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Yan GY, Liu PC, Kang MJ, Li WS, Lee YH, Chen KS. Evaluation of renal cortical echogenicity in healthy cats using anisotropic backscatter artifacts and echogenicity differences among internal organs. Vet Q 2023; 43:1-7. [PMID: 36752065 PMCID: PMC9930852 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2177773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal cortical anisotropic backscatter artifact (CABA) is a hyperechoic region of the renal poles where the insonation of sound beams is perpendicular to the renal tubules within the renal cortex. AIMS To determine whether renal CABA can be observed in healthy cats and to compare the echogenicity of renal CABA with that of the spleen and liver. MATERIAL AND METHODS Images of the spleen, liver, kidneys, and urinary bladder were acquired from 30 clinically healthy cats with renal CABA. Echogenicity differences among organs and echo scores within urine were recorded and analyzed. All ultrasound images were acquired using a 7.2-14-MHz linear transducer. Univariate logistic regression was used to assess the associations between the presence of renal CABA and various variables. RESULTS The prevalence of the renal CABA was 86.7% (26/30) and 93.3% (28/30) according to different observers. The reproducibility of renal CABA is substantial to excellent. The renal CABA echogenicity was greater or equal to the spleen and greater than the hepatic echogenicity in 90.0% of cats (27/30). For comparison with the spleen and liver, there were three and six combinations of echogenicity differences using the CABA and non-CABA regions, respectively. The renal cortical echogenicity in the CABA region was higher than the liver in all subjects. Renal CABA was not associated with age, body weight, gender, body condition score, or lipid droplets in the urinary bladder. CONCLUSION Renal CABA was present in most healthy cats and could be used for echogenicity comparisons with the liver and spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong-Yi Yan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Chen Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan,Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jen Kang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Sheng Li
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Huan Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Sheng Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan,Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan,CONTACT Kuan-Sheng Chen Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, South District, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan
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Valind K, Jögi J, Minarik D, Trägårdh E. [ 18 F]PSMA-1007 renal uptake parameters: Reproducibility and relationship to estimated glomerular filtration rate. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2023; 43:128-135. [PMID: 36385577 PMCID: PMC10100348 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scintigraphy with technetium-99m-labelled dimercaptosuccinic acid ([99m Tc]Tc-DMSA) is widely used for renal cortical imaging. Uptake of [99m Tc]Tc-DMSA has been shown to correlate with glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) radiopharmaceuticals used for positron emission tomography (PET) show high renal uptake and are being investigated for renal imaging. [68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET parameters have been shown to correlate with estimated GFR (eGFR). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between renal [18 F]PSMA-1007 uptake and eGFR. METHODS Hundred and eighty-five patients underwent PET imaging at 1 and 2 h after injection of 4.0 ± 0.2 MBq [18 F]PSMA-1007. Serum creatinine levels were measured and GFR estimated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equations. Fifteen patients were excluded due to missing or incorrect data. Thus, data from 170 patients were analyzed. Kidneys were segmented in the PET images using a convolutional neural network with manual correction. For each kidney, mean standardized uptake value (SUVmean ) and segmentation volume in millilitres were measured. Linear regression analyses were performed with eGFR as the outcome variable. RESULTS Variation in the eGFR values was explained to a significant degree by SUVmean and renal segmentation volume in both the 1 and 2 h images. This correlation was stronger for CKD-EPI eGFR (1 h R2 = 0.64; 2 h R2 = 0.64) than for MDRD eGFR (1 h R2 = 0.47; 2 h R2 = 0.45). CONCLUSION Renal [18 F]PSMA-1007 uptake parameters correlate with eGFR and are indicative of renal cortical function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Valind
- Department of Translational Medicine and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jonas Jögi
- Department of Translational Medicine and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden
| | - David Minarik
- Department of Translational Medicine and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden
| | - Elin Trägårdh
- Department of Translational Medicine and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden
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Tyshynsky R, Sensarma S, Riedl M, Bukowy J, Schramm LP, Vulchanova L, Osborn JW. Periglomerular afferent innervation of the mouse renal cortex. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:974197. [PMID: 36777644 PMCID: PMC9909228 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.974197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies using a novel method for targeted ablation of afferent renal nerves have demonstrated their importance in the development and maintenance of some animal models of hypertension. However, relatively little is known about the anatomy of renal afferent nerves distal to the renal pelvis. Here, we investigated the anatomical relationship between renal glomeruli and afferent axons identified based on transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 channel (TRPV1) lineage or calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) immunolabeling. Analysis of over 6,000 (10,000 was accurate prior to the removal of the TH data during the review process) glomeruli from wildtype C57BL/6J mice and transgenic mice expressing tdTomato in TRPV1 lineage cells indicated that approximately half of all glomeruli sampled were closely apposed to tdTomato+ or CGRP+ afferent axons. Glomeruli were categorized as superficial, midcortical, or juxtamedullary based on their depth within the cortex. Juxtamedullary glomeruli were more likely to be closely apposed by afferent axon subtypes than more superficial glomeruli. High-resolution imaging of thick, cleared renal slices and subsequent distance transformations revealed that CGRP+ axons closely apposed to glomeruli were often found within 2 microns of nephrin+ labeling of glomerular podocytes. Furthermore, imaging of thick slices suggested that CGRP+ axon bundles can closely appose multiple glomeruli that share the same interlobular artery. Based on their expression of CGRP or tdTomato, prevalence near glomeruli, proximity to glomerular structures, and close apposition to multiple glomeruli within a module, we hypothesize that periglomerular afferent axons may function as mechanoreceptors monitoring glomerular pressure. These anatomical findings highlight the importance of further studies investigating the physiological role of periglomerular afferent axons in neural control of renal function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Tyshynsky
