Chromatographic Techniques for Assessment of Bisoprolol Fumarate and Perindopril Arginine in Solid Formulations under Various Stress Conditions and Application to Six Sigma, Content Uniformity, and Comparative Dissolution Approaches

BACKGROUND

Antihypertensives bisoprolol fumarate (BIS) and perindopril arginine (PER) were simultaneously determined in their pure, bulk, and combined tablet dosage form.

OBJECTIVE

This study develops a novel, reproducible, and accurate Reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and Reversed phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography (RP-UPLC) with photodiode array detection techniques, which were then applied to in vitro dissolution studies.

METHODS

The first RP-HPLC method relied on isocratic elution using a mobile phase of methanol-0.05 M phosphate buffer pH 2.6 (1 + 1, by volume), and separation was performed using a Thermo Hypersil C8 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm). Ion-pair UPLC was the second method. An acceptable resolution was achieved using an RP-C18 chromatographic column, Agilent Eclipse (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm), with a mobile phase containing 0.005 M sodium 1-heptane sulfonate-triethylamine (64 + 1 + 35, by volume), adjusted with phosphoric acid to a pH of 2.0. RP-HPLC used a 1.0 mL/min flow rate, while UPLC used 0.5 mL/min, and the two methods used detection at 210 nm.

RESULTS

Calibration curves of BIS and PER were linear for RP-HPLC and RP-UPLC methods at 0.5-15 and 0.5-40 μg/mL, respectively. BIS and PER had RP-UPLC LODs of 0.22 and 0.10 μg/mL, respectively, and LOQs of 0.68 and 0.31 μg/mL, respectively. As a result, the approach has been effectively applied to in vitro dissolution testing for drugs in generic and reference products, showing that the two products are comparable. The Six Sigma approach was implemented to compare the recommended and United States Pharmacopeia (USP) procedures, which both exhibited process capability index (Cpk) >1.33. A content uniformity test demonstrated that the drugs in their dosage form met the acceptance limit (85-115%). The degradation products were reliably distinguished from pure drugs for a range of retention times.

CONCLUSION

In their commercial drug product, the proposed method could be used in QC laboratories for concurrent testing, content uniformity, and in vitro dissolution investigations of BIS and PER. The methods were successfully validated per International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines.

HIGHLIGHTS

This study is innovative since it is the first to establish and validate specific and reproducible UPLC and HPLC methods for the concurrent quantitation of the studied drugs in their binary mixture and application to lean Six Sigma, content uniformity, and comparative dissolution approaches.

Development and Validation of a Method for the Analysis of Bisoprolol and Atenolol in Human Bone

A method based on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) is described for the determination of bisoprolol and atenolol in human bone. After the addition of lobivolol as internal standard, pulverized samples were incubated in acetonitrile for 1 h under ultrasounds. After adjusting the pH of the samples to 6, they were centrifuged, and the supernatants were subjected to solid phase extraction. Elution was achieved by using 3 mL of 2% ammonium hydroxide in 80:20 dichloromethane:isopropanol solution. Eluted samples were evaporated and derivatized. Chromatography was performed on a fused silica capillary column and analytes were determined in the selected-ion-monitoring (SIM) mode. The assay was validated in the range 0.1–0.3 ng/mg (depending on the drug) to 150 ng/mg, the mean absolute recoveries were 60% for bisoprolol and 106% for atenolol, the matrix effect was 69% for bisoprolol and 70% for atenolol and process efficiency was 41% for bisoprolol and 80% for atenolol. The intra- and inter-assay accuracy values were always better than 12%. The validated method was then applied to bone samples from two real forensic cases in which toxicological analysis in blood were positive for atenolol in the first case (0.65 µg/mL) and bisoprolol in the second case (0.06 µg/mL). Atenolol was found in bone samples from the corresponding case at the approximate concentration of 148 ng/mg and bisoprolol was found at 8 ng/mg.

[Application of the method of liquid chromato-mass spectrometry for determination of bisoprolol and atorvastatin.]

