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Xiong D, Ruan P, Li Z, Yi W, Wang J. A General Strategy for Sustainable 3D Printing Based on A Multifunctional Photoinitiator. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202406047. [PMID: 38739107 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
A multifunctional photoinitiator is presented, offering precise control over light-induced polymerization initiation at 450 nm and material degradation at 365 nm. This is accomplished by covalently linking photoactive bis(acyl)phosphane oxide and photocleavable o-nitrobenzyl ether moieties onto the surface of γ-cyclodextrin. Upon degradation, the resulting linear polymers can be easily re-dissolved in their corresponding monomer and re-cured, exhibiting superior mechanical properties compared to the pristine material. Moreover, this photoinitiator enables the successful 3D printing of intricate and precise structures, representing a promising general strategy for developing recyclable photoresins for 3D printing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajun Xiong
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, CHINA
| | - Pengfei Ruan
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, CHINA
| | - Zongan Li
- Nanjing Normal University, School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, CHINA
| | - Wenbin Yi
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, CHINA
| | - Jieping Wang
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 200 Xiaolingwei, 210094, Nanjing, CHINA
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2
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Nie W, Douglas JF, Xia W. Competing Effects of Molecular Additives and Cross-Link Density on the Segmental Dynamics and Mechanical Properties of Cross-Linked Polymers. ACS Eng Au 2023; 3:512-526. [PMID: 38144677 PMCID: PMC10739619 DOI: 10.1021/acsengineeringau.3c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of molecular additives into thermosets often results in changes in their dynamics and mechanical properties that can have significant ramifications for diverse applications of this broad class of materials such as coatings, high-performance composites, etc. Currently, there is limited fundamental understanding of how such additives influence glass formation in these materials, a problem of broader significance in glass-forming materials. To address this fundamental problem, here, we employ a simplified coarse-grained (CG) model of a polymer network as a model of thermoset materials and then introduce a polymer additive having the same inherent rigidity and polymer-polymer interaction strength as the cross-linked polymer matrix. This energetically "neutral" or "self-plasticizing" additive model gives rise to non-trivial changes in the dynamics of glass formation and provides an important theoretical reference point for the technologically more important case of interacting additives. Based on this rather idealized model, we systematically explore the combined effect of varying the additive mass percentage (m) and cross-link density (c) on the segmental relaxation dynamics and mechanical properties of a model thermoset material with additives. We find that increasing the additive mass percentage m progressively decreases both the glass-transition temperature Tg and the fragility of glass formation, a trend opposite to increasing c so that these thermoset variables clearly have a competing effect on glass formation in these model materials. Moreover, basic mechanical properties (i.e., bulk, shear, and tensile moduli) likewise exhibit a competitive variation with the increase of m and c, which are strongly correlated with the Debye-Waller parameter ⟨u2⟩, a measure of material stiffness at a molecular scale. Our findings prove beneficial in the development of structure-property relationships for the cross-linked polymers, which could help guide the design of such network materials with tailored physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Nie
- Department
of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Jack F. Douglas
- Materials
Science and Engineering Division, National
Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Wenjie Xia
- Department
of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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3
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Fusteș-Dămoc I, Dinu R, Măluțan T, Mija A. Valorisation of Chitosan Natural Building Block as a Primary Strategy for the Development of Sustainable Fully Bio-Based Epoxy Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4627. [PMID: 38139881 PMCID: PMC10747223 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-toxic and biodegradable nature of chitosan makes it a valuable resource offering promising opportunities in the development of bio-based materials with enhanced mechanical and thermal properties. In this work, the combination of epoxidized linseed oil, oxalic or citric acids, and chitosan (CHI) as a curing accelerator presents an attractive strategy to create bio-based and sustainable thermosetting materials. This article aims to provide a comprehensive exploration of the systems reactivities, characteristics, and performance evaluation of the designed bio-thermosets. Both the nature of the two carboxylic acids and the presence of chitosan are shown to have a big impact on the thermomechanical properties of the developed networks. While oxalic acid favours the formation of elastic networks, with low Tg values (increasing with CHI content between 0.7 and 8.5 °C) and relatively low Young's modulus (~2.5 MPa), citric acid promotes the formation of very dense networks with lower mass of the segments between the crosslinks, having 20 times higher Tg values (from 36 to 45 °C) and ~161 times higher Young's modulus (from 94 MPa up to 404 MPa in these systems). The CHI has a strong impact on the curing reaction and on the overall properties, by increasing the materials' performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iolanda Fusteș-Dămoc
- University Côte d’Azur, Institute of Chemistry of Nice (ICN), UMR CNRS 7272, 06108 Nice, France
- “Cristofor Simionescu” Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 73 Prof. D. Mangeron Street, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Roxana Dinu
- University Côte d’Azur, Institute of Chemistry of Nice (ICN), UMR CNRS 7272, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Teodor Măluțan
- “Cristofor Simionescu” Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 73 Prof. D. Mangeron Street, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alice Mija
- University Côte d’Azur, Institute of Chemistry of Nice (ICN), UMR CNRS 7272, 06108 Nice, France
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Bergoglio M, Najmi Z, Cochis A, Miola M, Vernè E, Sangermano M. UV-Cured Bio-Based Acrylated Soybean Oil Scaffold Reinforced with Bioactive Glasses. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4089. [PMID: 37896333 PMCID: PMC10610054 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a bio-based acrylate resin derived from soybean oil was used in combination with a reactive diluent, isobornyl acrylate, to synthetize a composite scaffold reinforced with bioactive glass particles. The formulation contained acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO), isobornyl acrylate (IBOA), a photo-initiator (Irgacure 819) and a bioactive glass particle. The resin showed high reactivity towards radical photopolymerisation, and the presence of the bioactive glass did not significantly affect the photocuring process. The 3D-printed samples showed different properties from the mould-polymerised samples. The glass transition temperature Tg showed an increase of 3D samples with increasing bioactive glass content, attributed to the layer-by-layer curing process that resulted in improved interaction between the bioactive glass and the polymer matrix. Scanning electron microscope analysis revealed an optimal distribution on bioactive glass within the samples. Compression tests indicated that the 3D-printed sample exhibited higher modulus compared to mould-synthetized samples, proving the enhanced mechanical behaviour of 3D-printed scaffolds. The cytocompatibility and biocompatibility of the samples were evaluated using human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (bMSCs). The metabolic activity and attachment of cells on the samples' surfaces were analysed, and the results demonstrated higher metabolic activity and increased cell attachment on the surfaces containing higher bioactive glass content. The viability of the cells was further confirmed through live/dead staining and reseeding experiments. Overall, this study presents a novel approach for fabricating bioactive glass reinforced scaffolds using 3D printing technology, offering potential applications in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bergoglio
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.B.); (M.M.); (E.V.)
| | - Ziba Najmi
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases—CAAD, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (Z.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Cochis
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases—CAAD, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy; (Z.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Marta Miola
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.B.); (M.M.); (E.V.)
| | - Enrica Vernè
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.B.); (M.M.); (E.V.)
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.B.); (M.M.); (E.V.)
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Dal Pont B, Gigante V, Panariello L, Canesi I, Aliotta L, Lazzeri A. Investigation of Novel Flax Fiber/Epoxy Composites with Increased Biobased Content. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4030. [PMID: 37836080 PMCID: PMC10575258 DOI: 10.3390/polym15194030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, biobased epoxy resins derived from plant oils and natural fibers are available on the market and are a promising substitute for fossil-based products. The purpose of this work is to investigate novel lightweight thermoset fiber-reinforced composites with extremely high biobased content. Paying attention to the biobased content, following a cascade pathway, many trials were carried out with different types of resins and hardeners to select the best ones. The most promising formulations were then used to produce flax fiber reinforced composites by vacuum bagging process. The main biocomposite properties such as tensile, bending, and impact properties as well as the individuation of their glass transition temperatures (by DSC) were assessed. Three biocomposite systems were investigated with biobased content ranging from 60 to 91%, obtaining an elastic modulus that varied from 2.7 to 6.3 GPa, a flexural strength from 23 to 108.5 MPa, and Charpy impact strength from 11.9 to 12.2 kJ/m2. The properties reached by the new biocomposites are very encouraging; in fact, their stiffness vs. lightweight (calculated by the E/ρ3 ratio) is comparable to some typical epoxy-glass composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Dal Pont
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Via Diotisalvi, 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (B.D.P.); (L.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Vito Gigante
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Via Diotisalvi, 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (B.D.P.); (L.P.); (A.L.)
- Interuniversity National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Panariello
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Via Diotisalvi, 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (B.D.P.); (L.P.); (A.L.)
| | - Ilaria Canesi
- Planet Bioplastics, Via San Giovanni Bosco 23, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Laura Aliotta
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Via Diotisalvi, 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (B.D.P.); (L.P.); (A.L.)
- Interuniversity National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Lazzeri
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Via Diotisalvi, 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (B.D.P.); (L.P.); (A.L.)
