysregulates Immune Response. J Biol Rhythms 2020; 35:368-376. [PMID: 32508262 DOI: 10.1177/0748730420929450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the health consequences of chronic disruption of circadian rhythms can contribute to improving prevention strategies for shift workers. Chronic circadian disruption in shift work has been linked to a higher risk of stroke. Dysregulated immune responses are also linked to circadian disruption and may be a factor in stroke outcomes in shift workers. In this study, we test the hypotheses that specific schedules of circadian disruption exacerbate inflammatory responses in the brain, causing an increase in infarct size after experimentally induced ischemic stroke. Mice were exposed to 1 of 5 different lighting schedules followed by a 30-min middle cerebral artery occlusion, then reperfusion and 3-day recovery. A history of weekly phase advances resulted in an increased infarct volume versus the control lighting schedule. These effects were shift-direction specific, nonpermanent, and required multiple shifts to occur. In a separate cohort, stereotaxic injections of lipopolysaccharide were given bilaterally after exposure to 1 of 3 different lighting schedules. Ratios of pro- to anti-inflammatory cytokine expression show dysregulated responses after a history of phase advances. We conclude that chronic circadian disruption leads to worsened stroke outcome in a direction- and schedule-specific manner likely because of priming of the inflammatory response in the brain. These pieces of evidence suggest that the health impacts of shift work may be improved by targeting shift work scheduling, inflammatory mediators, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Ramsey
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Adam Stowie
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Alec J Davidson
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Sanchez REA, Bussi IL, Ben-Hamo M, Caldart CS, Catterall WA, De La Iglesia HO. Circadian regulation of sleep in a pre-clinical model of Dravet syndrome: dynamics of sleep stage and siesta re-entrainment. Sleep 2020; 42:5539047. [PMID: 31346614 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Sleep disturbances are common co-morbidities of epileptic disorders. Dravet syndrome (DS) is an intractable epilepsy accompanied by disturbed sleep. While there is evidence that daily sleep timing is disrupted in DS, the difficulty of chronically recording polysomnographic sleep from patients has left our understanding of the effect of DS on circadian sleep regulation incomplete. We aim to characterize circadian sleep regulation in a mouse model of DS. METHODS Here we exploit long-term electrocorticographic recordings of sleep in a mouse model of DS in which one copy of the Scn1a gene is deleted. This model both genocopies and phenocopies the disease in humans. We test the hypothesis that the deletion of Scn1a in DS mice is associated with impaired circadian regulation of sleep. RESULTS We find that DS mice show impairments in circadian sleep regulation, including a fragmented rhythm of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and an elongated circadian period of sleep. Next, we characterize re-entrainment of sleep stages and siesta following jet lag in the mouse. Strikingly, we find that re-entrainment of sleep following jet lag is normal in DS mice, in contrast to previous demonstrations of slowed re-entrainment of wheel-running activity. Finally, we report that DS mice are more likely to have an absent or altered daily "siesta". CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the hypothesis that the circadian regulation of sleep is altered in DS and highlight the value of long-term chronic polysomnographic recording in studying the role of the circadian clock on sleep/wake cycles in pre-clinical models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond E A Sanchez
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Ivana L Bussi
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Miriam Ben-Hamo
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - William A Catterall
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle WA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Horacio O De La Iglesia
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle WA
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Tokuda IT, Schmal C, Ananthasubramaniam B, Herzel H. Conceptual Models of Entrainment, Jet Lag, and Seasonality. Front Physiol 2020; 11:334. [PMID: 32411006 PMCID: PMC7199094 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding entrainment of circadian rhythms is a central goal of chronobiology. Many factors, such as period, amplitude, Zeitgeber strength, and daylength, govern entrainment ranges and phases of entrainment. We have tested whether simple amplitude-phase models can provide insight into the control of entrainment phases. Using global optimization, we derived conceptual models with just three free parameters (period, amplitude, and relaxation rate) that reproduce known phenotypic features of vertebrate clocks: phase response curves (PRCs) with relatively small phase shifts, fast re-entrainment after jet lag, and seasonal variability to track light onset or offset. Since optimization found multiple sets of model parameters, we could study this model ensemble to gain insight into the underlying design principles. We found complex associations between model parameters and entrainment features. Arnold onions of representative models visualize strong dependencies of entrainment on periods, relative Zeitgeber strength, and photoperiods. Our results support the use of oscillator theory as a framework for understanding the entrainment of circadian clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao T Tokuda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Christoph Schmal
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Hanspeter Herzel
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Theoretical Biology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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35