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Sulagna Sensarma
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Maureen Riedl
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - John Bukowy
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Lawrence P. Schramm
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lucy Vulchanova
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States,Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - John W. Osborn
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States,Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States,*Correspondence: John W. Osborn,
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4
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Choo D, Kim SS, Kwon D, Lee K, Yoon H. Ultrasonographic quantitative evaluation of acute and chronic renal disease using the renal cortical thickness to aorta ratio in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023; 64:140-148. [PMID: 36049077 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The renal cortical thickness (RCT) has been correlated with renal function. Previous studies have also reported that the RCT:Abdominal aorta(Ao) ratio is constant in normal dogs with various physical factors. This multi-center, retrospective, analytical study aimed to determine if there are differences between actual RCT and predicted value of RCT considering physical factors in dogs with acute or chronic renal disease. We also aimed to demonstrate whether the RCT and Ao ratio index would be useful for evaluating renal pathology. A total of 54 dogs with acute or chronic renal disease and 30 normal healthy dogs were included in this study. The RCT was measured at the center of the renal pyramid as the shortest distance perpendicular to the renal capsule from the base of the renal medullary pyramid at three points. The diameter of the Ao was measured just caudal to the branch of the left renal artery in the sagittal plane in systole. The RCT:Ao ratio of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients was 0.50 ± 0.11 (mean ± standard deviation). The RCT:Ao ratio in normal dogs was 0.67 ± 0.07. The RCT:Ao ratio in patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) was 0.83 ± 0.05. There was a statistically significant difference between normal dogs and dogs with CKD (P < 0.001) and between normal dogs and dogs with AKI (P < 0.001). In conclusion, findings from the current study supported using the RCT:Ao ratio as a non-invasive quantitative method for characterizing kidney pathology in dogs with acute or chronic renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyeok Choo
- VIP Animal Medical Center, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Kim
- VIP Animal Medical Center, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Danbee Kwon
- Bundang Leaders Animal Medical Center, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kichang Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakyoung Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Animal Transplantation, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
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5
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Othman MA, Mubarak HA, Sayed MM. Ameliorative role of alpha-lipoic acid in renal cortical structural damage, induced by limb ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat. Ultrastruct Pathol 2022; 46:110-121. [PMID: 35135431 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2022.2035875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is related to kidney dysfunction due to bilateral lower limb ischemia. This kidney injury may lead to acute kidney failure and mortality. Alpha-Lipoic Acid, a known antioxidant, can ameliorate kidney dysfunction and histopathology related to several etiologies. Ischemia was performed in adult male rats by bilateral femoral artery occlusion, then ischemia-reperfusion was done for 1 day and 7 days. Lipoic acid was administered to rats that had undergone ischemia-reperfusion for 7 days. The renal cortices of the kidneys of the tested groups were processed for light and electron microscopic examination. Immunohistochemical evaluation was performed using the following markers: cleaved caspase 3, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. There was damage to the renal cortical tubules and degeneration of podocytes and thickening of the glomerular basement membrane. Additionally, there was an increase in apoptosis and the inflammatory markers' immunoreactivity. Administration of alpha-lipoic acid resulted in improvement of the structural and immunohistochemical changes of the renal cortex. This may suggest a therapeutic rule of it and promising application for variable kidney injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal A Othman
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.,Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Heba A Mubarak
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Manal M Sayed
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assuit, Egypt
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Abstract
The renal response to acute hyperkalemia is mediated by increased K+ secretion within the connecting tubule (CNT), flux that is modulated by tubular effects (e.g., aldosterone) in conjunction with increased luminal flow. There is ample evidence that peritubular K+ blunts Na+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule, thick ascending Henle limb, and distal convoluted tubule (DCT). Although any such reduction may augment CNT delivery, the relative contribution of each is uncertain. The kidney model of this laboratory was recently advanced with representation of the cortical labyrinth and medullary ray. Model tubules capture the impact of hyperkalemia to blunt Na+ reabsorption within each upstream segment. However, this forces the question of the extent to which increased Na+ delivery is transmitted past the macula densa and its tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) signal. Beyond increasing macula densa Na+ delivery, peritubular K+ is predicted to raise cytosolic Cl- and depolarize macula densa cells, which may also activate TGF. Thus, although the upstream reduction in Na+ transport may be larger, it appears that the DCT effect is critical to increasing CNT delivery. Beyond the flow effect, hyperkalemia reduces ammoniagenesis and reduced ammoniagenesis enhances K+ excretion. What this model provides is a possible mechanism. When cortical [Formula: see text] is taken up via peritubular Na+-K+([Formula: see text])-ATPase, it acidifies principal cells. Consequently, reduced ammoniagenesis increases principal cell pH, thereby increasing conductance of both the epithelial Na+ channel and renal outer medullary K+ channel, enhancing K+ excretion. In this model, the effect of aldosterone on principal cells, diminished DCT Na+ reabsorption, and reduced ammoniagenesis all provide relatively equal and additive contributions to renal K+ excretion.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hyperkalemia blunts Na+ reabsorption along the nephron, and increased CNT Na+ delivery facilitates K+ secretion. The model suggests that tubuloglomerular feedback limits transmission of proximal effects past the macula densa, so that it is DCT transport that is critical. Hyperkalemia also reduces PCT ammoniagenesis, which enhances K+ excretion. The model suggests a mechanism, namely, that reduced cortical ammonia impacts CNT transport by raising cell pH and thus increasing both ENaC and ROMK conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M. Weinstein
