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Liu Z, Alexander JL, Lin KW, Ahmad T, Pollock KM, Powell N. Infliximab and Tofacitinib Attenuate Neutralizing Antibody Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Ancestral and Omicron Variants in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients After 3 Doses of COVID-19 Vaccine. Gastroenterology 2023; 164:300-303.e3. [PMID: 36270334 PMCID: PMC9578965 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Liu
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James L Alexander
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, and, Department of Gastroenterology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathy Weitung Lin
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tariq Ahmad
- Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Katrina M Pollock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Powell
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, and, Department of Gastroenterology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
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2
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Schneider L, Schubert L, Winkler F, Munda P, Winkler S, Tobudic S. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Response in Patients With Autoimmune Hepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20:2145-2147.e2. [PMID: 35487452 PMCID: PMC9040499 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Patients suffering from autoimmune hepatitis, a chronic immune-mediated liver disease with an incidence of 0.9 to 2 per 100,000 population per year in Europe, are considered to have a particularly increased risk for coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19)-associated hospitalization and death.1,2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination provides an essential tool to reduce morbidity and mortality in this cohort. However, a large multicenter study in China has shown a lower immunogenic response to inactivated whole-virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccines of chronic liver disease patients in comparison with the healthy population.3 Furthermore, reports from inflammatory bowel diseases or rheumatic disorders showed a reduced serologic response in patients taking glucocorticoids or thiopurine.4,5 The decrease in vaccine-induced antibodies over time, as well as the emergence of variants of concern, led to the recommendation of an additional vaccination in immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schneider
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenz Schubert
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Winkler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine I Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Munda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Winkler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Selma Tobudic
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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3
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Pozdnyakova VALERIYA, Botwin GREGORYJ, Sobhani K, Prostko J, Braun J, Mcgovern DPB, Melmed GY, Appel K, Banty A, Feldman E, Ha C, Kumar R, Lee S, Rabizadeh S, Stein T, Syal G, Targan S, Vasiliauskas E, Ziring D, Debbas P, Hampton M, Mengesha E, Stewart JL, Frias EC, Cheng S, Ebinger J, Figueiredo JC, Boland B, Charabaty A, Chiorean M, Cohen E, Flynn A, Valentine J, Fudman D, Horizon A, Hou J, Hwang C, Lazarev M, Lum D, Fausel R, Reddy S, Mattar M, Metwally M, Ostrov A, Parekh N, Raffals L, Sheibani S, Siegel C, Wolf D, Younes Z, Younes Z. Decreased Antibody Responses to Ad26.COV2.S Relative to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccines in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:2041-2043.e1. [PMID: 34391771 PMCID: PMC8359492 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kimia Sobhani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - John Prostko
- Applied Research and Technology, Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Park, Illinois
| | - Jonathan Braun
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Karsh Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dermot P B Mcgovern
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Karsh Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gil Y Melmed
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Karsh Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Keren Appel
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Karsh Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andrea Banty
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Karsh Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Edward Feldman
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Karsh Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christina Ha
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Karsh Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rashmi Kumar
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Karsh Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Susie Lee
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Karsh Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shervin Rabizadeh
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Karsh Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Theodore Stein
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Karsh Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gaurav Syal
