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Cankařová N, Krchňák V. Isocyanide Multicomponent Reactions on Solid Phase: State of the Art and Future Application. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9160. [PMID: 33271974 PMCID: PMC7729642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug discovery efforts largely depend on access to structural diversity. Multicomponent reactions allow for time-efficient chemical transformations and provide advanced intermediates with three or four points of diversification for further expansion to a structural variety of organic molecules. This review is aimed at solid-phase syntheses of small molecules involving isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions. The majority of all reported syntheses employ the Ugi four-component reaction. The review also covers the Passerini and Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé reactions. To date, the main advantages of the solid-phase approach are the ability to prepare chemical libraries intended for biological screening and elimination of the isocyanide odor. However, the potential of multicomponent reactions has not been fully exploited. The unexplored avenues of these reactions, including chiral frameworks, DNA-encoded libraries, eco-friendly synthesis, and chiral auxiliary reactions, are briefly outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naděžda Cankařová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Viktor Krchňák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 251 Nieuwland Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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2
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Neochoritis CG, Shaabani S, Ahmadianmoghaddam M, Zarganes-Tzitzikas T, Gao L, Novotná M, Mitríková T, Romero AR, Irianti MI, Xu R, Olechno J, Ellson R, Helan V, Kossenjans M, Groves MR, Dömling A. Rapid approach to complex boronic acids. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaaw4607. [PMID: 31281893 PMCID: PMC6611686 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw4607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The compatibility of free boronic acid building blocks in multicomponent reactions to readily create large libraries of diverse and complex small molecules was investigated. Traditionally, boronic acid synthesis is sequential, synthetically demanding, and time-consuming, which leads to high target synthesis times and low coverage of the boronic acid chemical space. We have performed the synthesis of large libraries of boronic acid derivatives based on multiple chemistries and building blocks using acoustic dispensing technology. The synthesis was performed on a nanomole scale with high synthesis success rates. The discovery of a protease inhibitor underscores the usefulness of the approach. Our acoustic dispensing-enabled chemistry paves the way to highly accelerated synthesis and miniaturized reaction scouting, allowing access to unprecedented boronic acid libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos G. Neochoritis
- Pharmacy Department, Drug Design group, University of Groningen, Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Shabnam Shaabani
- Pharmacy Department, Drug Design group, University of Groningen, Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Maryam Ahmadianmoghaddam
- Pharmacy Department, Drug Design group, University of Groningen, Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Tryfon Zarganes-Tzitzikas
- Pharmacy Department, Drug Design group, University of Groningen, Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Li Gao
- Pharmacy Department, Drug Design group, University of Groningen, Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Michaela Novotná
- Pharmacy Department, Drug Design group, University of Groningen, Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Tatiana Mitríková
- Pharmacy Department, Drug Design group, University of Groningen, Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Atilio Reyes Romero
- Pharmacy Department, Drug Design group, University of Groningen, Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marina Ika Irianti
- Pharmacy Department, Drug Design group, University of Groningen, Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ruixue Xu
- Pharmacy Department, Drug Design group, University of Groningen, Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Joe Olechno
- Labcyte Inc., 170 Rose Orchard Way, San Jose, CA 95134, USA
| | - Richard Ellson
- Labcyte Inc., 170 Rose Orchard Way, San Jose, CA 95134, USA
| | - Victoria Helan
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Gothenburg SE-43183, Sweden
| | - Michael Kossenjans
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Gothenburg SE-43183, Sweden
| | - Matthew R. Groves
- Pharmacy Department, Drug Design group, University of Groningen, Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Pharmacy Department, Drug Design group, University of Groningen, Deusinglaan 1, 9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands
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3
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Tan J, Yudin AK. Borylated reagents for multicomponent reactions. Drug Discov Today Technol 2018; 29:51-60. [PMID: 30471674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, there has been an increasing interest in the therapeutic potential of organoboron reagents due to the discovery of bortezomib (Velcade). This has motivated synthetic chemists to develop novel routes for the preparation of heteroatom-rich boron-containing molecules (BCMs). In particular, the development of borylated building blocks has provided facile access to difficult-to-access heteroatom-rich BCMs. In this review, we will discuss the methods used to prepare boron-containing molecules of biological relevance from multicomponent reactions with borylated building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Tan
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Andrei K Yudin
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.
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4
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Yang YS, Liu LJ, Ju HY, Liu XY, Li YG, Yan SP. Dicyanamide Bridged Cu(II)36-Metallacrown-6 Complex with 1,4,7-Triisopropyl-1,4,7-Triazacyclononane and Binding Properties with DNA. Molecules 2018; 23:E1269. [PMID: 29799496 PMCID: PMC6099552 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel 36-metallacrown-6 complex [CuL(N(CN)₂)(PF₆)]₆∙0.5H₂O 1 was achieved using a tridendate ligand, 1,4,7-triisopropyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (L), and a flexible ligand, dicyanamide in MeOH. The μ1,5 bridging models of the dicyanamide ligand linked the macrocycle to form in a specific size with the chair conformation. The anion was important to form this 36-metallacrown-6 complex, as change was obtained with the larger anion BPh₄-, binuclear copper compound 2. The magnetic property indicates that slightly ferromagnetic interactions resulted from a superexchange mechanism. DNA binding properties were also studied. UV and fluorescence spectra showed that complex 1 could bind with DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sheng Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-dyeing & Finishing, School of Chemistry and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, 1 Textile Road, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Li-Jun Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-dyeing & Finishing, School of Chemistry and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, 1 Textile Road, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Hai-Yan Ju
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-dyeing & Finishing, School of Chemistry and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, 1 Textile Road, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Xiu-Ying Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-dyeing & Finishing, School of Chemistry and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, 1 Textile Road, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Yu-Guang Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-dyeing & Finishing, School of Chemistry and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, 1 Textile Road, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Shi-Ping Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Abstract
The sequenced addition of RLi to nitriles, trapping with isopropylformate, and dehydration with phosphoryl chloride provides an efficient, direct synthesis of alkene isocyanides. The one-pot sequence involves a series of carefully orchestrated steps: addition, formylation, tautomerization, and dehydration, with CuCN catalyzing a key equilibration of a formyl imine to an N-formyl enamine. The resulting aromatic alkeneisocyanides, that are otherwise challenging to synthesize, engage in an unusual [4+2]-type cycloaddition/1,3-H shift/decyanation sequence to afford substituted naphthalenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, 32 S. 32 nd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-2875
| | - Fraser F. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, 32 S. 32 nd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-2875