- 1Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York City, New York,2Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York City, New York
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Dang W, Xu X, Luo D, Luo H, Hu J, Zhou J, Liu J, You L. Analysis of Risk Factors for Changes in the Renal Two-Dimensional Image in Gout Patients. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:6367-6378. [PMID: 34675606 PMCID: PMC8502035 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s336220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of different blood uric acid levels in gout patients on the two-dimensional image of the kidney and the risk factors for gout-related kidney damage for providing clinical evidence to enable early prevention and treatment of gout-related kidney damage. METHODS We obtained information of 227 patients with primary gout and estimated the association between two-dimensional kidney images and clinical indicators using binary logistic regression. RESULTS Our study showed that different uric acid levels, age, disease course, cystatin C (CysC) level, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase level were correlated with echo of the renal medulla (P < 0.05). CysC level was correlated with the renal cortex thickness and kidney stones in different uric acid-level groups (P < 0.05). Disease course, aspartate transaminase (AST) level, creatinine (CREA) level, and tophi were risk factors for renal cortex thinning in gout patients (P = 0.045, 0.026, 0.004, 0.006, respectively). The disease course, platelet (PLT) count, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) level were risk factors for kidney stone formation in gout patients (P = 0.037, 0.022, 0.023, respectively), while CysC level and C-reactive protein (CRP) level were risk factors for increased renal medulla echo in these patients (P = 0.022, 0.028, respectively). CONCLUSION Our study revealed disease course, AST level, CREA level, tophi, PLT count, HDL-C level, CysC level and CRP level may be important predictors of renal image changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wantai Dang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunity, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Ultrasound, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Danling Luo
- Department of Ultrasound, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Luo
- Department of Ultrasound, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Hu
- Department of Ultrasound, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingguo Zhou
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunity, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lanlan You
- Department of Ultrasound, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, People’s Republic of China
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da Silva CBP, Ceron CS, Mendes AS, de Martinis BS, Castro MM, Tirapelli CR. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mediates ethanol-induced redox imbalance and upregulation of inflammatory cytokines in the kidney. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:1016-1025. [PMID: 33887163 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of the inducible isoform of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has been associated to pathological processes in the kidney. Ethanol consumption induces the renal expression of iNOS; however, the contribution of this enzyme to the deleterious effects of ethanol in the kidney remains elusive. We examined whether iNOS plays a role in the renal dysfunction and oxidative stress induced by ethanol consumption. With this purpose, male C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) or iNOS-deficient (iNOS-/-) mice were treated with ethanol (20% v/v) for 10 weeks. Treatment with ethanol increased the expression of Nox4 as well as the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and the levels of tumor necrosis factor α in the renal cortex of WT but not iNOS-/- mice. Augmented serum levels of creatinine and increased systolic blood pressure were found in WT and iNOS-/- mice treated with ethanol. WT mice treated with ethanol showed increased production of reactive oxygen species and myeloperoxidase activity, but these responses were attenuated in iNOS-/- mice. We concluded that iNOS played a role in ethanol-induced oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the kidney. These are mechanisms that may contribute to the renal toxicity induced by ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla B P da Silva
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, DEPCH, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Toxicologia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla S Ceron
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Atlante S Mendes
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno S de Martinis
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Michele M Castro
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Tirapelli
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, DEPCH, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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9
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Abstract
Ammonia generated within the kidney is partitioned into a urinary fraction (the key buffer for net acid excretion) and an aliquot delivered to the systemic circulation. The physiology of this partitioning has yet to be examined in a kidney model, and that was undertaken in this work. This involves explicit representation of the cortical labyrinth, so that cortical interstitial solute concentrations are computed rather than assigned. A detailed representation of cortical vasculature has been avoided by making the assumption that solute concentrations within the interstitium and peritubular capillaries are likely to be identical and that there is little to no modification of venous composition as blood flows to the renal vein. The model medullary ray has also been revised to include a segment of proximal straight tubule, which supplies ammonia to this region. The principal finding of this work is that cortical labyrinth interstitial ammonia concentration is likely to be several fold higher than systemic arterial ammonia. This elevation of interstitial ammonia enhances ammonia secretion in both the proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule, with uptake by Na+-K+-ATPases of both segments. Model prediction of urinary ammonia excretion was concordant with measured values, but at the expense of greater ammoniagenesis, with high rates of renal venous ammonia flux. This derives from a limited capability of the model medulla to replicate the high interstitial ammonia concentrations that are required to drive collecting duct ammonia secretion. Thus, renal medullary ammonia trapping appears key to diverting ammonia from the renal vein to urine, but capturing the underlying physiology remains a challenge.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first mathematical model to estimate solute concentrations within the kidney cortex. The model predicts cortical ammonia to be several fold greater than in the systemic circulation. This higher concentration drives ammonia secretion in proximal and distal tubules. The model reveals a gap in our understanding of how ammonia generated within the cortex is channeled efficiently into the final urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Weinstein
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York.,Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