- Interuniversity National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
- Planet Bioplastics, Via San Giovanni Bosco 23, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
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6
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Lehman-Chong A, Cox CL, Kinaci E, Burkert SE, Dodge ML, Rosmarin DM, Newell JA, Soh L, Gordon MB, Stanzione JF. Itaconic Acid as a Comonomer in Betulin-Based Thermosets via Sequential and Bulk Preparation. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2023; 11:14216-14225. [PMID: 37771764 PMCID: PMC10526528 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c04178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The inherent chemical functionalities of biobased monomers enable the production of renewably sourced polymers that further advance sustainable manufacturing. Itaconic acid (IA) is a nontoxic, commercially produced biobased monomer that can undergo both UV and thermal curing. Betulin is a biocompatible, structurally complex diol derived from birch tree bark that has been recently studied for materials with diverse applications. Here, betulin, IA, and biobased linear diacids, 1,12-dodecanedioic acid (C12) and 1,18-octadecanedioic acid (C18), were used to prepare thermosets using sequential and bulk curing methods. Thermoplastic polyester precursors were synthesized and formulated into polyester-methacrylate (PM) resins to produce sequential UV-curable thermosets. Bulk-cured polyester thermosets were prepared using a one-pot, solventless melt polycondensation using glycerol as a cross-linker. The structure-property relationships of the thermoplastic polyester precursors, sequentially prepared PM thermosets, and bulk-cured polyester thermosets were evaluated with varying IA content. Both types of thermosets exhibited higher storage moduli, Tgs, and thermal stabilities with greater IA comonomer content. These results demonstrate the viability of using IA as a comonomer to produce betulin-based thermosets each with tunable properties, expanding the scope of their applications and use in polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra
M. Lehman-Chong
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
- Advanced
Materials & Manufacturing Institute (AMMI), Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Casey L. Cox
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
- Advanced
Materials & Manufacturing Institute (AMMI), Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Emre Kinaci
- Advanced
Materials & Manufacturing Institute (AMMI), Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Sarah E. Burkert
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lafayette College, 740 High Street, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042, United States
| | - Megan L. Dodge
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lafayette College, 740 High Street, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042, United States
| | - Devin M. Rosmarin
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lafayette College, 740 High Street, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042, United States
| | - James A. Newell
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
- Advanced
Materials & Manufacturing Institute (AMMI), Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Lindsay Soh
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lafayette College, 740 High Street, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042, United States
| | - Melissa B. Gordon
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lafayette College, 740 High Street, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042, United States
| | - Joseph F. Stanzione
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
- Advanced
Materials & Manufacturing Institute (AMMI), Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
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7
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Muhammad A, Sáenz Ezquerro C, Srivastava R, Asinari P, Laspalas M, Chiminelli A, Fasano M. Atomistic to Mesoscopic Modelling of Thermophysical Properties of Graphene-Reinforced Epoxy Nanocomposites. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:1960. [PMID: 37446476 DOI: 10.3390/nano13131960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
This research addresses the need for a multiscale model for the determination of the thermophysical properties of nanofiller-enhanced thermoset polymer composites. Specifically, we analyzed the thermophysical properties of an epoxy resin containing bisphenol-A diglyceryl ether (DGEBA) as an epoxy monomer and dicyandiamide (DICY) and diethylene triamine (DETA) as cross-linking agents. The cross-linking process occurs at the atomistic scale through the formation of bonds among the reactive particles within the epoxy and hardener molecules. To derive the interatomic coarse-grained potential for the mesoscopic model and match the density of the material studied through atomic simulations, we employed the iterative Boltzmann inversion method. The newly developed coarse-grained molecular dynamics model effectively reproduces various thermophysical properties of the DGEBA-DICY-DETA resin system. Furthermore, we simulated nanocomposites made of the considered epoxy additivated with graphene nanofillers at the mesoscopic level and verified them against continuum approaches. Our results demonstrate that a moderate amount of nanofillers (up to 2 wt.%) increases the elastic modulus and thermal conductivity of the epoxy resin while decreasing the Poisson's ratio. For the first time, we present a coarse-grained model of DGEBA-DICY-DETA/graphene materials, which can facilitate the design and development of composites with tunable thermophysical properties for a potentially wide range of applications, e.g., automotive, aerospace, biomedical, or energy ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atta Muhammad
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, MUET SZAB Campus, Khairpur Mir's 66020, Pakistan
| | | | - Rajat Srivastava
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Pietro Asinari
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Manuel Laspalas
- Aragon Institute of Technology ITAINNOVA, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Matteo Fasano
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
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Zeng Y, Song J, Li J, Yuan C. Influence of Isocyanate Structure on Recyclable Shape Memory Poly(thiourethane). Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16114040. [PMID: 37297174 DOI: 10.3390/ma16114040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, poly(thiourethane) (PTU) with different structures is synthesized by click chemistry from trimethylolpropane tris(3-mercaptopropionate) (S3) and different diisocyanates (hexamethylene diisocyanate, HDI, isophorone diisocyanate, IPDI and toluene diisocyanate, TDI). Quantitative analysis of the FTIR spectra reveals that the reaction rates between TDI and S3 are the most rapid, resulting from the combined influence of conjugation and spatial site hindrance. Moreover, the homogeneous cross-linked network of the synthesized PTUs facilitates better manageability of the shape memory effect. All three PTUs exhibit excellent shape memory properties (Rr and Rf are over 90%), and an increase in chain rigidity is observed to negatively impact the shape recovery rate and fix rate. Moreover, all three PTUs exhibit satisfactory reprocessability performance, and an increase in chain rigidity is accompanied by a greater decrease in shape memory and a smaller decrease in mechanical performance for recycled PTUs. Contact angle (<90°) and in vitro degradation results (13%/month for HDI-based PTU, 7.5%/month for IPDI-based PTU, and 8.5%/month for TDI-based PTU) indicate that PTUs can be used as long-term or medium-term biodegradable materials. The synthesized PTUs have a high potential for applications in smart response scenarios requiring specific glass transition temperatures, such as artificial muscles, soft robots, and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zeng
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710018, China
| | - Jiale Song
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710018, China
| | - Jinfu Li
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710018, China
| | - Chi Yuan
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710018, China
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Lu Y, Peng Y, Yang Y, Liu J, Zhang K. Low-Temperature Terpolymerizable Benzoxazine Monomer Bearing Norbornene and Furan Groups: Synthesis, Characterization, Polymerization, and Properties of Its Polymer. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093944. [PMID: 37175354 PMCID: PMC10179839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgency to produce novel high-performance resins to support the rapid development of the aerospace field and the electronic industry. In the present work, we designed and consequently synthesized a benzoxazine monomer (oHPNI-fa) bearing both norbornene and furan groups through the flexible benzoxazine structural design capability. The molecular structure of oHPNI-fa was verified by the combination characterization of nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum, FT-IR technology, and high-resolution mass spectrum. The thermally activated terpolymerization was monitored by in situ FT-IR as well as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Moreover, the low-temperature-curing characteristics of oHPNI-fa have also been revealed and discussed in the current study. Furthermore, the curing kinetics of the oHPNI-fa were investigated by the Kissinger and Ozawa methods. The resulting highly cross-linked thermoset based on oHPNI-fa showed excellent thermal stability as well as flame retardancy (Td10 of 425 °C, THR of 4.9 KJg-1). The strategy for molecular design utilized in the current work gives a guide to the development of high-performance resins which can potentially be applied in the aerospace and electronics industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Lu
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yaliang Peng
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jiahao Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Kan Zhang
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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10
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Yin Y, Xu Y, Zhang X, Duan B, Xin Z, Bao C. Mechanically Strong and Tough Poly(urea-urethane) Thermosets Capable of Being Degraded under Mild Condition. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200765. [PMID: 36419259 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of degradable polymeric materials such as degradable polyurethane or polyurea has been much highlighted for resource conservation and environmental protection. Herein, a facile strategy of constructing mechanically strong and tough poly(urea-urethane) (PUU) thermosets that can be degraded under mild conditions by using triple boron-urethane bonds (TBUB) as cross-linkers is demonstrated. By tailoring the molecular weight of the soft segment of the prepolymers, the mechanical performance can be finely controlled. Based on the cross-linking of TBUB units and hydrogen-binding interactions between TBUB linkages, the as-prepared PUU thermosets have excellent mechanical strength of ≈40.2 MPa and toughness of ≈304.9 MJ m-3 . Typically, the PBUU900 strip can lift a barbell with 60 000 times its own weight, showing excellent load-bearing capacity. Meanwhile, owing to the covalent cross-linking of TBUB units, all the PUU thermosets show initial decomposition temperatures over 290 °C, which are comparable to those of the traditional thermosets. Moreover, the TBUB cross-linked PUU thermosets can be easily degraded in a mild acid solution. The small pieces of the PBUU sample can be fully decomposed in 1 m HCl/THF solution for 3.5 h at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Yin
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Yang Xu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Xuhao Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Baorong Duan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Zhirong Xin
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Chunyang Bao
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