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Park GJ, Choi YW, Lee D, Kim C. A simple colorimetric chemosensor bearing a carboxylic acid group with high selectivity for CN-. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2014; 132:771-775. [PMID: 24971717 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A new simple 'naked eye' chemosensor 1 (sodium (E)-2-((2-(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoyl)hydrazono)methyl)benzoate) has been synthesized for detection of CN- in a mixture of DMF/H2O (9:1). The sensor 1 comprises of a naphthoic hydrazide as efficient hydrogen bonding donor group and a benzoic acid as the moiety with the water solubility. The receptor 1 showed high selectivity toward cyanide ions in a 1:1 stoichiometric manner, which induces a fast color change from colorless to yellow for CN- over other anions. Therefore, receptor 1 could be useful for cyanide detection in aqueous environment, displaying a high distinguishable selectivity from hydrogen bonded anions and being clearly visible to the naked eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong Jin Park
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-743, Republic of Korea; Department of Interdisciplinary Bio IT Materials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Won Choi
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-743, Republic of Korea; Department of Interdisciplinary Bio IT Materials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongkuk Lee
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-743, Republic of Korea; Department of Interdisciplinary Bio IT Materials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-743, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cheal Kim
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-743, Republic of Korea; Department of Interdisciplinary Bio IT Materials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-743, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Kou L, Wang MJ, Wang LT, Zhao XB, Nan X, Yang L, Liu YQ, Morris-Natschke SL, Lee KH. Toward synthesis of third-generation spin-labeled podophyllotoxin derivatives using isocyanide multicomponent reactions. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 75:282-8. [PMID: 24553146 PMCID: PMC3955052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Spin-labeled podophyllotoxins have elicited widespread interest due to their far superior antitumor activity compared to podophyllotoxin. To extend our prior studies in this research area, we synthesized a new generation of spin-labeled podophyllotoxin analogs via isocyanide multicomponent reactions and evaluated their cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines (A-549, DU-145, KB and KBvin). Most of the compounds exhibited potent cytotoxic activity against all four cell lines, notably against the drug resistant KBvin cancer cell line. Among the new analogs, compounds 12e (IC50: 0.60-0.75 μM) and 12h (IC50: 1.12-2.03 μM) showed superior potency to etoposide (IC50: 2.03 to >20 μM), a clinically available anticancer drug. With a concise efficient synthesis and potent cytotoxic profiles, compounds 12e and 12h merit further development as a new generation of epipodophyllotoxin-derived antitumor clinical trial candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Kou
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Mei-Juan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Li-Ting Wang
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xiao-Bo Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Xiang Nan
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Liu Yang
- Environmental and Municipal Engineering School, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Ying-Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, PR China.
| | - Susan L Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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8
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Weng S, Blatchley ER. Ultraviolet-induced effects on chloramine and cyanogen chloride formation from chlorination of amino acids. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:4269-4276. [PMID: 23560482 DOI: 10.1021/es400273w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV)-based treatment is commonly used to augment chlorination in swimming pools. However, the effects of combined application of UV254/chlorine on disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation are incompletely defined. To examine this issue, experiments were conducted with amino acids (l-arginine, l-histidine, and glycine) that are representative of those introduced to swimming pools via human body fluids. For each precursor, stepwise experiments were conducted with chlorination and UV254 exposure, with/without post-chlorination. Net formation and decomposition of chloramines and cyanogen chloride (CNCl) were measured for a range of chlorine/precursor (Cl/P) molar ratios and UV254 doses. Substantial production of NH2Cl from l-arginine and l-histidine was observed at Cl/P = 1.0 and 2.0 when post-chlorination was applied to UV254-irradiated samples. These results suggested a mechanism of rapid N-chlorination, followed by cleavage of NH3 by UV254 irradiation. CNCl formation was observed from UV254-irradiated samples of l-arginine and l-histidine when Cl/P = 2.0 and 3.0, as well as from glycine for Cl/P ≤ 1. Structurally related precursor compounds were examined for CNCl formation potential in chlorination/UV experiments. CNCl formation was promoted by UV254 exposure of chlorinated imidazole and guanidine compounds, which suggested that these groups contributed to CNCl formation. The results have implications with respect to the application of chlorine and UV for water treatment in swimming pools and other settings, such as water reuse and advanced oxidation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShihChi Weng
- School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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9
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Abu-Soud HM, Maitra D, Byun J, Souza CEA, Banerjee J, Saed GM, Diamond MP, Andreana PR, Pennathur S. The reaction of HOCl and cyanocobalamin: corrin destruction and the liberation of cyanogen chloride. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:616-625. [PMID: 22138102 PMCID: PMC3786219 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.10.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Overproduction of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) has been associated with the development of a variety of disorders such as inflammation, heart disease, pulmonary fibrosis, and cancer through its ability to modify various biomolecules. HOCl is a potent oxidant generated by the myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-chloride system. Recently, we have provided evidence to support the important link between higher levels of HOCl and heme destruction and free iron release from hemoglobin and RBCs. Our current findings extend this work and show the ability of HOCl to mediate the destruction of metal-ion derivatives of tetrapyrrole macrocyclic rings, such as cyanocobalamin (Cobl), a common pharmacological form of vitamin B12. Cyanocobalamin is a water-soluble vitamin that plays an essential role as an enzyme cofactor and antioxidant, modulating nucleic acid metabolism and gene regulation. It is widely used as a therapeutic agent and supplement, because of its efficacy and stability. In this report, we demonstrate that although Cobl can be an excellent antioxidant, exposure to high levels of HOCl can overcome the beneficial effects of Cobl and generate proinflammatory reaction products. Our rapid kinetic, HPLC, and mass spectrometric analyses showed that HOCl can mediate corrin ring destruction and liberate cyanogen chloride (CNCl) through a mechanism that initially involves α-axial ligand replacement in Cobl to form a chlorinated derivative, hydrolysis, and cleavage of the phosphonucleotide moiety. Additionally, it can liberate free Co, which can perpetuate metal-ion-induced oxidant stress. Taken together, these results are the first report of the generation of toxic molecular products through the interaction of Cobl with HOCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husam M Abu-Soud
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Dhiman Maitra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Jaeman Byun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Carlos Eduardo A Souza
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Jashoman Banerjee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Ghassan M Saed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Michael P Diamond
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Peter R Andreana
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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10
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Esmaeili AA, Zangouei M, Hosseinabadi R, Fakhari AR. Three-component reactions of isocyanides, dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates, and trans-cinnamoyl chlorides for the synthesis of highly functionalized 2-vinyl furans. Mol Divers 2011; 16:145-50. [PMID: 22173695 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-011-9341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we present a convenient and efficient method for the synthesis of novel, highly substituted 2-vinyl furans using a three-component reaction. The zwitterions generated from the reaction of isocyanides and dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates are reacted with trans-cinnamoyl chlorides to produce the desired products in good yields.