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10
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Gardiner BS, Smith DW, Lee C, Ngo JP, Evans RG. Renal oxygenation: From data to insight. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13450. [PMID: 32012449 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Computational models have made a major contribution to the field of physiology. As the complexity of our understanding of biological systems expands, the need for computational methods only increases. But collaboration between experimental physiologists and computational modellers (ie theoretical physiologists) is not easy. One of the major challenges is to break down the barriers created by differences in vocabulary and approach between the two disciplines. In this review, we have two major aims. Firstly, we wish to contribute to the effort to break down these barriers and so encourage more interdisciplinary collaboration. So, we begin with a "primer" on the ways in which computational models can help us understand physiology and pathophysiology. Second, we aim to provide an update of recent efforts in one specific area of physiology, renal oxygenation. This work is shedding new light on the causes and consequences of renal hypoxia. But as importantly, computational modelling is providing direction for experimental physiologists working in the field of renal oxygenation by: (a) generating new hypotheses that can be tested in experimental studies, (b) allowing experiments that are technically unfeasible to be simulated in silico, or variables that cannot be measured experimentally to be estimated, and (c) providing a means by which the quality of experimental data can be assessed. Critically, based on our experience, we strongly believe that experimental and theoretical physiology should not be seen as separate exercises. Rather, they should be integrated to permit an iterative process between modelling and experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S. Gardiner
- College of Science Health, Engineering and Education Murdoch University Perth Australia
- Faculty of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences The University of Western Australia Perth Australia
| | - David W. Smith
- Faculty of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences The University of Western Australia Perth Australia
| | - Chang‐Joon Lee
- College of Science Health, Engineering and Education Murdoch University Perth Australia
- Faculty of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences The University of Western Australia Perth Australia
| | - Jennifer P. Ngo
- Cardiovascular Disease Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology Monash University Melbourne Australia
- Department of Cardiac Physiology National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Research Center Osaka Japan
| | - Roger G. Evans
- Cardiovascular Disease Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology Monash University Melbourne Australia
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11
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Ping F, Guo Y, Cao Y, Shang J, Yao S, Zhang J, Li Y. Metabolomics Analysis of the Renal Cortex in Rats With Acute Kidney Injury Induced by Sepsis. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:152. [PMID: 31921892 PMCID: PMC6934034 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) can increase the mortality of critically ill patients and the incidence of chronic kidney disease in critically ill survivors. The main goal was to investigate the possible link between metabolic changes and sepsis-induced AKI development. The experimental animal model of sepsis-induced AKI was established by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide in rats. Non-targeted metabolic screening of the renal cortex in the control and sepsis-induced AKI groups was carried out based on gas chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) technology. The data between the two groups were analyzed by combining univariate and multivariate statistical methods, and the metabolites associated with AKI in rats with sepsis were screened. By examining the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, altered metabolic pathways associated with acute renal injury in sepsis were identified. The cross validated scores plot of orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) showed a distinct separation trend between the model and control groups in the profile of renal cortex metabolites, indicating a significant change in endogenous metabolites in the rat renal cortex. Further analysis and screening showed that 26 different metabolites were identified in the renal cortex between the two groups, mainly involving taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, pantothenic acid and CoA biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, and other metabolic pathways. The metabolic disorders of taurine, pantothenic acid, and phenylalanine in the renal cortex are related to the development of acute renal injury in sepsis. Correcting these metabolic disorders is expected to prevent and treat sepsis-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ping
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Section of Nutrition Research, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yongmei Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawei Shang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Sijia Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingchuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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12
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Aubert V, Kaminski J, Guillaud F, Hauet T, Hannaert P. A Computer Model of Oxygen Dynamics in the Cortex of the Rat Kidney at the Cell-Tissue Level. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6246. [PMID: 31835730 PMCID: PMC6941061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The renal cortex drives renal function. Hypoxia/reoxygenation are primary factors in ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injuries, but renal oxygenation per se is complex and awaits full elucidation. Few mathematical models address this issue: none captures cortical tissue heterogeneity. Using agent-based modeling, we develop the first model of cortical oxygenation at the cell-tissue level (RCM), based on first principles and careful bibliographical analysis. Entirely parameterized with Rat data, RCM is a morphometrically equivalent 2D-slice of cortical tissue, featuring peritubular capillaries (PTC), tubules and interstitium. It implements hemoglobin/O2 binding-release, oxygen diffusion, and consumption, as well as capillary and tubular flows. Inputs are renal blood flow RBF and PO2 feeds; output is average tissue PO2 (tPO2). After verification and sensitivity analysis, RCM was validated at steady-state (tPO2 37.7 ± 2.2 vs. 36.9 ± 6 mmHg) and under transients (ischemic oxygen half-time: 4.5 ± 2.5 vs. 2.3 ± 0.5 s in situ). Simulations confirm that PO2 is largely independent of RBF, except at low values. They suggest that, at least in the proximal tubule, the luminal flow dominantly contributes to oxygen delivery, while the contribution of capillaries increases under partial ischemia. Before addressing IR-induced injuries, upcoming developments include ATP production, adaptation to minutes-hours scale, and segmental and regional specification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Patrick Hannaert
- INSERM U1082-IRTOMIT, 86000 Poitiers, France; (V.A.); (J.K.); (F.G.); (T.H.)