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Karsh Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stephan Targan
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Karsh Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eric Vasiliauskas
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Karsh Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - David Ziring
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Karsh Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Philip Debbas
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Karsh Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Melissa Hampton
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Karsh Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Emebet Mengesha
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Karsh Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - James L Stewart
- Applied Research and Technology, Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Park, Illinois
| | - Edwin C Frias
- Applied Research and Technology, Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Park, Illinois
| | - Susan Cheng
- Smidt Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joseph Ebinger
- Smidt Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jane C Figueiredo
- Samual Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Aline Charabaty
- Sibley Memorial Hospital, Johns Hopkins, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | - Erica Cohen
- Capital Digestive Care, Chevy Chase, Maryland
| | - Ann Flynn
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | | | | | - Jason Hou
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark Mattar
- Medstar-Georgetown, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Mark Metwally
- Saratoga-Schenectady Gastroenterology, Saratoga Springs, New York
| | - Arthur Ostrov
- Saratoga-Schenectady Gastroenterology, Saratoga Springs, New York
| | | | | | - Sarah Sheibani
- Keck Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Corey Siegel
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Douglas Wolf
- Atlanta Gastroenterology Associates, Atlanta, Georgia
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Kappelman MD, Weaver KN, Boccieri M, Firestine A, Zhang X, Long MD. Humoral Immune Response to Messenger RNA COVID-19 Vaccines Among Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:1340-1343.e2. [PMID: 34144046 PMCID: PMC8321883 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Kappelman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Michael D. Kappelman, MD, MPH, University of North Carolina, Box 7229, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Kimberly N. Weaver
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Margie Boccieri
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ann Firestine
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Millie D. Long
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Fernandes
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Sonya Chaudhari
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Nadia Jamil
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Powell CR, Kim A, Roth J, Byrd JP, Mohammad K, Alloosh M, Vittal R, Sturek M. Ossabaw Pig Demonstrates Detrusor Fibrosis and Detrusor Underactivity Associated with Oxidative Stress in Metabolic Syndrome. Comp Med 2020; 70:329-334. [PMID: 32972487 PMCID: PMC7574218 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-20-000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) has detrimental effects on the bladder, including detrusor underactivity. The progression and mechanism of disease are poorly understood. A swine model for diabetic bladder dysfunction (DBD) was established because of the pig's human-sized bladder and its ability to develop MetS by dietary modification alone. The hypothesis of this study is that this swine model will demonstrate oxidative stress associated with MetS, which contributes to both bladder fibrosis and detrusor underactivity (DU). Ossabaw pigs underwent dietary modification consisting of a hypercaloric, atherogenic diet for 10 mo to induce MetS, and were compared with a group of control (lean) pigs. Urodynamic studies were performed in both groups to confirm DU. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) detected in the urine were used to measure oxidative stress activity in the urinary tract, and urinary IL17a was used to detect profibrotic activity. MetS was confirmed by assessing body weight, blood pressure, glucose tolerance, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. The MetS group exhibited an increase in the relative levels of urinary TBARS and IL17a. Bladder pressures at capacity were lower in the MetS group, suggesting DU. Histologic analysis of a cohort of control (lean) and MetS pigs revealed that as compared with the control pigs, the MetS pigs had significantly more collagen in the muscularis layer, but not in the submucosa or mucosa layer. In conclusion, the Ossabaw pig model for diet-induced MetS is associated with oxidative stress and profibrotic activity in the bladder, which results in DU. This has previously been shown in mice and rats, but never in pigs. This novel model will better represent human MetS and DBD because the mechanism and size of the pig bladder more closely resemble that of a human, resulting in a more valid model and facilitating further study into the signaling mechanisms responsible for this impairment.