A technique has been developed for the quantitative determination of bisoprolol and atorvastatin in mixed saliva on a LCMS-8040 triple quadrupole liquid chromatographic mass spectrometer with ionization, separation and detection of samples, which allows determining the concentration in mixed saliva of bisoprolol with an accuracy of 93.7 to 98, 5% and atorvastatin from 95.6 to 98.3%.

Fast RP-HPLC Method for the Determination of Bisoprolol

AIM

To develop and validate a fast, robust, isocratic reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of bisoprolol in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Optimum separation of bisoprolol was achieved using as stationary phase a Zorbax SB-C18 column (100×3 mm; 5µm). The mobile phase was a mixture of phosphate buffer (pH = 3.5) and acetonitrile (70:30) with a flow rate of 1mL/min. The UV detection was performed at 225nm. The temperature of the column and autosampler was 25°C. The specificity was assessed by using metoprolol as internal standard. The method was validated in accordance with the current ICH guidelines in terms of linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, accuracy, recovery and system suitability.

RESULTS

The retention time for bisoprolol was 1.158 minute. The calibration graph was linear in the concentration range 5-90 µg/mL. The LOD and LOQ of bisoprolol were 1.63 μg/mL and 4.94 μg/mL, respectively. The intra and interday precision of measurements were lower than the accepted criteria (RSD ≤ 2%). The recovery values of HPLC determination of bisoprolol from tablets proved that none of the excipients influenced the results of the analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

The assay it was found to be accurate, reproducible, sensitive and less time consuming. The proposed method can be successfully applied to quality control studies of pharmaceutical products.

Continuous Wavelet Transform, a powerful alternative to Derivative Spectrophotometry in analysis of binary and ternary mixtures: A comparative study

A comparative study was established between two signal processing techniques showing the theoretical algorithm for each method and making a comparison between them to indicate the advantages and limitations. The methods under study are Numerical Differentiation (ND) and Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT). These methods were studied as spectrophotometric resolution tools for simultaneous analysis of binary and ternary mixtures. To present the comparison, the two methods were applied for the resolution of Bisoprolol (BIS) and Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) in their binary mixture and for the analysis of Amlodipine (AML), Aliskiren (ALI) and Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) as an example for ternary mixtures. By comparing the results in laboratory prepared mixtures, it was proven that CWT technique is more efficient and advantageous in analysis of mixtures with severe overlapped spectra than ND. The CWT was applied for quantitative determination of the drugs in their pharmaceutical formulations and validated according to the ICH guidelines where accuracy, precision, repeatability and robustness were found to be within the acceptable limit.

Different signal processing techniques of ratio spectra for spectrophotometric resolution of binary mixture of bisoprolol and hydrochlorothiazide; a comparative study

Five signal processing techniques were applied to ratio spectra for quantitative determination of bisoprolol (BIS) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) in their binary mixture. The proposed techniques are Numerical Differentiation of Ratio Spectra (ND-RS), Savitsky-Golay of Ratio Spectra (SG-RS), Continuous Wavelet Transform of Ratio Spectra (CWT-RS), Mean Centering of Ratio Spectra (MC-RS) and Discrete Fourier Transform of Ratio Spectra (DFT-RS). The linearity of the proposed methods was investigated in the range of 2-40 and 1-22 μg/mL for BIS and HCT, respectively. The proposed methods were applied successfully for the determination of the drugs in laboratory prepared mixtures and in commercial pharmaceutical preparations and standard deviation was less than 1.5. The five signal processing techniques were compared to each other and validated according to the ICH guidelines and accuracy, precision, repeatability and robustness were found to be within the acceptable limit.

Spectrophotometric method for estimation of bisoprolol fumarate in tablets

Bisoprolol fumarate is prescribed for the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.

AIM

The purpose of this study was to develop a simple, sensitive, accurate, and reproducible method for estimation of bisoprolol fumarate in tablets.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The proposed method was based on a yellow colored complex formed with tropaeolin 00, extractable in dichloromethane with maximum absorbance at 412 nm. The method was validated statistically.

RESULTS

The linearity domain was observed in the concentration of 5-30 microg/ml. The recovery studies confirmed the accuracy of the proposed method.