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13
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Abstract
We have previously shown that TNF-α produced by renal epithelial cells inhibits Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC2) activity as part of a mechanism that attenuates increases in blood pressure in response to high NaCl intake. As the role of TNF-α in the kidney is still being defined, the effects of low salt intake on TNF-α and NKCC2B expression were determined. Mice given a low-salt (0.02% NaCl) diet (LSD) for 7 days exhibited a 62 ± 7.4% decrease in TNF-α mRNA accumulation in the renal cortex. Mice that ingested the LSD also exhibited an ~63% increase in phosphorylated NKCC2 expression in the cortical thick ascending limb of Henle's loop and a concomitant threefold increase in NKCC2B mRNA abundance without a concurrent change in NKCC2A mRNA accumulation. NKCC2B mRNA levels increased fivefold in mice that ingested the LSD and also received an intrarenal injection of a lentivirus construct that specifically silenced TNF-α in the kidney (U6-TNF-ex4) compared with mice injected with control lentivirus. Administration of a single intrarenal injection of murine recombinant TNF-α (5 ng/g body wt) attenuated the increases of NKCC2B mRNA by ~50% and inhibited the increase in phosphorylated NKCC2 by ~54% in the renal cortex of mice given the LSD for 7 days. Renal silencing of TNF-α decreased urine volume and NaCl excretion in mice given the LSD, effects that were reversed when NKCC2B was silenced in the kidney. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that downregulation of renal TNF-α production in response to low-salt conditions contributes to the regulation of NaCl reabsorption via an NKCC2B-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujin Hao
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Joseph Salzo
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Mary Hao
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Nicholas R Ferreri
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
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14
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Pradas I, Jové M, Cabré R, Ayala V, Mota-Martorell N, Pamplona R. Effects of Aging and Methionine Restriction on Rat Kidney Metabolome. Metabolites 2019; 9:E280. [PMID: 31739579 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9110280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Methionine restriction (MetR) in animal models extends maximum longevity and seems to promote renoprotection by attenuating kidney injury. MetR has also been proven to affect several metabolic pathways including lipid metabolism. However, there is a lack of studies about the effect of MetR at old age on the kidney metabolome. In view of this, a mass spectrometry-based high-throughput metabolomic and lipidomic profiling was undertaken of renal cortex samples of three groups of male rats-An 8-month-old Adult group, a 26-month-old Aged group, and a MetR group that also comprised of 26-month-old rats but were subjected to an 80% MetR diet for 7 weeks. Additionally, markers of mitochondrial stress and protein oxidative damage were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Our results showed minor changes during aging in the renal cortex metabolome, with less than 59 differential metabolites between the Adult and Aged groups, which represents about 4% of changes in the kidney metabolome. Among the compounds identified are glycerolipids and lipid species derived from arachidonic acid metabolism. MetR at old age preferentially induces lipid changes affecting glycerophospholipids, docosanoids, and eicosanoids. No significant differences were observed between the experimental groups in the markers of mitochondrial stress and tissue protein damage. More than rejuvenation, MetR seems to induce a metabolic reprogramming.
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15
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Li Z, Liu Y, Zhang H, Pu Z, Wu X, Li P. Effect of fosinopril on the renal cortex protein expression profile of Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:172-182. [PMID: 31853288 PMCID: PMC6909786 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) can reduce urinary protein excretion and postpone the deterioration of renal function. However, the mechanisms of renal protection are not yet fully understood. To investigate the mechanisms of ACEIs in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy (DN), the present study determined the effects of the ACEI fosinopril (FP) on the profiling of renal cortex protein expression in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats using Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats as controls. Urinary protein levels at 24 h were examined using the Broadford method. PAS staining was performed to observe renal histopathological changes. The kidney cortices of OLETF, FP-treated OLETF and LETO rats were examined using soluble and insoluble high-resolution subproteomic analysis methodology at age of 36 and 56 weeks. Differentiated proteins were further confirmed using western blotting analysis. The results demonstrated that FP significantly decreased the glomerulosclerosis index and reduced the 24 h urinary protein excretion of OLETF rats. Additionally, 17 proteins significantly changed following FP-treatment. Amongst these proteins, the abundances of the stress-response protein heat shock protein family A member 9 and the antioxidant glutathione peroxidase 3 were particularly increased. These results indicated that FP ameliorated diabetic renal injuries by inhibiting oxidative stress. In conclusion, the differentially expressed proteins may improve our understanding of the mechanism of ACEIs in the OLETF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Li
- Department of Medical Research Center, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Geriatric Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, P.R. China
| | - Yeqiang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Haojun Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Zhijie Pu
- Graduate School, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Xuejing Wu
- Graduate School, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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16
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Sasaki T, Tsuboi N, Okabayashi Y, Haruhara K, Kanzaki G, Koike K, Takahashi H, Ikegami M, Shimizu A, Yokoo T. Synergistic Impact of Diabetes and Hypertension on the Progression and Distribution of Glomerular Histopathological Lesions. Am J Hypertens 2019; 32:900-908. [PMID: 31044221 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpz059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes and hypertension share renal histopathological features, such as arterial lesions and glomerular hypertrophy, that have not been investigated in relation to the blood pressure status of diabetic subjects. The severity of glomerular lesions varies across locations of the renal cortex, which may be further affected by diabetes and/or hypertension. METHODS Histopathological lesions in different parts of the renal cortex of autopsy kidneys were evaluated and analyzed based on medical histories of diabetes and hypertension. RESULTS This study included a total of 82 Japanese autopsies composed of normotensive nondiabetics (n = 31), hypertensive nondiabetics (n = 28), normotensive diabetics (n = 14), and hypertensive diabetics (n = 9). There were no differences in age, sex, renal function, or body size among groups. In both the superficial and juxtamedullary cortices, increased glomerular volume (GV) was significantly associated with either diabetes or hypertension. In addition, diabetes and hypertension showed a significant interaction with GV regardless of the cortical location. Values for global glomerulosclerosis (GGS) and arteriolar hyalinosis (AH) were associated with diabetes but not with hypertension. Only values for GGS consistently showed cortical surface superiority. The zonal distribution of AH, GV, or other diabetic glomerular lesions differed among the lesions depending on the presence or absence of hypertension. CONCLUSIONS These results imply that diabetes and hypertension synergistically enhance glomerular hypertrophy across all layers of the human renal cortex. The process is closely associated with the severity of GGS and AH predominantly associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Sasaki