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Key Words
- du, detrusor underactivity
- luts, il17a, interleukin –17a
- lower urinary tract symptoms
- nhanes ii, national health and nutrition examination survey ii
- mets, metabolic syndrome
- mrna, messenger rna
- ros, reactive oxygen species
- sem, standard error of the mean
- tbars, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- t2d, type 2 diabetes mellitus
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Powell
- Indiana University School of Medicine Department of Urology, Indianapolis, Indiana;,
| | - Albert Kim
- Temple University College of Engineering, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joshua Roth
- Indiana University School of Medicine Department of Urology, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - James P Byrd
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Khalid Mohammad
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology Division, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mouhamad Alloosh
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ragini Vittal
- University of Michigan, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael Sturek
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indianapolis, Indiana; Purdue Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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8
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Bos JM, Hebl VB, Oberg AL, Sun Z, Herman DS, Teekakirikul P, Seidman JG, Seidman CE, Dos Remedios CG, Maleszewski JJ, Schaff HV, Dearani JA, Noseworthy PA, Friedman PA, Ommen SR, Brozovich FV, Ackerman MJ. Marked Up-Regulation of ACE2 in Hearts of Patients With Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Implications for SARS-CoV-2-Mediated COVID-19. Mayo Clin Proc 2020; 95:1354-1368. [PMID: 32448590 PMCID: PMC7186205 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the transcriptomic differences between patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and controls. PATIENTS AND METHODS RNA was extracted from cardiac tissue flash frozen at therapeutic surgical septal myectomy for 106 patients with HCM and 39 healthy donor hearts. Expression profiling of 37,846 genes was performed using the Illumina Human HT-12v3 Expression BeadChip. All patients with HCM were genotyped for pathogenic variants causing HCM. Technical validation was performed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. This study was started on January 1, 1999, and final analysis was completed on April 20, 2020. RESULTS Overall, 22% of the transcriptome (8443 of 37,846 genes) was expressed differentially between HCM and control tissues. Analysis by genotype revealed that gene expression changes were similar among genotypic subgroups of HCM, with only 4% (1502 of 37,846) to 6% (2336 of 37,846) of the transcriptome exhibiting differential expression between genotypic subgroups. The qRT-PCR confirmed differential expression in 92% (11 of 12 genes) of tested transcripts. Notably, in the context of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the transcript for angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a negative regulator of the angiotensin system, was the single most up-regulated gene in HCM (fold-change, 3.53; q-value =1.30×10-23), which was confirmed by qRT-PCR in triplicate (fold change, 3.78; P=5.22×10-4), and Western blot confirmed greater than 5-fold overexpression of ACE2 protein (fold change, 5.34; P=1.66×10-6). CONCLUSION More than 20% of the transcriptome is expressed differentially between HCM and control tissues. Importantly, ACE2 was the most up-regulated gene in HCM, indicating perhaps the heart's compensatory effort to mount an antihypertrophic, antifibrotic response. However, given that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) uses ACE2 for viral entry, this 5-fold increase in ACE2 protein may confer increased risk for COVID-19 manifestations and outcomes in patients with increased ACE2 transcript expression and protein levels in the heart.
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Key Words
- δct, transcript of interest minus gapdh control
- ace2, angiotensin i converting enzyme 2
- acei, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
- arb, angiotensin receptor blocker
- at1r, angiotensin type 1 receptor
- bp, blood pressure
- cdna, complementary dna
- chf, congestive heart failure
- covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- ecg, electrocardiogram
- gtp, guanosine triphosphate
- hcm, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- hrsace2, human recombinant soluble angiotensin i converting enzyme 2
- htn, hypertension
- icu, intensive care unit
- iqr, interquartile range
- lv, left ventricular
- mig, maximum instantaneous gradient
- mrna, messenger rna
- mybpc3, myosin binding protein c
- myh7, beta myosin heavy chain
- na, not available
- ns, not significant
- nyha, new york heart association
- qrt-pcr, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
- raas, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
- sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- scd, sudden cardiac death
- utr, untranslated region
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Affiliation(s)
- J Martijn Bos
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Virginia B Hebl
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Ann L Oberg
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Zhifu Sun
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | | | - Christine E Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
| | | | | | | | - Joseph A Dearani
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Paul A Friedman
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Steve R Ommen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Michael J Ackerman
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Windland Smith Rice Genetic Heart Rhythm Clinic, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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Abstract
Zika virus outbreaks have been explosive and unpredictable and have led to significant adverse health effects-as well as considerable public anxiety. Significant scientific work has resulted in multiple candidate vaccines that are now undergoing further clinical development, with several vaccines now in phase 2 clinical trials. In this review, we survey current vaccine efforts, preclinical and clinical results, and ethical and other concerns that directly bear on vaccine development. It is clear that the world needs safe and effective vaccines to protect against Zika virus infection. Whether such vaccines can be developed through to licensure and public availability absent significant financial investment by countries, and other barriers discussed within this article, remains uncertain.
