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Schoch SF, Jaramillo V, Markovic A, Huber R, Kohler M, Jenni OG, Lustenberger C, Kurth S. Bedtime to the brain: how infants' sleep behaviours intertwine with non-rapid eye movement sleep electroencephalography features. J Sleep Res 2024; 33:e13936. [PMID: 37217191 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Adequate sleep is critical for development and facilitates the maturation of the neurophysiological circuitries at the basis of cognitive and behavioural function. Observational research has associated early life sleep problems with worse later cognitive, psychosocial, and somatic health outcomes. Yet, the extent to which day-to-day sleep behaviours (e.g., duration, regularity) in early life relate to non-rapid eye movement (NREM) neurophysiology-acutely and the long-term-remains to be studied. We measured sleep behaviours in 32 healthy 6-month-olds assessed with actimetry and neurophysiology with high-density electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate the association between NREM sleep and habitual sleep behaviours. Our study revealed four findings: first, daytime sleep behaviours are related to EEG slow-wave activity (SWA). Second, night-time movement and awakenings from sleep are connected with spindle density. Third, habitual sleep timing is linked to neurophysiological connectivity quantified as delta coherence. And lastly, delta coherence at 6 months predicts night-time sleep duration at 12 months. These novel findings widen our understanding that infants' sleep behaviours are closely intertwined with three particular levels of neurophysiology: sleep pressure (determined by SWA), the maturation of the thalamocortical system (spindles), and the maturation of cortical connectivity (coherence). The crucial next step is to extend this concept to clinical groups to objectively characterise infants' sleep behaviours 'at risk' that foster later neurodevelopmental problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Schoch
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Center of Competence Sleep and Health Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Valeria Jaramillo
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Center of Competence Sleep and Health Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Andjela Markovic
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Reto Huber
- Center of Competence Sleep and Health Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Malcolm Kohler
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Center of Competence Sleep and Health Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Oskar G Jenni
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich (UZH), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Lustenberger
- Center of Competence Sleep and Health Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Neural Control of Movement Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Salome Kurth
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Center of Competence Sleep and Health Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Bell MJ, Sauerteig-Rolston MR, Ferraro KF. Is Early-Life Enrichment Associated With Better Cognitive Function Among Older Adults? Examining Home and School Environments. J Aging Health 2024:8982643241232718. [PMID: 38410953 DOI: 10.1177/08982643241232718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Objectives: We examine whether early-life enrichment, involving varied and stimulating activities to enhance cognitive function during childhood and adolescence, is associated with cognitive function in later life and whether the benefits persist over time. Methods: Growth curve models were used to examine up to five waves of data from the Health and Retirement Study-a nationally representative survey of adults 50 years and older (N = 10,070). We constructed separate measures of early-life enrichment to distinguish sources of influence (i.e., enriched home environment and enriched school environment). Global cognitive function was assessed with a modified version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status. Results: Greater enrichment in each environment was incrementally associated with better cognitive function at baseline, but enrichment was not associated with change in cognitive function over time. Discussion: Receiving enrichment from multiple environments during sensitive periods of cognitive development may be advantageous for cognitive functioning in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory J Bell
- Department of Sociology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Center on Aging and the Life Course, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Madison R Sauerteig-Rolston
- Department of Sociology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Center on Aging and the Life Course, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Kenneth F Ferraro
- Department of Sociology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Center on Aging and the Life Course, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Gagliardi M. The role of developmental caregiving programming in modulating our affiliation tendency and the vulnerability to social anxiety and eating disorders. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1259415. [PMID: 38239461 PMCID: PMC10794631 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1259415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Attachment is the evolutionarily-established process through which humans create bonds with others to receive care from them. The phenomenon is as essential to our physical survival as it is to our psychological development. An increasing number of studies demonstrates that in sensitive periods during the early years of life, our brain circuitry is programmed in the interactions with our caregivers, with the imprinting of information over multiple attachment dimensions. Adopting a basic brain-computer analogy, we can think of this knowledge as the psycho-social firmware of our mind. According to a recently proposed extension of the classical three-dimensional view, one attachment dimension - somaticity - concerns the caregiver's task of reflecting and confirming the child's (internal) states - such as sensations, emotions, and representations - to support the child's ability to identify and define those entities autonomously. Relying on multidisciplinary evidence - from neuroscientific, developmental, evolutionary, and clinical sources - we suggest that somaticity (H1) has the adaptive function to modulate our tendency to comply and affiliate with a reference group but also (H2) increases the vulnerability to developing Social Anxiety (SA) and Eating Disorders (EDs). We evaluate H1-H2, (1) indicating the evolutionary role of somaticity in modulating our affiliation tendency to optimize the ancestral threat-opportunity balance coming from infectious diseases and (2) showing the deep connection between SA-EDs and the features most closely related to somaticity - interoception and parenting style. Finally, we discuss three relevant implications of H1-H2: (A) Bringing into research focus the adaptive role of our firmware knowledge system versus the hardware (neural substrate) and software (higher cognition) ones. (B) Complementing the well-grounded Objectification and Allocentric Lock Theories, allowing us to integrate multiple levels of explanation on the etiology of psychopathology. (C) Suggesting the design of new psychological treatments. While not aiming to prove H1-H2, our analysis supports them and encourages their direct testing.
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Mendu SB, Neela AR, Tammali S, Kotha R. Impact of Early Bonding During the Maternal Sensitive Period on Long-Term Effects: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e53318. [PMID: 38435959 PMCID: PMC10905202 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This research project examines the long-term effects of maternal-neonatal bonding during a mother's "sensitive period." The review explores how early contact between a mother and her newborn can affect their psychosocial and emotional well-being in the future. Within an hour after birth, oxytocin levels increase for mothers, while catecholamine surges enhance neonates' memory retention to encourage immediate skin-to-skin contact (SSC), which promotes breastfeeding with benefits, such as quicker placenta expulsion, less bleeding, and lower stress. As per sources to date, there is no systematic review on this subject; however, numerous studies exist regarding short-term outcomes, exclusive breastfeeding, and childhood problems. The exploration involves rigorous searches of academic databases following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for transparency and reproducibility by using the Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome (PICO) framework. Of the 516 initially identified articles, only five were relevant based on refined selection criteria, making it clear from the analysis that sensitive-period bonding produces long-term impacts in infants. Few studies are available, particularly in recent years; thus, more research is required in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aruna Rekha Neela
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Government Medical College, Siddipet, Siddipet, IND
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Lähdepuro A, Räikkönen K, Pham H, Thompson-Felix T, Eid RS, O'Connor TG, Glover V, Lahti J, Heinonen K, Wolford E, Lahti-Pulkkinen M, O'Donnell KJ. Maternal social support during and after pregnancy and child cognitive ability: examining timing effects in two cohorts. Psychol Med 2023:1-10. [PMID: 38087866 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723003550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal anxiety, depression, and stress during and after pregnancy are negatively associated with child cognitive development. However, the contribution of positive maternal experiences, such as social support, to child cognitive development has received less attention. Furthermore, how maternal experience of social support during specific developmental periods impacts child cognitive development is largely unknown. METHODS Using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC; n = 5784) and the Prediction and Prevention of Preeclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction study (PREDO; n = 420), we investigated the associations between maternal perceived social support during and after pregnancy and child's general cognitive ability at 8 years of age, assessed with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). Bayesian relevant life course modeling was used to investigate timing effects of maternal social support on child cognitive ability. RESULTS In both cohorts, higher maternal perceived social support during pregnancy was associated with higher performance on the WISC, independent of sociodemographic factors and concurrent maternal symptoms of depression and anxiety. In ALSPAC, pregnancy emerged as a sensitive period for the effects of perceived social support on child cognitive ability, with a stronger effect of social support during pregnancy than after pregnancy on child cognitive ability. CONCLUSIONS Our findings, supported from two prospective longitudinal cohorts, suggest a distinct role of maternal perceived social support during pregnancy for cognitive development in children. Our study suggests that interventions aimed at increasing maternal social support during pregnancy may be an important strategy for promoting maternal and child well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lähdepuro
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hung Pham
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Rand S Eid
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas G O'Connor
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Wynne Center for Family Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Jari Lahti
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kati Heinonen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Psychology/Welfare Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland
| | - Elina Wolford
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marius Lahti-Pulkkinen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kieran J O'Donnell
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Heitmann C, Zhan M, Linke M, Hölig C, Kekunnaya R, van Hoof R, Goebel R, Röder B. Early visual experience refines the retinotopic organization within and across visual cortical regions. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4950-4959.e4. [PMID: 37918397 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Early visual areas are retinotopically organized in human and non-human primates. Population receptive field (pRF) size increases with eccentricity and from lower- to higher-level visual areas. Furthermore, the cortical magnification factor (CMF), a measure of how much cortical space is devoted to each degree of visual angle, is typically larger for foveal as opposed to peripheral regions of the visual field. Whether this fine-scale organization within and across visual areas depends on early visual experience has yet been unknown. Here, we employed 7T functional magnetic resonance imaging pRF mapping to assess the retinotopic organization of early visual regions (i.e., V1, V2, and V3) in eight sight recovery individuals with a history of congenital blindness until a maximum of 4 years of age. Compared with sighted controls, foveal pRF sizes in these individuals were larger, and pRF sizes did not show the typical increase with eccentricity and down the visual cortical processing stream (V1-V2-V3). Cortical magnification was overall diminished and decreased less from foveal to parafoveal visual field locations. Furthermore, cortical magnification correlated with visual acuity in sight recovery individuals. The results of this study suggest that early visual experience is essential for refining a presumably innate prototypical retinotopic organization in humans within and across visual areas, which seems to be crucial for acquiring full visual capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Heitmann
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Movement Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 11, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Minye Zhan
- U992 (Cognitive neuroimaging unit), NeuroSpin, INSERM-CEA, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Madita Linke
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Movement Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 11, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cordula Hölig
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Movement Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 11, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ramesh Kekunnaya
- U992 (Cognitive neuroimaging unit), NeuroSpin, INSERM-CEA, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Rick van Hoof
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Rainer Goebel
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Development and Research, Brain Innovation B.V., Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 EV Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Brigitte Röder
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Movement Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 11, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; Child Sight Institute, Jasti V. Ramanamma Children's Eye Care Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana 500034, India.
