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[The contribution of V.S.Deryabin to studies of mental disorders in patients with epidemic encephalitis]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2012; 112:72-75. [PMID: 22737747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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The percipient observations of Constantin von Economo on encephalitis lethargica and sleep disruption and their lasting impact on contemporary sleep research. Brain Res Bull 2006; 69:244-58. [PMID: 16564419 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2005] [Revised: 01/29/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The study, and the preceding companion article, reviews the pioneering contributions of Constantin von Economo (1876-1931) to Neuroscience in a modern context. The neurological studies of von Economo include the discovery of a new nosological entity, encephalitis lethargica, with which his name is forever linked ('von Economo disease'). Based on a percipient analysis of pathoanatomical material from patients with encephalitis lethargica who manifested with either insomnia or somnolence, von Economo deduced the existence of distinct centres in the brain for the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. He presented a synthesis of his ideas in a series of lectures in New York in 1929 and at the First International Neurological Congress held in Berne in 1931. Constantin von Economo was nominated three times for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of encephalitis lethargica. As those studies have exerted and continue to exert the highest impact among von Economo's publications, the present article examines the spectrum of his observations on encephalitis lethargica and the cerebral control of sleep, documented in 63 published works--including post-humous translations into French and English of original German texts; complete bibliographic information is given. His remaining 76 works of an annotated total of 139 scientific publications deal with brain structure, evolution and intelligence, as well as general works on nervous and mental pathology and form the focus of the preceding article.
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The signalling contributions of Constantin von Economo to basic, clinical and evolutionary neuroscience. Brain Res Bull 2006; 69:223-43. [PMID: 16564418 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2005] [Revised: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The study, and the companion article that follows, reviews the entire spectrum of the epoch-making contributions of Constantin von Economo (1876-1931) to basic, clinical and evolutionary Neuroscience. An astute observer and avid writer, von Economo left marks of brilliance on fundamental areas of brain research through an exuberant record of publications dating from 1899 to 1932. His ingenious medical career began with the histological study of the developing pigeon and chick hypophysis, and culminated with bold propositions about the neuroanatomy of talent and the future evolution of the human brain. On the way, he made the seminal discovery of encephalitis lethargica ('von Economo disease'), and produced, with Georg N. Koskinas (1885-1975), one of the masterpieces of brain science, the 1925 Cytoarchitectonics of the Adult Human Cerebral Cortex, defining 107 cortical areas on the basis of cytoarchitectonic criteria. His untimely death at age 55, barely 5.5 months after inaugurating his new Brain Research Institute in Vienna, deprived the Neuroscience world of one of its brightest protagonists during the 20th century. An annotated total of 139 scientific works by von Economo have been identified. The present study covers the 76 works on brain structure, evolution and intelligence, and general works on nervous and mental pathology, with the complete bibliographic information. The companion article covers the remaining 63 works on encephalitis lethargica and sleep regulation.
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[Modern Egypt and the history of microbiology. The campaign of Bonaparte]. HISTOIRE DES SCIENCES MEDICALES 2006; 40:37-48. [PMID: 17152596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The history of microbiology and parasitology in Egypt started with Bonaparte's campaign and the contemporary clinical reports from the physicians of the "Armee d'Orient" (1798-1903). Later, basic discoveries in parasitology and bacteriology have been the facts of German scientists such as Theodor Bilharz, Robert Koch and Arthur Looss. At the beginning of the First World War German physicians were evicted from Cairo and British parasitologists took over as Robert Leiper succeeded in clarifying the life cycle of schistosomiasis. Virology studies on poliomyelitis in Egypt started in 1942-1943 but British virologists were quickly supplanted by the Americans as the U.S. NAMRU-3 laboratory opened in Cairo in the 50s. Many basic contributions to the epidemiology of the viral diseases in the Nile valley have been established during the past forty years, concerning enteroviruses, mosquito and tick-borne arboviruses as well as hepatitis C virus.
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Epidemic encephalitis and American neurology, 1919-1940. BULLETIN OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE 2004; 78:108-147. [PMID: 15161088 DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2004.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Encephalitis lethargica, also known as epidemic encephalitis, emerged as a new infectious disease near the end of the First World War. Bacteriologic, epidemiologic, and clinical investigation produced no clear consensus regarding the nature of the disease, even as several other experimentally demonstrable "encephalitides" appeared on the scene. By 1940, new encephalitis lethargica cases had almost entirely disappeared, and neurologists renamed this once-novel infection as an amorphous syndrome of marginal interest. A variety of forces influencing the fate of encephalitis lethargica's epidemic status can be seen at work in the Matheson Commission, whose members hoped to use encephalitis as a model disease that might supplant their reliance on clinical phenomenology with a causal analysis of nervous disease grounded in the laboratory. When it failed to live up to these expectations, the model was abandoned. Epidemic encephalitis was soon forgotten.
