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Zhang X, Rendina LM, Müllner M. Carborane-Containing Polymers: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. ACS Polym Au 2024; 4:7-33. [PMID: 38371730 PMCID: PMC10870755 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.3c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Carboranes are an important class of electron-delocalized icosahedral carbon-boron clusters with unique physical and chemical properties, which can offer various functions to polymers including enhanced heat-resistance, tuned electronic properties and hydrophobicity, special ability of dihydrogen bond formation, and thermal neutron capture. Carborane-containing polymers have been synthesized mainly by means of step-growth polymerizations of disubstituted carborane monomers, with chain-growth polymerizations of monosubstituted carborane monomers including ATRP, RAFT, and ROMP only utilized recently. Carborane-containing polymers may find application as harsh-environment resistant materials, ceramic precursors, fluorescent materials with tuned emissive properties, novel optoelectronic devices, potential BNCT agents, and drug carriers with low cytotoxicity. This review highlights carborane-containing polymer synthesis strategies and potential applications, showcasing the versatile properties and possibilities that this unique family of boron compounds can provide to the polymeric systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhang
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 New South Wales, Australia
| | - Louis M. Rendina
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 New South Wales, Australia
- The
University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 New South Wales, Australia
| | - Markus Müllner
- Key
Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 New South Wales, Australia
- The
University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 New South Wales, Australia
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2
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Seera SD, Pester CW. Surface-Initiated PET-RAFT via the Z-Group Approach. ACS Polym Au 2023; 3:428-436. [PMID: 38107417 PMCID: PMC10722567 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.3c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Surface-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (SI-RAFT) is a user-friendly and versatile approach for polymer brush engineering. For SI-RAFT, synthetic strategies follow either surface-anchoring of radical initiators (e.g., azo compounds) or anchoring RAFT chain transfer agents (CTAs) onto a substrate. The latter can be performed via the R-group or Z-group of the CTA, with the previous scientific focus in literature skewed heavily toward work on the R-group approach. This contribution investigates the alternative: a Z-group approach toward light-mediated SI photoinduced electron transfer RAFT (SI-PET-RAFT) polymerization. An appropriate RAFT CTA is synthesized, immobilized onto SiO2, and its ability to control the growth (and chain extension) of polymer brushes in both organic and aqueous environments is investigated with different acrylamide and methacrylate monomers. O2 tolerance allows Z-group SI-PET-RAFT to be performed under ambient conditions, and patterning surfaces through photolithography is illustrated. Polymer brushes are characterized via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ellipsometry, and water contact angle measurements. An examination of polymer brush grafting density showed variation from 0.01 to 0.16 chains nm-2. Notably, in contrast to the R-group SI-RAFT approach, this chemical approach allows the growth of intermittent layers of polymer brushes underneath the top layer without changing the properties of the outermost surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Dileep
Kumar Seera
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Christian W. Pester
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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3
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Annala A, Ilochonwu BC, Wilbie D, Sadeghi A, Hennink WE, Vermonden T. Self-Healing Thermosensitive Hydrogel for Sustained Release of Dexamethasone for Ocular Therapy. ACS Polym Au 2022; 3:118-131. [PMID: 36785837 PMCID: PMC9912331 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop an injectable hydrogel delivery system for sustained ocular delivery of dexamethasone. To this end, a self-healing hydrogel consisting of a thermosensitive ABA triblock copolymer was designed. The drug was covalently linked to the polymer by copolymerization of methacrylated dexamethasone with N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and N-acryloxysuccinimide (NAS) through reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) functionalized at both ends with a chain transfer agent (CTA). Hydrogel formation was achieved by mixing aqueous solutions of the formed thermosensitive polymer (with a cloud point of 23 °C) with cystamine at 37 °C, to result in covalent cross-linking due to the reaction of the N-hydroxysuccimide (NHS) functionality of the polymer and the primary amines of cystamine. Rheological analysis showed both thermogelation and covalent cross-linking at 37 °C, as well as the self-healing properties of the formed network, which was attributed to the presence of disulfide bonds in the cystamine cross-links, making the system injectable. The release of dexamethasone from the hydrogel occurred through ester hydrolysis following first-order kinetics in an aqueous medium at pH 7.4 over 430 days at 37 °C. Based on simulations, administration of 100 mg of hydrogel would be sufficient for maintaining therapeutic levels of dexamethasone in the vitreous for at least 500 days. Importantly, dexamethasone was released from the hydrogel in its native form as determined by LC-MS analysis. Cytocompatibility studies showed that at clinically relevant concentrations, both the polymer and the cross-linker were well tolerated by adult retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE-19) cells. Moreover, the hydrogel did not show any toxicity to ARPE-19 cells. The injectability of the hydrogel, together with the long-lasting release of dexamethasone and good cytocompatibility with a retinal cell line, makes this delivery system an attractive candidate for treatment of ocular inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Annala
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty