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Pascual-Jose B, De la Flor S, Serra A, Ribes-Greus A. Analysis of Poly(thiourethane) Covalent Adaptable Network through Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy. ACS Appl Polym Mater 2023; 5:1125-1134. [PMID: 36817338 PMCID: PMC9926874 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The dielectric spectra of the poly(thiourethane) network, HDI-S3, have been analyzed to know the nature and the cooperativity of each of the six dielectric processes observed. At low temperatures, γ1, γ2, and β dielectric relaxations were attributed to noncooperative local motions in the glassy state, in which apparent activation energies are 30, 36, and 60 kJ·mol-1, respectively. At higher temperatures, three dielectric relaxations are observed (αTg, α*, ρ). The αTg relaxation is attributed to the glass transition, and it is overlapped with the α* relaxation. The molecular origin of α* relaxation is associated with the bond exchange reaction. Finally, the ρ relaxation is ascribed to the heterogeneity of the sample although its origin is uncertain. The DC conductivity (σDC) is found to be an appropriate variable to analyze the bond exchange reaction. Accordingly, the HDI-S3 has a molecular exchange mechanism of dissociative nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Pascual-Jose
- Institute
of Technology of Materials (ITM), Universitat
Politècnica de València (UPV), Camí de Vera, s/n, 46022València, Spain
| | - S. De la Flor
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira
i Virgili (URV), Av. Països Catalans, 26, 43007Tarragona, Spain
| | - A. Serra
- Department
of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat
Rovira i Virgili (URV), C/ Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007Tarragona, Spain
| | - A. Ribes-Greus
- Institute
of Technology of Materials (ITM), Universitat
Politècnica de València (UPV), Camí de Vera, s/n, 46022València, Spain
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12
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Termine S, Naxaki V, Semitekolos D, Trompeta AF, Rovere M, Tagliaferro A, Charitidis C. Investigation of Carbon Fibres Reclamation by Pyrolysis Process for Their Reuse Potential. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030768. [PMID: 36772070 PMCID: PMC9921821 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers (CFRPs) manufacturing, large quantities of scrap are being produced and usually disposed to landfill or incinerated, resulting in a high environmental impact. Furthermore, CFRP parts that have been damaged or reached their end-of-life, follow the same disposal route and because of this, not only the environment is affected, but also high added-value materials, such as carbon fibres (CFs) are lost without further valorisation. Several recycling technologies have been suggested, such as pyrolysis, to retrieve the CF reinforcement from the CFRPs. However, pyrolysis produces CFs that have residual resin and pyrolytic carbon at their surface. In order to retrieve clean long fibres, oxidation treatment in high temperatures is required. The oxidation treatment, however, has a high impact on the mechanical properties of the reclaimed CFs; therefore, an optimised pyrolysis procedure of CFRPs and post-pyrolysis treatment of reclaimed fibres (rCFs) is required. In this study, CFRPs have been subjected to pyrolysis to investigate the reclamation of CF fabrics in their primal form. The temperature of 550 °C was selected as the optimum processing temperature for the investigated composites. A parametric study on the post-pyrolysis treatment was performed in order to remove the residues from the fabrics and at the same time to investigate the CFs reusability, in terms of their mechanical and surface properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Termine
- Research Lab of Advanced, Composite, Nano Materials & Nanotechnology (R-NanoLab), School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon, Polytechniou St., Zografos, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Valentina Naxaki
- Research Lab of Advanced, Composite, Nano Materials & Nanotechnology (R-NanoLab), School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon, Polytechniou St., Zografos, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Dionisis Semitekolos
- Research Lab of Advanced, Composite, Nano Materials & Nanotechnology (R-NanoLab), School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon, Polytechniou St., Zografos, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini-Flora Trompeta
- Research Lab of Advanced, Composite, Nano Materials & Nanotechnology (R-NanoLab), School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon, Polytechniou St., Zografos, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Massimo Rovere
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Tagliaferro
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Costas Charitidis
- Research Lab of Advanced, Composite, Nano Materials & Nanotechnology (R-NanoLab), School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon, Polytechniou St., Zografos, 15780 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-7724046
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13
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Berne D, Lemouzy S, Guiffrey P, Caillol S, Ladmiral V, Manoury E, Poli R, Leclerc E. Catalyst-Free Thia-Michael Addition to α-Trifluoromethylacrylates for 3D Network Synthesis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203712. [PMID: 36647801 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Thia-Michael additions (1,4-additions of a thiol to a Michael acceptor) are generally catalyzed by an external Brønsted or Lewis base. A spontaneous (uncatalyzed) Michael addition of thiols to α-trifluoromethyl acrylates is described, as well as its application to the very efficient preparation of a thermoset. A thorough mechanistic investigation, based on an experimental kinetic study and on DFT calculations, is presented for the addition of arene- and alkanethiols to tert-butyl trifluoromethyl acrylate in polar aprotic solvents, unveiling a probable solvent-assisted proton transfer in the rate-determining step and a considerable lowering of the energy barrier induced by the CF3 group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Berne
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Eric Manoury
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), UPS, INPT, Université de Toulouse, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
| | - Rinaldo Poli
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), UPS, INPT, Université de Toulouse, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, 1, rue Descartes, 75231, Paris, France
| | - Eric Leclerc
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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14
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Bertini F, Vignali A, Marelli M, Ravasio N, Zaccheria F. Styrene-Free Bio-Based Thermosetting Resins with Tunable Properties Starting from Vegetable Oils and Terpenes. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4185. [PMID: 36236131 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The substitution of fossil-based monomers in the thermosetting formulations is a fundamental issue to face the environmental concerns related to the use of traditional resins. In this paper, styrene-free thermosetting resins were prepared to start from vegetable oils with different compositions and unsaturation degrees, namely soybean, hempseed, and linseed oils. Using terpenic comonomers such as limonene and β-myrcene allows one to prepare thermosets avoiding the traditional fossil-based diluents such as styrene, thus obtaining an outstanding gain in terms of both environmental and safety concerns. Furthermore, the materials obtained reveal tunable physical properties upon the proper choice of the monomers, with glass transition temperature ranging from 40 to 80 °C and Young's modulus ranging from 200 to 1800 MPa. The possibility of preparing composite materials starting from the resins prepared in this way and natural fibres has also been explored due to the potential applications of bio-based composites in several industrial sectors.
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15
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Di Francesco D, Rigo D, Reddy Baddigam K, Mathew AP, Hedin N, Selva M, Samec JSM. A New Family of Renewable Thermosets: Kraft Lignin Poly-adipates. ChemSusChem 2022; 15:e202200326. [PMID: 35312238 PMCID: PMC9321611 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thermosetting polymeric materials have advantageous properties and are therefore used in numerous applications. In this study, it was hypothesized and ultimately shown that thermosets could be derived from comparably sustainable sub-components. A two-step procedure to produce a thermoset comprising of Kraft lignin (KL) and the cross-linker adipic acid (AdA) was developed. The cross-linking was activated by means of an acetylating agent comprising isopropenyl acetate (IPA) to form a cross-linking mixture (CLM). The cross-linking was confirmed by FTIR and solid-state NMR spectroscopy, and the esterification reactions were further studied using model compounds. When the KL lignin was mixed with the CLM, partial esterification occurred to yield a homogeneous viscous liquid that could easily be poured into a mold, as the first step in the procedure. Without any additions, the mold was heated and the material transformed into a thermoset by reaction of the two carboxylic acid-derivatives of AdA and KL in the second step.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davide Rigo
- Department of Molecular Sciences and NanosystemsCa' Foscari University of Venice30175Venezia MestreItaly
| | | | - Aji P. Mathew
- Department of Materials and Environmental ChemistryStockholm UniversitySE-106 91StockholmSweden
| | - Niklas Hedin
- Department of Materials and Environmental ChemistryStockholm UniversitySE-106 91StockholmSweden
| | - Maurizio Selva
- Department of Molecular Sciences and NanosystemsCa' Foscari University of Venice30175Venezia MestreItaly
| | - Joseph S. M. Samec
- Department of Organic ChemistryStockholm UniversitySE-106 91StockholmSweden
- Center of Excellence in Catalysis for Bioenergy and Renewable Chemicals (CBRC), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceChulalongkorn University PathumwanBangkok10330Thailand
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16
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Santiago D, Serra À. Enhancement of Epoxy Thermosets with Hyperbranched and Multiarm Star Polymers: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2228. [PMID: 35683901 PMCID: PMC9182725 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperbranched polymers and multiarm star polymers are a type of dendritic polymers which have attracted substantial interest during the last 30 years because of their unique properties. They can be used to modify epoxy thermosets to increase their toughness and flexibility but without adversely affecting other properties such as reactivity or thermal properties. In addition, the final properties of materials can be tailored by modifying the structure, molecular weight, or type of functional end-groups of the hyperbranched and multiarm star polymers. In this review, we focus on the modification of epoxy-based thermosets with hyperbranched and multiarm star polymers in terms of the effect on the curing process of epoxy formulations, thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties, and their advantages in fire retardancy on the final thermosets.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Santiago
- Eurecat–Chemical Technologies Unit, C/Marcel·lí Domingo 2, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Àngels Serra
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
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17
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Moreira VB, Alemán C, Rintjema J, Bravo F, Kleij AW, Armelin E. A Biosourced Epoxy Resin for Adhesive Thermoset Applications. ChemSusChem 2022; 15:e202102624. [PMID: 35189036 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biobased epoxy-derived raw materials will be essential for future coating and adhesive designs in industry. Here, a facile approach is reported towards the incorporation of limonene into an epoxy-functionalized polycarbonate and its crosslinking with a polyamine curing agent to obtain a thermoset material. For the first time, a solvent-borne adhesive with excellent film-forming, mechanical and adhesion strength properties is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor B Moreira