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Langberg JM, Breaux RP, Cusick CN, Green CD, Smith ZR, Molitor SJ, Becker SP. Intraindividual variability of sleep/wake patterns in adolescents with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2019; 60:1219-1229. [PMID: 31231801 PMCID: PMC6800768 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies examining the sleep of adolescents with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have relied on mean values such as average sleep duration, which masks intraindividual variability (IIV). The objective was to investigate whether adolescents with ADHD have greater IIV of sleep/wake patterns than adolescents without ADHD using actigraphy and daily sleep diaries. METHOD Adolescents (ages 13.17 ± 0.40 years; 45% female) with (n = 162) and without (n = 140) ADHD were recruited from middle schools at two sites. Participants wore actigraphs and completed sleep diaries for an average of 2 weeks. RESULTS Multilevel models were conducted with sex, sleep medication use, ADHD medication use, number of days with data, and social jetlag controlled for in analyses. For actigraphy, adolescents with ADHD had greater variability for time in bed, sleep onset and offset, and wake after sleep onset than adolescents without ADHD. For sleep diary data, adolescents with ADHD had greater variability in bedtime, wake time, sleep duration, sleep onset latency, sleep quality, and night wakings than adolescents without ADHD. Social jetlag was a significant predictor of variability in sleep measures based on both actigraph and daily diaries; however, ADHD status was not associated with social jetlag. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show that adolescents with ADHD have more variable sleep/wake patterns than their peers using both objective and subjective sleep measures. IIV of sleep/wake patterns may be important for clinicians to assess and monitor as part of treatment. Research is needed to understand the mechanisms underlying increased IIV of sleep/wake patterns in adolescents with ADHD and potential consequences for daytime functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Langberg
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Rosanna P. Breaux
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Caroline N. Cusick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Cathrin D. Green
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Zoe R. Smith
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Stephen J. Molitor
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Stephen P. Becker
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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36
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Expanded table: some drugs for altitude illness, jet lag, and motion sickness. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2019; 61:e161-3. [PMID: 31599874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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Advice for travelers. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2019; 61:153-60. [PMID: 31599872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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Abstract
The extent to which travel has affected Super Rugby teams' performances was analysed using outcomes of all matches played from the beginning of the competition in 1996 to the end of the 2016 season. Points difference and matches won or lost were predicted with general and generalized mixed linear models. The predictors were the linear effects of number of time zones crossed and travel duration based on the teams' locations for each match and their locations in the previous week. The away-match disadvantage was also estimated, along with trends in all these effects. In 1996 the predicted combined effect of eastward travel across 12 time zones was a reduction of 5.8 points scored per match, resulting in 4.1 more matches lost every 10 matches. Corresponding effects for westward travel were 6.4 points and 3.1 matches. In 2016 effects travelling eastward were 3.7 points and 2.3 matches, whereas travelling westward the effects were 3.7 points and 1.5 matches. These travel effects were due mainly to the away-match disadvantage: 5.7 points and 3.2 matches in 1996; 5.2 points and 2.3 matches in 2016. Teams in Super Rugby are dealing successfully with long-haul travel and should now focus on reducing the away-match disadvantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Lo
- a Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS) , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Robert J Aughey
- a Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS) , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - William G Hopkins
- a Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS) , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Nicholas Gill
- b Adams Centre for High Performance , University of Waikato , Tauranga , New Zealand.,c New Zealand Rugby Union , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Andrew M Stewart
- a Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS) , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
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Shen Q, Wu J, Ni Y, Xie X, Yu C, Xiao Q, Zhou J, Wang X, Fu Z. Exposure to jet lag aggravates depression-like behaviors and age-related phenotypes in rats subject to chronic corticosterone. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2019; 51:834-844. [PMID: 31314053 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmz070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous finding demonstrated that chronic corticosterone (CORT) may be involved in mediating the pathophysiology of premature aging in rats. Frequent jet lag increases the risk for many diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, and is associated with the aging processes. However, the effect of jet lag on CORT-induced depression and its association with aging phenotypes remain unclear. In this study, the rats were exposed to both CORT and jet lag treatment, and the differences were analyzed and compared to rats with single CORT treatment. Our results showed that jet lag treatment aggravated CORT-induced depression-like behavior evidenced by sucrose intake test, forced swimming test, and open field test. Additionally, this treatment aggravated the shortening of telomeres, which possibly resulted in decreased telomerase activity, and downregulated the expression of telomere-binding factor 2 (TRF2) and telomerase reverse transcriptase compared to that in CORT rats, as revealed by quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. The shortening of telomeres may have been caused by increased oxidative stress, which was associated with the inhibition of sirtuin 3. Exposure to jet lag also aggravated the degeneration of mitochondrial functions, as shown by the decreases in the mRNA expression of COX1, ND1, and Tfam. Our findings provide physiological evidence that jet lag exposure may worsen stress-induced depression and age-related abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichen Shen
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junli Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuehan Ni
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxian Xie
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunan Yu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingfeng Xiao
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiafeng Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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40
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Abstract
Regular air travel is common in sport. The aim of this study was to understand the extent to which travel has affected Super Rugby teams' performance from 2006, the first season with available Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), to 2016. Data were analysed with mixed linear models for the effects of number of time-zones crossed (east or west), travel duration, the away-match disadvantage, difference in ranking, a set of amendments to the laws of Rugby Union in 2008, a change in competition format (introduction of a conference system) in 2011, and a secular trend. In 2006, the predicted combined effects of travelling 24 h across 12 time-zones and playing away were trivial or small and negative but generally unclear for most of the KPIs in both directions of travel. In 2016 more effects were clear, small and negative for westward travel, while most effects for eastward travel were clear, small to moderate and negative. Most KPIs showed small to moderate increases over the 11 years, while difference in ranking, the introduction of new rules and game format led to mostly small changes. Changes in the physical demands of the game, and inadequate recovery time for long-haul travel can explain these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Lo
- a Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS) , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Robert J Aughey
- a Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS) , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - William G Hopkins
- a Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS) , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Nicholas Gill
- b Adams Centre for High Performance , University of Waikato , Tauranga , New Zealand.,c New Zealand Rugby Union , Wellington , New Zealand
| | - Andrew M Stewart
- a Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS) , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
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Smyk MK, van Luijtelaar G, Huysmans H, Drinkenburg WH. Spike-Wave Discharges and Sleep-Wake States during Circadian Desynchronization: No Effects of Agomelatine upon Re-Entrainment. Neuroscience 2019; 408:327-338. [PMID: 30978380 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Rapid changes in the light-dark cycle cause circadian desynchronization between rhythms of spike-wave discharges (SWDs) and motor activity in genetic epileptic rats, and this is accompanied by an increase in epileptic activity. Given the close relationship between absence seizures and sleep-wake states, the present study assessed firstly a putative relationship between vigilance rhythms and SWDs during re-synchronization, and secondly sleep-wake patterns responsible for increased epileptic activity. Lastly, in a view of existing evidence that melatonin and its agonists accelerate re-synchronization, the effects of different doses of agomelatine upon the speed of re-synchronization of different sleep-wake states and SWDs were investigated. Simultaneous electroencephalographic and electromyographic recordings were made in symptomatic WAG/Rij rats, before, during and 10 days following an 8 h light phase delay. Agomelatine was orally administered acutely and sub-chronically, during 10 post-shift days. The magnitude of the advance after the shift and the speed of re-synchronization were specific for various rhythms. Most prominent change was the increase in REM sleep duration during the dark phase. A post-shift increase in passive wakefulness and a reduction in deep slow-wave sleep coincided with an aggravation of SWDs during the light phase. Agomelatine showed neither an effect on sleep-wake parameters and SWDs, nor affected re-synchronization. The same speed of re-synchronization of SWDs and light slow-wave sleep suggests that both are controlled by a common circadian mechanism. The redistribution of SWDs and their increase in the light phase after the shift may be of importance for patients with absence epilepsy planning long trans-meridian flight across time zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena K Smyk
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Chair of Animal Physiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Gilles van Luijtelaar
- Donders Centre for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Montessorilaan 3, 6525, HR, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Heidi Huysmans
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Wilhelmus H Drinkenburg
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium.