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11
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Desola J. Hydroxycobalamin, hyperbaric oxygen and cyanide poisoning. Undersea Hyperb Med 2011; 38:217-220. [PMID: 21877549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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12
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Abstract
Twenty novel simple alkyl isocyanides derived from citronellol were synthesized and evaluated for their antifouling activity and toxicity against cypris larvae of the barnacle, Balanus amphitrite. The anti-barnacle activity of the synthesized isocyanides was in the EC(50) range of 0.08-1.49 μg ml(-1). Simple isocyanides containing a benzoate and chloro group showed the most potent anti-barnacle activity. In addition, none of the synthesized compounds showed significant toxicity and LC(50) values were <10 μg ml(-1). The LC(50)/EC(50) ratios of almost all of the synthesized compounds were >10(2). The results indicate that these simple isocyanides are promising low-toxicity antifouling agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Kitano
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Rauchfuss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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14
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Hussain I, Yawer MA, Lalk M, Lindequist U, Villinger A, Fischer C, Langer P. Hetero-Diels-Alder reaction of 1,3-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)-1,3-butadienes with arylsulfonylcyanides. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 4-hydroxy-2-(arylsulfonyl)pyridines. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:9898-903. [PMID: 18990580 PMCID: PMC7125755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hetero-Diels-Alder reactions of 1,3-bis(silyloxy)-1,3-butadienes with arylsulfonylcyanides afforded a variety of 4-hydroxy-2-(arylsulfonyl)pyridines. Several derivatives show antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrar Hussain
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Mirza Arfan Yawer
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Lalk
- Institut für Pharmazie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, F.-L.-Jahn-Str. 17, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ulrike Lindequist
- Institut für Pharmazie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, F.-L.-Jahn-Str. 17, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christine Fischer
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Langer
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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15
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Khoury J, Pang M, Young C, Pandit A, Carr S, Fischer D, Stahl J. Cyanide generation during preservation of chlorinated wastewater effluent samples for total cyanide analysis. Water Environ Res 2008; 80:53-59. [PMID: 18254399 DOI: 10.2175/106143007x220743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Dechlorinating agents and pH adjustment are often used to preserve wastewater samples for cyanide analysis. The effects of four approved preservation protocols on the results of the total cyanide analysis of effluents from four water reclamation plants were examined. The results differed widely, and a clear pattern emerged. Immediate analysis without pH adjustment generally gave total cyanide concentrations below the reporting limit of 5 microg/L, irrespective of the dechlorinating agents used. When the pH was adjusted to > or =12, a slight increase in the measured total cyanide concentration was observed when thiosulfate was used to dechlorinate the samples, and a significant increase (>10 microg/L) was observed when arsenite was used as the dechlorinating agent. These results provide evidence that approved preservation protocols may give rise to cyanide formation in chlorinated wastewater effluent matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Khoury
- Joint Water Pollution Control Plant Water Quality Laboratory, Carson, California, USA
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16
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Hidaka T, Ishii K, Kirigaya T, Kanda H. [Study on intermediate products in chloroform formation from L-tyrosine treated with sodium hypochlorite]. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 2007; 48:97-105. [PMID: 17892003 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.48.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Possible intermediates in the formation of chloroform during by the sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) treatment of L-tyrosine were investigated using HPLC and LC/MS. One product showed the same MS characteristics as the substance formed by the NaClO treatment of 4-hydroxybenzyl cyanide (4-HBC), and it was suggested to be m-chloro-4-hydroxybenzyl cyanide (m-C-4-HBC). Since m-C-4-HBC is not commercially available it was synthesized by treating 4-HBC with NaClO, and purified by extraction with ethyl acetate, followed by HPLC on preparative isolation columns, using a column switching method. The product was confirmed to be 3-chloro-4-hydroxybenzyl cyanide (3-C-4-HBC), by means of NMR spectral analysis. When L-tyrosine or 4-HBC was treated with NaClO, 3-C-4-HBC and CHCl3 were generated. When 3-C-4-HBC was treated with NaClO, CHCl3 was generated. Judging from these results, 3-C-4-HBC was confirmed to be an intermediate in the formation of CHCl3 from L-tyrosine. Thus, the reaction pathway of CHCl3 formation from L-tyrosine treated with NaClO is concluded to be: L-tyrosine-->4-HBC-->3-C-4-HBC-->CHCl3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Hidaka
- Yokohama City Institute of Health, 1-2-17 Takigashira, Isogo-ku, Yokohama 235-0012, Japan
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17
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Abstract
In recent years, numerous organotin(IV) derivatives have exhibited remarkable cytotoxicity against several types of cancer. However, the properties of the cyanoxime-containing organotin(IV) complexes are unknown. Previously, it has been shown that cyanoximes displayed an interesting spectrum of biological activity ranging from growth-regulation to antimicrobial and pesticide detoxification actions. The work presented here attempts to combine the useful properties of both groups of compounds and investigate the likely antiproliferating activity of the new substances. A series of 19 organotin(IV) complexes, with nine different cyanoxime ligands, were anaerobically prepared by means of the heterogeneous metathesis reaction between the respective organotin(IV) halides (Cl, Br) and ML (M=Ag, Tl; L=cyanoximate anion), using an ultrasound in the CH3CN at room temperature. The compounds were characterized using spectroscopic methods (UV-visible, IR, 1H,13C NMR, 119Sn Mössbauer) and X-ray analysis. The crystal structures of the complexes revealed the formation of two types of tin(IV) cyanoximates: mononuclear five-coordinated compounds of R4-xSnLx composition (R=Me, Et, n-Bu, Ph; x=1, 2; L=cyanoximate anion), and the tetranuclear R8Sn4(OH)2O2L2 species (R=n-Bu, Ph). The latter complex contains a planar [Sn4(OH)2O2]2- core, consisting of three adjacent rhombs with bridging oxo and hydroxo groups. The tin(IV) atoms are five-coordinated and have distorted trigonal-pyramidal surrounding. This is the first instance when the organic anions were found to act as monodentate O-bound planar oxime ligands. All of the compounds were studied in vitro for antiproliferating activity, using human cervical cancer HeLa and WiDR colon cancer cell lines; cisplatin was used as a positive control substance. The two dibutyltin(IV) cyanoximates showed cytotoxicity similar and greater to that of cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Gerasimchuk
- Department of Chemistry, Temple Hall 456, Missouri State University, Springfield, Missouri 65897, USA.
