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Frazer K. Commentary on Wu et al.: Sustaining and advancing the global war on tobacco. Addiction 2021; 116:2185-2186. [PMID: 33979026 DOI: 10.1111/add.15533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Frazer
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Systems, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Demou E, Dobson R, Sweeting H, Brown A, Sidwell S, O’Donnell R, Hunt K, Semple S. From Smoking-Permitted to Smokefree Prisons: A 3-Year Evaluation of the Changes in Occupational Exposure to Second-Hand Smoke Across a National Prison System. Ann Work Expo Health 2020; 64:959-969. [PMID: 32756912 PMCID: PMC7668237 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prisons in Scotland were one of the few workplaces exempt from the 2006 comprehensive smoking ban in indoor public places, excluding the prison workforce from the health benefits of smokefree workplaces. The November 2018 introduction of comprehensive restrictions on smoking in Scottish prisons aimed to protect prison staff and people in custody from the harmful impacts of second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure. This study presents SHS exposure data gathered after smokefree policy implementation and compares these with data gathered during and before policy development. METHODS Dylos DC1700 monitors were used to measure concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) derived from SHS across Scotland's 15 prisons. Six days of fixed-site monitoring (09.00 22 May 2019 to 09.00 28 May 2019) were conducted in residential halls in each prison 6 months post-smokefree policy implementation. Prison staff task-based measurements were conducted to assess concentrations of SHS in various locations (e.g. gyms and workshops) and during specific activities (e.g. cell searches, maintenance, and meal service). Utilizing the fixed-site monitoring data, typical daily PM2.5 exposure profiles were constructed for the prison service and time-weighted average (TWA) exposure concentrations were estimated for the typical shift patterns of residential staff pre- and post-smokefree policy implementation. Staff perceptions of changes to SHS exposure were assessed using online surveys. RESULTS Analysis of both fixed-site and mobile task-based PM2.5 measurements showed the smokefree policy implementation was successful in reducing SHS exposures across the Scottish prison estate. Measured PM2.5 in residential halls declined markedly; median fixed-site concentrations reduced by more than 91% compared with measures in 2016 before policy announcement. The changes in the TWA concentrations across shifts (over 90% decrease across all shifts) and task-based measurements (89% average decrease for high-exposure tasks) provide evidence that prison staff exposure to SHS has significantly reduced. Following smokefree policy implementation, the majority of staff reported no longer being exposed to SHS at work. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive international study to objectively measure SHS levels before, during, and after implementation of a smokefree policy across a country's prison system. The findings confirm that such a policy change can be successfully implemented to eliminate occupational exposures to SHS. The results are highly relevant for other jurisdictions considering changes to prison smoking legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Demou
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ruaraidh Dobson
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Helen Sweeting
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ashley Brown
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | | | - Rachel O’Donnell
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Kate Hunt
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Sean Semple
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +44-1786466505; e-mail:
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Noguchi T, Nakagawa-Senda H, Tamai Y, Nishiyama T, Watanabe M, Hosono A, Shibata K, Ichikawa M, Wakabayashi R, Nagaya K, Ema K, Okamoto N, Tsujimura S, Fujita H, Kamiya M, Kondo F, Yamada T, Suzuki S. Association Between Second-hand Smoke Exposure and Depressive Symptoms Among Japanese Adults: A Cross-sectional Study. J Epidemiol 2019; 30:566-573. [PMID: 31813893 PMCID: PMC7661331 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20190146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Second-hand smoke exposure has been associated with poor mental health. However, among Japanese adults, little is known about the association between second-hand smoking and depressive symptoms. We examined this association in a cross-sectional study among a Japanese general adult population sample. Methods Japanese adults were recruited from the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort Study in the Okazaki area between 2012 and 2017. Second-hand smoke exposure and smoking status were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. Based on their frequency of exposure to second-hand smoke, non-smokers and smokers were categorized as “almost never,” “sometimes,” and “almost every day”. Depressive symptoms were defined by a Kessler 6 score ≥5 points. We performed a multivariable Poisson regression analysis to obtain adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for