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuo Tsuboi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okabayashi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Haruhara
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Go Kanzaki
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Koike
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ikegami
- Department of Pathology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokoo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Higgins GC, Nguyen TV, Ramm G, Coughlan MT. Methods in renal research: Measurement of autophagic flux in the renal cortex ex vivo. Nephrology (Carlton) 2018; 23:815-820. [PMID: 29504645 DOI: 10.1111/nep.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The role of autophagy in the kidney and many nephrological diseases has gained prominence in recent years. Much of this research has been focused on markers of autophagy that are static and reveal little about the state of this dynamic pathway. Other mechanistic investigations are limited to in vitro studies, that often provide circumstantial evidence of autophagic flux. Here we describe a method for measuring autophagic flux ex vivo that allows more direct observations to be made in situ regarding the state of autophagic flux within the renal cortex of a single animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin C Higgins
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Diabetic Complications, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tuong-Vi Nguyen
- Diabetic Complications, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georg Ramm
- Membrane Biology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melinda T Coughlan
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Diabetic Complications, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Tal Tamir H, Ben-Mordechay D, Ben-Shlush A, Raviv-Zilka L, Soudack M. Increased Renal Echogenicity in Children With Appendicitis. J Ultrasound Med 2018; 37:1403-1409. [PMID: 29159839 DOI: 10.1002/jum.14480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ultrasound (US) is an important modality for the detection of acute appendicitis in children but has limited sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, additional US findings may contribute to the diagnosis. In our experience, children with acute appendicitis often have increased renal cortical echogenicity on US imaging. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of increased renal cortical echogenicity with appendicitis. METHODS This study included 240 consecutive pediatric patients with no renal or liver disease who underwent US examinations for suspected appendicitis between February 2014 and January 2016. Ultrasound images of the liver and right kidney were retrospectively reviewed, and the echogenicity of the renal cortex was classified as less than the liver, equal to the liver, or greater than the liver. RESULTS The renal cortex was abnormally hyperechoic in 38 (50%) of all of the patients who had appendicitis according to US (P < .001) and in 47% of patients who underwent appendectomy (P = .002). Overall, 36% of patients with increased renal cortical echogenicity had a diagnosis of appendicitis. After correction for variables, patients with renal hyperechogenicity had a 2.5 times chance of appendicitis (odds ratio, 2.5). CONCLUSIONS There is a statistically significant association between increased renal cortical echogenicity and appendicitis. In the absence of hepatic or renal disease, this finding may increase the accuracy of the US diagnosis of appendicitis. Increased renal cortical echogenicity may be added to the list of US findings accompanying acute appendicitis in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Tal Tamir
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Aviva Ben-Shlush
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Lisa Raviv-Zilka
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Michalle Soudack
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
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19
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Sarikaya I, Elgazzar AH, Alfeeli MA, Sarikaya A. Can Gallium-68 Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen Ligand be a Potential Radiotracer for Renal Cortical Positron Emission Tomography Imaging? World J Nucl Med 2018; 17:126-129. [PMID: 29719490 PMCID: PMC5905259 DOI: 10.4103/wjnm.wjnm_35_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallium-68 prostate-specific membrane antigen (Ga-68 PSMA) ligand (HBED-CC) is a new promising positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for prostate cancer. Intense renal parenchymal uptake is a physiologic finding on Ga-68 PSMA ligand PET images. Evaluation of kidneys in low intensity demonstrates excellent distribution of this radiotracer in renal parenchyma with excellent image quality and resolution. In this article, we present the Ga-68 PSMA ligand PET renal images of four patients with prostate cancer. In two patients, there is normal distribution of radiotracer, and in other two, there are renal cysts causing parenchymal defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismet Sarikaya
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Abdelhamid H Elgazzar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Mahmoud A Alfeeli
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, Jabriya, Kuwait
| | - Ali Sarikaya
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
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20
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Anan HH, Zidan RA, Shaheen MA, Abd-El Fattah EA. Therapeutic efficacy of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells versus losartan on adriamycin-induced renal cortical injury in adult albino rats. Cytotherapy 2017; 18:970-984. [PMID: 27378342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal disease is a major health problem. Recent studies have reported the efficacy of stem cell therapy in nephropathy animal models. AIM OF THE WORK This study was designed to investigate the therapeutic effectiveness of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) versus losartan in the treatment of renal alterations induced by adriamycin (ADR). MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-five adult male albino rats were divided into four groups. Group I was the control group. Group II (adriamycin-treated group),which included ten rats that were injected with a single dose of adriamycin (15 mg/kg) intraperitoneally, was subdivided into subgroup IIa and IIb and they were sacrificed 1 week and 5 weeks after adriamycin injection, respectively. Group III was the adriamycin + losartan-treated group and 1 week after adriamycin injection five rats received 10 mg/kg of losartan orally and daily for 4 weeks. Group IV was the adriamycin + MSC-treated group); five rats were injected with adriamycin as group II then supplied with MSCs at a dose of 1 × 10(6) cells suspended in 0.5 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) per rat in the tail vein 1 week after adriamycin injection. Rats of this group were sacrificed 4 weeks after the stem cell injection. Blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine were measured. Samples from renal cortex were processed for light and electron microscope examination. As regards light microscope, sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H-E), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), masson trichrome, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Caspase-3 immunohistochemical stains. Morphometrical and statistical analyses were also conducted. RESULTS Examination of adriamycin-treated group revealed deterioration of renal functions and various degrees of renal structural alterations as vacuolated cytoplasm, dark nuclei and detached epithelial lining. Administration of losartan partially improved ADR-induced kidney dysfunction, whereas MSCs denoted a more ameliorative role evidenced by structural and functional recovery. CONCLUSION MSCs have a relevant therapeutic potential against ADR-induced renal damage. MSCs may accomplish this role by decreasing caspase-3 expression and increasing proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining which influence the regeneration of the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda H Anan