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18
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Yang X, Shang C, Westerhoff P. Factors affecting formation of haloacetonitriles, haloketones, chloropicrin and cyanogen halides during chloramination. Water Res 2007; 41:1193-200. [PMID: 17270234 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2006] [Revised: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Effects of contact time, monochloramine doses, monochloramine application modes, pH, temperature and bromide ion concentrations on formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), including haloacetonitriles, haloketones, chloropicrin, cyanogen halides and trihalomethanes, during chloramination were investigated using model solutions containing 5 mg/L (as DOC) Suwannee River natural organic matter (NOM). Chloramine speciation and some DBPs were measured using membrane introduction mass Spectrometer (MIMS). Longer reaction times led to continued formation over time for dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), 1,1-dichloro-2-propanone (1,1-DCP) and chloroform. Cyanogen chloride (CNCl) formation occurred over time, but after reaching a peak concentration CNCl concentrations decreased over longer time periods. Linear relationships were observed between the formation of DCAN, 1,1-DCP, CNCl or chloroform and the dosage of monochloramine. Chloramination modes (addition of preformed monochloramine or variable sequential additions of free chlorine and ammonium salts) exhibited the largest impact on chloroform formation but displayed little effect on the formation of DCAN, 1,1-DCP and CNCl. Over the range in pH from 4 to 9 profound differences in DBP formation were observed; pH values between 5 and 6 resulted in the highest DBP concentrations. An increase in temperature enhanced the formation of chloroform but did not affect DCAN, 1,1-DCP and CNCl formation. Chloropicrin concentrations were always low (around detection limits) under all conditions. Increasing the concentrations of bromide ions enhanced the formation of bromine-substituted DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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19
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Vogel C, Torres GM, Reinke H, Michalik D, Voss A. Synthesis of a cyanoethylidene derivative of 3,6-anhydro-d-galactose and its application as glycosyl donor. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:520-8. [PMID: 17056018 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Starting from 1,2,4-tri-O-acetyl-3,6-anhydro-alpha-d-galactopyranose, 4-O-acetyl-3,6-anhydro-1,2-O-(1-cyanoethylidene)-alpha-d-galactopyranose (7) was synthesized by treatment with cyanotrimethylsilane. Additionally, 3,4-di-O-acetyl-1,2-O-(1-cyanoethylidene)-6-O-tosyl-alpha-d-galactopyranose was prepared from the corresponding bromide and both cyanoethylidene derivatives were used as donors in glycosylation reactions. The coupling with benzyl 2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-3-O-trityl-beta-d-galactopyranoside provided exclusively the beta-linked disaccharides in approximately 30% yield. The more reactive methyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-O-trityl-alpha-l-rhamnopyranoside gave with donors 3 and 7 the corresponding disaccharides in nearly 60% yield. Furthermore, the synthesis of 3,6-anhydro-4-O-trityl-1,2-O-[1-(endo-cyano)ethylidene]-alpha-d-galactopyranose, which can be used as a monomer for polycondensation reaction is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vogel
- University of Rostock, Institute of Chemistry, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany.
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20
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] The generality of catalytic, enantioselective alpha-additions of isocyanides to aldehydes has been demonstrated (Passerini-type reactions). The catalytic system of silicon tetrachloride and a chiral bisphosphoramide (R,R)-1b provided high yields and good to excellent enantioselectivities for the addition of tert-butyl isocyanide to a wide range of aldehydes (aromatic, heteroaromatic, olefinic, acetylenic, aliphatic). Aqueous workup afforded the alpha-hydroxy tert-butyl amides whereas a low-temperature methanol quench followed by basic workup afforded the alpha-hydroxy methyl esters. The reaction is also successful for other isocyanides, albeit with reduced enantioselectivity. Reaction conditions, particularly the rate of addition of the isocyanide was found to be crucial for good yields and high selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Denmark
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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21
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Chiarella GM, Melgarejo DY, Koch SA. Further study of the reaction of Fe2+ with CN-: synthesis and characterization of cis and trans [FeII,III(CN)4L2]n- complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:1416-7. [PMID: 16448089 PMCID: PMC2566954 DOI: 10.1021/ja0571951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of Fe2+ with CN-, which was first performed in 1704, has been used to synthesize a new series of basic [FeII,III(CN)4L2]n- complexes, where L is a monodentate ligand. trans-Na2[FeII(CN)4(DMSO)2] and cis-[NEt4]2[FeII(CN)4(pyridine)2] are synthesized by the direct reaction of FeCl2 with 4 equiv of CN- in DMSO or pyridine. Air oxidation of the latter compound gives cis-[NEt4][FeIII(CN)4(pyridine)2]. The non-cyanide ligands in these complexes undergo facile ligand exchange reactions with solvent. Reaction of cis-[NEt4]2[FeII(CN)4(pyridine)2] with CO at room temperature gives trans-[NEt4]2[FeII(CN)4(pyridine)(CO)].
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22
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Abstract
The new chiral amino thiourea catalyst 3d promotes the highly enantioselective cyanosilylation of a wide variety of ketones. The hindered tertiary amine substituent plays a crucial role with regard to both stereoinduction and reactivity, suggesting a cooperative mechanism involving electrophile activation by thiourea and nucleophile activation by the amine.
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23
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] An efficient one-step synthesis of the optically active bifunctional BINOL ligand (S)-3 has been developed. It was found that (S)-3 in combination with Me2AlCl is a highly enantioselective catalyst for the addition of TMSCN to aliphatic aldehydes of diverse structures and is also among the most practical ones. A remarkable positive nonlinear effect was found for this chiral ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chuan Qin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A Metselaar
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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25
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Mironov MA, Maltsev SS, Mokrushin VS, Bakulev VA. A novel three-component reaction designed by the combinatorial method: Heteroarenes, isothiocyanates and isocyanides. Mol Divers 2005; 9:221-7. [PMID: 15789568 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-005-2823-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The novel three-component reaction of isoquinoline with isothiocyanates and isocyanides leads to a variety of new imidazoisoquinolines. The zwitterionic ground state of these new ring systems is established by means of NMR and X-ray analysis. Use of phthalazine instead of isoquinoline gives access to imidazole annulated phthalazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim A Mironov
- Department of Technology of Organic Synthesis (TOSLab), Urals State Technical University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation.