depressive symptoms. Results Overall, 5,121 participants (4,547 non-smokers and 574 smokers) were included whose mean age was 63.6 (standard deviation [SD], 10.3) years for non-smokers and 59.33 (SD, 10.2) years for smokers. The association between second-hand smoking and depressive symptoms was significant among non-smokers, but not among smokers. Among non-smokers, PRs compared with “almost never” were 1.25 (95% CI, 1.09–1.42) for “sometimes” and 1.41 (95% CI, 1.09–1.84) for “almost every day” (P for trend <0.001); among smokers, PRs compared with “almost never” were 1.30 (95% CI, 0.82–2.06) for “sometimes” and 1.44 (95% CI, 0.90–2.33) for “almost every day” (P for trend = 0.144). Conclusions Second-hand smoking and depressive symptoms were associated among non-smokers. Our findings indicate the importance of tobacco smoke control for mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Noguchi
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences.,Department of Social Science, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology
| | - Hiroko Nakagawa-Senda
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Yuya Tamai
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences.,Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
| | - Takeshi Nishiyama
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Miki Watanabe
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Akihiro Hosono
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences.,Atsuta Public Health Center, City of Nagoya
| | - Kiyoshi Shibata
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences.,Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences, Nagoya Keizai University
| | - Mari Ichikawa
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Ryozo Wakabayashi
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Kenji Nagaya
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Kanae Ema
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Naoko Okamoto
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences.,Department of Health Nutritional Sciences, Osaka Shoin Women's University
| | - Shoko Tsujimura
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences.,Department of Health Sciences, Toyohashi Sozo University
| | - Hitomi Fujita
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences.,Department of Health Sciences, Nihon Fukushi University
| | - Mayumi Kamiya
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences.,Department of Nursing, Chukyo Gakuin University
| | - Fumi Kondo
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Tamaki Yamada
- Okazaki City Medical Association, Public Health Center
| | - Sadao Suzuki
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
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Windham GC, Soriano JW, Dobraca D, Sosnoff CS, Hiatt RA, Kushi LH. Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Relation to Family Characteristics, Stressors and Chemical Co-Exposures in California Girls. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16214208. [PMID: 31671594 PMCID: PMC6862570 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Childhood environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure is a risk factor for adverse health outcomes and may disproportionately burden lower socioeconomic status groups, exacerbating health disparities. We explored associations of demographic factors, stressful life events, and chemical co-exposures, with cotinine levels, among girls in the CYGNET Study. Data were collected from families of girls aged 6–8 years old in Northern California, through clinic exams, questionnaires and biospecimens (n = 421). Linear regression and factor analysis were conducted to explore predictors of urinary cotinine and co-exposure body burdens, respectively. In unadjusted models, geometric mean cotinine concentrations were higher among Black (0.59 ug/g creatinine) than non-Hispanic white (0.27), Asian (0.32), or Hispanic (0.34) participants. Following adjustment, living in a rented home, lower primary caregiver education, and lack of two biologic parents in the home were associated with higher cotinine concentrations. Girls who experienced parental separation or unemployment in the family had higher unadjusted cotinine concentrations. Higher cotinine was also associated with higher polybrominated diphenyl ether and metals concentrations. Our findings have environmental justice implications as Black and socio-economically disadvantaged young girls experienced higher ETS exposure, also associated with higher exposure to other chemicals. Efforts to reduce ETS and co-exposures should account for other disparity-related factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle C Windham
- Environmental Health Investigations Branch, CA Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
| | - Jasmine W Soriano
- Sequoia Foundation, 2166 Avenida de la Playa, Suite D, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Dina Dobraca
- Environmental Health Investigations Branch, CA Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
| | - Connie S Sosnoff
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Robert A Hiatt
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, 550 16th Street, 2nd floor, Box #0560, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Lawrence H Kushi
- Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612, USA.