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Key Words
- ade, antibody-dependent enhancement
- c, capsid
- denv, dengue virus
- e, envelope
- gbs, guillain-barré syndrome
- ifn, interferon
- irf, ifn response factor
- mrna, messenger rna
- prm, premembrane/membrane
- who, world health organization
- zikv, zika virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
| | - Inna G Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Richard B Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Buatois V, Chatel L, Cons L, Lory S, Richard F, Guilhot F, Johnson Z, Bracaglia C, De Benedetti F, de Min C, Kosco-Vilbois MH, Ferlin WG. Use of a mouse model to identify a blood biomarker for IFNγ activity in pediatric secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Transl Res 2017; 180:37-52.e2. [PMID: 27559680 PMCID: PMC7185816 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Life-threatening cytokine release syndromes include primary (p) and secondary (s) forms of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Below detection in healthy individuals, interferon γ (IFNγ) levels are elevated to measurable concentrations in these afflictions suggesting a central role for this cytokine in the development and maintenance of HLH. Mimicking an infection-driven model of sHLH in mice, we observed that the tissue-derived levels of IFNγ are actually 500- to 2000-fold higher than those measured in the blood. To identify a blood biomarker, we postulated that the IFNγ gene products, CXCL9 and CXCL10 would correlate with disease parameters in the mouse model. To translate this into a disease relevant biomarker, we investigated whether CXCL9 and CXCL10 levels correlated with disease activity in pediatric sHLH patients. Our data demonstrate that disease control in mice correlates with neutralization of IFNγ activity in tissues and that the 2 chemokines serve as serum biomarkers to reflect disease status. Importantly, CXCL9 and CXCL10 levels in pediatric sHLH were shown to correlate with key disease parameters and severity in these patients. Thus, the translatability of the IFNγ-biomarker correlates from mouse to human, advocating the use of serum CXCL9 or CXCL10 as a means to monitor total IFNγ activity in patients with sHLH.
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Key Words
- hlh, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
- phlh, primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
- shlh, secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
- ifnγ, interferon γ
- tlrs, toll-like receptors
- tnfα, tumor necrosis factor α
- mifnγ, mouse ifnγ
- alt, alanine transaminase
- ldh, lactate dehydrogenase
- mrna, messenger rna
- qpcr, quantitative pcr
- il-6, interleukin 6
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Cons
- Novimmune S.A., Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Zoë Johnson
- Novimmune S.A., Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Bracaglia
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio De Benedetti
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
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Taha DA, De Moor CH, Barrett DA, Lee JB, Gandhi RD, Hoo CW, Gershkovich P. The role of acid-base imbalance in statin-induced myotoxicity. Transl Res 2016; 174:140-160.e14. [PMID: 27083388 PMCID: PMC4967449 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances in acid-base balance, such as acidosis and alkalosis, have potential to alter the pharmacologic and toxicologic outcomes of statin therapy. Statins are commonly prescribed for elderly patients who have multiple comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular, and renal diseases. These patients are at risk of developing acid-base imbalance. In the present study, the effect of disturbances in acid-base balance on the interconversion of simvastatin and pravastatin between lactone and hydroxy acid forms have been investigated in physiological buffers, human plasma, and cell culture medium over pH ranging from 6.8-7.8. The effects of such interconversion on cellular uptake and myotoxicity of statins were assessed in vitro using C2C12 skeletal muscle cells under conditions relevant to acidosis, alkalosis, and physiological pH. Results indicate that the conversion of the lactone forms of simvastatin and pravastatin to the corresponding hydroxy acid is strongly pH dependent. At physiological and alkaline pH, substantial proportions of simvastatin lactone (SVL; ∼87% and 99%, respectively) and pravastatin lactone (PVL; ∼98% and 99%, respectively) were converted to the active hydroxy acid forms after 24 hours of incubation at 37°C. At acidic pH, conversion occurs to a lower extent, resulting in greater proportion of statin remaining in the more lipophilic lactone form. However, pH alteration did not influence the conversion of the hydroxy acid forms of simvastatin and pravastatin to the corresponding lactones. Furthermore, acidosis has been shown to hinder the metabolism of the lactone form of statins by inhibiting hepatic microsomal enzyme activities. Lipophilic SVL was found to be more cytotoxic to undifferentiated and differentiated skeletal muscle cells compared with more hydrophilic simvastatin hydroxy acid, PVL, and pravastatin hydroxy acid. Enhanced cytotoxicity of statins was observed under acidic conditions and is attributed to increased cellular uptake of the more lipophilic lactone or unionized hydroxy acid form. Consequently, our results suggest that comorbidities associated with acid-base imbalance can play a substantial role in the development and potentiation of statin-induced myotoxicity.