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26
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Boyke CA, Rauchfuss TB, Wilson SR, Rohmer MM, Bénard M. [Fe2(SR)2(μ-CO)(CNMe)6]2+ and Analogues: A New Class of Diiron Dithiolates as Structural Models for the HoxAir State of the Fe-Only Hydrogenase. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:15151-60. [PMID: 15548012 DOI: 10.1021/ja049050k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Low-temperature oxidation of Fe(2)(S(2)C(n)H(2n)(CNMe)(6-x)(CO)x (n = 2, 3; x = 2, 3) affords a family of mixed carbonyl-isocyanides of the type [Fe(2)(S(2)C(n)H(2n)(CO)x(CNMe)(7-x)](2+). The degree of substitution is controlled by the RNC/Fe ratio, as well as the degree of initial substitution at iron, with tricarbonyl derivatives favoring more highly carbonylated products. The structures of the monocarbonyl derivatives [Fe(2)(S(2)C(n)H(2n))(mu-CO)(CNMe)(6)](PF(6))(2) (n = 2,3) established crystallographically and spectroscopically, are quite similar, with Fe---Fe distances of ca. 2.5 A, although the mu-CO is unsymmetrical in the propanedithiolate derivative. Isomeric forms of [Fe(2)(S(2)C(3)H(6))(CO)(CNMe)(6)](PF(6))(2) were characterized where the CO is bridging or terminal, the greatest structural difference being the 0.1 A elongation of the Fe---Fe distance when MeNC (vs CO) is bridging. In the dicarbonyl species, [Fe(2)(S(2)C(2)H(4))(mu-CO)(CO)(CNMe)(5)](PF(6))(2), the terminal CO ligand is situated at one of the basal sites, not trans to the Fe---Fe vector. Oxidation of Fe(2)(S(2)C(2)H(4))(CNMe)(3)(CO)(3) under 1 atm CO gives the deep pink tricarbonyl [Fe(2)(S(2)C(2)H(4))(CO)(3)(CNMe)(4)](PF(6))(2). DFT calculations show that a bridging CO or MeNC establishes a 3-center, 2-electron bond within the two Fe(II) centers, which would otherwise be nonbonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Boyke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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27
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] An efficient synthesis of 1,2-trans-glycosyl cyanides via 1,2-O-sulfinyl monosaccharides is described. Such S(N)2-type displacements at the anomeric center are stereospecific and are best performed with sodium cyanide in the presence of ytterbium triflate. Significantly, the resulting 1,2-trans-glycosyl cyanides have a free hydroxyl group at C-2 ready for further modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhafid Benksim
- Laboratoire des Glucides, FRE 2779 Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint-Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
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28
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Abstract
Because of its exobidentate nature, pK(a), and electronic properties, 4-cyanoimidazole has been examined as a ligand and as a pseudo-cyanide. The ligand reacts readily as an anion with both cobalt and nickel ions in solution to form coordination polymers. The magnetic susceptibility and thermal stability of these materials are reported. 4-Cyanoimidazolate forms a hexakis complex with nickel, to form the first observed hexakis imidazolate nickelate complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory B Less
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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29
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Nogata Y, Kitano Y, Yoshimura E, Shinshima K, Sakaguchi I. Antifouling activity of simple synthetic isocyanides against larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite. Biofouling 2004; 20:87-91. [PMID: 15203962 DOI: 10.1080/08927010310001659440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Twelve simple linear isocyanides were synthesized and examined for antifouling activity and toxicity against cyprid larvae of the barnacle, Balanus amphitrite. Larval settlement was inhibited, with EC50 values of 0.046-1.90 microg ml(-1), and they were much less toxic (LD50 values ranging over 21.28 microg ml(-1)) than CuSO4 (EC50 0.30 microg ml(-1) and LD50 2.95 microg ml(-1)). The data indicate that simple linear isocyanides are promising non-toxic antifouling agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Nogata
- Abiko Research Laboratory Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry 1646 Abiko Abiko-shi Chiba-ken 270-1194 Japan.
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30
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Kitano Y, Nogata Y, Shinshima K, Yoshimura E, Chiba K, Tada M, Sakaguchi I. Synthesis and anti-barnacle activities of novel isocyanocyclohexane compounds containing an ester or an ether functional group. Biofouling 2004; 20:93-100. [PMID: 15203963 DOI: 10.1080/0892701042000205334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ten novel isocyanocyclohexane compounds that possess an oxygenic functional group at the 4-position were synthesized and evaluated for their antifouling activity against the larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite with the aim of exploring the structure-activity relationships further. The anti-barnacle effect of the synthesized compounds was in the EC50 range of 0.0096-17.0 microg ml(-1). Some ester derivatives exhibited extremely high antifouling activities, and none of the synthesized isocyanocyclohexane compounds showed significant toxicity. The results suggest that the ester function is one of the important groups in the expression of potent antifouling activity in isocyano compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Kitano
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho Fuchu Tokyo 183-8509 Japan.
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31
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Hulme C, Nixey T. Rapid assembly of molecular diversity via exploitation of isocyanide-based multi-component reactions. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 2003; 6:921-9. [PMID: 14758761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Molecular diversity is the variability of physical properties between molecules, viewed in terms of molecular shape, polarity/charge, lipophilicity, polarizability and flexibility. Due to their widespread medicinal properties, natural products were one of the original sources of molecular diversity; however, new developments in the search for novel pharmacological agents over the last decade have focused on the preparation of chemical libraries as the source of new leads for drug discovery. A plethora of personal synthesizers and new automation technologies have emerged to help fuel the lead discovery engines of drug discovery organizations. Multistep solid-phase syntheses of diverse libraries in excess of 10,000 products can now be prepared via split-and-mix techniques. Simultaneously, a multitude of more efficient, diversity- or target-oriented solution-phase chemical methodologies have appeared in the chemical literature, enabling the relatively facile construction of successful lead generation libraries with low full-time equivalent input and little capital expenditure. Isocyanide-related multi-component reactions hold a pre-eminent position in this regard, and are finding increasing applications in the discovery process of new drugs and agrochemicals. This review is the authors' personal assessment of advances in the field over the last two years (2002 to 2003), with little emphasis placed on highly mechanistic details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hulme
- Amgen Inc, Medicinal Chemistry Technologies, Department of Chemistry Research and Development, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
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32
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Abstract
The development of broadly applicable and practical catalytic approaches for the enantioselective creation of quaternary stereocenters remains a highly desirable yet challenging goal. In this Communication, we describe a highly enantioselective cyanosilylation of acetal ketones (alpha,alpha-dialkoxy ketones) catalyzed by modified cinchona alkaloids. This reaction is the first highly enantioselective cyanosilylation of ketones catalyzed by an organic chiral Lewis base and is found to be highly efficient with acetal ketones bearing a broad range of alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, and alkynyl substituents. This new catalytic asymmetric reaction, coupled with the versatility of the acetal functionality, provides a broadly useful synthetic method for chiral building blocks bearing quaternary stereocenters. Acetal ketones, readily accessible but previously unexplored in asymmetric synthesis, demonstrate unusual reactivity and selectivity toward the nucleophilic cyanosilylation, thereby suggesting that they may be interesting substrates for other catalytic enantioselective reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Kai Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA
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33
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Abstract