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), C/d'Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Edifici I, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Minas, Metalúrgica e de Materiais (PPGE3M), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, RS 9500-91501-970, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), C/d'Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Edifici I, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), C/ d'Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Edifici IS, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jeroen Rintjema
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Fernando Bravo
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Arjan W Kleij
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Catalan Institute of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elaine Armelin
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), C/d'Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Edifici I, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), C/ d'Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Edifici IS, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Li H, Sun Z, Zhao C, Li Y, Xiang D, Wu Y, Wei J, Que Y. Polybenzoxazine Resins with Cellulose Phosphide: Preparation, Flame Retardancy and Mechanisms. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244288. [PMID: 34960838 PMCID: PMC8706826 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphated cellulose (PCF) was synthesized based on urea, phosphated acid and cellulose. The structure of the PCF was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with the Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (SEM-EDS). Benzoxazine (Ba)/PCF hybrid materials were fabricated and thermally cured to prepare polybenzoxazine composites (PBa/PCF). The effects of PCF on the curing temperature of Ba were analyzed through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The thermogravimetric (TGA) results demonstrated an increased char residue of 50% for the PBa composites incorporating PCF-5% compared with the pure PBa. The peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) values of the PBa/PCF-5% composites clearly decreased by 58.1% and 16.5% compared to those of the pristine PBa. The smoke released from the PBa/PCF system significantly reduced with the loading of PCF. Moreover, the limited oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning test level (UL-94) of PBa/PCF-5% reached up to 31 and V0. The flame retardant mechanism of the PCF in the PBa matrix was investigated TG-FTIR and char residues analysis. Finally, the dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA) results demonstrated that the Tg of the PBa/PCF composites was approximately 230 °C, which does not affect further applications of PBa composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China; (Z.S.); (Y.L.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - Zhangmei Sun
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China; (Z.S.); (Y.L.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China; (Z.S.); (Y.L.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - Yuntao Li
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China; (Z.S.); (Y.L.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Q.)
- State Key Laboratory Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Dong Xiang
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China; (Z.S.); (Y.L.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yuanpeng Wu
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China; (Z.S.); (Y.L.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Q.)
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Jixuan Wei
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China; (Z.S.); (Y.L.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yusheng Que
- School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China; (Z.S.); (Y.L.); (D.X.); (Y.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Q.)
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19
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Magnin A, Entzmann L, Bazin A, Pollet E, Avérous L. Green Recycling Process for Polyurethane Foams by a Chem-Biotech Approach. ChemSusChem 2021; 14:4234-4241. [PMID: 33629810 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethanes (PUs) are highly resistant materials used for building insulation or automotive seats. The polyurethane end-of-life issue must be addressed by the development of efficient recycling techniques. Since conventional recycling processes are not suitable for thermosets, waste management of PU foam is particularly questioning. By coupling biological and chemical processes, this study aimed at developing a green recycling pathway for PU foam using enzymes for depolymerization. For instance, enzymatic degradation of a PU foam synthesized with polycaprolactone and toluene diisocyanate led to a weight loss of 25 % after 24 h of incubation. The corresponding degradation products were recovered and identified as 6-hydroxycaproic acid and a short acid-terminated diurethane. An organometallic-catalyzed synthesis of second-generation polymers from these building blocks was carried out. A polymer with a high average molar mass of 74000 (Mw ) was obtained by mixing 50 % of recycled building blocks and 50 % of neat 6-hydroxycaproic acid. A poly(ester urethane) was synthesized without the use of toxic and decried polyisocyanates. It is the first time that a study offers the vision of a recycling loop starting from PU wastes and finishing with a second-generation polymer in a full circular approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Magnin
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Lisa Entzmann
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Alfred Bazin
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Eric Pollet
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Luc Avérous
- BioTeam/ICPEES-ECPM, UMR CNRS 7515, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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20
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Abstract
Although hyperbranched polysiloxanes have been extensively studied, they have limited practical applications because of their low glass transition temperatures. In this study, we synthesized benzocyclobutene-functionalized hyperbranched polysiloxane (HB-BCB) via the Piers-Rubinsztajn reaction. The synthesized material was cured and crosslinking occurred at temperatures greater than 200 °C, forming a low-k thermoset resin with high thermostability. The structure of the resin was characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, viz. 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. 29Si NMR spectroscopy was used to calculate the degree of branching. Differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the cured resin possesses good high-temperature mechanical properties and exhibits a high thermal decomposition temperature (Td5 = 512 °C). In addition, the cured resin has a low dielectric constant (k = 2.70 at 1 MHz) and low dissipation factor (2.13 × 10-3 at 1 MHz). Thus, the prepared resin can function as a low-k material with excellent high-temperature performance. These findings indicate that the performance of crosslinked siloxane is significantly attributed to the introduction of BCB groups and the formation of the highly crosslinked structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Shi
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueliang Wu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanrong Cheng
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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21
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Sangroniz L, Fernández M, Partal P, Santamaria A. Rheology of Polymer Processing in Spain (1995-2020). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142314. [PMID: 34301070 PMCID: PMC8309276 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of Spanish scientists to the rheology involved in polymer processing during the last 25 years is investigated. It is shown that the performed research covers, at different levels, all industrial polymeric materials: thermoplastics, thermosets, adhesives, biopolymers, composites and nanocomposites, and polymer modified bitumen. Therefore, the rheological behaviour of these materials in processing methods such as extrusion, injection moulding, additive manufacturing, and others is discussed, based on the literature results. A detailed view of the most outstanding achievements, based on the rheological criteria of the authors, is offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire Sangroniz
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal, 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (L.S.); (M.F.)
| | - Mercedes Fernández
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal, 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (L.S.); (M.F.)
| | - Pedro Partal
- Pro2TecS—Chemical Process and Product Technology Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, ETSI, Universidad de Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain;
| | - Antxon Santamaria
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal, 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (L.S.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence:
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22
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Abali BE, Zecchini M, Daissè G, Czabany I, Gindl-Altmutter W, Wan-Wendner R. Cure Kinetics and Inverse Analysis of Epoxy-Amine Based Adhesive Used for Fastening Systems. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:3853. [PMID: 34300770 PMCID: PMC8354013 DOI: 10.3390/ma14143853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Thermosetting polymers are used in building materials, for example adhesives in fastening systems. They harden in environmental conditions with a daily temperature depending on the season and location. This curing process takes hours or even days effected by the relatively low ambient temperature necessary for a fast and complete curing. As material properties depend on the degree of cure, its accurate estimation is of paramount interest and the main objective in this work. Thus, we develop an approach for modeling the curing process for epoxy based thermosetting polymers. Specifically, we perform experiments and demonstrate an inverse analysis for determining parameters in the curing model. By using calorimetry measurements and implementing an inverse analysis algorithm by using open-source packages, we obtain 10 material parameters describing the curing process. We present the methodology for two commercial, epoxy based products, where a statistical analysis provides independence of material parameters leading to the conclusion that the material equation is adequately describing the material response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilen Emek Abali
- Division of Applied Mechanics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
- Christian Doppler Laboratory LiCRoFast, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (M.Z.); (G.D.); (R.W.-W.)
| | - Michele Zecchini
- Christian Doppler Laboratory LiCRoFast, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (M.Z.); (G.D.); (R.W.-W.)
| | - Gilda Daissè
- Christian Doppler Laboratory LiCRoFast, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (M.Z.); (G.D.); (R.W.-W.)
| | - Ivana Czabany
- Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, Department of Material Science and Process Engineering, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (I.C.); (W.G.-A.)
| | - Wolfgang Gindl-Altmutter
- Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, Department of Material Science and Process Engineering, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (I.C.); (W.G.-A.)
| | - Roman Wan-Wendner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory LiCRoFast, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (M.Z.); (G.D.); (R.W.-W.)