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Sinclair-Wilson A, Lawrence A, Ferezou I, Cartonnet H, Mailhes C, Garel S, Lokmane L. Plasticity of thalamocortical axons is regulated by serotonin levels modulated by preterm birth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2301644120. [PMID: 37549297 PMCID: PMC10438379 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301644120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory inputs are conveyed to distinct primary areas of the neocortex through specific thalamocortical axons (TCA). While TCA have the ability to reorient postnatally to rescue embryonic mistargeting and target proper modality-specific areas, how this remarkable adaptive process is regulated remains largely unknown. Here, using a mutant mouse model with a shifted TCA trajectory during embryogenesis, we demonstrated that TCA rewiring occurs during a short postnatal time window, preceded by a prenatal apoptosis of thalamic neurons-two processes that together lead to the formation of properly innervated albeit reduced primary sensory areas. We furthermore showed that preterm birth, through serotonin modulation, impairs early postnatal TCA plasticity, as well as the subsequent delineation of cortical area boundary. Our study defines a birth and serotonin-sensitive period that enables concerted adaptations of TCA to primary cortical areas with major implications for our understanding of brain wiring in physiological and preterm conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sinclair-Wilson
- Team Brain Development and Plasticity, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005Paris, France
| | - Akindé Lawrence
- Team Brain Development and Plasticity, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Ferezou
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, 91400Saclay, France
| | - Hugues Cartonnet
- Team Brain Development and Plasticity, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005Paris, France
| | - Caroline Mailhes
- Acute Transgenesis Facility, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005Paris, France
| | - Sonia Garel
- Team Brain Development and Plasticity, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005Paris, France
- Collège de France, PSL Research University, 75005Paris, France
| | - Ludmilla Lokmane
- Team Brain Development and Plasticity, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005Paris, France
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Blanchet M, Prince F. Mediolateral Postural Control Mechanisms and Proprioception Improve With Kicking Sports Training During Adolescence. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2023:1-9. [PMID: 37391194 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2020-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Sensorimotor stimulation during the sensitive period is crucial for proper brain development. Kicking sports (KS) training stimulates these sensorimotor functions. The purpose of this study was to investigate if incorporating specific sensorimotor stimulation in mediolateral axis and proprioceptive inputs during KS training will improve the specific sensorimotor performance in adolescents. We assessed stability limits in 13 KS practitioners and 20 control participants. Starting from an upright position, subjects were asked to lean as far as possible (forward, backward, rightward, and leftward). Three sensory conditions were tested: (1) eyes open, (2) eyes closed, and (3) eyes closed while standing on a foam mat. We analyzed the maximal center of pressure excursion and the root means square of the center of pressure displacements. Results showed that KS group had smaller root means square and larger maximal center of pressure excursions than those of control participants in mediolateral axis in all sensory conditions. Furthermore, the results also revealed a significant smaller root means square excursion in KS group under foam mat condition compared to control group ML axis. This study provides evidence that KS training improved the lateral balance control and proprioceptive integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariève Blanchet
- Département des sciences de l'activité physique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC,Canada
| | - François Prince
- Département de chirurgie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC,Canada
- Institut national du sport du Québec, Montréal, QC,Canada
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Shenker JJ, Steele CJ, Zatorre RJ, Penhune VB. Using cortico-cerebellar structural patterns to classify early- and late-trained musicians. Hum Brain Mapp 2023. [PMID: 37326147 PMCID: PMC10365229 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A body of current evidence suggests that there is a sensitive period for musical training: people who begin training before the age of seven show better performance on tests of musical skill, and also show differences in brain structure-especially in motor cortical and cerebellar regions-compared with those who start later. We used support vector machine models-a subtype of supervised machine learning-to investigate distributed patterns of structural differences between early-trained (ET) and late-trained (LT) musicians and to better understand the age boundaries of the sensitive period for early musicianship. After selecting regions of interest from the cerebellum and cortical sensorimotor regions, we applied recursive feature elimination with cross-validation to produce a model which optimally and accurately classified ET and LT musicians. This model identified a combination of 17 regions, including 9 cerebellar and 8 sensorimotor regions, and maintained a high accuracy and sensitivity (true positives, i.e., ET musicians) without sacrificing specificity (true negatives, i.e., LT musicians). Critically, this model-which defined ET musicians as those who began their training before the age of 7-outperformed all other models in which age of start was earlier or later (between ages 5-10). Our model's ability to accurately classify ET and LT musicians provides additional evidence that musical training before age 7 affects cortico-cerebellar structure in adulthood, and is consistent with the hypothesis that connected brain regions interact during development to reciprocally influence brain and behavioral maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Shenker
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- BRAMS: International Laboratory for Brain, Music, and Sound Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher J Steele
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert J Zatorre
- BRAMS: International Laboratory for Brain, Music, and Sound Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Virginia B Penhune
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- BRAMS: International Laboratory for Brain, Music, and Sound Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Bruefach T, Carr DC, Sachs-Ericsson N. History of childhood mistreatment and the psychological health consequences of COVID-19 for older adults. Aging Ment Health 2023; 27:563-571. [PMID: 35658644 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2022.2084713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examine the associations between childhood mistreatment (emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional neglect) and older adults' changes in depressive symptoms from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic (September 2018-June 2020). METHODS Using a community-based sample of older adults in North Florida (N = 581), we used ordinary least-squares regression to estimate associations between childhood mistreatments and depressive symptoms in June 2020, controlling for baseline symptoms and demographic characteristics. Additional models tested whether emotion regulation and social support attenuated associations between childhood mistreatments and depressive symptoms. RESULTS Older adults exposed to emotional neglect in childhood saw a greater increase in depressive symptoms than those who did not experience childhood mistreatment. Those reporting childhood physical abuse had higher baseline depressive symptoms, but they did not increase during the pandemic. These associations remained stable after controlling for emotion regulation and social support, coping resources thought to contribute to linkages between childhood mistreatment and psychological health in adulthood. CONCLUSION Childhood mistreatment might inform the psychological consequences of major stressors in later life. Thus, early life interventions for children experiencing mistreatment could be especially important for long-term psychological health outcomes and responses to major stressful events. Identifying older people with histories of childhood mistreatment could also help clinicians gauge patients' risk of psychological decline during times such as the COVID-19 pandemic and tailor psychological health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Bruefach
- Department of Sociology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Dawn C Carr
- Department of Sociology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Pepper Institute on Aging and Public Policy, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Hölig C, Guerreiro MJS, Lingareddy S, Kekunnaya R, Röder B. Sight restoration in congenitally blind humans does not restore visual brain structure. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:2152-2161. [PMID: 35580850 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unknown whether impaired brain structure after congenital blindness is reversible if sight is restored later in life. Using structural magnetic resonance imaging, visual cortical surface area and cortical thickness were assessed in a large group of 21 sight-recovery individuals who had been born blind and who months or years later gained sight through cataract removal surgery. As control groups, we included 27 normally sighted individuals, 10 individuals with permanent congenital blindness, and 11 sight-recovery individuals with a late onset of cataracts. Congenital cataract-reversal individuals had a lower visual cortical surface area and a higher visual cortical thickness than normally sighted controls. These results corresponded to those of congenitally permanently blind individuals suggesting that impaired brain structure did not recover. Crucially, structural brain alterations in congenital-cataract reversal individuals were associated with a lower post-surgery visual acuity. No significant changes in visual cortex structure were observed in sight-recovery individuals with late onset cataracts. The results demonstrate that impaired structural brain development due to visual deprivation from birth is not fully reversible and limits functional recovery. Additionally, they highlight the crucial importance of prevention measures in the context of other types of aberrant childhood environments including low socioeconomic status and adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordula Hölig
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria J S Guerreiro
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.,Biological Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | | | - Ramesh Kekunnaya
- Jasti V Ramanamma Children's Eye Care Center, Child Sight Institute, LV Prasad Eye Institute, 50034 Hyderabad, India
| | - Brigitte Röder
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Liu J, Kong W, Liu Y, Ma Q, Shao Q, Zeng L, Chao Y, Song X, Zhang J. Stage-Related Neurotoxicity of BPA in the Development of Zebrafish Embryos. Toxics 2023; 11:toxics11020177. [PMID: 36851052 PMCID: PMC9963847 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most widely produced chemicals in the world used in the production of epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics. BPA is easily migrated from the outer packaging to the contents. Due to the lipophilic property, BPA is easily accumulated in organisms. Perinatal low-dose BPA exposure alters brain neural development in later generations. In this study, after BPA treatment, the spontaneous movement of zebrafish larvae from the cleavage period to the segmentation period (1-24 hpf) was significantly decreased, with speed decreasing by 18.97% and distance decreasing between 18.4 and 29.7% compared to controls. Transcriptomics analysis showed that 131 genes were significantly differentially expressed in the exposed group during the 1-24 hpf period, among which 39 genes were significantly upregulated and 92 genes were significantly downregulated. The GO enrichment analysis, gene function analysis and real-time quantitative PCR of differentially expressed genes showed that the mRNA level of guanine deaminase (cypin) decreased significantly in the 1-24 hpf period. Moreover, during the 1-24 hpf period, BPA exposure reduced guanine deaminase activity. Therefore, we confirmed that cypin is a key sensitive gene for BPA during this period. Finally, the cypin mRNA microinjection verified that the cypin level of zebrafish larvae was restored, leading to the restoration of the locomotor activity. Taken together, the current results show that the sensitive period of BPA to zebrafish embryos is from the cleavage period to the segmentation period (1-24 hpf), and cypin is a potential target for BPA-induced neurodevelopmental toxicity. This study provides a potential sensitive period and a potential target for the deep understanding of neurodevelopmental toxicity mechanisms caused by BPA.