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rania A Zidan
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Mohammad A Shaheen
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Enas A Abd-El Fattah
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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21
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Pawluś A, Szymańska K, Łasecki M, Bladowska J, Sokołowska-Dąbek D, Szumarska-Czech M, Kaczorowski K, Markiewicz BD, Dudek K, Zaleska-Dorobisz U. Which organ should be considered a reference in diffusion weighted imaging of the abdomen?: The reproducibility of ADC measurements of the spleen and the renal cortex on a 1.5T MR. ADV CLIN EXP MED 2017; 26:811-816. [PMID: 29068577 DOI: 10.17219/acem/60877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) is a useful tool for the evaluation of focal lesions in the liver or kidneys, as well as for the diagnosis and assessment of the liver fibrosis process. Some reports show that the spleen and kidneys may serve as reference organs in the staging of liver fibrosis or the evaluation of focal liver lesions. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to determine whether the spleen and renal cortex can be used as reference organs in the DWI technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study group included 36 patients with no liver, spleen or renal pathologies and without any infections or hematologic disease. All the examinations were performed using a 1.5T MR unit with a conventional phased array body coil. Image interpretation and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurements were done by 3 experienced radiologists. RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference between the ADC values noted by 2 of the examiners in the upper/middle and lower part of the spleen parenchyma. There were no statistically significant differences between the ADC values obtained by all 3 examiners in all the parts of each kidney. There were no statistically significant differences between the examiners' ADC values for the spleen and kidneys. The mean ADC values for the left kidney showed the highest measurement reproducibility. CONCLUSIONS The study showed that the renal cortex seems to be an appropriate region for performing reference ADC measurements. Further studies on a larger group of patients and using various DWI protocols should be performed to ascertain the best conditions for maximizing the reproducibility of ADC measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Pawluś
- Department of General and Pediatric Radiology, Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 1, Wrocław, Poland.,Department of Radiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Kinga Szymańska
- Department of General and Pediatric Radiology, Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 1, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mateusz Łasecki
- Department of General and Pediatric Radiology, Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 1, Wrocław, Poland.,Department of Radiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Joanna Bladowska
- Department of Radiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland.,Department of General Radiology, Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Dąbrówka Sokołowska-Dąbek
- Department of General and Pediatric Radiology, Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 1, Wrocław, Poland.,Department of Radiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szumarska-Czech
- Department of General and Pediatric Radiology, Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 1, Wrocław, Poland.,Department of Radiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | | | | | - Krzysztof Dudek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Karkonosze College, Jelenia Góra, Poland
| | - Urszula Zaleska-Dorobisz
- Department of General and Pediatric Radiology, Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 1, Wrocław, Poland.,Department of Radiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
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22
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Abstract
Blood pressure, renal hemodynamics, electrolyte, and water excretion all display diurnal oscillation. Disturbance of these patterns is associated with hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Kidney oxygenation is dependent on oxygen delivery and consumption that in turn are determined by renal hemodynamics and metabolism. We hypothesized that kidney oxygenation also demonstrates 24-h periodicity. Telemetric oxygen-sensitive carbon paste electrodes were implanted in Sprague-Dawley rats (250–300 g), either in renal medulla (n = 9) or cortex (n = 7). Arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored by telemetry in a separate group (n = 8). Data from 5 consecutive days were analyzed for rhythmicity by cosinor analysis. Diurnal electrolyte excretion was assessed by metabolic cages. During lights-off, oxygen levels increased to 105.3 ± 2.1% in cortex and 105.2 ± 3.8% in medulla. MAP was 97.3 ± 1.5 mmHg and HR was 394.0 ± 7.9 bpm during lights-off phase and 93.5 ± 1.3 mmHg and 327.8 ± 8.9 bpm during lights-on. During lights-on, oxygen levels decreased to 94.6 ± 1.4% in cortex and 94.2 ± 8.5% in medulla. There was significant 24-h periodicity in cortex and medulla oxygenation. Potassium excretion (1,737 ± 779 vs. 895 ± 132 μmol/12 h, P = 0.005) and the distal Na+/K+ exchange (0.72 ± 0.02 vs. 0.59 ± 0.02 P < 0.001) were highest in the lights-off phase, this phase difference was not found for sodium excretion (P = 0.4). It seems that oxygen levels in the kidneys follow the pattern of oxygen delivery, which is known to be determined by renal blood flow and peaks in the active phase (lights-off).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonja W Emans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center at the University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ben J Janssen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht UniversityMaastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Joles
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - C T Paul Krediet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center at the University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
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23
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Ortega-Trejo JA, Pérez-Villalva R, Barrera-Chimal J, Carrillo-Pérez DL, Morales-Buenrostro LE, Gamba G, Flores ME, Bobadilla NA. Heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) specific induction and temporal stability in urine samples as a reliable biomarker of acute kidney injury (AKI). Biomarkers 2015; 20:453-9. [PMID: 26488549 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2015.1096305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrated that urinary heat shock protein of 72 KDa (Hsp72) is a sensitive biomarker for the early detection of acute kidney injury (AKI). However, whether Hsp72 induction during an AKI episode is kidney-specific is unknown, as well as, the degree of Hsp72 stability in urine samples. In rats that underwent bilateral renal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), Hsp72 levels were evaluated in several tissues and in collected urines under different storage and temperature conditions, as well as in variable numbers of freeze-thaw cycles. The effect of room temperature and five freeze-thaw cycles on urinary Hsp72 levels was also evaluated in urine samples from AKI patients. We found that Hsp72 increased exclusively in the renal cortex of I/R group, emphasizing its performance as an AKI biomarker. Urinary-Hsp72 remained constant at room temperature (48 h), during 9 months of storage and was not affected by five freeze/thaw cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Ortega-Trejo