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Key Words
- cdna, complementary dna
- ct, cycle threshold
- dmem, dulbecco's modified eagle medium
- gapdh, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- hprt, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase
- hqc, high concentration quality control
- is, internal standard
- ldh, lactate dehydrogenase
- lloq, lower limit of quantification
- lov-a, lovastatin hydroxy acid
- lov-l, lovastatin lactone
- lqc, low concentration quality control
- mhc, myosin heavy chain
- mqc, medium concentration quality control
- mrna, messenger rna
- mrp, multiresistant protein
- mtt, thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide
- na, nonapplicable
- oatp, organic anionic transporting polypeptide
- pbs, phosphate buffer saline
- pva, pravastatin hydroxy acid
- pvl, pravastatin lactone
- rsd, relative standard deviation
- re, relative error
- rps12, ribosomal protein s12
- sva, simvastatin hydroxy acid
- svl, simvastatin lactone
- tbp, tata box-binding protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiaa A Taha
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Structural Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Cornelia H De Moor
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - David A Barrett
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jong Bong Lee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Structural Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Raj D Gandhi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Chee Wei Hoo
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Structural Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Pavel Gershkovich
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Structural Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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12
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Durham AL, Caramori G, Chung KF, Adcock IM. Targeted anti-inflammatory therapeutics in asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease. Transl Res 2016; 167:192-203. [PMID: 26334389 PMCID: PMC4728194 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are chronic inflammatory diseases of the airway, although the drivers and site of the inflammation differ between diseases. Asthmatics with a neutrophilic airway inflammation are associated with a poor response to corticosteroids, whereas asthmatics with eosinophilic inflammation respond better to corticosteroids. Biologicals targeting the Th2-eosinophil nexus such as anti-interleukin (IL)-4, anti-IL-5, and anti-IL-13 are ineffective in asthma as a whole but are more effective if patients are selected using cellular (eg, eosinophils) or molecular (eg, periostin) biomarkers. This highlights the key role of individual inflammatory mediators in driving the inflammatory response and for accurate disease phenotyping to allow greater understanding of disease and development of patient-oriented antiasthma therapies. In contrast to asthmatic patients, corticosteroids are relatively ineffective in COPD patients. Despite stratification of COPD patients, the results of targeted therapy have proved disappointing with the exception of recent studies using CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR)2 antagonists. Currently, several other novel mediator-targeted drugs are undergoing clinical trials. As with asthma specifically targeted treatments may be of most benefit in specific COPD patient endotypes. The use of novel inflammatory mediator-targeted therapeutic agents in selected patients with asthma or COPD and the detection of markers of responsiveness or nonresponsiveness will allow a link between clinical phenotypes and pathophysiological mechanisms to be delineated reaching the goal of endotyping patients.