- Magnel Laboratory, Department of Structural Engineering and Building Materials, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 60, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Derradji M, Mehelli O, Liu W, Fantuzzi N. Sustainable and Ecofriendly Chemical Design of High Performance Bio-Based Thermosets for Advanced Applications. Front Chem 2021; 9:691117. [PMID: 34124010 PMCID: PMC8193924 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.691117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High performance thermosetting resins are targeted in many exigent applications, such as aerospace and marine fields, for the development of lightweight structural composites. Till now, these industries only rely on petroleum-based materials for their supposedly better performances. However, the latest developments in the field suggest otherwise. In fact, many reports confirmed that sustainable and ecofriendly thermosetting polymers can display similar or even better performances. Additionally, exploring alternative renewable feedstock's to meet the ever increasing demands of these industries is an essential step towards sustainable development. Aiming to unravel the potential of these materials, the present review summarizes the most relevant chemical routes allowing the preparation of fully or partially bio-based thermosetting resins. Meanwhile, the overall performances of these exceptional materials are also compared with their petroleum-based counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Derradji
- UER Procédés Energétiques, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Oussama Mehelli
- UER Procédés Energétiques, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Institute of Composite Materials, Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
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Gamardella F, Serra A, Ramis X, De la Flor S. Actuator Behaviour of Tailored Poly(thiourethane) Shape Memory Thermosets. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1571. [PMID: 34068369 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a new family of poly(thiourethane) shape memory thermosetting actuators was developed and characterized. These materials can be easily prepared from mixtures of two different aliphatic diisocyanates and a trithiol in the presence of a latent catalyst, allowing an easy manipulation of the formulation. Rheological studies of the curing process confirm the latent character of the formulations. The glass transition temperatures and the mechanical properties can be modified by varying the proportion of diisocyanates (hexamethylene diisocyanate, HDI, and isophorone diisocyanate, IPDI) with stoichiometric amounts of trimethylolpropane tris(3-mercaptopropionate). The shape-memory behavior was deeply investigated under three different conditions: unconstrained, partially constrained, and fully constrained. Tests were performed in single cantilever bending mode to simulate conditions closer to real complex mechanics of thermomechanical actuators under flexural performances. The complex recovery process in single cantilever bending mode was compared with that obtained using tensile mode. The results evidenced that the amount of recovery force in fully constrained conditions, or energy released during the recovery process in partially constrained, can be modulated by simply changing the proportion of both diisocyanates. A simple model based on Timoshenko beam theory was used for the prediction of the amount of work performed. The reported results are an important guideline to design shape-memory materials based on poly(thiourethane) networks, establishing criteria for the choice of the material depending on the expected application.
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25
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Caldona EB, Borrego EI, Shelar KE, Mukeba KM, Smith DW Jr. Ring-Forming Polymerization toward Perfluorocyclobutyl and Ortho-Diynylarene-Derived Materials: From Synthesis to Practical Applications. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:1486. [PMID: 33803591 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many desirable characteristics of polymers arise from the method of polymerization and structural features of their repeat units, which typically are responsible for the polymer’s performance at the cost of processability. While linear alternatives are popular, polymers composed of cyclic repeat units across their backbones have generally been shown to exhibit higher optical transparency, lower water absorption, and higher glass transition temperatures. These specifically include polymers built with either substituted alicyclic structures or aromatic rings, or both. In this review article, we highlight two useful ring-forming polymer groups, perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) aryl ether polymers and ortho-diynylarene- (ODA) based thermosets, both demonstrating outstanding thermal stability, chemical resistance, mechanical integrity, and improved processability. Different synthetic routes (with emphasis on ring-forming polymerization) and properties for these polymers are discussed, followed by their relevant applications in a wide range of aspects.
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26
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Navaruckiene A, Bridziuviene D, Raudoniene V, Rainosalo E, Ostrauskaite J. Influence of Vanillin Acrylate-Based Resin Composition on Resin Photocuring Kinetics and Antimicrobial Properties of the Resulting Polymers. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:653. [PMID: 33572575 PMCID: PMC7866989 DOI: 10.3390/ma14030653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of the influence of vanillin acrylate-based resin composition on photocuring kinetics and antimicrobial properties of the resulting polymers was performed in order to find efficient photocurable systems for optical 3D printing of bio-based polymers with tunable rigidity, as well as with antibacterial and antifungal activity. Two vanillin derivatives, vanillin diacrylate and vanillin dimethacrylate, were tested in photocurable systems using phenyl bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide as a photoinitiator. The influence of vanillin acrylate monomer, amount of photoinitiator, presence and amount of dithiol, and presence of solvent on photocuring kinetics was investigated by real-time photoreometry. Polymers of different rigidity were obtained by changing the photocurable resin composition. The photocuring kinetics of the selected vanillin acrylate-based resins was comparable with that of commercial petroleum-based acrylate resins for optical 3D printing. Polymers based on both vanillin acrylates showed a significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Vanillin diacrylate-based polymer films also demonstrated an antifungal activity in direct contact with Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus. Vanillin diacrylate-based dual curing systems were selected as the most promising for optical 3D printing of bio-based polymers with antibacterial and antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aukse Navaruckiene
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Danguole Bridziuviene
- Biodeterioration Research Laboratory, Nature Research Center, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania; (D.B.); (V.R.)
| | - Vita Raudoniene
- Biodeterioration Research Laboratory, Nature Research Center, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania; (D.B.); (V.R.)
| | - Egidija Rainosalo
- Chemistry and Bioeconomy Team, Centria University of Applied Sciences, Talonpojankatu 2, FI-67100 Kokkola, Finland;
| | - Jolita Ostrauskaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania;
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27
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Yang X, Guo M, Wu Y, Xue S, Li Z, Zhou H, Smith AT, Sun L. Biomimetic Boroxine-Based Multifunctional Thermosets via One-Pot Synthesis. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:56445-56453. [PMID: 33327055 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Boroxine-based thermosets with remarkable mechanical tunability, self-healing ability, recyclability, and adhesive strength are of significant importance in various applications. However, complex multistep reactions are often required to prepare such thermosets. Herein, a facile one-pot approach to synthesize boroxine-based malleable thermosets is proposed. Random copolymers with pendant boronic acid groups were synthesized from alkenyl monomers containing boronic acids [4-vinylphenylboronic acid (4-VPBA), 3-vinylphenylboronic acid, or 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid] and octadecanoxy polyethylene glycol methacrylate. Then, the as-prepared copolymers were cured to form thermosets with boroxine bonds. The tensile strengths of the thermosets were tailored to range from 9.3 to 27.5 MPa by increasing the concentration of 4-VPBA. Moreover, because of the reversible nature of dynamic boroxine bonds (transformation between boroxines and boronic acids) induced by water, the thermosets exhibit remarkable self-healing efficiency (up to 99%), tunable mechanical properties, and excellent recyclability. Additionally, the thermosets also demonstrate superior adhesive strength (as high as 73.9 MPa) on different substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Meiling Guo
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Yuanpeng Wu
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Shishan Xue
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials and Devices, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Andrew T Smith
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science and Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Luyi Sun
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science and Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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28
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Liu F, Chen X, Hou J, Sun J, Fang Q. A Fluorinated Thermocrosslinkable Organosiloxane: A New Low-k Material at High Frequency with Low Water Uptake. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000600. [PMID: 33314517 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to obtain low-k material with good comprehensive properties, a trifluoromethyl-containing organosiloxane with thermocrosslinkable vinyl and benzocyclobutene groups is designed and synthesized through the Piers-Rubinsztajn reaction. After treating at high temperature, the organosiloxane changed to form a cross-linked polysiloxane (called as c-FSi-BCB). c-FSi-BCB exhibits good dielectric properties with dielectric constant (Dk ) of 2.60 and dielectric loss (Df ) of 1.49 × 10-3 at a high frequency of 5 GHz. Importantly, c-FSi-BCB maintains such good dielectric properties and exhibits low water uptake of below 0.076%, even after immersing it in boiling water for 96 h. c-FSi-BCB also displays good thermostability with a 5% weight loss temperature (T5d ) of 453 °C. These data indicate that this fluorinated organosiloxane is suitable as the matrix resin for the fabrication of devices used in 5G communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Xingrong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Jiaren Hou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
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29
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Gamardella F, Muñoz S, De la Flor S, Ramis X, Serra A. Recyclable Organocatalyzed Poly(Thiourethane) Covalent Adaptable Networks. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2913. [PMID: 33291704 PMCID: PMC7761908 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A new type of tetraphenylborate salts derived from highly basic and nucleophilic amines, namely 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN), 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene (DBU) and triazabicyclodecene (TBD), was applied to the preparation of networked poly(thiourethane)s (PTUs), which showed a vitrimer-like behavior, with higher stress-relaxation rates than PTUs prepared by using dibutyl thin dilaurate (DBTDL) as the catalyst. The use of these salts, which release the amines when heated, instead of the pure amines, allows the formulation to be easily manipulated to prepare any type of samples. The materials prepared from stoichiometric mixtures of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), trithiol (S3) and with a 10% of molar excess of isocyanate or thiol were characterized by FTIR, thermomechanical analysis, thermogravimetry, stress-relaxation tests and tensile tests, thus obtaining a complete thermal and mechanical characterization of the materials. The recycled materials obtained by grinding the original PTUs and hot-pressing the small pieces in the optimized time and temperature conditions were fully characterized by mechanical, thermomechanical and FTIR studies. This allowed us to confirm their recyclability, without appreciable changes in the network structure and performance. From several observations, the dissociative interchange trans-thiocarbamoylation mechanism was evidenced as the main responsible of the topological rearrangements at high temperature, resulting in a vitrimeric-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Gamardella
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Building. N4., 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Sara Muñoz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (S.M.); (S.D.l.F.)