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Montoro I, Moreno L, Mulet P, Miró C, Leunda A, Llaurador-Coll M, Muntané G, Teicher MH, Vilella E, Gutiérrez-Zotes A. Maximal Sensitivity to Child Maltreatment at the Ages of 6 and 11 Years is Associated with the Risk of Bipolar Disorder. J Interpers Violence 2023; 38:3030-3054. [PMID: 35648643 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221106128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences, including child maltreatment (CM), are relevant environmental risk factors for bipolar disorder (BD). However, little is known about the interaction of the type, duration and frequency of abuse with the timing of abuse in BD. The aim of this study was to investigate the different patterns of childhood trauma (frequency, type and chronology) between BD patients and healthy controls (HCs) and to identify BD-sensitive periods of exposure to CM that could influence functioning outcomes. The Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology Exposure (MACE) scale was used to evaluate the importance of the type and timing of maltreatment in a sample of 60 patients diagnosed with euthymic BD. Additionally, 76 HCs were recruited for comparison. All participants were of European-Caucasian origin and were assessed in the 2016-2019 period. To identify the variables that maximally differentiated the type and timing of exposure to CM between the BD and HC groups, a linear mixed effects model and random forest (RF) analyses were applied. We showed that multiplicity and severity, nonverbal emotional abuse, witnessing interparental violence and emotional neglect were the main factors associated with BD. In addition, regarding the occurrence of maltreatment in BD patients, we identified two sensitive periods with a principal peak at the age of 6 and a secondary peak at the age of 11. Functionality at the assessment time was associated with CM in adolescence for both HC and BD participants. Although the sample size and retrospective nature of the MACE instrument were the main limitations of our study, we were unable to explore the role of variables such as sex or socioeconomic status. We concluded that the multiplicity and sensitivity of CM exposure, mainly of the emotional type, during middle childhood are important risk factors for BD, at least in the European-Caucasian cultural setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Montoro
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, Reus, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, CERCA, Reus, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Lorena Moreno
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, Reus, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, CERCA, Reus, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | | | - Carlota Miró
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, Reus, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Leunda
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, Reus, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Martí Llaurador-Coll
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, Reus, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, CERCA, Reus, Spain
| | - Gerard Muntané
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, Reus, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, CERCA, Reus, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin H Teicher
- Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, 24472McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elisabet Vilella
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, Reus, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, CERCA, Reus, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Gutiérrez-Zotes
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, Reus, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, CERCA, Reus, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Ossandón JP, Zerr P, Shareef I, Kekunnaya R, Röder B. Active vision in sight recovery individuals with a history of long-lasting congenital blindness. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0051-22.2022. [PMID: 36163106 PMCID: PMC9532021 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0051-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
What we see is intimately linked to how we actively and systematically explore the world through eye movements. However, it is unknown to what degree visual experience during early development is necessary for such systematic visual exploration to emerge. The present study investigated visual exploration behavior in ten human participants whose sight had been restored only in childhood or adulthood, after a period of congenital blindness due to dense bilateral congenital cataracts. Participants freely explored real-world images while their eye movements were recorded. Despite severe residual visual impairments and gaze instability (nystagmus), visual exploration patterns were preserved in individuals with reversed congenital cataract. Modelling analyses indicated that similar to healthy controls, visual exploration in individuals with reversed congenital cataract was based on the low-level (luminance contrast) and high-level (object components) visual content of the images. Moreover, participants used visual short-term memory representations for narrowing down the exploration space. More systematic visual exploration in individuals with reversed congenital cataract was associated with better object recognition, suggesting that active vision might be a driving force for visual system development and recovery. The present results argue against a sensitive period for the development of neural mechanisms associated with visual exploration.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHumans explore the visual world with systematic patterns of eye movements, but it is unknown whether early visual experience is necessary for the acquisition of visual exploration. Here, we show that sight recovery individuals who had been born blind demonstrate highly systematic eye movements while exploring real-world images, despite visual impairments and pervasive gaze instability. In fact, their eye movement patterns were predicted by those of normally sighted controls and models calculating eye movements based on low- and high-level visual features, and they moreover took memory information into account. Since object recognition performance was associated with systematic visual exploration it was concluded that eye movements might be a driving factor for the development of the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- José P Ossandón
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Zerr
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany
- Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Idris Shareef
- Child Sight Institute, Jasti V Ramanamma Children's Eye Care Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ramesh Kekunnaya
- Child Sight Institute, Jasti V Ramanamma Children's Eye Care Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Brigitte Röder
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany
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15
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Liu XC, Strodl E, Huang LH, Lu Q, Liang Y, Chen WQ. First Trimester of Pregnancy as the Sensitive Period for the Association between Prenatal Mosquito Coil Smoke Exposure and Preterm Birth. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:11771. [PMID: 36142044 PMCID: PMC9517152 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito coils are efficient mosquito repellents and mosquito coil smoke (MCS) contributes to indoor air pollution. However, no prior population-based study has investigated whether prenatal MCS exposure is a risk factor for preterm birth (PTB) and whether exposure to MCS in different trimesters of pregnancy is associated with different levels of risk. The sample involved 66,503 mother-child dyads. Logistic regression models were used to examine the relationships between prenatal MCS exposure during different trimesters of pregnancy and PTB. We found that prenatal MCS exposure was associated with a greater likelihood of PTB (OR = 1.12, 95%CI: 1.05-1.20). The prenatal MCS exposure during the first trimester was associated with 1.17 (95%CI: 1.09-1.25) times the odds of being PTB, which was higher than exposure during the second trimester (OR = 1.11, 95%CI: 1.03-1.19) and during the third trimester (OR = 1.08, 95%CI: 1.01-1.16). In the stratified analysis, prenatal MCS exposure significantly increased PTB risk among girls but not among boys. Our results indicated that maternal MCS exposure during pregnancy was associated with PTB and that the first trimester might be the sensitive period. In light of these findings, public health interventions are needed to reduce prenatal exposure to MCS, particularly during the first trimester of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Chen Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Esben Strodl
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Li-Hua Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yang Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wei-Qing Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- School of Health, Xinhua College of Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510080, China
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16
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Lankinen P, Kastally C, Hoikkala A. Plasticity in Photoperiodism: Drosophila montana Females Have a Life-Long Ability to Switch From Reproduction to Diapause. J Biol Rhythms 2022; 37:516-527. [PMID: 35924307 DOI: 10.1177/07487304221108968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Photoperiodic reproductive diapause is an essential part of female life cycle in several insect species living on high latitudes, where overwintering in reproductive stage involves high risks for survival and progeny production. The sensitive period (SP), during which photoperiodic cues can trigger the switch from direct development to diapause, can last from a few hours or days after emergence to the entire life span of females. Moreover, in some species, sexually mature females can enter post-reproductive diapause as a response to decreasing day length and/or temperature. We studied the duration of SP for diapause induction and the females' ability to enter post-reproductive diapause at short day lengths in Drosophila montana strains from different latitudes in Europe, North America, and Japan. Our study shows that the females of this species have a life-long SP and that they retain an ability to switch between reproduction and diapause as a response to back-and-forth changes in day length for at least 3 months. D. montana strains from different latitudes showed high variation in females' ability to enter post-reproductive diapause; females of the southern strains generally requiring longer time and/or lower temperature to enter this stage than those of the northern strains. Moreover, the proportion of females that switched to post-reproductive diapause in 3 weeks in short day conditions at 16 °C showed positive correlation with the critical day length (CDL) for diapause induction and the latitudinal and continental origin of the strains. Life-long SP increases females' flexibility to respond to short-term changes in environmental conditions and enables reproducing females to switch to post-reproductive diapause when the days get shorter and colder toward the autumn. This ability can play a major role in species phenology and should be taken into account in theoretical and empirical studies on insect adaptation to seasonal variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Lankinen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Chedly Kastally
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Present address: Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anneli Hoikkala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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17
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Zhao TC, Llanos F, Chandrasekaran B, Kuhl PK. Language experience during the sensitive period narrows infants' sensory encoding of lexical tones-Music intervention reverses it. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:941853. [PMID: 36016666 PMCID: PMC9398460 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.941853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The sensitive period for phonetic learning (6∼12 months), evidenced by improved native speech processing and declined non-native speech processing, represents an early milestone in language acquisition. We examined the extent that sensory encoding of speech is altered by experience during this period by testing two hypotheses: (1) early sensory encoding of non-native speech declines as infants gain native-language experience, and (2) music intervention reverses this decline. We longitudinally measured the frequency-following response (FFR), a robust indicator of early sensory encoding along the auditory pathway, to a Mandarin lexical tone in 7- and 11-months-old monolingual English-learning infants. Infants received either no intervention (language-experience group) or music intervention (music-intervention group) randomly between FFR recordings. The language-experience group exhibited the expected decline in FFR pitch-tracking accuracy to the Mandarin tone, while the music-intervention group did not. Our results support both hypotheses and demonstrate that both language and music experiences alter infants' speech encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Christina Zhao
- Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,*Correspondence: Tian Christina Zhao,
| | - Fernando Llanos
- Department of Linguistics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Bharath Chandrasekaran
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Patricia K. Kuhl
- Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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18
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Saheki Y, Aoki N, Homma KJ, Matsushima T. Suppressive Modulation of the Chick Forebrain Network for Imprinting by Thyroid Hormone: An in Vitro Study. Front Physiol 2022; 13:881947. [PMID: 35514358 PMCID: PMC9065254 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.881947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid hormone 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) is considered to act acutely in the chick forebrain because focal infusion of T3 to the intermediate medial mesopallium (IMM) causes 4 to 6-day-old hatchlings to become imprintable approximately 30 min after the infusion. To understand the mechanism of this acute T3 action, we examined synaptic responses of IMM neurons in slice preparations in vitro. Extracellular field potential responses to local electrical stimulation were pharmacologically dissociated to synaptic components mediated by AMPA and NMDA receptors, as well as GABA-A and -B receptors. Bath-applied T3 (20-40 μM) enhanced the positive peak amplitude of the field potential, which represented the GABA-A component. Bicuculline induced spontaneous epileptic bursts by NMDA receptor activation, and subsequent application of T3 suppressed the bursting frequency. Pretreatment of slices with T3 failed to influence the synaptic potentiation caused by tetanic stimulation. Intracellular whole-cell recording using a patch electrode confirmed the T3 actions on the GABA-A and NMDA components. T3 enhanced the GABA-A response and suppressed the NMDA plateau potential without changes in the resting membrane potential or the threshold of action potentials. Contrary to our initial expectation, T3 suppressed the synaptic drives of IMM neurons, and did not influence activity-dependent synaptic potentiation. Imprinting-associated T3 influx may act as an acute suppressor of the IMM network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Saheki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoya Aoki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi J. Homma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiya Matsushima
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Abstract
The overarching objective is to review how early exposure to adversity interacts with inflammation to alter brain maturation. Both adversity and inflammation are significant risk factors for psychopathology. Literature relevant to the effects of adversity in children and adolescents on brain development is reviewed. These studies are supported by research in animals exposed to species-relevant stressors during development. While it is known that exposure to adversity at any age increases inflammation, the effects of inflammation are exacerbated at developmental stages when the immature brain is uniquely sensitive to experiences. Microglia play a vital role in this process, as they scavenge cellular debris and prune synapses to optimize performance. In essence, microglia modify the synapse to match environmental demands, which is necessary for someone with a history of adversity. Overall, by piecing together clinical and preclinical research areas, what emerges is a picture of how adversity uniquely sculpts the brain. Microglia interactions with the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA (specifically, the subtype expressing parvalbumin) are discussed within contexts of development and adversity. A review of inflammation markers in individuals with a history of abuse is combined with preclinical studies to describe their effects on maturation. Inconsistencies within the literature are discussed, with a call for standardizing methodologies relating to the age of assessing adversity effects, measures to quantify stress and inflammation, and more brain-based measures of biochemistry. Preclinical studies pave the way for interventions using anti-inflammation-based agents (COX-2 inhibitors, CB2 agonists, meditation/yoga) by identifying where, when, and how the developmental trajectory goes awry.