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Key Words
- ahr, airway hyperresponsiveness
- acq, asthma control questionnaire
- acos, asthma-copd overlap syndrome
- bal, bronchoalveolar lavage
- clca1, chloride channel regulator 1
- copd, chronic obstructive lung disease
- cs, corticosteroids
- cxcr, cxc chemokine receptor
- egf, epidermal growth factor
- egfr, epidermal growth factor receptor
- fkbp51, fk506-binding protein 51
- fp, fluticasone propionate
- fev1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second
- feno, fraction of exhaled nitric oxide
- gr, glucocorticoid receptor
- gm-csf, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- hdacs, histone deacetylases
- hne, human neutrophil elastase
- ige, immunoglobulin e
- ics, inhaled corticosteroids
- labas, long-acting beta-adrenoceptor agonists
- mrna, messenger rna
- mabs, monoclonal antibodies
- pde, phosphodiesterase
- pi3k, phosphoinositide-3-kinase
- rt-qpcr, real time quantative polymerase chain reaction
- sal, salmeterol
- serpinb2, serpin peptidase inhibitor
- clade b, member 2
- sil-4r, soluble il-4 receptor
- gold, the global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease
- tslp, thymic stromal lymphopoietin
- torch, towards a revolution in copd health
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Durham
- Airway Diseases Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK; Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK.
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- Section of Respiratory Diseases, Centro per lo Studio delle Malattie Infiammatorie Croniche delle Vie Aeree e Patologie Fumo Correlate dell'Apparato Respiratorio (CEMICEF; ex Centro di Ricerca su Asma e BPCO), Sezione di Medicina Interna e Cardiorespiratoria, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Kian F Chung
- Airway Diseases Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK; Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airway Diseases Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK; Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK
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13
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Weilner S, Schraml E, Redl H, Grillari-Voglauer R, Grillari J. Secretion of microvesicular miRNAs in cellular and organismal aging. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:626-33. [PMID: 23283304 PMCID: PMC3695566 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Changes of factors circulating in the systemic environment during human aging have been investigated for a long time. Only recently however, miRNAs have been found to be secreted into the systemic and tissue environments where they are protected from RNAses by either carrier proteins or by being packaged into microvesicles. These miRNAs are then taken up by recipient cells, changing the cellular behavior by the classical miRNA induced silencing of target mRNAs. The origin of circulating miRNAs, however, is in most instances unclear, but senescent cells emerge as a possible source of such secreted miRNAs. Since differences in the circulating miRNAs have been found in a variety of age-associated diseases, and accumulation of senescent cells in the elderly emerges as a possible detrimental factor in aging, it is well conceivable that these miRNAs might contribute to the functional decline observed during aging of organisms. Therefore, we here give an overview on current knowledge on microvesicular secretion of miRNAs, changes of the systemic and tissue environments during aging of cells and organisms. Finally, we summarize current knowledge on miRNAs that are found to be specific for age-associated diseases.