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42
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Chaves I, van der Eerden B, Boers R, Boers J, Streng AA, Ridwan Y, Schreuders-Koedam M, Vermeulen M, van der Pluijm I, Essers J, Gribnau J, Reiss IKM, van der Horst GTJ. Gestational jet lag predisposes to later-life skeletal and cardiac disease. Chronobiol Int 2019; 36:657-671. [PMID: 30793958 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1579734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm disturbance (CRD) increases the risk of disease, e.g. metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. In the present study, we investigated later life adverse health effects triggered by repeated jet lag during gestation. Pregnant mice were subjected to a regular light-dark cycle (CTRL) or to a repeated delay (DEL) or advance (ADV) jet lag protocol. Both DEL and ADV offspring showed reduced weight gain. ADV offspring had an increased circadian period, and an altered response to a jet lag was observed in both DEL and ADV offspring. Analysis of the bones of adult male ADV offspring revealed reduced cortical bone mass and strength. Strikingly, analysis of the heart identified structural abnormalities and impaired heart function. Finally, DNA methylation analysis revealed hypermethylation of miR17-92 cluster and differential methylation within circadian clock genes, which correlated with altered gene expression. We show that developmental CRD affects the circadian system and predisposes to non-communicable disease in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Chaves
- a Department of Molecular Genetics , University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Bram van der Eerden
- b Department of Internal Medicine , University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Ruben Boers
- c Department of Developmental Biology , University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Boers
- c Department of Developmental Biology , University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Astrid A Streng
- a Department of Molecular Genetics , University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Yanto Ridwan
- d Department of Vascular Surgery , University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands.,e Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC , University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Marijke Schreuders-Koedam
- b Department of Internal Medicine , University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Marijn Vermeulen
- f Department of Pediatrics , University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid van der Pluijm
- a Department of Molecular Genetics , University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands.,d Department of Vascular Surgery , University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Essers
- a Department of Molecular Genetics , University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands.,d Department of Vascular Surgery , University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands.,g Department of Radiation Oncology , University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Joost Gribnau
- c Department of Developmental Biology , University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Irwin K M Reiss
- e Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC , University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
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Noguchi T, Harrison EM, Sun J, May D, Ng A, Welsh DK, Gorman MR. Circadian rhythm bifurcation induces flexible phase resetting by reducing circadian amplitude. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 51:2329-2342. [PMID: 30044021 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Shift-work and jet-lag-related disorders are caused by the limited flexibility of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a master circadian clock in the hypothalamus, to adjust to new light-dark (LD) cycles. Recent findings confirmed here establish that behavioral jet lag after simulated time-zone travel is virtually eliminated following bifurcated circadian entrainment under a novel and atypical 24-h light:dark:light:dark (LDLD) cycle. To investigate the mechanisms of this fast resetting, we examined the oscillatory stability of the SCN and peripheral tissues in LDLD-bifurcated mice employing the dissection procedure as a perturbing resetting stimulus. SCN, lung, liver, and adrenal tissue were extracted at times throughout the day from female and male PER2::Luciferase knock-in mice entrained to either LDLD or a normal LD cycle. Except for adrenals, the phase of the cultured explants was more strongly set by dissection under LDLD than under normal LD. Acute bioluminescence levels of SCN explants indicate that the rhythm amplitude of PER2 is reduced and phase is altered in LDLD. Real-time quantitative PCR suggests that amplitude and rhythmicity of canonical clock genes in the lung, liver, and kidney are also significantly reduced in LDLD in vivo. Furthermore, spatiotemporal patterns of PER2 peak time in cultured SCN were altered in LDLD. These results suggest that altered gene expression patterns in the SCN caused by bifurcation likely result in fast resetting of behavior and cultured explants, consistent with previously reported mathematical models. Thus, non-invasive, simple light manipulations can make circadian rhythms more adaptable to abrupt shifts in the environmental LD cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Noguchi
- Center for Circadian Biology, UCSD, La Jolla, California
| | - Elizabeth M Harrison
- Center for Circadian Biology, UCSD, La Jolla, California.,Department of Psychology, UCSD, La Jolla, California
| | - Jonathan Sun
- Center for Circadian Biology, UCSD, La Jolla, California.,Department of Psychology, UCSD, La Jolla, California
| | - Deborah May
- Center for Circadian Biology, UCSD, La Jolla, California.,Department of Psychology, UCSD, La Jolla, California
| | - Alan Ng
- Center for Circadian Biology, UCSD, La Jolla, California.,Department of Biology, UCSD, La Jolla, California
| | - David K Welsh
- Center for Circadian Biology, UCSD, La Jolla, California.,Department of Psychiatry, UCSD, La Jolla, California.,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Michael R Gorman
- Center for Circadian Biology, UCSD, La Jolla, California.,Department of Psychology, UCSD, La Jolla, California
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44