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20
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Liang XT, Han CL, Lin BC, Shi Y, Xie XQ, Li K, Xi ZG. [Effects of early life PM 2.5 exposure on prefrontal cortex of offspring male rats]. Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi 2022; 38:1-5. [PMID: 35634661 DOI: 10.12047/j.cjap.6222.2022.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effects of PM2.5 exposure at different stages of early life on the prefrontal cortex of offspring rats. Methods: Twelve pregnant SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control group (CG), Maternal pregnancy exposure group (MG), Early postnatal exposure group (EP) and Perinatal period exposure group (PP), 3 rats in each group. The pregnant and offspring rats were exposed to clean air or 8-fold concentrated PM2.5. MG was exposed from gestational day (GD) 1 to GD21. EP was exposed from postnatal day (PND) 1 to PND21, and PP was exposed from GD1 to PND21. After exposure, the prefrontal cortex of 6 offspring rats in each group was analyzed. HE staining was used to observe the pathological damage in the prefrontal cortex. ELISA was employed to detect neuroinflammatory factors, and HPLC/MSC was applied to determine neurotransmitter content. Western blot and colorimetry were applied for detecting astrocyte markers and oxidative stress markers, respectively. Results: Compared with MG and CG, the pathological changes of prefrontal cortex in PP and EP were more obvious. Compared with MG and CG, the neuroinflammatory factors (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α) in PP and EP were increased significantly (P<0.01), the level of MT were decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the level of oxytocin (OT) showed a downward trend; the level of neurotransmitter ACh was also increased significantly (P<0.01). Compared with MG and CG, the GFAP level of PP and EP showed an upward trend, the level of oxidative stress index SOD in PP and EP was decreased significantly (P<0.01), and the level of ROS was increased significantly (P<0.01). Compared with the offspring rats of CG and MG, the CAT level of PP was decreased significantly (P<0.01, P<0.05). Compared with the offspring rats of CG, the CAT level of EP was decreased significantly (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, MT, OT, ACh, GFAP, SOD, ROS and CAT levels between PP and EP, or MG and CG. Conclusion: PM2.5 exposure in early life has adverse effects on the prefrontal cortex of offspring male rats, and early birth exposure may be more sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tian Liang
- School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical College, Yantai 264000
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Occupational Medicine, Academy of Military Medicine, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Chun-Lei Han
- School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical College, Yantai 264000
| | - Ben-Cheng Lin
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Occupational Medicine, Academy of Military Medicine, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Yue Shi
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Occupational Medicine, Academy of Military Medicine, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Xie
- School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical College, Yantai 264000
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Occupational Medicine, Academy of Military Medicine, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Kang Li
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Occupational Medicine, Academy of Military Medicine, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zhu-Ge Xi
- School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical College, Yantai 264000
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Occupational Medicine, Academy of Military Medicine, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin 300050, China
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21
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Chung JH, Bottjer SW. Developmentally regulated pathways for motor skill learning in songbirds. J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:1288-1301. [PMID: 34818442 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Vocal learning in songbirds is mediated by cortico-basal ganglia circuits that govern diverse functions during different stages of development. We investigated developmental changes in axonal projections to and from motor cortical regions that underlie learned vocal behavior in juvenile zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Neurons in LMAN-core project to RA, a motor cortical region that drives vocal output; these RA-projecting neurons send a transient collateral projection to AId, a region adjacent to RA, during early vocal development. Both RA and AId project to a region of dorsal thalamus (DLM), which forms a feedback pathway to cortico-basal ganglia circuitry. These projections provide pathways conveying efference copy and a means by which information about vocal motor output could be reintegrated into cortico-basal ganglia circuitry, potentially aiding in the refinement of juvenile vocalizations during learning. We used tract-tracing techniques to label the projections of LMAN-core to AId and of RA to DLM in juvenile songbirds. The volume and density of terminal label in the LMAN-core→AId projection declined substantially during early stages of sensorimotor learning. In contrast, the RA→DLM projection showed no developmental change. The retraction of LMAN-core→AId axon collaterals indicates a loss of efference copy to AId and suggests that projections that are present only during early stages of sensorimotor learning mediate unique, temporally restricted processes of goal-directed learning. Conversely, the persistence of the RA→DLM projection may serve to convey motor information forward to the thalamus to facilitate song production during both learning and maintenance of vocalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyung Chung
- Section of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sarah W Bottjer
- Section of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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22
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Ramphal B, Pagliaccio D, Dworkin JD, Herbstman J, Noble KG, Margolis AE. Timing-specific associations between income-to-needs ratio and hippocampal and amygdala volumes in middle childhood: A preliminary study. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22153. [PMID: 34674248 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that financial disadvantage is associated with alterations in brain development in regions critical to socioemotional well-being such as the hippocampus and the amygdala. Yet little is known about whether family income at different points in development is differentially associated with these structures. Furthermore, little is known about which environmental factors statistically mediate associations between income and subcortical structure. Using a longitudinal birth cohort and linear mixed-effects models, we identified associations between income-to-needs ratio (INR) at 6 timepoints throughout childhood and hippocampal and amygdala volumes at age 7-9 years (n = 41; 236 INR measurements; 41 brain measurements). Mediation analysis identified environmental sequelae of income that statistically accounted for INR-brain associations. Lower INR prior to age 4 was associated with smaller hippocampal volumes, whereas lower INR prior to age 2 was associated with smaller right amygdala volume. These associations were mediated by unmet basic needs (e.g., food, housing). These findings delineate the temporal specificity of associations between income and hippocampal and amygdala structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Ramphal
- New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - David Pagliaccio
- New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jordan D Dworkin
- New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julie Herbstman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kimberly G Noble
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amy E Margolis
- New York State Psychiatric Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Waiblinger S, Wagner K, Hillmann E, Barth K. Short- and long-term effects of rearing dairy calves with contact to their mother on their reactions towards humans. J DAIRY RES 2020; 87:148-53. [PMID: 33213569 DOI: 10.1017/S0022029920000576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this Research Communication we address the hypotheses that reduced contact with humans during the first week of life would impair the relationship of dairy calves reared in dam-calf-contact systems to humans in comparison with artificially reared animals, but that this difference would vanish over time. Artificially reared calves (Artificial) that had been separated from their mother within 12 h after birth were bottle-fed with colostrum for 5 d and thereafter sucked milk from an automatic milk feeder. Animals reared with dam-calf contact (Dam-contact) were kept in the calving pen with their dam for 5 d, and then had permanent access to the cow barn and thus to their dam. Calves were weaned at an age of 12 weeks and kept in young stock groups mixed of both treatments until integration into the cow herd. We tested the animals' relationship with humans by assessing the animals' responses towards an unfamiliar person in an avoidance distance (AD) test in the home environment at 4 weeks of age, at 15 months and at 33 months. In calves, we additionally measured AD in a novel arena after a stationary person test. Artificial animals had lower AD, i.e. showed lower level of fear, than Dam-contact calves. However, the AD in Dam-contact calves decreased with increasing number of days they experienced assistance for suckling. Further, there was no significant difference in later ages. In conclusion, gentle human contact in combination with feeding during the first 5 d of life improved calves' relationship to humans leading to differences between the two treatments as well as within the Dam-contact calves. Potential effects under different conditions regarding quantity and quality of human-animal interactions need further research.