| | - Silvia De la Flor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (S.M.); (S.D.l.F.)
| | - Xavier Ramis
- Thermodynamics Laboratory, ETSEIB Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Angels Serra
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Building. N4., 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
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30
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Yu S, Li X, Zhao Y, Zou M. A Novel Lightweight Polyurethane Composite for Application on Ultra-High-Voltage Insulator Core Filler. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2737. [PMID: 33218164 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to prepare a new lightweight ultra-high-voltage insulator core filler composite, which can solve the problem of bulkiness. In this study, rigid polyurethane foam pellets with different densities are used as lightweight fillers and polyurethane resins to compound lightweight composite materials. On accounting for working conditions, the density, insulation, heat resistance, water absorption and mechanical properties are tested. The compressive properties of composites are determined by a foam skeleton and a process. Among three kinds of composites, in which the composites with the best comprehensive performance are materials filled with pellets to a density of 0.15g·cm−3. The density, surface resistance, volume resistance, leakage current, initial decomposition temperature, water absorption, force, rupture displacement and limiting oxygen index (LOI) of composites are 0.665 g·cm−3, 1.17 × 1014 Ω, 9.68 × 1014 Ω·cm, 0.079 mA, 208 °C, 0.047%, 2262 N, 2.54 mm, and 23.3%, respectively. The ultra-high-voltage insulator core filler in this study can reduce the weight of the solid core insulator crossarm for Ultra-High Voltage (UHV) by 50–75%.
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Alabiso W, Schlögl S. The Impact of Vitrimers on the Industry of the Future: Chemistry, Properties and Sustainable Forward-Looking Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1660. [PMID: 32722554 PMCID: PMC7465221 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermosets are known to be very reliable polymeric materials for high-performance and light-weight applications, due to their retained dimensional stability, chemical inertia and rigidity over a broad range of temperatures. However, once fully cured, they cannot be easily reshaped or reprocessed, thus leaving still unsolved the issues of recycling and the lack of technological flexibility. Vitrimers, introduced by Leibler et al. in 2011, are a valiant step in the direction of bridging the chasm between thermoplastics and thermosets. Owing to their dynamic covalent networks, they can retain mechanical stability and solvent resistance, but can also flow on demand upon heating. More generally, the family of Covalent Adaptable Networks (CANs) is gleaming with astounding potential, thanks to the huge variety of chemistries that may enable bond exchange. Arising from this signature feature, intriguing properties such as self-healing, recyclability and weldability may expand the horizons for thermosets in terms of improved life-span, sustainability and overall enhanced functionality and versatility. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the most promising studies featuring CANs and vitrimers specifically, with particular regard for their industrial applications. Investigations into composites and sustainable vitrimers from epoxy-based and elastomeric networks are covered in detail.
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32
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Konuray O, Fernández-Francos X, De la Flor S, Ramis X, Serra À. The Use of Click-Type Reactions in the Preparation of Thermosets. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1084. [PMID: 32397509 PMCID: PMC7285069 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Click chemistry has emerged as an effective polymerization method to obtain thermosets with enhanced properties for advanced applications. In this article, commonly used click reactions have been reviewed, highlighting their advantages in obtaining homogeneous polymer networks. The basic concepts necessary to understand network formation via click reactions, together with their main characteristics, are explained comprehensively. Some of the advanced applications of thermosets obtained by this methodology are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Konuray
- Thermodynamics Laboratory, ETSEIB Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (O.K.); (X.F.-F.); (X.R.)
| | - Xavier Fernández-Francos
- Thermodynamics Laboratory, ETSEIB Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (O.K.); (X.F.-F.); (X.R.)
| | - Silvia De la Flor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Xavier Ramis
- Thermodynamics Laboratory, ETSEIB Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (O.K.); (X.F.-F.); (X.R.)
| | - Àngels Serra
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, c/ Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Lu C, Wang C, Yu J, Wang J, Chu F. Two-Step 3 D-Printing Approach toward Sustainable, Repairable, Fluorescent Shape-Memory Thermosets Derived from Cellulose and Rosin. ChemSusChem 2020; 13:893-902. [PMID: 31782620 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201902191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Efficiently converting biomass into multifunctional polymerized materials is a challenge to effect high-valued utilization of biomass resources. A two-step 3 D-printing approach has been developed to fabricate a class of robust, fluorescent shape-memory thermosets from cellulose and rosin-based photosensitive 3 D-printing resin solution. The stereolithography 3 D printing was first performed to form the first crosslinked network by UV-induced chain-growth polymerization, which fixed the shape of thermoset. Subsequently, isocyanate was applied to react with hydroxy in the monomer to form the second crosslinked network by thermally induced step-growth polymerization. The formation of a dual-cure network, leading to phase separation and increased crosslinking density, could greatly improve the mechanical and thermal properties of 3 D-printed thermosets and endow them with thermally triggered shape-memory properties and excellent repairability. The 3 D-printed thermosets are found to have strong luminescence resulting from aggregation-induced emission originating from rosin. In addition, these 3 D-printed thermosets could degrade in the presence of NaOH aqueous solution and in situ achieved a range of flexible conductive hydrogels that have important potential application in the flexible electronic materials and smart photoelectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanwei Lu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open Lab. of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, No 16, Suojin Wucun, Nanjing, 210042, P.R. China
- Institute of Forest New Technology, CAF, No 1, Dongxiaofu Haidian, Beijing, 100091, P.R. China
| | - Chunpeng Wang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open Lab. of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, No 16, Suojin Wucun, Nanjing, 210042, P.R. China
- Institute of Forest New Technology, CAF, No 1, Dongxiaofu Haidian, Beijing, 100091, P.R. China
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P.R. China
| | - Juan Yu
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P.R. China
| | - Jifu Wang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open Lab. of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, No 16, Suojin Wucun, Nanjing, 210042, P.R. China
- Institute of Forest New Technology, CAF, No 1, Dongxiaofu Haidian, Beijing, 100091, P.R. China
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P.R. China
| | - Fuxiang Chu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open Lab. of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, No 16, Suojin Wucun, Nanjing, 210042, P.R. China
- Institute of Forest New Technology, CAF, No 1, Dongxiaofu Haidian, Beijing, 100091, P.R. China
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P.R. China
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Schock M, Bräse S. Reactive & Efficient: Organic Azides as Cross-Linkers in Material Sciences. Molecules 2020; 25:E1009. [PMID: 32102403 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25041009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The exceptional reactivity of the azide group makes organic azides a highly versatile family of compounds in chemistry and the material sciences. One of the most prominent reactions employing organic azides is the regioselective copper(I)-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with alkynes yielding 1,2,3-triazoles. Other named reactions include the Staudinger reduction, the aza-Wittig reaction, and the Curtius rearrangement. The popularity of organic azides in material sciences is mostly based on their propensity to release nitrogen by thermal activation or photolysis. On the one hand, this scission reaction is accompanied with a considerable output of energy, making them interesting as highly energetic materials. On the other hand, it produces highly reactive nitrenes that show extraordinary efficiency in polymer crosslinking, a process used to alter the physical properties of polymers and to boost efficiencies of polymer-based devices such as membrane fuel cells, organic solar cells (OSCs), light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Thermosets are also suitable application areas. In most cases, organic azides with multiple azide functions are employed which can either be small molecules or oligo- and polymers. This review focuses on nitrene-based applications of multivalent organic azides in the material and life sciences.
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Li L, Cai Z. Flame-Retardant Performance of Transparent and Tensile-Strength-Enhanced Epoxy Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E317. [PMID: 32033053 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a flame-retardant additive with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) groups denoted DSD was successfully synthesized from DOPO, 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS), and salicylaldehyde. The chemical structure of DSD was characterized by FTIR–ATR, NMR, and elemental analysis. DSD was used as an amine curing agent, and the transparent, tensile strength-enhanced epoxy resins named EP–DSD were prepared via thermal curing reactions among the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM), and DSD. The flame-retardancy of composites was studied by the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 test. The LOI values of EP–DSD composites increased from 30.7% for a content of 3 wt % to 35.4% for a content of 9 wt %. When the content of DSD reached 6 wt %, a V-0 rating under the UL-94 vertical test was achieved. SEM photographs of char residues after the UL-94 test indicate that an intumescent and tight char layer with a porous structure inside was formed. The TGA results revealed that EP–DSD thermosets decomposed ahead of time. The graphitization degree of the residual chars was also investigated by laser Raman spectroscopy. The measurement of tensile strength at breaking point shows that the loading of DSD increases the tensile strength of epoxy thermosets. Py-GC/MS analysis shows the presence of phosphorus fragments released during EP–DSD thermal decomposition, which could act as free radical inhibitors in the gas phase. Owing to the promotion of the formation of intumescent and compact char residues in the condensed phase and nonflammable phosphorus fragments formed from the decomposition of DOPO groups, EP–DSD composites displayed obvious flame-retardancy.