(Salen)Al-Cl complex 1a catalyzes the asymmetric conjugate addition of hydrogen cyanide to alpha,beta-unsaturated imides in high yields and enantioselectivities. The cyanide adducts can readily be converted into a variety of useful chiral building blocks, including alpha-substituted-beta-amino acids and beta-substituted-gamma-aminobutyric acids. Mechanistic data obtained thus far point to a cooperative bimetallic mechanism for nucleophile and electrophile activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn M Sammis
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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34
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Beck B, Larbig G, Mejat B, Magnin-Lachaux M, Picard A, Herdtweck E, Dömling A. Short and diverse route toward complex natural product-like macrocycles. Org Lett 2003; 5:1047-50. [PMID: 12659570 DOI: 10.1021/ol034077e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A general strategy toward macrocyclic compounds using multicomponent reaction (MCR) chemistry, e.g., Passerini and Ugi variants, and ring-closing metathesis (RCM) is introduced. The corresponding bifunctional isocyanides carboxylic acids bearing a terminal olefin are easy to prepare from the corresponding commercially available starting materials. Advantageously, this strategy allows fast access to a diverse conformational space of natural product-like macrocycles and could thus be of interest in the discovery of novel bioactive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Beck
- Morphochem AG, Gmunderstr. 37-37a, 81379 München, Germany
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35
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Kitano Y, Yokoyama A, Nogata Y, Shinshima K, Yoshimura E, Chiba K, Tada M, Sakaguchi I. Synthesis and anti-barnacle activities of novel 3-isocyanotheonellin analogues. Biofouling 2003; 19 Suppl:187-192. [PMID: 14618719 DOI: 10.1080/0892701021000053390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An antifouling active natural compound, 3-isocyanotheonellin, and its analogues were synthesized and evaluated for antifouling activity against the larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphirite in order to explore structure-activity relationships. The anti-barnacle effect of the 3-isocyanotheonellin analogues was in the EC50 range 0.18-7.20 micrograms ml-1. Some synthesized analogues exhibited potent antifouling activity as high as 3-isocyanothoenllin, and none of the synthesized isocyano compounds showed significant toxicity. The results of the present study suggest that an isocyano group and a hydrophobic site at a suitable position are important for potent antifouling activity without toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Kitano
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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36
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Nogata Y, Yoshimura E, Shinshima K, Kitano Y, Sakaguchi I. Antifouling substances against larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite from the marine sponge, Acanthella cavernosa. Biofouling 2003; 19 Suppl:193-196. [PMID: 14618720 DOI: 10.1080/0892701031000065963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A total of 118 Japanese marine invertebrates were extracted with methanol, and their chloroform-soluble materials tested for antifouling activity as well as toxicity against barnacle (Balanus amphitrite) larvae. Among 86 species that showed more than 80% larval settlement inhibition, 13 species, including 8 sponges were weakly toxic to the barnacle larvae. The sponge Acanthella cavernosa, which showed most promising activity, was extracted with ethanol and fractionated by solvent partitioning, silica gel column chromatography, gel filtration, and ODS HPLC to give two active compounds which on the basis of spectral data and chemical transformation were identified as a new compound, 10-formamido-4-cadinene and a known compound, T-cadinol, They inhibited larval settlement at concentrations of 0.5 microgram ml-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyukiy Nogata
- Abiko Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko-shi, Chiba-ken 270-1194, Japan.
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37
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Abstract
The benefits of microwave irradiation are described for a number of important reactions such as amid and ester formation and dehydration of formamide to the corresponding isonitriles. Not only were reaction times dramatically reduced but the transformations were less prone to side reactions and decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Crosignani
- Combinatorial Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, UK
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38
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Lawrence JD, Rauchfuss TB, Wilson SR. New class of diiron dithiolates related to the Fe-only hydrogenase active site: synthesis and characterization of [Fe2(SR)(2)(CNMe)7]2+. Inorg Chem 2002; 41:6193-5. [PMID: 12444758 DOI: 10.1021/ic025919t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electron-rich polyisocyano derivatives Fe(2)(S(2)C(n)H(2n)(CO)(6-x)(CNMe)(x) (x approximately 4) undergo oxidatively induced (FeCp(2)(+)) reaction with additional CNMe to give [Fe(2)(SR)(2)(CNMe)(7)](PF(6))(2), a new class of iron thiolates. Crystallographic characterization established that the 34 e(-) dinuclear core resembles the oxidized (H(2)-binding) form of the active sites of the Fe-only hydrogenases, key features being the face-sharing bioctahedral geometry, the mu-CX ligand, and an Fe-Fe separation of 2.61 A. Oxidation of the phenylthiolate Fe(2)(SPh)(2)(CO)(2)(CNMe)(4) led to mononuclear [Fe(SPh)(CNMe)(5)](PF(6)), which is analogous to [Fe(2)(SR)(2)(CNMe)(10)](PF(6))(2) formed upon treatment of [Fe(2)(S(2)C(3)H(6))(CNMe)(7)](PF(6))(2) with excess CNMe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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39
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Franz AH, Wei Y, Samoshin VV, Gross PH. Mild synthesis of disaccharidic 2,3-enopyranosyl cyanides and 2-C-2-deoxy pyranosyl cyanides with Hg(CN)(2)/HgBr(2)/TMSCN. J Org Chem 2002; 67:7662-9. [PMID: 12398487 DOI: 10.1021/jo0111661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lewis acid-catalyzed dimerization of mono- and disaccharidic per-O-acetylated glycals gave di- and tetrasaccharidic O-acetylated C-glycosides, respectively. 2,3-Enopyranosyl cyanides were obtained from per-O-acetylated glycals by a new, mild anomeric S(N)'-acetoxy displacement with Hg(CN)(2)/HgBr(2)/TMSCN. Per-O-acetylated 2-C-2-deoxy-pyranoses were converted into pyranosyl cyanides by the same reagent. An unprecedented acetic acid elimination from dimers with D-galacto- and L-fuco-configurations accompanied the S(N)-displacement under those conditions. A new set of (1)H NMR coupling constants for 2,3-enopyranosyl systems was used for configurational assignment of complicated tetrasaccharide mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas H Franz
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, 3601 Pacific Avenue, Stockton, California 95211, USA
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Abstract
The palladium-catalyzed three-component coupling reaction (TCCR) of aryl isocyanides, allyl methyl carbonate, and trimethylsilyl azide was conducted in the presence of Pd(2)(dba)(3).CHCl(3) (2.5 mol %) and dppe (1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) (10 mol %). Allyl aryl cyanamides with a wide variety of functional groups were obtained in excellent yields. This palladium-catalyzed TCCR was further utilized for the synthesis of N-cyanoindoles. The reaction of 2-alkynylisocyanobenzenes, allyl methyl carbonate, and trimethylsilyl azide in the presence of Pd(2)(dba)(3).CHCl(3) (2.5 mol %) and tri(2-furyl)phosphine (10 mol %) at higher temperatures afforded N-cyanoindoles in good to allowable yields. (eta(3)-Allyl)(eta(3)-cyanamido)palladium complex, an analogue of the bis-pi-allylpalladium complex, is a key intermediate in the TCCR, and a pi-allylpalladium mimic of the Curtius rearrangement is involved to generate the (eta(3)-allyl)(eta(3)-cyanamido)palladium intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Kamijo
- Research Center for Sustainable Materials Engineering, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, and Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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41
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Ley SV, Taylor SJ. A polymer-supported [1,3,2]oxazaphospholidine for the conversion of isothiocyanates to isocyanides and their subsequent use in an ugi reaction. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:1813-6. [PMID: 12086823 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a new polymer supported reagent for the clean conversion of isothiocyanates to isocyanides under microwave conditions was accomplished. The structurally diverse isocyanides generated were used in an Ugi 3CC, allowing the rapid generation of 2-isoindolinone-7-carboxamide analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven V Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, UK.