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Key Words
- escrt, endosomal sorting complex required for transport
- ilv, intraluminal vesicles
- mirna, microrna
- mrna, messenger rna
- mvb, multivesicular bodies
- msc, mesenchymal stem cell
- pm, plasma membrane
- rab, ras-related in brain
- risc, rna-induced silencing complex
- rrna, ribosomal rna
- sasp, senescence-associated secretory phenotype
- aging
- microrna
- microvesicles
- exosomes
- secretion
- systemic environment
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Weilner
- BOKU, VIBT, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Clinical and Experimental Traumatology, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Schraml
- BOKU, VIBT, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Clinical and Experimental Traumatology, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Regina Grillari-Voglauer
- BOKU, VIBT, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
- Evercyte GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- BOKU, VIBT, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
- Evercyte GmbH, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Vodopiutz J, Zoller H, Fenwick AL, Arnhold R, Schmid M, Prayer D, Müller T, Repa A, Pollak A, Aufricht C, Wilkie AO, Janecke AR. Homozygous SALL1 mutation causes a novel multiple congenital anomaly-mental retardation syndrome. J Pediatr 2013; 162:612-7. [PMID: 23069192 PMCID: PMC3757162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To delineate a novel autosomal recessive multiple congenital anomaly-mental retardation (MCA-MR) syndrome in 2 female siblings of a consanguineous pedigree and to identify the disease-causing mutation. STUDY DESIGN Both siblings were clinically characterized and homozygosity mapping and sequencing of candidate genes were applied. The contribution of nonsense-mediated messenger RNA (mRNA) decay to the expression of mutant mRNA in fibroblasts of a healthy carrier and a control was studied by pyrosequencing. RESULTS We identified the first homozygous SALL1 mutation, c.3160C > T (p.R1054*), in 2 female siblings presenting with multiple congenital anomalies, central nervous system defects, cortical blindness, and absence of psychomotor development (ie, a novel recognizable, autosomal recessive MCA-MR). The mutant SALL1 transcript partially undergoes nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and is present at 43% of the normal transcript level in the fibroblasts of a healthy carrier. CONCLUSION Previously heterozygous SALL1 mutations and deletions have been associated with dominantly inherited anal-renal-radial-ear developmental anomalies. We identified an allelic recessive SALL1-related MCA-MR. Our findings imply that quantity and quality of SALL1 transcript are important for SALL1 function and determine phenotype, and mode of inheritance, of allelic SALL1-related disorders. This novel MCA-MR emphasizes SALL1 function as critical for normal central nervous system development and warrants a detailed neurologic investigation in all individuals with SALL1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Vodopiutz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Austria.
| | - Heinz Zoller
- Department of Medicine II Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Aimée L. Fenwick
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Arnhold
- Pathologisch-Bakteriologisches Institut, Danube Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Max Schmid
- Department of Obstetrics and Feto-Maternal Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Prayer
- Division of Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Müller
- Department of Pediatrics I, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Repa
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Arnold Pollak
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Aufricht
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrew O.M. Wilkie
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas R. Janecke
- Department of Pediatrics I, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria,Division of Human Genetics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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15
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Abstract
The levels of circulating oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) become increased in chronic and acute pathologic conditions such as hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, increased intimamedia thickness in the patients with systemic Lupus erythematosus, vascular balloon injury, acute lung injury (ALI), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). These pathologies are associated with inflammation and activation of endothelial cells. Depending on the biological context and the specific group of phospholipid oxidation products, OxPL may exhibit both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects. This review will summarize the data showing a dual role of OxPL in modulation of chronic and acute inflammation as well as OxPL effects on pulmonary endothelial permeability. Recent reports show protective effects of OxPL in the models of endotoxin and ventilator-induced ALI and suggest a potential for using OxPL-derived cyclopenthenone-containing compounds with barrier-protective properties for drug design. These compounds may represent a new group of therapeutic agents for the treatment of lung syndromes associated with acute inflammation and lung vascular leak.