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24
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Zhang J, Li SJ, Miao W, Zhang X, Zheng JJ, Wang C, Yu X. Oxytocin Regulates Synaptic Transmission in the Sensory Cortices in a Developmentally Dynamic Manner. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:673439. [PMID: 34177467 PMCID: PMC8221398 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.673439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and stabilization of neuronal circuits are critical to proper brain function. Synapses are the building blocks of neural circuits. Here we examine the effects of the neuropeptide oxytocin on synaptic transmission in L2/3 pyramidal neurons of the barrel field of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1BF). We find that perfusion of oxytocin onto acute brain slices significantly increases the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSC) of S1BF L2/3 pyramidal neurons at P10 and P14, but reduces it at the later ages of P22 and P28; the transition occurs at around P18. Since oxytocin expression is itself regulated by sensory experience, we also examine whether the effects of oxytocin on excitatory synaptic transmission correlate with that of sensory experience. We find that, indeed, the effects of sensory experience and oxytocin on excitatory synaptic transmission of L2/3 pyramidal neurons both peak at around P14 and plateau around P18, suggesting that they regulate a specific form of synaptic plasticity in L2/3 pyramidal neurons, with a sensitive/critical period ending around P18. Consistently, oxytocin receptor (Oxtr) expression in glutamatergic neurons of the upper layers of the cerebral cortex peaks around P14. By P28, however, Oxtr expression becomes more prominent in GABAergic neurons, especially somatostatin (SST) neurons. At P28, oxytocin perfusion increases inhibitory synaptic transmission and reduces excitatory synaptic transmission, effects that result in a net reduction of neuronal excitation, in contrast to increased excitation at P14. Using oxytocin knockout mice and Oxtr conditional knockout mice, we show that loss-of-function of oxytocin affects baseline excitatory synaptic transmission, while Oxtr is required for oxytocin-induced changes in excitatory synaptic transmission, at both P14 and P28. Together, these results demonstrate that oxytocin has complex and dynamic functions in regulating synaptic transmission in cortical L2/3 pyramidal neurons. These findings add to existing knowledge of the function of oxytocin in regulating neural circuit development and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu-Jing Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanying Miao
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodi Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zheng
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and Peking University McGovern Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
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25
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Wang S, Chen B, Yu Y, Yang H, Cui W, Fan G, Li J. Altered resting-state functional network connectivity in profound sensorineural hearing loss infants within an early sensitive period: A group ICA study. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:4314-4326. [PMID: 34060682 PMCID: PMC8356983 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from both animal models and deaf children provide evidence for that the maturation of auditory cortex has a sensitive period during the first 2-4 years of life. During this period, the auditory stimulation can affect the development of cortical function to the greatest extent. Thus far, little is known about the brain development trajectory after early auditory deprivation within this period. In this study, independent component analysis (ICA) technique was used to detect the characteristics of brain network development in children with bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) before 3 years old. Seven resting-state networks (RSN) were identified in 50 SNHL and 36 healthy controls using ICA method, and further their intra-and inter-network functional connectivity (FC) were compared between two groups. Compared with the control group, SNHL group showed decreased FC within default mode network, while enhanced FC within auditory network (AUN) and salience network. No significant changes in FC were found in the visual network (VN) and sensorimotor network (SMN). Furthermore, the inter-network FC between SMN and AUN, frontal network and AUN, SMN and VN, frontal network and VN were significantly increased in SNHL group. The results implicate that the loss and the compensatory reorganization of brain network FC coexist in SNHL infants. It provides a network basis for understanding the brain development trajectory after hearing loss within early sensitive period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Boyu Chen
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yalian Yu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Huaguang Yang
- Department of Radiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenzhuo Cui
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Guoguang Fan
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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26
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Lorenzi E, Lemaire BS, Versace E, Matsushima T, Vallortigara G. Resurgence of an Inborn Attraction for Animate Objects via Thyroid Hormone T 3. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:675994. [PMID: 33953662 PMCID: PMC8092046 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.675994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For inexperienced brains, some stimuli are more attractive than others. Human neonates and newly hatched chicks preferentially orient towards face-like stimuli, biological motion, and objects changing speed. In chicks, this enhances exposure to social partners, and subsequent attachment trough filial imprinting. Early preferences are not steady. For instance, preference for stimuli changing speed fades away after 2 days in chicks. To understand the physiological mechanisms underlying these transient responses, we tested whether early preferences for objects changing speed can be promoted by thyroid hormone 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3). This hormone determines the start of imprinting’s sensitive period. We found that the preference for objects changing speed can be re-established in female chicks treated with T3. Moreover, day-1 chicks treated with an inhibitor of endogenous T3 did not show any preference. These results suggest that the time windows of early predispositions and of sensitive period for imprinting are controlled by the same molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lorenzi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Versace
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy.,Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Toshiya Matsushima
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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27
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Cartocci G, Giorgi A, Inguscio BMS, Scorpecci A, Giannantonio S, De Lucia A, Garofalo S, Grassia R, Leone CA, Longo P, Freni F, Malerba P, Babiloni F. Higher Right Hemisphere Gamma Band Lateralization and Suggestion of a Sensitive Period for Vocal Auditory Emotional Stimuli Recognition in Unilateral Cochlear Implant Children: An EEG Study. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:608156. [PMID: 33767607 PMCID: PMC7985439 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.608156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In deaf children, huge emphasis was given to language; however, emotional cues decoding and production appear of pivotal importance for communication capabilities. Concerning neurophysiological correlates of emotional processing, the gamma band activity appears a useful tool adopted for emotion classification and related to the conscious elaboration of emotions. Starting from these considerations, the following items have been investigated: (i) whether emotional auditory stimuli processing differs between normal-hearing (NH) children and children using a cochlear implant (CI), given the non-physiological development of the auditory system in the latter group; (ii) whether the age at CI surgery influences emotion recognition capabilities; and (iii) in light of the right hemisphere hypothesis for emotional processing, whether the CI side influences the processing of emotional cues in unilateral CI (UCI) children. To answer these matters, 9 UCI (9.47 ± 2.33 years old) and 10 NH (10.95 ± 2.11 years old) children were asked to recognize nonverbal vocalizations belonging to three emotional states: positive (achievement, amusement, contentment, relief), negative (anger, disgust, fear, sadness), and neutral (neutral, surprise). Results showed better performances in NH than UCI children in emotional states recognition. The UCI group showed increased gamma activity lateralization index (LI) (relative higher right hemisphere activity) in comparison to the NH group in response to emotional auditory cues. Moreover, LI gamma values were negatively correlated with the percentage of correct responses in emotion recognition. Such observations could be explained by a deficit in UCI children in engaging the left hemisphere for more demanding emotional task, or alternatively by a higher conscious elaboration in UCI than NH children. Additionally, for the UCI group, there was no difference between the CI side and the contralateral side in gamma activity, but a higher gamma activity in the right in comparison to the left hemisphere was found. Therefore, the CI side did not appear to influence the physiologic hemispheric lateralization of emotional processing. Finally, a negative correlation was shown between the age at the CI surgery and the percentage of correct responses in emotion recognition and then suggesting the occurrence of a sensitive period for CI surgery for best emotion recognition skills development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cartocci
- Laboratory of Industrial Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,BrainSigns Srl, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Giorgi
- Laboratory of Industrial Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,BrainSigns Srl, Rome, Italy
| | - Bianca M S Inguscio
- BrainSigns Srl, Rome, Italy.,Cochlear Implant Unit, Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Scorpecci
- Audiology and Otosurgery Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Pediatric Hospital and Research Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Giannantonio
- Audiology and Otosurgery Unit, "Bambino Gesù" Pediatric Hospital and Research Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonietta De Lucia
- Otology and Cochlear Implant Unit, Regional Referral Centre Children's Hospital "Santobono-Pausilipon", Naples, Italy
| | - Sabina Garofalo
- Otology and Cochlear Implant Unit, Regional Referral Centre Children's Hospital "Santobono-Pausilipon", Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Grassia
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Antonio Leone
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Patrizia Longo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Freni
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Babiloni
- Laboratory of Industrial Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,BrainSigns Srl, Rome, Italy.,Department of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, China
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28
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Markovic A, Mühlematter C, Beaugrand M, Camos V, Kurth S. Severe effects of the COVID-19 confinement on young children's sleep: A longitudinal study identifying risk and protective factors. J Sleep Res 2021; 30:e13314. [PMID: 33601475 PMCID: PMC7995145 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 confinement has dramatically altered daily routines, causing decreased sleep quality in adults. This necessitates careful observation, as sleep plays a crucial role in brain maturation and poor sleep increases the risk of psychopathology, particularly in the young population. Through an online survey with one baseline (April 2020) and two follow-up assessments (May and June 2020), we examined the effect of confinement on sleep quality in 452 babies (0-35 months) and 412 preschool children (36-71 months) from several, mainly European, countries. An acute decrease in sleep quality was found in both groups of children. However, at follow-up assessments, this effect rebounded to the level reported for the period before the confinement. Importantly, caregiver's stress level was identified as a substantial risk factor determining lower sleep quality in both groups of children across assessments. Protective factors conserving children's sleep quality included caregiver's engagement in mindfulness techniques or childcare, and the presence of siblings and pets. In the near future, we may repeatedly experience the circumstances of abruptly enforced confinement. Our findings reveal promising pathways of action to protect young children's sleep, with which to essentially mitigate the long-term consequences of the pandemic on brain development and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andjela Markovic
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Valérie Camos
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Salome Kurth
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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29
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Wesseldijk LW, Mosing MA, Ullén F. Why Is an Early Start of Training Related to Musical Skills in Adulthood? A Genetically Informative Study. Psychol Sci 2021; 32:3-13. [PMID: 33308000 PMCID: PMC7809336 DOI: 10.1177/0956797620959014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Experts in domains such as music or sports often start training early. It has been suggested that this may reflect a sensitive period in childhood for skill acquisition. However, it could be that familial factors (e.g., genetics) contribute to the association. Here, we examined the effect of age of onset of musical training on musical aptitude and achievement in professional musicians (n = 310) and twins (n = 7,786). In line with previous literature, results showed that an earlier age of onset was associated with higher aptitude and achievement in both samples. After we adjusted for lifetime practice hours, age of onset was associated only with aptitude (p < .001; achievement: p > .14). Twin analyses showed that the association with aptitude was fully explained by familial factors. Thus, these findings provide little support for a sensitive period for music but highlight that familiar factors play an important role for associations between age of onset of training and skills in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura W. Wesseldijk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam
| | - Miriam A. Mosing
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne
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30
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Abstract
During a sensitive period associated with attachment, the infant brain has unique circuitry that enables the specialized adaptive behaviors required for survival in infancy. This infant brain is not an immature version of the adult brain. Within the attachment relationship, the infant remains close (proximity seeking) to the caregiver for nurturing and survival needs, but the caregiver also provides the immature infant with the physiological regulation interaction needed before self-regulation matures. Here we provide examples from the human and animal literature that illustrate some of these regulatory functions during sensitive periods, recent advances demonstrating the supporting transient neural mechanisms, and how these systems go awry in the absence of species-expected caregiving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina M. Sullivan
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center New York, NY USA
| | - Maya Opendak
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center New York, NY USA
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31
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Erratum: Development and Reorganization of Orientation Representation in the Cat Visual Cortex: Experience-Dependent Synaptic Rewiring in Early Life. Front Neuroinform 2020; 14:607901. [PMID: 33224032 PMCID: PMC7660113 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2020.607901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2020.00041.].