- a Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México , Mexico City , Mexico and.,b Department of Nephrology , Instituto Nacional De Ciencias Médicas Y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Rosalba Pérez-Villalva
- a Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México , Mexico City , Mexico and.,b Department of Nephrology , Instituto Nacional De Ciencias Médicas Y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Jonatan Barrera-Chimal
- a Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México , Mexico City , Mexico and.,b Department of Nephrology , Instituto Nacional De Ciencias Médicas Y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Diego L Carrillo-Pérez
- b Department of Nephrology , Instituto Nacional De Ciencias Médicas Y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Luis E Morales-Buenrostro
- b Department of Nephrology , Instituto Nacional De Ciencias Médicas Y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- a Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México , Mexico City , Mexico and.,b Department of Nephrology , Instituto Nacional De Ciencias Médicas Y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - María Elena Flores
- a Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México , Mexico City , Mexico and
| | - Norma A Bobadilla
- a Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México , Mexico City , Mexico and.,b Department of Nephrology , Instituto Nacional De Ciencias Médicas Y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City , Mexico
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Abstract
Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) is an analog of dimercaprol used as metal chelating moiety in variety of conditions. In nuclear medicine itself two types of Tc-99m DMSA complexes are used, trivalent and pentavalent forms. In this review, we have discussed the mechanism of uptake of both complexes as well as diagnostic and therapeutic application in a clinical scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Shukla
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bhagwant Rai Mittal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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25
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Rashedy AH, Solimany AA, Ismail AK, Wahdan MH, Saban KA. Histopathological and functional effects of antimony on the renal cortex of growing albino rat. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2013; 6:1467-80. [PMID: 23923065 PMCID: PMC3726962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of the environment with antimony compounds may affect human health through the persistent exposure to small doses over a long period. Sixty growing male albino rats, weighing 43-57 grams, utilized in this study. The animals were divided into 3 groups; each of 20 rats: animals of group I served as control, animals of group II received 6 mg/kg body weight antimony trisulfide daily for 8 weeks with drinking water, and those of group III received the same dose by the same route for 12 weeks. The Malpighian renal corpuscles showed distortion, destruction and congestion of glomerular tuft, vacuoles in the glomeruli, peritubular haemorrhage, obliteration of Bowman's space, and thickening with irregularity of Bowman's membrane. The proximal convoluted tubules demonstrated patchy loss of their brush border, thickening of the basement membrane with loss of its basal infoldings, disarrangement of the mitochondria, pleomorphic vacuoles in the cytoplasm, apical destruction of the cells, apical migration of the nuclei, and absence of microvilli. On the other hand, peri-tubular hemorrhage, apical vacuolation, small atrophic nuclei, swelling of mitochondria, obliteration of the lumina, destruction of cells, and presence of tissue debris in the lumina, were observed in the distal convoluted tubules. The present work demonstrated the hazardous effect of antimony on the renal function as evidenced by the significant increase of the level of blood urea, serum creatinine, and serum sodium and potassium. In conclusion, this study proposed that continuous oral administration of antimony for 8 and 12 weeks has hazardous toxic effect on the structure and function of the kidney in growing albino rat. Based on the results of the present study, it is recommended to avoid the use of any drinking water contaminated with antimony compounds and forbidden its use in infants and children foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Rashedy
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Taif UniversityKSA
| | - Adnan A Solimany
- Department of Pediatric, College of Medicine, Taif UniversityKSA
| | - Ayman K Ismail
- Departments of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, College of Medicine, Taif UniversityKSA
- Departments of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Suez Canal UniversityEgypt
| | | | - Khalid A Saban
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, Taif UniversityKSA
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26
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Yamaleyeva LM, Lindsey SH, Varagic J, Zhang LL, Gallagher PE, Chen AF, Chappell MC. Amelioration of renal injury and oxidative stress by the nNOS inhibitor L-VNIO in the salt-sensitive mRen2.Lewis congenic rat. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2012; 59:529-38. [PMID: 22370956 PMCID: PMC3369010 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31824dd15b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Salt sensitivity is a key risk factor for cardiovascular disease and renal injury. Alterations in renal nitric oxide may contribute to salt-dependent increases in blood pressure and tissue damage. Therefore, we assessed the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms in the kidney and the effects of nNOS inhibition on renal injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress in the female mRen2.Lewis rat (mRen), a model of salt-sensitive hypertension. We find that a high-salt diet (4% sodium) significantly reduced endothelial NOS mRNA (2.6-fold) and protein (1.5-fold) but increased nNOS mRNA (2.4-fold) and protein (1.9-fold) in the renal cortex of these animals. Immunostaining for nNOS also seemed higher in macula densa and cortical tubules of the rats fed a high-salt diet. Circulating nitrate and nitrite levels were reduced, including the tissue levels of the NOS cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin. Cortical markers of oxidative stress (4HNE, 8-OH-deoxyguanosine) and fibrosis were increased; however, mRNA levels of the NAD(P)H oxidase components NOX4, p22phox, and p47phox were reduced. Chronic treatment with the nNOS inhibitor N-(1-Imino-3-butenyl)-L-ornithine did not influence systolic blood pressure after 4 weeks but significantly attenuated albuminuria, renal fibrosis, inflammation, and indices of oxidative stress. We conclude that an increase in nNOS expression in conjunction with reduced levels of cortical tetrahydrobiopterin may stimulate oxidative stress and renal injury in the salt-sensitive female mRen2.Lewis rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliya M Yamaleyeva
- The Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1095, USA.
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