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Key Words
- ali, acute lung injury
- camp, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- cox-2, cyclooxygenase-2
- cs1, connecting segment 1
- ec, endothelial cell
- enos, endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- erk1/2, extracellular signaling kinase 1/2
- egr-1, early growth response factor-1
- fak, focal adhesion kinase
- gas, gamma-interferon activation sequence
- gpcr, g-protein-coupled receptor
- gpi, glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- gtp, guanosine triphosphate
- ho-1, heme oxygenase-1
- icam-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, il-8, interleukin-8
- kodia-pc, 5-keto-6-octendioic acid ester of 2-lyso-phosphocholine
- lbp, lps binding protein
- ldl, low-density lipoprotein
- l-name, n-nitro-l-arginine-methyl ester
- lps, lipopolysaccharide
- mcp1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1
- mlc, myosin light chain
- mm-ldl, minimally modified ldl
- mrna, messenger rna
- nfκb, nuclear factor κb
- oxldl, oxidated ldl
- oxpapc, oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine
- oxpl, oxidized phospholipids
- paf, platelet activation factor
- papc, 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine
- pape, 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine
- paps, 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylserine
- pecpc, 1-palmitoyl-2-(5,6-epoxycyclopentenone)-sn-glycero-3-phsphocholine
- peipc, 1-palmitoyl-2-(5,6-epoxyisoprostane e2)-sn-glycero-3-phsphocholine
- pge2, prostaglandin e2
- pgpc, 1-palmitoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-phosphocholine
- pka, protein kinase a
- pkc, protein kinase c
- pla2, phospholipase a2
- povpc, 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-phosphocholine
- ppar, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- ros, reactive oxygen species
- sirna, small interfering rna
- srebp, sterol response element binding protein
- tf, tissue factor
- tlr, toll-like receptor
- tnf-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- upr, unfolded protein response
- vcam-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
- vegf, vascular endothelial growth factor
- vili, ventilator-induced lung injury
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Affiliation(s)
- Panfeng Fu
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill 60637, USA
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16
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PARSONS RG, RIEDNER BA, GAFFORD GM, HELMSTETTER FJ. The formation of auditory fear memory requires the synthesis of protein and mRNA in the auditory thalamus. Neuroscience 2006; 141:1163-70. [PMID: 16766126 PMCID: PMC1698266 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2005] [Revised: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus responds to auditory information and is a critical part of the neural circuitry underlying aversive conditioning with auditory signals for shock. Prior work has shown that lesions of this brain area selectively disrupt conditioning with auditory stimuli and that neurons in the medial geniculate demonstrate plastic changes during fear conditioning. However, recent evidence is less clear as to whether or not this area plays a role in the storage of auditory fear memories. In the current set of experiments rats were given infusions of protein or messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis inhibitors into the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus 30 min prior to auditory fear conditioning. The next day animals were tested to the auditory cue and conditioning context. Results showed that rats infused with either inhibitor demonstrated less freezing to the auditory cue 24 h after training, while freezing to the context was normal. Autoradiography confirmed that the doses used were effective in disrupting synthesis. Taken together with prior work, these data suggest that the formation of fear memory requires the synthesis of new protein and mRNA at multiple brain sites across the neural circuit that supports fear conditioning.
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Key Words
- pavlovian fear conditioning
- anisomycin
- medial geniculate nucleus
- rat
- distributed plasticity
- consolidation
- acsf, artificial cerebrospinal fluid
- ani, anisomycin
- dmso, dimethyl sulfoxide
- drb, 5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole 1-β-d-ribofuranoside
- erk/mapk, extracellular-signal-related/mitogen-activated protein kinase
- ieg, immediate early gene
- ltp, long-term potentiation
- mgm, medial division of medial geniculate thalamic nucleus
- mrna, messenger rna
- tia, training-induced neuronal activity
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Affiliation(s)
- R. G. PARSONS
- Department of Psychology, Garland Hall, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | | | - G. M. GAFFORD
- Department of Psychology, Garland Hall, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - F. J. HELMSTETTER
- Department of Psychology, Garland Hall, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
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17
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Boursnell ME, Brown TD. Sequencing of coronavirus IBV genomic RNA: a 195-base open reading frame encoded by mRNA B. Gene 1984; 29:87-92. [PMID: 6092234 PMCID: PMC7157916 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(84)90169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/1983] [Revised: 03/01/1984] [Accepted: 03/15/1984] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
DNA sequencing of genomic cDNA clones of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has been carried out. 770 bases have been determined which include genomic sequences spanning the 5' termini of the two smallest mRNAs of the 3'-coterminal "nested" set: mRNA A and mRNA B. This region contains the complete coding sequences for mRNA B which are additional to those present in mRNA A. Two open reading frames are present, predicting proteins of Mrs 7500 and 9500.
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