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32
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Zeller AC, Conrad D, Schneider A, Behnke A, Pfeiffer A, Blum GF, Wilker S, Elbert T, Kolassa I. A combination of combat experience, early abduction, and severe traumatization fuels appetitive aggression and violence among abductees of rebel war in Northern Uganda. Aggress Behav 2020; 46:465-475. [PMID: 32643160 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Individuals who perpetrate violence may likely perceive violence as appealing and infliction of violence to derive pleasure is termed as appetitive aggression. Individuals who were abducted as children into an armed group often experience a higher number of traumatic event types, that is traumatic load and are usually socialized in a violence-endorsing environment. This study aims to investigate the interaction between age at initial abduction with that of traumatic load, and their influence on appetitive aggression along with perpetration of violent acts by former members of an armed rebel group of both sexes. Semi-structured interviews were conducted among a target group of formerly abducted rebel-war survivors (including participants with and without combat experience) from Northern Uganda. Participants included 596 women and 570 men with N = 1,166 (Mage = 32.58, SDage = 9.76, range: 18-80 years). We conducted robust linear regression models to investigate the influence of age at initial abduction, traumatic load, combat experience, and biological sex on appetitive aggression as well as their perpetrated violent acts. Our study shows, appetitive aggression and the number of perpetrated violent acts were specifically increased in individuals who were abducted young, experienced several traumatic events in their lifetime, and with previous combat experience. For perpetrated violence men showed increased levels whereas for appetitive aggression the association was independent of biological sex. Therefore, early abducted individuals with a higher traumatic load, who have combat experience, need to be given special intervention to prevent any further violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C. Zeller
- Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
- vivo international e.V. Konstanz Germany
| | - Daniela Conrad
- Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
- Department of Clinical and Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education Ulm University Ulm Germany
| | - Anna Schneider
- vivo international e.V. Konstanz Germany
- Department of Clinical and Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education Ulm University Ulm Germany
| | - Alexander Behnke
- Department of Clinical and Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education Ulm University Ulm Germany
| | | | - Gerrit F. Blum
- Institute of Psychology and Education Ulm University Ulm Germany
| | - Sarah Wilker
- vivo international e.V. Konstanz Germany
- Department of Clinical and Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education Ulm University Ulm Germany
| | - Thomas Elbert
- Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
- vivo international e.V. Konstanz Germany
| | - Iris‐Tatjana Kolassa
- vivo international e.V. Konstanz Germany
- Department of Clinical and Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education Ulm University Ulm Germany
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33
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Tanaka S, Miyashita M, Wakabayashi N, O'Hashi K, Tani T, Ribot J. Development and Reorganization of Orientation Representation in the Cat Visual Cortex: Experience-Dependent Synaptic Rewiring in Early Life. Front Neuroinform 2020; 14:41. [PMID: 32973480 PMCID: PMC7468406 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2020.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, numerous mathematical models have been proposed on the basis of some types of Hebbian synaptic learning to account for the activity-dependent development of orientation maps as well as neuronal orientation selectivity. These models successfully reproduced orientation map-like spatial patterns. Nevertheless, we still have questions: (1) How does synaptic rewiring occur in the visual cortex during the formation of orderly orientation maps in early life? (2) How does visual experience contribute to the maturation of orientation selectivity of visual cortical neurons and reorganize orientation maps? (3) How does the sensitive period for orientation plasticity end? In this study, we performed animal experiments and mathematical modeling to understand the mechanisms underlying synaptic rewiring for experience-dependent formation and reorganization of orientation maps. At first, we visualized orientation maps from the intrinsic signal optical imaging in area 17 of kittens reared under single-orientation exposure through cylindrical-lens-fitted goggles. The experiments revealed that the degree of expansion of cortical domains representing the experienced orientation depends on the age at which the single-orientation exposure starts. As a result, we obtained the sensitive period profile for orientation plasticity. Next, we refined our previously proposed mathematical model for the activity-dependent self-organization of thalamo-cortical inputs on the assumption that rewiring is caused by the competitive interactions among transient synaptic contacts on the same dendritic spine. Although various kinds of molecules have been reported to be involved in such interactions, we attempt to build a mathematical model to describe synaptic rewiring focusing on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its related molecules. Performing computer simulations based on the refined model, we successfully reproduced orientation maps reorganized in kittens reared under single-orientation exposure as well as normal visual experience. We also reproduced the experimentally obtained sensitive period profile for orientation plasticity. The excellent agreement between experimental observations and theoretical reproductions suggests that the BDNF-induced competitive interaction among synaptic contacts from different axons on the same spine is an important factor for the experience-dependent formation and reorganization of orientation selectivity and orientation maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Tanaka
- Center for Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan
| | - Masanobu Miyashita
- Department of Control and Computer Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Numazu College, Numazu, Japan
| | - Nodoka Wakabayashi
- Power Plant Engineering, Engineering & Maintenance Center, All Nippon Airways Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori O'Hashi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Toshiki Tani
- Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Functions, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Jérôme Ribot
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, Paris, France
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34
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Callaghan B. Nested sensitive periods: how plasticity across the microbiota-gut-brain axis interacts to affect the development of learning and memory. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2020; 36:55-62. [PMID: 32905497 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing appreciation for the range of sensitive periods which occur across the brain. These sensitive periods give rise to sensory outcomes, as well as complex higher-order cognitive functions like learning and memory. More recently, an understanding that sensitive periods of development occur outside of the central nervous system (e.g., in the gastrointestinal microbiota) has emerged. Less well understood is how these peripheral sensitive periods may interact with those operating centrally to influence complex behavior. The goal of this paper is to put forward the view that sensitive periods of development occur across the entirety of the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis, and that these nested sensitive periods may interact to influence learning and memory outcomes. Adopting this framework should promote a 'new wave' of thinking in the field which appreciates the complex central and peripheral forces acting on behavior, and uses that understanding to innovate therapies and interventions for disordered learning and memory systems.
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35
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Badde S, Ley P, Rajendran SS, Shareef I, Kekunnaya R, Röder B. Sensory experience during early sensitive periods shapes cross-modal temporal biases. eLife 2020; 9:61238. [PMID: 32840213 PMCID: PMC7476755 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Typical human perception features stable biases such as perceiving visual events as later than synchronous auditory events. The origin of such perceptual biases is unknown. To investigate the role of early sensory experience, we tested whether a congenital, transient loss of pattern vision, caused by bilateral dense cataracts, has sustained effects on audio-visual and tactile-visual temporal biases and resolution. Participants judged the temporal order of successively presented, spatially separated events within and across modalities. Individuals with reversed congenital cataracts showed a bias towards perceiving visual stimuli as occurring earlier than auditory (Expt. 1) and tactile (Expt. 2) stimuli. This finding stood in stark contrast to normally sighted controls and sight-recovery individuals who had developed cataracts later in childhood: both groups exhibited the typical bias of perceiving vision as delayed compared to audition. These findings provide strong evidence that cross-modal temporal biases depend on sensory experience during an early sensitive period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Badde
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Psychology and Center of Neural Science, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Pia Ley
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Siddhart S Rajendran
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Child Sight Institute, Jasti V Ramanamma Children's Eye Care Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Idris Shareef
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Child Sight Institute, Jasti V Ramanamma Children's Eye Care Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ramesh Kekunnaya
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Child Sight Institute, Jasti V Ramanamma Children's Eye Care Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Brigitte Röder
- Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Abstract
The aim of the study reported in this Research Communication was to compare play behaviour and social interactions of dairy calves either separated from their mother and reared in a calf group (Artificial) or with access to their mother and the cow herd (cow-calf contact: Contact). Contact calves had access to a calf area and also to the cow barn where they could suckle their dam. Artificial calves were fed whole milk up to 16 kg per day via an automatic milk feeder and were only kept in the calf area. We observed the animals on 3 d during the first three months of life. Contact calves showed solitary play, consisting predominantly of locomotor play, for longer than Artificial calves and mainly in the cow barn. This indicates higher welfare in Contact calves. In addition, Artificial calves hardly experienced any agonistic interaction, while Contact calves both initiated and received agonistic interactions, which might contribute to the development of higher social competence.
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Asher L, England GCW, Sommerville R, Harvey ND. Teenage dogs? Evidence for adolescent-phase conflict behaviour and an association between attachment to humans and pubertal timing in the domestic dog. Biol Lett 2020; 16:20200097. [PMID: 32396785 PMCID: PMC7280042 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between parent and child changes around adolescence, with children believed to have: (i) an earlier puberty if they have less secure attachments to their carer; (ii) a phase of increased conflict behaviour toward their carer; and (iii) heightened conflict behaviour when carer attachments are less secure. We find support for analogous associations in adolescent dogs based on behaviour and reproductive timing of potential guide dogs. Bitches with behaviour indicative of insecure attachments pre-adolescence became reproductively capable earlier. Providing the first empirical evidence to our knowledge in support of adolescent-phase behaviour in dogs, we found a passing phase of carer-specific conflict-like behaviour during adolescence (reduced trainability and responsiveness to commands), an effect that was more pronounced in dogs with behaviour indicative of less secure attachments. These results indicate a possibility for cross-species influence on reproductive development and highlight adolescence as a vulnerable time for dog–owner relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Asher
- Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Agriculture Building, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Gary C W England
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Rebecca Sommerville
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Bush Farm Road, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.,Behaviour by Becca, Lexington Building, Bow Quarter, London E3 2UF, UK
| | - Naomi D Harvey
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
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38
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Solum M, Lorås H, Pedersen AV. A Golden Age for Motor Skill Learning? Learning of an Unfamiliar Motor Task in 10-Year-Olds, Young Adults, and Adults, When Starting From Similar Baselines. Front Psychol 2020; 11:538. [PMID: 32269545 PMCID: PMC7109330 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is often argued within sports circles that the age span of around 6–12 years is a golden age for motor skill learning, and this period is often described as sensitive, or even critical, for learning such skills. Consequently, skill development programmes target this age span for teaching technical and coordinative skills. In the scientific literature, however, the term golden age is scarcely seen, and few studies have even attempted to test this hypothesis. When comparing motor learning between children and adults, studies have typically found little difference or differences favoring adults. Studies that have reported precocious learning within the golden age seem not to have controlled all relevant variables. Typically, the different age groups have not started from similar baselines and have tested tasks that have not been scaled according to physical differences between individuals belonging to the various groups. The present study tested 10-year-olds, 18-year-olds, and 40-year-olds on dart throwing with their non-dominant hands. They each completed 200 throws over 2 days, with 1 day in between. All participants performed at similar levels at the pre-test, and the task was scaled according to each participant’s individual size. No difference was found between the groups after practice in terms of change in absolute error, or with respect to the slopes of their learning curves. The 10-year-olds’ learning curves were more variable compared with the other groups. Thus, the present study found no evidence that the 10-year-olds belonged to a golden age for motor learning, and we would argue that previous findings of differences might well be artefacts due to lack of control of relevant variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Solum