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Chen Z, Liu G, Chen J, Li S, Jiang T, Xu B, Ye X. Frequency-risk relationships between second-hand smoke exposure and respiratory symptoms among adolescents: a cross-sectional study in South China. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e019875. [PMID: 29615447 PMCID: PMC5892781 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although previous studies have suggested an association between second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure and respiratory symptoms, current evidence is inconsistent. Additionally, it remains unclear whether there are frequency-risk relationships between SHS exposure and respiratory symptoms among adolescents. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a stratified cluster sampling method to obtain a representative sample of high school students in Guangzhou, China. The respiratory symptoms were defined as persistent cough or sputum for three consecutive months during the past 12 months. Self-reported SHS exposure was defined as non-smokers' inhalation of the smoke exhaled from smokers on ≥1 day a week in the past 7 days. The univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to explore the potential frequency-risk relationships between SHS exposure and respiratory symptoms. RESULTS Among 3575 students, the overall prevalence of SHS exposure was 69.2%, including 49.5% for SHS in public places, 34.5% in homes, 22.7% in indoor campuses and 29.2% in outdoor campuses. There were significantly increased risks of having respiratory symptoms corresponding to SHS exposure in public places (OR=1.60, 95% CI 1.30 to 1.95), in homes (OR=1.53, 95% CI 1.25 to 1.87), in indoor campuses (OR=1.43, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.79) and in outdoor campuses (OR=1.37, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.69) using no exposure as reference. Notably, we observed monotonic frequency-risk relationships between setting-specific(eg, homes, public places and campuses) SHS exposure and respiratory symptoms. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that setting-specific SHS exposure is associated with a significant, dose-dependent increase in risk of respiratory symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyao Chen
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guocong Liu
- Health Education Section, Guangzhou Yuexiu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianying Chen
- General Department, Guangzhou Yuexiu Baiyun Community Health Service Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shunming Li
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Health Education Section, Guangzhou Yuexiu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Health Education Section, Guangzhou Yuexiu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Ye
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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Clough AR, Grant K, Robertson J, Wrigley M, Nichols N, Fitzgibbon T. Interventions to encourage smoke-free homes in remote indigenous Australian communities: a study protocol to evaluate the effects of a community-inspired awareness-raising and motivational enhancement strategy. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e018955. [PMID: 29500205 PMCID: PMC5855345 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rates of secondhand smoke exposure are currently significantly higher among remote indigenous communities in the top end of Australia. By implementing a 'smoke-free home' rule, secondhand smoke exposure can be reduced. Smoke-free homes encourage quit attempts and improve the health of children. The prevalence of indigenous smoking rates in remote, discrete communities in Australia is elevated compared with their non-indigenous counterparts. The primary aim of this project is to examine the feasibility of conducting a health-driven intervention to encourage community members to make their homes a smoke-free zone. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This study uses mixed-methods exploratory evaluation design to obtain data from key informants and community householders to assess their willingness to implement a 'smoke-free' rule in their homes. Initial focus groups will provide guidance on intervention content and deliver evaluation procedures and community requirements. A rapid survey will be conducted to ascertain interest from community members in having the project team visit to discuss study objectives further and to have a particle meter (with consent) placed in the house. Focus groups recordings will be transcribed and analysed thematically. Rapid surveys will be analysed using frequency distributions and tabulations of responses. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The National Health and Medical Research Council guidelines on ethical research approaches to indigenous studies will be adhered to. The James Cook University Human Research Ethics Committee has provided ethics approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Clough
- Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kristy Grant
- Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jan Robertson
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew Wrigley
- Aboriginal Resource Development Services (ARDS), Darwin, Australia
| | - Nina Nichols
- Apunipima Cape York Health Council, Bungalow, Queensland, Australia
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Bain J, Weishaar H, Semple S, Duffy S, Hilton S. Vulnerable children, stigmatised smokers: The social construction of target audiences in media debates on policies regulating smoking in vehicles. Health (London) 2017; 21:633-649. [PMID: 27457688 PMCID: PMC5639949 DOI: 10.1177/1363459316633279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Following restrictions on smoking in vehicles carrying children in several countries, legislation to safeguard minors from second-hand smoke exposure in vehicles is under-consideration or has been implemented across the United Kingdom. This article presents the first investigation into social constructions of children, smokers and smoking parents in newsprint media and coverage of debates about protecting children from exposure to second-hand smoke in vehicles. Using Scotland as an example, articles on children's exposure to second-hand smoke published between 1 January 2004 and 16 February 2014 in three Scottish newspapers were identified using Nexis UK. In all, 131 articles were thematically coded and analysed. Children were portrayed as vulnerable and requiring protection, with few articles highlighting children's ability to voice concerns about the dangers of smoking. Smokers and smoking parents were mainly portrayed in a factual manner, but also frequently as irresponsible and, in some cases, intentionally imposing harm. Individual smokers were blamed for their recklessness, with only a small number of articles mentioning the need to assist smokers in quitting. Supporters of legislation focused on corresponding discourse, whereas critics directed debates towards established arguments against policy, including individual freedom, privacy and problems of enforcement. Focusing on children's vulnerability to second-hand smoke might have increased support for legislation but risked a side effect of smokers being stigmatised. The media and supporters of public health policy are encouraged to consider appropriate approaches to raise awareness of the health harms of second-hand smoke to children while avoiding unintended stigmatisation of those in which they want to encourage behaviour change.