of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Blessing C. Ilochonwu
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty
of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Danny Wilbie
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty
of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Amir Sadeghi
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Wim E. Hennink
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty
of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Tina Vermonden
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty
of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands,
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4
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Siemiaszko G, Hryniewicka A, Breczko J, Delgado OF, Markiewicz KH, Echegoyen L, Plonska-Brzezinska ME. Polymeric Network Hierarchically Organized on Carbon Nano-onions: Block Polymerization as a Tool for the Controlled Formation of Specific Pore Diameters. ACS Appl Polym Mater 2022; 4:2442-2458. [PMID: 35434638 PMCID: PMC9004317 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.1c01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The organization of specific pores in carbonaceous three-dimensional networks is crucial for efficient electrocatalytic processes and electrochemical performance. Therefore, the synthesis of porous materials with ordered and well-defined pores is required in this field. The incorporation of carbon nanostructures into polymers can create material structures that are more ordered in comparison to those of the pristine polymers. In this study we applied polymer-templated methods of carbon material preparation, in which outer blocks of the star copolymers form the carbon skeleton, while the core part is pore-forming. Well-defined 6-star-(poly(methyl acrylate)-b-poly(4-acetoxystyrene)) dendrimers were synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization. They were then transformed into poly(4-vinylphenol) derivatives (namely 6-star-(poly(methyl acrylate)-b-poly(4-vinylphenol)), subjected to polycondensation with formaldehyde, and pyrolyzed at 800 °C. Cross-linking of phenolic groups provides a polymer network that does not depolymerize by pyrolysis, unlike poly(methyl acrylate) chains. The selected star polymers were attached to carbon nano-onions (CNOs) to improve the organization of the polymer chains. Herein, the physicochemical properties of CNO-polymer hybrids, including the textural and the electrochemical properties, were compared with those of the pristine pyrolyzed polymers obtained under analogous experimental conditions. For these purposes, we used several experimental and theoretical methods, such as infrared, Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption/desorption measurements, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and electrochemical studies, including cyclic voltammetry. All of the porous materials were evaluated for use as supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Siemiaszko
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory
Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
- Email for G.S.:
| | - Agnieszka Hryniewicka
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory
Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Breczko
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory
Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Olivia Fernandez Delgado
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Texas at El
Paso, 500 West University Avenu, El Paso, Texas 79968 United
States
| | - Karolina H. Markiewicz
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Texas at El
Paso, 500 West University Avenu, El Paso, Texas 79968 United
States
| | - Marta E. Plonska-Brzezinska
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory
Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
- Email for M.E.P.-B.:
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5
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Rolland M, Truong NP, Parkatzidis K, Pilkington EH, Torzynski AL, Style RW, Dufresne ER, Anastasaki A. Shape-Controlled Nanoparticles from a Low-Energy Nanoemulsion. JACS Au 2021; 1:1975-1986. [PMID: 34841413 PMCID: PMC8611665 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanoemulsion technology enables the production of uniform nanoparticles for a wide range of applications. However, existing nanoemulsion strategies are limited to the production of spherical nanoparticles. Here, we describe a low-energy nanoemulsion method to produce nanoparticles with various morphologies. By selecting a macro-RAFT agent (poly(di(ethylene glycol) ethyl ether methacrylate-co-N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide) (P(DEGMA-co-HPMA))) that dramatically lowers the interfacial tension between monomer droplets and water, we can easily produce nanoemulsions at room temperature by manual shaking for a few seconds. With the addition of a common ionic surfactant (SDS), these nanoscale droplets are robustly stabilized at both the formation and elevated temperatures. Upon polymerization, we produce well-defined block copolymers forming nanoparticles with a wide range of controlled morphologies, including spheres, worm balls, worms, and vesicles. Our nanoemulsion polymerization is robust and well-controlled even without stirring or external deoxygenation. This method significantly expands the toolbox and availability of nanoemulsions and their tailor-made polymeric nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Rolland
- Laboratory
for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nghia P. Truong
- Laboratory
for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash
University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kostas Parkatzidis
- Laboratory
for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Emily H. Pilkington
- Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash
University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Alexandre L. Torzynski
- Laboratory
of Soft and Living Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Robert W. Style
- Laboratory
of Soft and Living Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eric R. Dufresne
- Laboratory
of Soft and Living Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory
for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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6