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Håvard Lorås
- Department of Teacher Education, Faculty of Social and Educational Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arve Vorland Pedersen
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Anderl C, Li G, Chen FS. Oral contraceptive use in adolescence predicts lasting vulnerability to depression in adulthood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2020; 61:148-156. [PMID: 31461541 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous evidence suggests that use of oral contraceptives (OCs), especially during adolescence, may increase women's vulnerability to depression in the short term. Here, we investigate whether women who had first used OC in adolescence show an increased prevalence of depression in the long term. METHODS We examined 1,236 women in the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for whom information on depression and age at first OC use was publicly available. We compared women who reported first use of OCs in adolescence to women who had never used OCs and women who had first used OCs in adulthood on 1-year prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) assessed by trained interviewers. RESULTS Compared with women who had used OCs during adolescence, women who had never used OCs were less likely to meet the criteria for MDD within the past year in adulthood [odds ratio (OR) = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.16-0.60], and so were women who only started using OCs in adulthood (OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.30-0.95). Third factors that have previously been proposed to explain the relationship between OC use and depression risk such as age at sexual debut, and, importantly, current OC use, did not account for the results in propensity score analyses. CONCLUSIONS We show a long-term association between adolescent OC use and depression risk in adulthood regardless of current OC use. Our findings suggest that adolescence may be a sensitive period during which OC use could increase women's risk for depression, years after first exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Anderl
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gu Li
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Frances S Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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40
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Gilman SE, Huang YT, Jimenez MP, Agha G, Chu SH, Eaton CB, Goldstein RB, Kelsey KT, Buka SL, Loucks EB. Early life disadvantage and adult adiposity: tests of sensitive periods during childhood and behavioural mediation in adulthood. Int J Epidemiol 2020; 48:98-107. [PMID: 30277525 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyy199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early exposure to socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with obesity. Here we investigated how early, and conducted mediation analyses to identify behavioural factors in adulthood that could explain why. METHODS Among 931 participants in the New England Family Study, we investigated the associations of family socioeconomic disadvantage measured before birth and at age 7 years with the following measures of adiposity in mid-adulthood (mean age = 44.4 years): body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and, among 400 participants, body composition from dual-energy X-ray absorption scans. RESULTS In linear regressions adjusting for age, sex, race and childhood BMI Z-score, participants in the highest tertile of socioeconomic disadvantage at birth had 2.6 additional BMI units in adulthood [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.26, 3.96], 5.62 cm waist circumference (95% CI = 2.69, 8.55), 0.73 kg of android fat mass (95% CI = 0.25, 1.21), and 7.65 higher Fat Mass Index (95% CI = 2.22, 13.09). Conditional on disadvantage at birth, socioeconomic disadvantage at age 7 years was not associated with adult adiposity. In mediation analyses, 10-20% of these associations were explained by educational attainment and 5-10% were explained by depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Infancy may be a sensitive period for exposure to socioeconomic disadvantage, as exposure in the earliest years of life confers a larger risk for overall and central adiposity in mid-adulthood than exposure during childhood. Intervention on these two adult risk factors for adiposity would, if all model assumptions were satisfied, only remediate up to one-fifth of the excess adult adiposity among individuals born into socioeconomically disadvantaged households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Gilman
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yen-Tsung Huang
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Epidemiology.,Department of Biostatistics, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Golareh Agha
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Su H Chu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Risë B Goldstein
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karl T Kelsey
- Department of Epidemiology.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Eric B Loucks
- Department of Epidemiology.,Department of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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41
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Hansen Wheat C, van der Bijl W, Temrin H. Dogs, but Not Wolves, Lose Their Sensitivity Toward Novelty With Age. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2001. [PMID: 31555182 PMCID: PMC6742907 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection of behavioral traits holds a prominent role in the domestication of animals, and domesticated species are generally assumed to express reduced fear and reactivity toward novel stimuli compared to their ancestral species. However, very few studies have explicitly tested this proposed link between domestication and reduced fear responses. Of the limited number of studies experimentally addressing the alterations of fear during domestication, the majority has been done on canids. These studies on foxes, wolves, and dogs suggest that decreased expression of fear in domesticated animals is linked to a domestication-driven delay in the first onset of fearful behavior during early ontogeny. Thus, wolves are expected to express exaggerated fearfulness earlier during ontogeny compared to dogs. However, while adult dogs are less fearful toward novelty than adult wolves and wolf-dog hybrids, consensus is lacking on when differences in fear expression arise in wolves and dogs. Here we present the first extended examination of fear development in hand-raised dogs and European gray wolves, using repeated novel object tests from 6 to 26 weeks of age. Contrary to expectations, we found no evidence in support of an increase in fearfulness in wolves with age or a delayed onset of fear response in dogs compared to wolves. Instead, we found that dogs strongly reduced their fear response in the period between 6 and 26 weeks of age, resulting in a significant species difference in fear expression toward novelty from the age of 18 weeks. Critically, as wolves did not differ in their fear response toward novelty over time, the detected species difference was caused solely by a progressive reduced fear response in dogs. Our results thereby suggest that species differences in fear of novelty between wolves and dogs are not caused by a domestication-driven shift in the first onset of fear response. Instead, we suggest that a loss of sensitivity toward novelty with age in dogs causes the difference in fear expression toward novelty in wolves and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wouter van der Bijl
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hans Temrin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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42
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Humphreys KL, King LS, Sacchet MD, Camacho MC, Colich NL, Ordaz SJ, Ho TC, Gotlib IH. Evidence for a sensitive period in the effects of early life stress on hippocampal volume. Dev Sci 2018; 22:e12775. [PMID: 30471167 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to stress has been causally linked to changes in hippocampal volume (HV). Given that the hippocampus undergoes rapid changes in the first years of life, stressful experiences during this period may be particularly important in understanding individual differences in the development of the hippocampus. One hundred seventy-eight early adolescents (ages 9-13 years; 43% male) were interviewed regarding exposure to and age of onset of experiences of stress; the severity of each stressful event was rated by an objective panel. All participants underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging, from which HVs were automatically segmented. Without considering the age of onset for stressful experiences, there was a small but statistically significant negative association of stress severity with bilateral HV. When considering the age of onset, there was a moderate and significant negative association between stress severity during early childhood (through 5 years of age) and HV; there was no association between stress severity during later childhood (age 6 years and older) and HV. We provide evidence of a sensitive period through 5 years of age for the effects of life stress on HV in adolescence. It will be important in future research to elucidate how reduced HV stemming from early life stress may contribute to stress-related health outcomes.
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43
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Aoki N, Yamaguchi S, Fujita T, Mori C, Fujita E, Matsushima T, Homma KJ. GABA-A and GABA-B Receptors in Filial Imprinting Linked With Opening and Closing of the Sensitive Period in Domestic Chicks ( Gallus gallus domesticus). Front Physiol 2018; 9:1837. [PMID: 30618842 PMCID: PMC6305906 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Filial imprinting of domestic chicks has a well-defined sensitive (critical) period lasting in the laboratory from hatching to day 3. It is a typical model to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying memory formation in early learning. We recently found that thyroid hormone 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) is a determinant of the sensitive period. Rapid increases in cerebral T3 levels are induced by imprinting training, rendering chicks imprintable. Furthermore, the administration of exogenous T3 makes chicks imprintable on days 4 or 6 even after the sensitive period has ended. However, how T3 affects neural transmission to enable imprinting remains mostly unknown. In this study, we demonstrate opposing roles for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A and GABA-B receptors in imprinting downstream of T3. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting showed that the GABA-A receptor expression increases gradually from days 1 to 5, whereas the GABA-B receptor expression gradually decreases. We examined whether neurons in the intermediate medial mesopallium (IMM), the brain region responsible for imprinting, express both types of GABA receptors. Immunostaining showed that morphologically identified putative projection neurons express both GABA-A and GABA-B receptors, suggesting that those GABA receptors interact with each other in these cells to modulate the IMM outputs. The roles of GABA-A and GABA-B receptors were investigated using various agonists and antagonists. Our results show that GABA-B receptor antagonists suppressed imprinting on day 1, while its agonists made day 4 chicks imprintable without administration of exogenous T3. By contrast, GABA-A receptor agonists suppressed imprinting on day 1, while its antagonists induced imprintability on day 4 without exogenous T3. Furthermore, both GABA-A receptor agonists and GABA-B receptor antagonists suppressed T3-induced imprintability on day 4 after the sensitive period has ended. Our data from these pharmacological experiments indicate that GABA-B receptors facilitate imprinting downstream of T3 by initiating the sensitive period, while the GABA-A receptor contributes to the termination of the sensitive period. In conclusion, we propose that opposing roles of GABA-A and GABA-B receptors in the brain during development determine the induction and termination of the sensitive period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Aoki
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamaguchi
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fujita
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Mori
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiko Fujita
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiya Matsushima
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koichi J Homma
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Miura M, Aoki N, Yamaguchi S, Homma KJ, Matsushima T. Thyroid Hormone Sensitizes the Imprinting-Associated Induction of Biological Motion Preference in Domestic Chicks. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1740. [PMID: 30618782 PMCID: PMC6305540 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Filial imprinting is associated with induction of predisposed preference to animations that bear visual features of Johansson's biological motion (BM), and the induction is limited to a few days after hatching. As thyroid hormone (3,5,3′-triiodothyronine, T3) plays a critical role in determining the sensitive period of imprinting, we examined if exogenously applied T3 (or iopanoic acid, IOP; a selective inhibitor for converting enzymes) could also sensitize (or desensitize) the BM induction. Chicks were trained by using a non-BM stimulus (rotating red toy) according to a conventional imprinting procedure. Trained chicks were tested for preference to a point-light BM animation (walking chick) over a non-BM animation (linear motion), and for the preference for the familiarized stimulus (red toy) over an unfamiliar one (yellow toy). In 1-day chicks, those injected with IOP showed significantly lower scores than controls on both BM and imprinting tests. In 4-days chicks, those injected with T3 showed higher scores than control, but the difference in BM score was not significant. Imprinting and the accompanying T3 surge may be necessary for the predisposed BM preference to appear in 1-day chicks. Even after the conventional sensitive period is over, exogenous T3 can partly re-sensitize the BM preference as it does imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Miura