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Chen Y, Yamaguchi Y, Suzuki T, Doi M, Okamura H. Effect of Daily Light on c-Fos Expression in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus under Jet Lag Conditions. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2018; 51:73-80. [PMID: 29867280 PMCID: PMC5976887 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.18001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Jet-lag symptoms arise from temporal misalignment between the internal circadian clock and external solar time when traveling across multiple time zones. Light is known as a strong timing cue of the circadian clock. We here examined the effect of daily light on the process of jet lag by detecting c-Fos expression in the master clock neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) under 8-hr phase-advanced jet lag condition. In WT mice, c-Fos-immunoreactivity was found at 1–2 hours on the first day after light/dark (LD) phase-advance. This induction was also observed on the second and third days, although their levels were diminished day by day. In contrast, c-Fos induction in the SCN of V1a–/–V1b–/– mice, which show virtually no jet lag symptoms even after 8-hr phase-advance, was only detected on the first day. These results indicate that external light has affected SCN neuronal activity for 3 days after LD phase-advance in WT mice suggesting the continuous progress of activity change of SCN neurons under jet lag conditions. Noteworthy, limited c-Fos induction in V1a–/–V1b–/– SCN is also consistent with the rapid reentrainment of the SCN clock in mutant mice after 8-hr LD phase-advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Yoshiaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Toru Suzuki
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
- Present address: Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (RIEM), Nagoya University
| | - Masao Doi
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Hitoshi Okamura
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
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45
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Kaczmarek JL, Thompson SV, Holscher HD. Complex interactions of circadian rhythms, eating behaviors, and the gastrointestinal microbiota and their potential impact on health. Nutr Rev 2018; 75:673-682. [PMID: 28938796 PMCID: PMC5914376 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human health is intricately intertwined with the composition and function of the trillions of microorganisms that make up the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome. The GI microbiome is essentially a microbial organ that provides metabolic, immunologic, and protective functions for the host. Habitual diet, changes in macronutrient composition, and consumption of nondigestible dietary fibers have all been shown to impact the human GI microbiome. Intriguingly, the impact of diet on the microbiome may be related not only to what humans eat but also to the timing of food consumption. Emerging preclinical research suggests that gut microbes experience diurnal rhythms, and the health effects of eating patterns, including time-restricted feeding and meal frequency, may be related to the GI microbiome. Herein, the complex connections among circadian rhythms, eating behaviors, the GI microbiome, and health are reviewed, highlighting the need for additional translational research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Kaczmarek
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Sharon V Thompson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Hannah D Holscher
- Division of Nutritional Sciences and the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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46
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Thosar SS, Herzig MX, Roberts SA, Berman AM, Clemons NA, McHill AW, Bowles NP, Morimoto M, Butler MP, Emens JS, Shea SA. Lowest perceived exertion in the late morning due to effects of the endogenous circadian system. Br J Sports Med 2018; 52:1011-1012. [PMID: 29475839 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh S Thosar
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Maya Xolal Herzig
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Sally A Roberts
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Alec M Berman
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Noal A Clemons
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Andrew W McHill
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Nicole P Bowles
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Miki Morimoto
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Matthew P Butler
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jonathan S Emens
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Steven A Shea
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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47
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Abstract
Jet lag is one of those common medical problems, to which most people don’t give a serious thought. However, it is intricately intertwined with our normal circadian rhythm. It is classified as a sleep disorder. There is also a dearth of good scientific literature, not to mention clinical trials on the subject. Slowly but steadily, the scientific community is realizing the various deleterious health effects of jet lag and is devising innovative methods to counter them. This narrative review touches upon the etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations and therapeutic strategies effective against the nagging problem of jet lag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paurush Ambesh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Vijay Shetty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Sahitya Ambesh
- Department of Dental Sciences, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Stephan Kamholz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Lawrence Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
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48
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Abstract
The daily rhythm of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is regulated by the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid, acts as a secondary messenger between the central clock and the peripheral tissues. Changes in clock time, as seen in shift workers, alters the HPA axis and results in metabolic disturbances associated with ill health. Depression, anorexia nervosa and obstructive sleep apnoea, are associated with cortisol rhythm phase shifts and increased cortisol exposure. Higher nocturnal cortisol exposure is observed in patients with Cushing's syndrome and adrenal incidentalomas with autonomous cortisol secretion and is associated with insulin resistance, and increased cardiovascular risk and mortality. A decrease in cortisol rhythm amplitude is seen in adrenal insufficiency, and despite replacement, patients have an impaired quality of life and increased mortality. Research on cortisol replacement has focused on replacing the cortisol daily rhythm by subcutaneous hydrocortisone infusions and oral modified release hydrocortisone formulations with the aim of improving disease control and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Ross
- Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.