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Molnar DS, Rancourt D, Schlauch R, Wen X, Huestis MA, Eiden RD. Tobacco Exposure and Conditional Weight-for-Length Gain by 2 Years of Age. J Pediatr Psychol 2017; 42:679-688. [PMID: 28169405 PMCID: PMC5896634 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsw095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To prospectively examine dose-response and timing effects of prenatal (PTE) and postnatal tobacco exposure on obesity risk assessed by conditional weight-for-length gain (CWFLG), by 2 years of age. CWFLG over the first 2 years of life was examined for 117 PTE and 57 nonexposed children. Repeated assessments of PTE were conducted beginning in the first trimester of pregnancy, using multiple methods. PTE or postnatal exposure status was not predictive of CWFLG. However, there was a dose-response association and an association with fetal exposure ascertained by infant meconium positive for nicotine and metabolites. PTE is related to restricted growth at birth, yet associated with accelerated CWFLG by 2 years of age, a measure that controls for birthweight differences. Results highlight the importance of examining dose-response and timing of exposure associations, along with the importance of obesity risk-reduction interventions within the first 2 years of life among PTE children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S. Molnar
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University
- Research Institute on Addictions, State University of New York at Buffalo
| | | | | | - Xiaozhong Wen
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health
| | - Rina D. Eiden
- Research Institute on Addictions, State University of New York at Buffalo
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Wulaningsih W, Serrano FEC, Utarini A, Matsuguchi T, Watkins J. Smoking, second-hand smoke exposure and smoking cessation in relation to leukocyte telomere length and mortality. Oncotarget 2016; 7:60419-60431. [PMID: 27509177 PMCID: PMC5312393 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the link between smoking exposure, telomere length and mortality, with emphasis on second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure and the duration of smoking cessation. RESULTS A total of 1,018 participants died during follow-up (mean: 10.3 years). A 50 base-pair decrease in LTL was shown among cotinine-confirmed current versus never smokers. The 90th quantile of LTL decreased with increasing cotinine among never smokers, indicating a role of SHS. Longer telomeres with smoking cessation were indicated but limited to a 3-16 year period of abstaining smoking. When assessing mortality, we observed a lower risk of all-cause death for the second quintile compared to the first among never smokers (HR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.52-0.87), and a higher risk was found among current smokers (HR: 1.89, 1.19-2.92). MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied 6,456 nationally representative U.S. respondents with mortality follow-up through to 31 December 2011. Smoking status was assessed by interviews and cotinine levels. Relative leukocyte telomere length (LTL) was quantified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Multivariable linear regression was performed to examine LTL by smoking exposure, adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, education, body mass index, alcohol consumption, and physical activity. We further estimated the association of LTL with cotinine levels using quantile regression, and with smoking cessation dynamics. Cox regression was used to estimate mortality by smoking status and LTL. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated a complex association between smoking, telomere length, and mortality. LTL alterations with SHS and smoking cessation warrant further investigation for translation to public health measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahyu Wulaningsih
- Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- PILAR Research and Education, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fidel Emmanuel C. Serrano
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of The Philippines Diliman, Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila, The Philippines
| | - Adi Utarini
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Tetsuya Matsuguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Driver Group, L.L.C., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Johnathan Watkins
- PILAR Research and Education, Cambridge, UK
- Institute for Mathematical and Molecular Biomedicine, King's College London, London, UK
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Kim H, Hofstetter CR, Hughes S, Irvin VL, Kang S, Hovell MF. Changes in and factors affecting second-hand smoke exposure in nonsmoking Korean Americans in California: a panel study. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci) 2014; 8:313-8. [PMID: 25529916 DOI: 10.1016/j.anr.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated changes in and factors affecting second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure in a panel study of nonsmokers. METHODS This study was based on data from a larger study of tobacco use among a representative sample of adults of Korean descent residing in California. Participants included 846 males and 1,399 females who were nonsmokers at baseline (2005-2006) and at follow-up (2007-2009). Participants were selected by probability sampling and were interviewed by telephone. RESULTS At baseline, 50.0% were exposed to any SHS, and at follow-up 2 years later, 60.4% were exposed to any SHS (p < .001). SHS exposure at baseline was associated with acculturation, employment, spousal smoking, and having a friend who smoked (p < .001). Employment, spousal smoking, and other family members smoking were associated with SHS at follow-up (p < .001). The odds ratio of SHS in the employed group declined from 2.01 at baseline to 1.53 at follow-up, that of the group having a smoking spouse increased from 1.88 to 2.36, and that of the group having other family members smoking increased from 1.20 to 1.69. CONCLUSIONS We showed that SHS exposure increased among Korean American nonsmokers in California, and the most important variables explaining the change in SHS exposure involved smoking among others with whom the subject is associated. These findings could be used as objective evidence for developing public health policies to reduce SHS exposure.