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Martos A, Soto M, Schäfer H, Koschek K, Marquet J, Sebastián RM. Highly Crosslinked Polybenzoxazines from Monobenzoxazines: The Effect of Meta-Substitution in the Phenol Ring. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E254. [PMID: 31973239 PMCID: PMC7077280 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is possible to control the crosslink density of polymers derived from monobenzoxazines by switching the type of substituents in the phenolic ring and their relative position with respect to the phenol group. We prepared several substituted monobenzoxazines in the para and meta positions of the phenolic ring and studied how these substituents affected the polymerization temperature of monomers and the thermal stability of the final polymers and, more extensively, how they affected the crosslink network of the final polymers. Gel content and dynamic mechanical analysis confirm that ortho- and para-orienting substituents in the meta position generate highly crosslinked materials compared to para ones. This fact can lead to the design of materials with highly crosslinked networks based on monobenzoxazines, simpler and more versatile monomers than the commercial bisbenzoxazines currently in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Martos
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Centro de Innovación en Química (ORFEO-CINQA), Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Marc Soto
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM, Adhesive Bonding Technology and Surfaces, Wiener Strasse 12, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (M.S.); (H.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Hannes Schäfer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM, Adhesive Bonding Technology and Surfaces, Wiener Strasse 12, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (M.S.); (H.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Katharina Koschek
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM, Adhesive Bonding Technology and Surfaces, Wiener Strasse 12, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (M.S.); (H.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Jordi Marquet
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Centro de Innovación en Química (ORFEO-CINQA), Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Rosa M. Sebastián
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Centro de Innovación en Química (ORFEO-CINQA), Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
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Zhang K, Liu Y, Evans CJ, Yang S. Easily Processable Thermosets with Outstanding Performance via Smart Twisted Small-Molecule Benzoxazines. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e1900625. [PMID: 31958211 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
High-performance aromatic polymers have excellent thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties and are lightweight, but it is highly challenging to deliver outstanding performances while still maintaining good processability of the precursors. Here, a new family of small-molecule benzoxazine resins with ortho-maleimide functionality is reported, which strikes an exceptional balance between the processability and performance. The excellent processability is attributed to the twisted molecular configurations of ortho-maleimide-substituted benzoxazines, which prevent intermolecular packing in the resin systems. The new benzoxazines can polymerize through multiple routes, which eliminate the twisted structures and create highly cross-linked polymer networks. The resulting new polymers are found to possess fascinating properties such as a high thermal stability (no Tg can be detected before 400 °C), excellent flame retardancy (a heat release capacity of 42.5 J g-1 K-1 ), and low dielectric constants (2.62-2.30 in the frequency range of 1 Hz to 10 MHz). The combined processability and versatility highlight the potential of smart benzoxazines in the preparation of high-performance thermosets, with important new applications that may span aerospace, transportation, and electronic packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Zhang
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yuqi Liu
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Corey J Evans
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LEI 7RH, UK
| | - Shengfu Yang
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LEI 7RH, UK
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Abstract
Plastics are the most essential commodities in the world and are replacing the metals, wood, glass, cements and other materials in some application areas. Plastics are easy handling, resource-saving, non-toxic with esthetically attractive. Oil and gas are the major feedstocks for plastics, besides sugar and corn as renewable feedstocks. Plastics represent a serious waste-handling problem, with only 10%–12% of the plastic waste generated worldwide being regenerated/recycled. After disposal, plastic waste takes very long time to decompose naturally and impact the environment during the degradation process. The above situation has necessitated the invention of efficient technologies for regeneration and recovery of plastics all over the world.
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Santiago D, Guzmán D, Ramis X, Ferrando F, Serra À. New Epoxy Thermosets Derived from Clove Oil Prepared by Epoxy-Amine Curing. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 12:E44. [PMID: 31892151 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
New thermosets from a triglycidyl eugenol derivative (3EPOEU) as a renewable epoxy monomer were obtained by an epoxy-amine curing process. A commercially-available Jeffamine® and isophorone diamine, both obtained from renewable resources, were used as crosslinking agents, and the materials obtained were compared with those obtained from a standard diglycidylether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). The evolution of the curing process was studied by differential scanning calorimetry and the materials obtained were characterized by means of calorimetry, thermogravimetry, thermodynamomechanical analysis, stress–strain tests and microindentation. 3EPOEU formulations were slightly less reactive, and the thermosets obtained showed higher Tgs than those prepared from DGEBA, since they had higher crosslinking density than formulations with DGEBA because of the more compact structure and higher functionality of the eugenol derivative. 3EPOEU thermosets showed good thermal stability and mechanical properties. The results obtained in this study allow us to conclude that the triglycidyl derivative of eugenol, 3EPOEU, is a safe and environmentally friendly alternative to DGEBA.
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Montané X, Dinu R, Mija A. Synthesis of Resins Using Epoxies and Humins as Building Blocks: A Mechanistic Study Based on In-Situ FT-IR and NMR Spectroscopies. Molecules 2019; 24:E4110. [PMID: 31739442 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of eco-respectful epoxy compounds with the humins, a by-product of biomass chemical conversion technologies, allow the obtention of materials with high added value. In this work, we propose a chemical connection study of humins with two aliphatic bis-epoxides through copolymerization reactions to synthesize sustainable, bio-based thermosets. The mechanism insights for the crosslinking between the epoxides and humins was proposed considering the different functionalities of the humins structure. Fourier Transform InfraRed (FT-IR), one dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques were used to build the proposed mechanism. By these techniques, the principal chain connections and the reactivity of all the components were highlighted in the synthesized networks.
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41
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Devasahayam S, Raman RKS, Chennakesavulu K, Bhattacharya S. Plastics-Villain or Hero? Polymers and Recycled Polymers in Mineral and Metallurgical Processing-A Review. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:E655. [PMID: 30795608 PMCID: PMC6416741 DOI: 10.3390/ma12040655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review focusses on the use of recycled and virgin polymers in mineral and metallurgical processing, both high and ambient temperature processes, including novel applications. End of life applications of polymers as well as the utilisation of polymers during its life time in various applications are explored. The discussion includes applications in cleaner coal production, iron and steel production, iron ore palletisation, iron alloy manufacturing, manganese processing, E-wastes processing and carbon sequestration. The underlying principles of these applications are also explained. Advantages and disadvantages of using these polymers in terms of energy and emission reductions, reduction in non-renewables and dematerialisation are discussed. Influence of the polymers on controlling the evolution of micro and nanostructures in alloys and advanced materials is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Devasahayam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - R K Singh Raman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria 3800, Australia.
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - K Chennakesavulu
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry, Institut de Science et d'Ing'enierie Supramol'eculaires (ISIS), UMR 7006, CNRS, Universit'e de Strasbourg, 8 allee Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Department of Chemistry & International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai 600 119, India.
| | - Sankar Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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42
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Leclère M, Bernard L, Livi S, Bardet M, Guillermo A, Picard L, Duchet-Rumeau J. Gelled Electrolyte Containing Phosphonium Ionic Liquids for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2018; 8:E435. [PMID: 29904001 DOI: 10.3390/nano8060435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, new gelled electrolytes were prepared based on a mixture containing phosphonium ionic liquid (IL) composed of trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium cation combined with bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide [TFSI] counter anions and lithium salt, confined in a host network made from an epoxy prepolymer and amine hardener. We have demonstrated that the addition of electrolyte plays a key role on the kinetics of polymerization but also on the final properties of epoxy networks, especially thermal, thermo-mechanical, transport, and electrochemical properties. Thus, polymer electrolytes with excellent thermal stability (>300 °C) combined with good thermo-mechanical properties have been prepared. In addition, an ionic conductivity of 0.13 Ms·cm−1 at 100 °C was reached. Its electrochemical stability was 3.95 V vs. Li⁰/Li⁺ and the assembled cell consisting in Li|LiFePO₄ exhibited stable cycle properties even after 30 cycles. These results highlight a promising gelled electrolyte for future lithium ion batteries.