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Koh ML, FitzGerald PA, Warr GG, Jolliffe KA, Perrier S. Study of (Cyclic Peptide)-Polymer Conjugate Assemblies by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering. Chemistry 2016; 22:18419-18428. [PMID: 27862384 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We present a fundamental study into the self-assembly of (cyclic peptide)-polymer conjugates as a versatile supramolecular motif to engineer nanotubes with defined structure and dimensions, as characterised in solution using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). This work demonstrates the ability of the grafted polymer to stabilise and/or promote the formation of unaggregated nanotubes by the direct comparison to the unconjugated cyclic peptide precursor. This ideal case permitted a further study into the growth mechanism of self-assembling cyclic peptides, allowing an estimation of the cooperativity. Furthermore, we show the dependency of the nanostructure on the polymer and peptide chemical functionality in solvent mixtures that vary in the ability to compete with the intermolecular associations between cyclic peptides and ability to solvate the polymer shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liang Koh
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Gregory G Warr
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Sébastien Perrier
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3052, Australia
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7
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Danielson AP, Bailey-Van Kuren D, Lucius ME, Makaroff K, Williams C, Page RC, Berberich JA, Konkolewicz D. Well-Defined Macromolecules Using Horseradish Peroxidase as a RAFT Initiase. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:362-7. [PMID: 26748786 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic catalysis and control over macromolecular architectures from reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) are combined to give a new method of making polymers. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is used to catalytically generate radicals using hydrogen peroxide and acetylacetone as a mediator. RAFT is used to control the polymer structure. HRP catalyzed RAFT polymerization gives acrylate and acrylamide polymers with relatively narrow molecular weight distributions. The polymerization is rapid, typically exceeding 90% monomer conversion in 30 min. Complex macromolecular architectures including a block copolymer and a protein-polymer conjugate are synthesized using HRP to catalytically initiate RAFT polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P Danielson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Dylan Bailey-Van Kuren
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Melissa E Lucius
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Katherine Makaroff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Cameron Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Richard C Page
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Jason A Berberich
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, 650 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High St, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
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8
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Pan H, Sima M, Yang J, Kopeček J. Synthesis of long-circulating, backbone degradable HPMA copolymer-doxorubicin conjugates and evaluation of molecular-weight-dependent antitumor efficacy. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:155-60. [PMID: 23339052 PMCID: PMC4595041 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201200353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Backbone degradable, linear, multiblock N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-doxorubicin (DOX) conjugates are synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization followed by chain extension via thiol-ene click reaction. The examination of molecular-weight-dependent antitumor activity toward human ovarian A2780/AD carcinoma in nude mice reveals enhanced activity of multiblock, second-generation, higher molecular weight conjugates when compared with traditional HPMA copolymer-DOX conjugates. The examination of body weight changes during treatment indicates the absence of non-specific adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaizhong Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Monika Sima
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Jiyuan Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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9
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York AW, Huang F, McCormick CL. Rational design of targeted cancer therapeutics through the multiconjugation of folate and cleavable siRNA to RAFT-synthesized (HPMA-s-APMA) copolymers. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:505-14. [PMID: 20050670 PMCID: PMC2819026 DOI: 10.1021/bm901249n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A well-defined N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide-s-N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA-s-APMA) copolymer, synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, was utilized for the rational design of multiconjugates containing both a gene therapeutic, small interfering RNA (siRNA), and a cancer cell targeting moiety, folate. The copolymer contains a biocompatible poly(HPMA) portion (91 mol %) and a primary amine, APMA, portion (9 mol %). A fraction (20 mol %) of the APMA repeats were converted to activated thiols utilizing the amine- and sulfhydryl-reactive molecule N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)-propionate (SPDP). 5'-Thiolated sense strand RNAs were then coupled to the polymer through a disulfide exchange with pendant pyridyldithio moieties, giving an 89 +/- 4% degree of conjugation. The unmodified APMA units (80 mol %) were subsequently coupled to amine reactive folates with 81 +/- 1% efficiency. This yielded a multiconjugate copolymer with 91 mol % HPMA, 2 mol % RNA, and 6 mol % folate. siRNA formation was achieved by annealing antisense strands to the conjugated RNA sense strands. Subsequent siRNA cleavage under intracellular conditions demonstrated the potential utility of this carrier in gene delivery. The multiconjugate copolymer and siRNA release were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W. York
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
| | - Faqing Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
| | - Charles L. McCormick
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
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