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Oh AY, Kacker A. Do electronic cigarettes impart a lower potential disease burden than conventional tobacco cigarettes? Review on E-cigarette vapor versus tobacco smoke. Laryngoscope 2014; 124:2702-6. [PMID: 25302452 DOI: 10.1002/lary.24750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Development and utilization of electronic cigarettes (ECs) resulted from the search for healthier alternatives to conventional tobacco cigarettes (TCs) and the search for alternative methods for quitting TCs. This review compares the potential disease burden presented by TC smoke to that of EC vapor. METHODS Potential disease burden of EC vapor versus TC smoke was assessed by reviewing clinical studies that measured inhaled components. Chemicals and carcinogens produced by vapor versus smoke were compared. RESULTS Studies show that EC vapors contain far less carcinogenic particles than TC smoke. Whereas ECs have the ability to reach peak serum cotinine/nicotine levels comparable to that of TCs, ECs do not cause an increase in total white blood cell count; thus, ECs have the potential to lower the risk of atherosclerosis and systemic inflammation. Use of ECs has been shown to improve indoor air quality in a home exposed to TC smoke. This reduces secondhand smoke exposure, thus having the potential to decrease respiratory illness/asthma, middle-ear disease, sudden infant death syndrome, and more. However, some studies claim that propylene glycol (PG) vapor can induce respiratory irritation and increase chances for asthma. To minimize risks, EC manufacturers are replacing PG with distilled water and glycerin for vapor production. CONCLUSION Based on the comparison of the chemical analysis of EC and TC carcinogenic profiles and association with health-indicating parameters, ECs impart a lower potential disease burden than conventional TCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Y Oh
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cornell Weill Medical College, New York, New York, U.S.A
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Zamani A, Golshiri P, Moqtader B. The Study Protocol of Women's Education to Create Smoke-free Home on the Basis of Family Ties in Isfahan, Iran. Int J Prev Med 2013; 4:1312-7. [PMID: 24404367 PMCID: PMC3883257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco smoke is the leading cause of preventable death world-wide. Unfortunately, the risk is not limited to smokers. It is dangerous for non-smokers particularly women, kids and elderly. Despite the remarkable reduction of tobacco exposure in public places, it is still continuing at homes as the most common places. Interventions to create a smoke-free home are needed, but little is known about them. The aim of this study is to explain the field randomized controlled trial that is designed to examine the role of non-smoker women to create a smoke-free home through establishing complete agreement on ban smoking at home. METHODS In this field randomized controlled trial, the effectiveness of women's education will be evaluated in primary health-care centers. A total of 136 non-smoker women who exposed to second-hand smoke by their husbands at home will be included (68 intervention/non-intervention group). The intervention arm will receive an educational package including a consultation visit individually, a peer group session, a booklet, a "no smoking" sign. The primary outcome is the frequency of smoke-free home (no exposure to second-hand smoke at home). Mediator outcomes include a complete agreement to ban smoking at home, second-hand smoke exposure rate and self-assertiveness rate. All measurements will be conducted on baseline, 1 and 3 months after intervention. CONCLUSIONS Outcomes will present the effects of implementing multi-component women's education intervention program to ban smoking at home. If the effectiveness of the trial is confirmed, it will be suggested to merge this package to routine care in primary health-care centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmadreza Zamani
- Department of Community Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parastou Golshiri
- Department of Community Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Babak Moqtader
- Department of Community Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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