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoya Aoki
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamaguchi
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi J Homma
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiya Matsushima
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Dunn EC, Soare TW, Raffeld MR, Busso DS, Crawford KM, Davis KA, Fisher VA, Slopen N, Smith ADAC, Tiemeier H, Susser ES. What life course theoretical models best explain the relationship between exposure to childhood adversity and psychopathology symptoms: recency, accumulation, or sensitive periods? Psychol Med 2018; 48:2562-2572. [PMID: 29478418 PMCID: PMC6109629 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although childhood adversity is a potent determinant of psychopathology, relatively little is known about how the characteristics of adversity exposure, including its developmental timing or duration, influence subsequent mental health outcomes. This study compared three models from life course theory (recency, accumulation, sensitive period) to determine which one(s) best explained this relationship. METHODS Prospective data came from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (n = 7476). Four adversities commonly linked to psychopathology (caregiver physical/emotional abuse; sexual/physical abuse; financial stress; parent legal problems) were measured repeatedly from birth to age 8. Using a statistical modeling approach grounded in least angle regression, we determined the theoretical model(s) explaining the most variability (r2) in psychopathology symptoms measured at age 8 using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and evaluated the magnitude of each association. RESULTS Recency was the best fitting theoretical model for the effect of physical/sexual abuse (girls r2 = 2.35%; boys r2 = 1.68%). Both recency (girls r2 = 1.55%) and accumulation (boys r2 = 1.71%) were the best fitting models for caregiver physical/emotional abuse. Sensitive period models were chosen alone (parent legal problems in boys r2 = 0.29%) and with accumulation (financial stress in girls r2 = 3.08%) more rarely. Substantial effect sizes were observed (standardized mean differences = 0.22-1.18). CONCLUSIONS Child psychopathology symptoms are primarily explained by recency and accumulation models. Evidence for sensitive periods did not emerge strongly in these data. These findings underscore the need to measure the characteristics of adversity, which can aid in understanding disease mechanisms and determining how best to reduce the consequences of exposure to adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C Dunn
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital,Boston, MA,USA
| | - Thomas W Soare
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital,Boston, MA,USA
| | - Miriam R Raffeld
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital,Boston, MA,USA
| | - Daniel S Busso
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital,Boston, MA,USA
| | | | - Kathryn A Davis
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital,Boston, MA,USA
| | - Virginia A Fisher
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital,Boston, MA,USA
| | - Natalie Slopen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics,School of Public Health, University of Maryland,College Park, MD,USA
| | | | | | - Ezra S Susser
- Department of Epidemiology,Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University,New York, NY,USA
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Cornez G, Jonckers E, Ter Haar SM, Van der Linden A, Cornil CA, Balthazart J. Timing of perineuronal net development in the zebra finch song control system correlates with developmental song learning. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.0849. [PMID: 30051835 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance of perineuronal nets (PNNs) represents one of the mechanisms that contribute to the closing of sensitive periods for neural plasticity. This relationship has mostly been studied in the ocular dominance model in rodents. Previous studies also indicated that PNN might control neural plasticity in the song control system of songbirds. To further elucidate this relationship, we quantified PNN expression and their localization around parvalbumin interneurons at key time-points during ontogeny in both male and female zebra finches, and correlated these data with the well-described development of song in this species. We also extended these analyses to the auditory system. The development of PNN during ontogeny correlated with song crystallization although the timing of PNN appearance in the four main telencephalic song control nuclei slightly varied between nuclei in agreement with the established role these nuclei play during song learning. Our data also indicate that very few PNN develop in the secondary auditory forebrain areas even in adult birds, which may allow constant adaptation to a changing acoustic environment by allowing synaptic reorganization during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Cornez
- GIGA Neuroscience, University of Liege, Liege 4000, Belgium
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Hayase S, Wada K. Singing activity-driven Arc expression associated with vocal acoustic plasticity in juvenile songbird. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 48:1728-1742. [PMID: 29935048 PMCID: PMC6099458 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Learned vocalization, including birdsong and human speech, is acquired through self‐motivated vocal practice during the sensitive period of vocal learning. The zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) develops a song characterized by vocal variability and crystallizes a defined song pattern as adulthood. However, it remains unknown how vocal variability is regulated with diurnal singing during the sensorimotor learning period. Here, we investigated the expression of activity‐dependent neuroplasticity‐related gene Arc during the early plastic song phase to examine its potential association with vocal plasticity. We first confirmed that multiple acoustic features of syllables in the plastic song were dramatically and simultaneously modulated during the first 3 hr of singing in a day and the altered features were maintained until sleep. In a concurrent manner, Arc was intensely induced during morning singing and a subsequent attenuation during afternoon singing in the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA) and the interfacial nucleus of the nidopallium (NIf). The singing‐driven Arc expression was not altered by circadian rhythm, but rather reduced during the day as juveniles produced more songs. Song stabilization accelerated by testosterone administration in juveniles was accompanied with attenuation of Arc induction in RA and NIf. In contrast, although early‐deafened birds produced highly unstable song even at adulthood, singing‐driven Arc expression was not different between intact and early‐deafened adults. These results suggest a potential functional link between Arc expression in RA and NIf and vocal plasticity during the sensorimotor phase of song learning. Nonetheless, Arc expression did not reflect the quality of bird's own song or auditory feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hayase
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Wada
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Department of Biological Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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48
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Lukkes JL, Meda S, Norman KJ, Andersen SL. Anhedonic behavior and γ-amino butyric acid during a sensitive period in female rats exposed to early adversity. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 100:8-15. [PMID: 29471082 PMCID: PMC6295145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Early life adversity increases depressive behavior that emerges during adolescence. Sensitive periods have been associated with fewer GABAergic interneurons, especially parvalbumin (PV), brain derived growth factor, and its receptor, TrkB. Here, maternal separation (MS) and social isolation (ISO) were used to establish a sensitive period for anhedonic depression using the learned helplessness (LH) paradigm. Female Sprague-Dawley rat pups underwent MS for 4-h/day or received typical care (CON) between postnatal days 2-20; for the ISO condition, separate cohorts were individually housed between days 20-40 or served as controls (CON2). Anhedonia was defined by dichotomizing subjects into two groups based on one standard deviation of the mean number of escapes for the CON group (<14). This approach categorized 22% of CON subjects and 44% of MS subjects as anhedonic (p < 0.05), similar to the prevalence in maltreated human populations. Only 12.5% of ISO rats met criterion versus 28.5% in CON2 rats. Levels of PV and TrkB were reduced in the amygdala and prelimbic prefrontal cortex (PFC) in MS rats with <14 escapes, but elevated in behaviorally resilient MS rats (>13 escapes). The number of escapes in MS subjects significantly correlated with PV and TrkB levels (PFC: r = 0.93 and 0.91 and amygdala: r = 0.63 and 0.81, respectively; n = 9), but not in CON/ISO/CON2 subjects. Calretinin, but not calbindin, was elevated in the amygdala of MS subjects. These data suggest that low levels of PV and TrkB double the risk for anhedonia in females with an MS history compared to normal adolescent females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L. Lukkes
- Laboratory for Developmental Neuropharmacology, McLean Hospital,Harvard Medical School
| | - Shirisha Meda
- Laboratory for Developmental Neuropharmacology, McLean Hospital
| | - Kevin J. Norman
- Laboratory for Developmental Neuropharmacology, McLean Hospital
| | - Susan L. Andersen
- Laboratory for Developmental Neuropharmacology, McLean Hospital,Harvard Medical School,to whom correspondence should be addressed: 115 Mill Street, Mailstop 333, Belmont, MA 02478, Tel: (617)-855-3211, FAX: (617)-855-3479,
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49
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Goodday S, Levy A, Flowerdew G, Horrocks J, Grof P, Ellenbogen M, Duffy A. Early exposure to parental bipolar disorder and risk of mood disorder: the Flourish Canadian prospective offspring cohort study. Early Interv Psychiatry 2018; 12:160-168. [PMID: 26486425 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Exposure to postnatal parental depression is associated with offspring mood disorder later in life; however, little is known about exposure to parental bipolar disorder (BD) and subsequent risk of psychopathology. The aim of this study was to determine the association between the duration, severity and timing of exposure to parental BD in early childhood and subsequent risk of mood disorder. METHODS 189 offspring of a parent with BD completed annual assessments following Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders (KSADS) format semistructured interviews as part of an ongoing 16-year prospective cohort study. Clinical data from the affected parents were collected over the first decade of their offspring's life using SADS-L format semistructured interviews and coded using the Affective Morbidity Index (AMI). RESULTS A longer duration of exposure to parental BD was associated with a 1.5-fold risk of any psychopathology (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0-2.3) and a 2.5-fold increased risk of substance use disorders (95% CI: 1.2-5.3). Exposure during the first 2 years of life was significantly associated with the risk of mood disorder (hazard ratio (HR): 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0-1.2), whereas exposure later in childhood was not. CONCLUSIONS The duration of exposure to active parental BD in childhood is an important risk factor for the subsequent development of mood and non-mood psychopathology risk in offspring. These findings emphasize the importance of effective treatment of parents with BD to help both themselves and their children, especially early in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Goodday
- Department of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Adrian Levy
- Department of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gordon Flowerdew
- Department of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julie Horrocks
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Paul Grof
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Mood Disorders Centre of Ottawa, University of Ottawa Health Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Ellenbogen
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne Duffy
- Mood Disorders Centre of Ottawa, University of Ottawa Health Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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50
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Grosso JP, Barneto JA, Velarde RA, Pagano EA, Zavala JA, Farina WM. An Early Sensitive Period Induces Long-Lasting Plasticity in the Honeybee Nervous System. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:11. [PMID: 29449804 PMCID: PMC5799231 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of early experiences on the brain during a sensitive period exerts a long-lasting influence on the mature individual. Despite behavioral and neural plasticity caused by early experiences having been reported in the honeybee Apis mellifera, the presence of a sensitive period in which associative experiences lead to pronounced modifications in the adult nervous system is still unclear. Laboratory-reared bees were fed with scented food within specific temporal windows and were assessed for memory retention, in the regulation of gene expression related to the synaptic formation and in the olfactory perception of their antennae at 17 days of age. Bees were able to retain a food-odor association acquired 5–8 days after emergence, but not before, and showed better retention than those exposed to an odor at 9–12 days. In the brain, the odor-rewarded experiences that occurred at 5–8 days of age boosted the expression levels of the cell adhesion proteins neurexin 1 (Nrx1) and neuroligin 2 (Nlg2) involved in synaptic strength. At the antennae, the experiences increased the electrical response to a novel odor but not to the one experienced. Therefore, a sensitive period that induces long-lasting behavioral, functional and structural changes is found in adult honeybees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Grosso
- Laboratorio de Insectos Sociales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jesica A Barneto
- Cátedra de Bioquímica, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo A Velarde
- Laboratorio de Insectos Sociales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo A Pagano
- Cátedra de Bioquímica, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge A Zavala
- Cátedra de Bioquímica, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Walter M Farina
- Laboratorio de Insectos Sociales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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