CONCLUSIONS

The proposed method can be applied for the routine analysis of bisoprolol from formulations.

Validation of a spectrophotometric assay method for bisoprolol using picric acid

Bisoprolol is a drug belonging to beta blockers drugs used primarily for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

AIM

A spectrophotometric method for quantitative determination of bisoprolol was developed based on the formation of a complex combination between bisoprolol and picric acid.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The complex combination of bisoprolol and picric acid has a maximum absorbance peak at 420 nm. Optimum working conditions were established and the method was validated.

RESULTS

The method presented a good linearity in the concentration range 5-120 microg/ml (regression coefficient r2 = 0.9992). The RSD for the precision of the method was 1.74 and for the intermediate precision 1.43, and recovery values ranged between 98.25-101.48%.

CONCLUSIONS

The proposed and validated spectrophotometric method for the determination of bisoprolol is simple and cost effective.

Microbial transformation of pharmaceuticals naproxen, bisoprolol, and diclofenac in aerobic and anaerobic environments

Although biotransformation is generally considered to be the main process by which to remove pharmaceuticals, both in sewage treatment plants and in aquatic environments, quantitative information on specific compounds is scarce. In this study, the transformations of diclofenac (DCF), naproxen (NPX), and bisoprolol (BSP) were studied under aerobic and anaerobic conditions using inocula taken from activated and digested sludge processes, respectively. Whereas concentration decays were monitored by LC-tandem mass spectrometry, oxygen consumption and methane production were used for the evaluation of the performance of overall conditions. DCF was recalcitrant against both aerobic and anaerobic biotransformation. More than one third of the BSP disappeared under aerobic conditions, whereas only 14% was anaerobically biotransformed in 161 days. Under aerobic conditions, complete removal of NPX was evident within 14 days, but anaerobic transformation was also efficient. Formation of 6-O-desmethylnaproxen, a previously reported aerobic metabolite, was also detected under anaerobic conditions and persisted for 161 days.

Uptake from water, biotransformation, and biliary excretion of pharmaceuticals by rainbow trout

An urgent need exists to assess the exposure of fish to pharmaceuticals. The aim of the present study was to assess the uptake and metabolism of waterborne pharmaceuticals in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A further objective was to determine the possibility of monitoring exposure to low levels of pharmaceuticals by bile assays. Rainbow trout were exposed for 10 d under flow-through conditions to mixtures of five pharmaceuticals (diclofenac, naproxen, ibuprofen, bisoprolol, and carbamazepine) at high and low concentrations. The low concentration was used to mimic the conditions prevailing in the vicinity of the discharge points of wastewater treatment plants. The uptake and the bioconcentration were determined by blood plasma and bile analyses. The average bioconcentration factor in plasma ranged from below 0.1 for bisoprolol to 4.9 for diclofenac, the values being approximately similar at low and high ambient concentrations. The biotransformation of diclofenac, naproxen, and ibuprofen was considered efficient, because several metabolites could be detected in concentrations clearly exceeding those of the unmetabolized compounds. The glucuronides were the dominant metabolites for all three pharmaceuticals. The total bioconcentration in the bile was two to four orders of magnitude higher than in the plasma. The results of this work show that the exposure of fish to pharmaceuticals in environmentally relevant concentrations may be monitored by blood plasma and bile analyses, the latter allowing detection at markedly lower ambient concentration.

Simultaneous spectrophotometric estimation of Bisoprolol fumarate and hydrochlorothiazide in tablet dosage form

Two analytical methods have been developed for simultaneous quantification of bisoprolol fumarate and hydrochlorothiazide in combined pharmaceutical dosage form using spectrophotometer. Excellent simplicity, accuracy, precision and economy were achieved by the assay. The method I was based upon simultaneous equations whereas the method II was based upon multicomponent mode of analysis of the instrument. For both these methods, 0.1 N NaOH was used as solvent. In this solvent, bisoprolol fumarate showed absorbance at 224 nm and hydrochlorothiazide at 273 nm. Linearity lies in the concentration range of 3-21 microg/ ml for bisoprolol fumarate and 3-18 microg/ ml for hydrochlorothiazide. The methods were validated statistically and by recovery studies.