| | - Miguel Debono
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK.
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49
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Gamsby JJ, Pribish AM, Stevanovic KD, Yunus A, Gulick D. Alcohol Intake Increases in Adolescent C57BL/6J Mice during Intermittent Cycles of Phase-Delayed, Long-Light Conditions. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:152. [PMID: 28878635 PMCID: PMC5573537 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescents naturally go to bed and awaken late, but are forced to awaken early for school and work. This leads to “social jetlag”, a state of circadian desynchrony (CD), in which internal biological rhythms are out of sync with behavioral rhythms. CD is associated with increased alcohol intake in adults, but has been less well-studied in adolescents. The goal of this study was to model adolescent alcohol intake during similar CD conditions in male C57BL/6J mice. Free access alcohol intake, water intake and wheel-running activity were measured during a normal 12HR photoperiod or during alternating photoperiod (Experiment 1: 12 h light for 4 days followed by 18 h light for 3 days, with dark (activity onset) delayed 9 h during the 18HR photoperiod; Experiment 2: 12 h light for 4 days followed by 6 h light for 3 days, with dark onset delayed 3 h during the 6HR photoperiod). In Experiment 1, CD produced a small but significant increase in the total alcohol intake per day as well as in intake in bouts, with the greatest increase over controls in the hours following the 6HR dark period. Additionally, the pattern of alcohol intake in bouts shifted to increase alcohol intake during the shorter dark period. In Experiment 2, the opposite effect occurred—the longer dark cycle led to lower alcohol drinking in the second half of the dark period. However, in Experiment 2, CD produced no significant changes in either total alcohol intake or alcohol intake in bouts. Conclusion: shifts in the light cycle that disrupt the regular pattern of day and night, and increase the length of the night phase, are sufficient to increase both drinking in bouts and restricted drinking in adolescent mice, modeling increased alcohol intake in adolescents during CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Gamsby
- Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida HealthTampa, FL, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South FloridaTampa, FL, United States
| | - Abby M Pribish
- Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida HealthTampa, FL, United States
| | - Korey D Stevanovic
- Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida HealthTampa, FL, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South FloridaTampa, FL, United States
| | - Amara Yunus
- Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida HealthTampa, FL, United States
| | - Danielle Gulick
- Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida HealthTampa, FL, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South FloridaTampa, FL, United States
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50
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Grippo RM, Purohit AM, Zhang Q, Zweifel LS, Güler AD. Direct Midbrain Dopamine Input to the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Accelerates Circadian Entrainment. Curr Biol 2017; 27:2465-2475.e3. [PMID: 28781050 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) neurotransmission controls behaviors important for survival, including voluntary movement, reward processing, and detection of salient events, such as food or mate availability. Dopaminergic tone also influences circadian physiology and behavior. Although the evolutionary significance of this input is appreciated, its precise neurophysiological architecture remains unknown. Here, we identify a novel, direct connection between the DA neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). We demonstrate that D1 dopamine receptor (Drd1) signaling within the SCN is necessary for properly timed resynchronization of activity rhythms to phase-shifted light:dark cycles and that elevation of DA tone through selective activation of VTA DA neurons accelerates photoentrainment. Our findings demonstrate a previously unappreciated role for direct DA input to the master circadian clock and highlight the importance of an evolutionarily significant relationship between the circadian system and the neuromodulatory circuits that govern motivational behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Grippo
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, 485 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Aarti M Purohit
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, 485 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, 485 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Larry S Zweifel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ali D Güler
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, 485 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, 409 Lane Road, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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