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42
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Liaw WF, Lee JH, Gau HB, Chen CH, Jung SJ, Hung CH, Chen WY, Hu CH, Lee GH. Six-coordinate and five-coordinate Fe(II)(CN)(2)(CO)(x) thiolate complexes (x = 1, 2): synthetic advances for iron sites of [NiFe] hydrogenases. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:1680-8. [PMID: 11853444 DOI: 10.1021/ja011504f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The dicyanodicarbonyliron(II) thiolate complexes trans,cis-[(CN)(2)(CO)(2)Fe(S,S-C-R)](-) (R = OEt (2), N(Et)(2) (3)) were prepared by the reaction of [Na][S-C(S)-R] and [Fe(CN)(2)(CO)(3)(Br)](-) (1). Complex 1 was obtained from oxidative addition of cyanogen bromide to [Fe(CN)(CO)(4)](-). In a similar fashion, reaction of complex 1 with [Na][S,O-C(5)H(4)N], and [Na][S,N-C(5)H(4)] produced the six-coordinate trans,cis-[(CN)(2)(CO)(2)Fe(S,O-C(5)H(4)N)](-) (6) and trans,cis-[(CN)(2)(CO)(2)Fe(S,N-C(5)H(4))](-) (7) individually. Photolysis of tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution of complexes 2, 3, and 7 under CO led to formation of the coordinatively unsaturated iron(II) dicyanocarbonyl thiolate compounds [(CN)(2)(CO)Fe(S,S-C-R)](-) (R = OEt (4), N(Et)(2) (5)) and [(CN)(2)(CO)Fe(S,N-C(5)H(4))](-) (8), respectively. The IR v(CN) stretching frequencies and patterns of complexes 4, 5, and 8 have unambiguously identified two CN(-) ligands occupying cis positions. In addition, density functional theory calculations suggest that the architecture of five-coordinate complexes 4, 5, and 8 with a vacant site trans to the CO ligand and two CN(-) ligands occupying cis positions serves as a conformational preference. Complexes 2, 3, and 7 were reobtained when the THF solution of complexes 4, 5, and 8 were exposed to CO atmosphere at 25 degrees C individually. Obviously, CO ligand can be reversibly bound to the Fe(II) site in these model compounds. Isotopic shift experiments demonstrated the lability of carbonyl ligands of complexes 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8. Complexes [(CN)(2)(CO)Fe(S,S-C-R)](-) and NiA/NiC states [NiFe] hydrogenases from D. gigas exhibit a similar one-band pattern in the v(CO) region and two-band pattern in the v(CN) region individually, but in different positions, which may be accounted for by the distinct electronic effects between [S,S-C-R](-) and cysteine ligands. Also, the facile formations of five-coordinate complexes 4, 5, and 8 imply that the strong sigma-donor, weak pi-acceptor CN(-) ligands play a key role in creating/stabilizing five-coordinate iron(II) [(CN)(2)(CO)Fe(S,S-C-R)](-) complexes with a vacant coordination site trans to the CO ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Feng Liaw
- Department of Chemistry, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 50058, Taiwan
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43
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Jiang J, Koch SA. fac-[Fe(II)(CN)(3)(CO)(3)](-) and cis-[Fe(II)(CN)(4)(CO)(2)](2)(-): new members of the class of [Fe(II)(CN)(x)(CO)(y)] compounds. Inorg Chem 2002; 41:158-60. [PMID: 11800601 DOI: 10.1021/ic015604y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of Fe(CO)(4)I(2) with NaCN or KCN in methanol gives M[Fe(II)(CN)(3)(CO)(3)] (M = Na, K), which can be converted to [Ph(4)E][Fe(II)(CN)(3)(CO)(3)] (E = P, As). The structure of the fac-[Fe(II)(CN)(3)(CO)(3)](-) (1) anion was established by the X-ray crystal structures of K-1 and [Ph(4)As]-1.H(2)O. Compound 1 has also been characterized by IR, Raman, and (13)C NMR. The coupling of the CO and CN stretching modes in the vibrational spectra of 1 have been analyzed. The reaction of Na-1 with NaCN gives Na(2) cis-[Fe(II)(CN)(4)(CO)(2)] (Na-2), which has been structurally characterized as [Ph(4)P][Et(4)N]-2. Compounds 1 and 2 are additional members of the series of compounds of general formula [Fe(II)(CN)((6-x))(CO)(x)](x-4). [Fe(CN)(x)(CO)(y)] compounds are of interest due to the occurrence of such coordination modes in hydrogenase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
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44
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Gloaguen F, Lawrence JD, Schmidt M, Wilson SR, Rauchfuss TB. Synthetic and structural studies on [Fe2(SR)2(CN)x(CO)6-x](x-) as active site models for Fe-only hydrogenases. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:12518-27. [PMID: 11741415 DOI: 10.1021/ja016071v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of models for the active site (H-cluster) of the iron-only hydrogenase enzymes (Fe-only H2-ases) were prepared. Treatment of MeCN solutions of Fe2(SR)2(CO)6 with 2 equiv of Et4NCN gave [Fe2(SR)2(CN)2(CO)4](2-) compounds. IR spectra of the dicyanides feature four nu(CO) bands between 1965 and 1870 cm(-1) and two nu(CN) bands at 2077 and 2033 cm(-1). For alkyl derivatives, both diequatorial and axial-equatorial isomers were observed by NMR analysis. Also prepared were a series of dithiolate derivatives (Et4N)2[Fe2(SR)2(CN)2(CO)4], where (SR)2 = S(CH2)2S, S(CH2)3S. Reaction of Et4NCN with Fe2(S-t-Bu)2(CO)6 gave initially [Fe2(S-t-Bu)2(CN)2(CO)4](2-), which comproportionated to give [Fe2(S-t-Bu)2(CN)(CO)5](-). The mechanism of the CN(-)-for-CO substitution was probed as follows: (i) excess CN(-) with a 1:1 mixture of Fe2(SMe)2(CO)6 and Fe2(SC6H4Me)2(CO)6 gave no mixed thiolates, (ii) treatment of Fe2(S2C3H6)(CO)6 with Me3NO followed by Et4NCN gave (Et4N)[Fe2(S2C3H6)(CN)(CO)5], which is a well-behaved salt, (iii) treatment of Fe2(S2C3H6)(CO)6 with Et4NCN in the presence of excess PMe3 gave (Et4N)[Fe2(S2C3H6)(CN)(CO)4(PMe3)] much more rapidly than the reaction of PMe3 with (Et4N)[Fe2(S2C3H6)(CN)(CO)5], and (iv) a competition experiment showed that Et4NCN reacts with Fe2(S2C3H6)(CO)6 more rapidly than with (Et4N)[Fe2(S2C3H6)(CN)(CO)5]. Salts of [Fe2(SR)2(CN)2(CO)4](2-) (for (SR)2 = (SMe)2 and S2C2H4) and the monocyanides [Fe2(S2C3H6)(CN)(CO)5](-) and [Fe2(S-t-Bu)2(CN)(CO)5](-) were characterized crystallographically; in each case, the Fe-CO distances were approximately 10% shorter than the Fe-CN distances. The oxidation potentials for Fe2(S2C3H6)(CO)4L2 become milder for L = CO, followed by MeNC, PMe3, and CN(-); the range is approximately 1.3 V. In water,oxidation of [Fe2(S2C3H6)(CN)2(CO)4](2-) occurs irreversibly at -0.12 V (Ag/AgCl) and is coupled to a second oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gloaguen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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45