Polymeric matrix membrane sensors for sensitive potentiometric determination of some beta-blockers in pharmaceutical preparations

Five poly(vinyl chloride) matrix membrane sensors responsive to some beta-blockers (atenolol, bisoprolol, metoprolol, propranolol and timolol) are described and characterized. The sensors are based on the use of the ion-association complexes of the beta-blocker cations with tungstophosphate anion as electroactive materials. The performance characteristics of these sensors, evaluated according to IUPAC recommendations, reveal fast, stable and near-Nernstian response for 10(-2)-2 x 10(-7) mol l(-1) of different beta-blockers over the pH range 2-9. Many inorganic and organic cations as well as drug excipients and diluents normally used in drug formulations do not interfere. The sensors are used for direct potentiometry of beta-blockers in some pharmaceutical preparations. Validation of the method according to the quality assurance standards shows suitability of the proposed sensors for use in the quality control assessment of these drugs. Results with an average recovery of 99.1% and a mean standard deviation of +/- 1.3% of the nominal are obtained which compare fairly well with data obtained using the British Pharmacopoeia method.

Isotachophoretic determination of bisoprolol, clonidine, disopyramide and tolazoline in human fluids

Separation and determination of bisoprolol, clonidine, disopyramide and tolazoline in control serum and in human urine was investigated by capillary isotachophoresis. The drugs were separated by using the cationic electrolyte system. viz., sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.64) (c1 = 10 mM)-beta-alanine. The compounds were almost totally isolated from serum by solid-phase extraction using a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge. The recovery of compounds varied from 87 to 99%. The linear calibration range was studied to apply the method to real human fluids. The limit of determination of the drugs was 40.0 micrograms/ml serum. The limit of determination by direct sampling for bisoprolol is 3 micrograms/ml urine.

Determination of analytical error function for beta-blockers as a possible weighting method for the estimation of the regression parameters

Three analytical methods have been developed and validated for the quantification of beta-blockers (celiprolol, bisoprolol and oxprenolol) using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. The methods were determined to be linear, precise and accurate (RSDs were lower than 5%), which allowed the quantitation of beta-blockers assayed at concentrations in the range 25-0.78 micrograms ml-1. After validation of reversed-phase HPLC methods, their analytical error functions were established by a rapid, simple and economical procedure. The discrimination of the best function for each active principle was performed by an appropriate polynomial statistical analysis, yielding SD (microgram ml-1) = 0.0295 + 0.0124C - 3.88 x 10(-4)C2 for celiprolol, 0.0199 + 0.011C - 1.27 x 10(-5)C3 for bisoprolol; and 0.0183 + 0.0089C - 9.68 x 10(-6)C3 for oxprenolol. These analytical error functions are an alternative to the weighting methods used in parameter estimation of beta-blockers.

Sensitive determination of bisoprolol enantiomers in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography using fluorescence detection, and application to preliminary study in humans

A sensitive, stereoselective high-performance liquid chromatographic method with fluorescence detection for the measurement of bisoprolol enantiomers in human plasma and urine has been developed. Bisoprolol was extracted at alkaline pH with chloroform, followed by solid-phase extraction. The effluent was evaporated, and the reconstituted residue was chromatographed on a Chiralcel OD column with a mobile phase of hexane-2-propanol (10:0.9, v/v) containing 0.01% (v/v) diethylamine. Within the plasma and urine enantiomeric concentration ranges of 5-100 ng/ml and 25-1250 ng/ml, respectively, a linear relationship was obtained between the peak-height ratios and the corresponding concentrations. The limit of quantitation, defined as three times the baseline noise, was 2 ng/ml for each enantiomer in plasma. A preliminary pharmacokinetic study was undertaken in three healthy male volunteers following an oral dose of 5 mg of racemic bisoprolol. The results confirm that this assay is suitable for pharmacokinetic studies of bisoprolol enantiomers in humans following oral administration of the therapeutic dose.