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43
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Chang G, Yang L, Yang J, Stoykovich MP, Deng X, Cui J, Wang D. High-Performance pH-Switchable Supramolecular Thermosets via Cation-π Interactions. Adv Mater 2018; 30:1704234. [PMID: 29315882 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry has provided versatile and affordable solutions for the design of intelligent soft materials, but it cannot be applied in stiff materials. This paper describes a new concept for the design of high-performance supramolecular thermosets by using the noncovalent cation-π interaction as cross-linking. These supramolecular thermosets are a class of infusible and insoluble stiff polymers having excellent mechanical properties even at temperatures exceeding 300 °C. The cation-π interaction can be locally and reversibly installed and removed by aqueous treatments at high or low pH, respectively. Local manipulation of cross-linking confers these thermosets with multiple stimuli-responsive functions, such as recyclability, healability, adhesion, and nondestructive detection of cross-linking and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanjun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Energy Materials & School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, P. R. China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Energy Materials & School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, P. R. China
| | - Junxiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Energy Materials & School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, P. R. China
| | - Mark P Stoykovich
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Xu Deng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxi Cui
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, D-66123, Germany
| | - Dapeng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
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Henriksen ML, Ravnsbaek JB, Bjerring M, Vosegaard T, Daasbjerg K, Hinge M. Epoxy Matrices Modified by Green Additives for Recyclable Materials. ChemSusChem 2017; 10:2936-2944. [PMID: 28558172 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201700712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Epoxy-based thermosets are one of the most popular matrix materials in many industries, and significant environmental benefits can be obtained by developing a recyclable variant of this widely utilized material. Incorporation of a bio-based disulfide additive within a commercial epoxy system leads to a cross-linked material that can be fractionated under mild and environmentally benign conditions. The material has been analyzed by FTIR and solid-state NMR. Furthermore, modified epoxy matrices with low additive concentrations are demonstrated to have similar mechanical and thermal properties compared to commercially available benchmarks. Thus, additive formulation and fractionation based on green chemistry principles have been demonstrated, and a recyclable epoxy matrix has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Henriksen
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Hangøvej 2, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | | | - Morten Bjerring
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Vosegaard
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kim Daasbjerg
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mogens Hinge
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Hangøvej 2, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
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Chen Y, Lin LK, Chiang SJ, Liu YL. A Cocatalytic Effect between Meldrum's Acid and Benzoxazine Compounds in Preparation of High Performance Thermosetting Resins. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 38. [PMID: 28026084 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a cocatalytic effect between Meldrum's acid (MA) and benzoxazine (Bz) compounds has been explored to build up a self-promoting curing system. Consequently, the MA/Bz reactive blend exhibits a relatively low reaction temperature compared to the required temperatures for the cross-linking reactions of the pure MA and Bz components. This feature is attractive for energy-saving processing issues. Moreover, the thermosetting resins based on the MA/Bz reactive blends have been prepared. The MA component can generate additional free volume in the resulting resins, so as to trap air in the resin matrix and consequently to bring low dielectric constants to the resins. The MA-containing agent is an effective modifier for benzoxazine resins to reduce their dielectric constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, #101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Kai Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, #101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Jen Chiang
- Chemical Systems Research Division, National Chung-San Institute of Science and Technology, Lungtan, Taoyuan, 32517, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ling Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, #101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
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Dong C, Wirasaputra A, Luo Q, Liu S, Yuan Y, Zhao J, Fu Y. Intrinsic Flame-Retardant and Thermally Stable Epoxy Endowed by a Highly Efficient, Multifunctional Curing Agent. Materials (Basel) 2016; 9:E1008. [PMID: 28774127 PMCID: PMC5456980 DOI: 10.3390/ma9121008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult to realize flame retardancy of epoxy without suffering much detriment in thermal stability. To solve the problem, a super-efficient phosphorus-nitrogen-containing reactive-type flame retardant, 10-(hydroxy(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl)-5,10-dihydrophenophosphazinine-10-oxide (HB-DPPA) is synthesized and characterized. When it is used as a co-curing agent of 4,4'-methylenedianiline (DDM) for curing diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), the cured epoxy achieves UL-94 V-0 rating with the limiting oxygen index of 29.3%. In this case, the phosphorus content in the system is exceptionally low (0.18 wt %). To the best of our knowledge, it currently has the highest efficiency among similar epoxy systems. Such excellent flame retardancy originates from the exclusive chemical structure of the phenophosphazine moiety, in which the phosphorus element is stabilized by the two adjacent aromatic rings. The action in the condensed phase is enhanced and followed by pressurization of the pyrolytic gases that induces the blowing-out effect during combustion. The cone calorimeter result reveals the formation of a unique intumescent char structure with five discernible layers. Owing to the super-efficient flame retardancy and the rigid molecular structure of HB-DPPA, the flame-retardant epoxy acquires high thermal stability and its initial decomposition temperature only decreases by 4.6 °C as compared with the unmodified one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Alvianto Wirasaputra
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Qinqin Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China.
| | - Shumei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yanchao Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yi Fu
- Silverage Engineering Plastics (Dongguan) Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523187, China.
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47
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Soto M, Hiller M, Oschkinat H, Koschek K. Multifunctional Benzoxazines Feature Low Polymerization Temperature and Diverse Polymer Structures. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8080278. [PMID: 30974555 PMCID: PMC6432505 DOI: 10.3390/polym8080278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
3,4-dihydro-3-phenyl-2H-1,3-benzoxazines derived from phenol-, resorcinol-, and phloroglucinol give monomers with one, two, and three oxazine units at a single benzene ring, respectively. Aside from the synthesis and characterization of such multifunctional benzoxazines, reactivity and polymerization behavior is studied in dependence of the oxazine functionality. Monomer reactivities are directly related to the number of oxazine functionalities present at the benzene ring yielding the lowest polymerization temperature for the trifunctional phloroglucinol-based benzoxazine. Comparing the polymerization processes and resulting structures, the trifunctional benzoxazine derivative enter new polymerization pathways, which include methylene linkages bridging aniline units, as well as the formation of carbonyl-derived structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Soto
- Adhesive Bonding Technology and Surfaces, Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM, Wiener Strasse 12, Bremen 28359, Germany.
| | - Matthias Hiller
- NMR-supported Structural Biology, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, Berlin 13125, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Oschkinat
- NMR-supported Structural Biology, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, Berlin 13125, Germany.
| | - Katharina Koschek
- Adhesive Bonding Technology and Surfaces, Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM, Wiener Strasse 12, Bremen 28359, Germany.
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Moser A, Feuchter M. Mechanical Properties of Composites Used in High-Voltage Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8070260. [PMID: 30974536 PMCID: PMC6432362 DOI: 10.3390/polym8070260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Materials used in high voltage applications have to meet a lot of regulations for their safety and functional usage during their lifetime. For high voltage applications the electrical properties are the most relevant designing criteria. However, the mechanical properties of such materials have rarely been considered for application dimensioning over the last decades. This article gives an overview of composite materials used in high voltage applications and some basic mechanical and thermo-mechanical characterization methods of such materials, including a discussion of influences on practically used epoxy based thermosets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Moser
- Institute of Material Science and Testing of Polymers, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Michael Feuchter
- Institute of Material Science and Testing of Polymers, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria.
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria.
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Ware T, Simon D, Hearon K, Kang TH, Maitland DJ, Voit W. Thiol-click chemistries for responsive neural interfaces. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:1640-7. [PMID: 24115484 PMCID: PMC4817906 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neural interfaces provide an electrical connection between computers and the nervous system: current penetrating devices are orders-of-magnitude stiffer than surrounding tissue. In this work, recent efforts in softening electronics and utilize thiol-ene and thiol-epoxy "click" reactions are built upon to incorporate fluid-sensitive hydrogen bonding into smart substrates for high electrode density neural interfaces. The modulus of these substrates drops more than two orders of magnitude in response to physiological conditions, despite fluid uptake of less than 6%, and can be tuned by the covalent crosslink density and degree of hydrogen bonding in the polymer network. Intracortical and intrafascicular electrode arrays are fabricated and characterized with impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Ware
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd, Mailstop RL 3, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
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Ware T, Simon D, Hearon K, Liu C, Shah S, Reeder J, Khodaparast N, Kilgard MP, Maitland DJ, Rennaker RL, Voit WE. Three-Dimensional Flexible Electronics Enabled by Shape Memory Polymer Substrates for Responsive Neural Interfaces. Macromol Mater Eng 2012; 297:1193-1202. [PMID: 25530708 PMCID: PMC4268152 DOI: 10.1002/mame.201200241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Planar electronics processing methods have enabled neural interfaces to become more precise and deliver more information. However, this processing paradigm is inherently 2D and rigid. The resulting mechanical and geometrical mismatch at the biotic-abiotic interface can elicit an immune response that prevents effective stimulation. In this work, a thiol-ene/acrylate shape memory polymer is utilized to create 3D softening substrates for stimulation electrodes. This substrate system is shown to soften in vivo from more than 600 to 6 MPa. A nerve cuff electrode that coils around the vagus nerve in a rat and that drives neural activity is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Ware
- Assistant Professor, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Mailstop RL10, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Dustin Simon
- Assistant Professor, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Mailstop RL10, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Keith Hearon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Clive Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Mailstop RL10, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Sagar Shah
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Mailstop RL10, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Jonathan Reeder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Mailstop RL10, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Navid Khodaparast
- Department of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Mailstop RL10, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Michael P Kilgard
- Department of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Mailstop RL10, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Duncan J Maitland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Robert L Rennaker
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Erik Jonsson School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Mailstop RL10, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Walter E Voit
- Assistant Professor, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Mailstop RL10, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX 75080, USA
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