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Pietzsch HJ, Gupta A, Syhre R, Leibnitz P, Spies H. Mixed-ligand technetium(III) complexes with tetradendate/monodendate NS(3)/isocyanide coordination: a new nonpolar technetium chelate system for the design of neutral and lipophilic complexes stable in vivo. Bioconjug Chem 2001; 12:538-44. [PMID: 11459458 DOI: 10.1021/bc0001591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Starting from the tripodal ligand 2,2',2' '-nitrilotris(ethanethiol) (NS(3)) and isocyanides (CNR) as co-ligands, neutral mixed-ligand technetium(III) complexes of the general formulation [Tc(NS(3))(CNR)] have been synthesized and characterized. The (99)Tc complexes can be( )()obtained by a two-step reduction/substitution procedure starting from [TcO(4)](-) via the phosphine-containing precursor complex [Tc(NS(3))(PMe(2)Ph)]. As shown by X-ray structural analyses, the complexes adopt a nearly ideal trigonal-bipyramidal geometry with the trigonal plane formed by the three thiolate sulfurs of the tripodal ligand. The central nitrogen atom of the chelate ligand and the monodendate isocyanides occupy the apical positions. The no-carrier-added preparation of the corresponding (99m)Tc complexes was performed by a one-step procedure starting from (99m)[TcO(4)](-) with stannous chloride as reducing agent. Biodistribution studies in the rat demonstrated for the nonpolar, lipophilic compounds a significant initial brain uptake. In vitro challenge experiments with glutathione clearly indicated that no transchelation reaction occurs. Furthermore, there were no indications for reoxidation of Tc(III) to Tc(V) species or pertechnetate. We propose this type of complexes as a useful tool in the design of lipophilic (99m)Tc or (186)Re/(188)Re radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Pietzsch
- Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, Institut für Bioanorganische und Radiopharmazeutische Chemie, PF 510119, D-01314 Dresden, Germany.
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Abstract
The asymmetric ring opening of meso epoxides with TMSCN is catalyzed by (pybox)YbCl3 complexes, yielding the beta-trimethylsilyloxy nitrile ring-opened products with good enantioselectivities (83-92% ee). The reaction exhibits a second-order kinetic dependence on catalyst concentration and a first-order dependence on epoxide concentration, consistent with a bimetallic pathway involving simultaneous activation of epoxide and cyanide.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Schaus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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47
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Abstract
The treatment of 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal and unprotected D-glucal with trimethylsilyl cyanide, under thermal conditions in the absence of catalyst, afforded the corresponding 2,3-unsaturated glycosyl cyanides in high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Japan.
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48
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Bozó E, Boros S, Kuszmann J. Synthesis of 4-cyanophenyl and 4-nitrophenyl 1,5-dithio-D-ribopyranosides as well as their 2-deoxy and 2,3-dideoxy derivatives possessing antithrombotic activity. Carbohydr Res 1999; 321:52-66. [PMID: 10612002 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(99)00175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
1,2,3,4-Tetra-O-acetyl-5-thio-D-ribopyranose as well as its 1-bromide were used as donors in the reaction with 4-cyano- and 4-nitrobenzenethiol, to give the corresponding thioglycosides in different anomeric ratios depending on the reaction conditions. Zemplén deacetylation afforded 4-cyanophenyl as well as 4-nitrophenyl 1,5-dithio-alpha- and beta-D-ribopyranosides, respectively. 1,3,4-Tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-5-thio-D-erythro-pentopyranose was synthesized from methyl 2-deoxy-D-erythro-pentofuranoside and was coupled with 4-cyano- and 4-nitrobenzenethiol to give anomeric mixtures from which 4-cyanophenyl as well as 4-nitrophenyl 1,5-dithio-beta-D-erythro-pentopyranosides were isolated after deacetylation. 1,4-Di-O-acetyl-2,3-dideoxy-5-thio-D-glycero-pentopyranose was obtained starting from 1,2,5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-mannitol and used as the donor in the glycosylation reaction with 4-cyano- and 4-nitrobenzenethiol. The resulting anomeric mixtures were separated to give, after deacetylation, 4-cyanophenyl as well as 4-nitrophenyl 2,3-dideoxy-1,5-dithio-beta-D-glycero-pentopyranosides. All of these thioglycosides showed significant antithrombotic activity on rats after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bozó
- Institute for Drug Research, Budapest, Hungary
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49
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Chemin N, du Moulinet d'Hardemare A, Bouquillon S, Fagret D, Vidal M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new diisocyanide- and triisocyanide-99mTc complexes. Appl Radiat Isot 1996; 47:479-87. [PMID: 8673071 DOI: 10.1016/0969-8043(96)00020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis of four new polyisocyanides (three diisocyanides and one triisocyanide). The complexation of 99mTc with these ligands is also studied through chromatography and revealed the formation of hexacoordinated 99mTc+1 complexes. Finally, biodistributions of these complexes in mice are given and compared. Heart captations are lower than the ones with [99mTc(MIBI)6]+ but remain constant and a satisfactory lungs clearance, probably due to the metabolization of the ligands, is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Chemin
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Dynamiques et Structurales de la Sélectivité LEDSS IV, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
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50
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Naim SS, Srivastava V, Sharma S, Singh SN, Fatima N, Chatterjee RK. Activity of alpha-anilinobenzyl cyanides and 2-methoxycarbonylamino-1-phenylimidazoles, a new class of antifilarial agents. Drug Des Discov 1994; 11:127-34. [PMID: 8075300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The activity of alpha-anilinobenzyl cyanides (2a-f), 5-aryl-4,5-dihydro-2-methoxycarbonylamino-1-phenylimidazoles (5a-d) and 2-methoxycarbonylamino-1-phenyl-1,3-diazaspiro[4:5]dec-2-ene (5f) have been tested for their micro- and macrofilaricidal activity against Litomosoides carinii and Acanthocheilonema viteae in rodents. In this test alpha-anilinobenzyl cyanides (2a-b), 5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-2-methoxy-carbonylamino-1-phenylim idazole (5b) and 2-methoxycarbonylamino-1-phenyl-1,3-diazaspiro[4:5]dec-2-ene (5f) were found to possess marked filaricidal activity at doses ranging from 3-100 mg/kg given parenterally or orally for 5 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Naim
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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