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Stephan Környey's contribution to the study of encephalitides. ORVOSTORTENETI KOZLEMENYEK 2003; 48:77-91. [PMID: 15714673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
A considerable part of Környey's work deals with the problem of encephalitides. HIs interest in this topic was roused by Heinrich Pette and in collaboration they studied the histopathology and pathogenesis of experimental and human poliomyelitis. On the basis of their findings they advocated the neural spread of the poliomyelitis virus. THey described the distribution of the poliovirus within the nervous system, its close affinity to the voluntary motor system and analysed the influence of the portal of entry and special neurotropism on the development of the distribution pattern of the process. THe encephalitic process changes as a function of time; the significance of this observation was expressed in the concept of the time factor. Környey designated the affinity of the poliovirus towards the neurons among the cellular components of the nervous tissue as gangliocytotropism. Based on his observation, he characterized the features of neural spread of virsuses and the selective character of this spread within the central nervous system. THe study of two other polioencephalitides with predilectional involvement of the brain stem, Borna disease and tickborne encephalitis, allowed him further pathogenetic assessments. Környey described the first manifestation of subacute panencephalitis in the Carpathian basin. He devoted special attention to the clinical and neuropathological analysis of various forms of leukoencephalomyelitides and closely followed the development of the principle of neuro-allergy (Pette) and the change in the pathogenetic view of these diseases. His excellent synthesising ability enabled him to write comprehensive review articles and textbook chapters on the various aspects of encephalitides.
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The first modern plague: epidemic encephalitis in America, 1919-39. TRANSACTIONS & STUDIES OF THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OF PHILADELPHIA 2002; 24:63-7. [PMID: 12800318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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Abstract
Mosquito control began in New York City in 1901. Large-scale efforts to drain marshlands occurred through the 1930s, and aerial application of pesticide occurred as early as 1956. Components of early mosquito-borne disease control were reimplemented in 1999-2000 in response to an outbreak of West Nile virus, and included promoting public and health professional awareness regarding disease causation and prevention, providing free government laboratory testing, case reporting, mapping of mosquito breeding sites and their elimination or application of larvicide to them, and adult mosquito control. Because a potential for various mosquito-borne diseases in New York City persists, continued efforts are warranted to limit mosquito breeding, to monitor adult mosquito populations for the presence of human pathogens, and to establish protocols and capacity for adult mosquito control.
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Abstract
Epidemics of a severe encephalitis occurred in eastern Australia between 1917 and 1925, in which over 280 cases were reported with a fatality rate of 68%. The disease had not been described previously and was called Australian X disease. The next epidemic occurred in south-east Australia in the summer of 1950-51. The disease was given its name of Murray Valley encephalitis as this was the area from which most cases were reported. A virus was isolated by Eric French in Victoria, and about the same time by John Miles and colleagues in South Australia. The virus Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) virus, was shown to be a Group B arbovirus (flavivirus) which was related to, but distinct from, Japanese encephalitis virus. Early seroepidemiological studies showed that the most likely vertebrate hosts were water birds. MVE virus was first isolated from Culex annulirostris mosquitoes in 1960. The most recent epidemic of Murray Valley encephalitis occurred in 1974, at which time it was renamed Australian encephalitis. Since 1974, however, all cases have been confined to northern Australia, particularly the north of Western Australia. Indeed, the Kimberley region of Western Australia contains the only confirmed enzootic foci of virus activity. A closely related flavivirus, Kunjin virus, has also been shown to be an aetiological agent of Australian encephalitis. Since the first isolation of MVE and Kunjin viruses, considerable information has been accumulated on their ecology and epidemiology, some aspects of which are briefly described.
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[Scientific raisins from 125 year SMW (Swiss Medical Weekly). "Parkinsonism" as sequela to encephalitis lethargica. 1916]. SCHWEIZERISCHE MEDIZINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1995; 125:1023-6. [PMID: 7770756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Reductionism and encephalitis lethargica, 1916-1939. NEW JERSEY MEDICINE : THE JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL SOCIETY OF NEW JERSEY 1993; 90:459-62. [PMID: 8414202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper is the 1992 winner of the Annual Stephen Wickes Prize in Medicine, presented by the Medical History Society of New Jersey. The history of encephalitis lethargica reflects a complex interaction between research-oriented science and clinical medicine.
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Economo: the daring young man's flight from the clouds to the brain. HOSPITAL PRACTICE (OFFICE ED.) 1991; 26:133-6, 139-42. [PMID: 2030113 DOI: 10.1080/21548331.1991.11704178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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[Documents from the history of psychiatry. Epidemic encephalitis in the Society of Clinical Psychiatry]. ANNALES MEDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUES 1989; 147:862-6. [PMID: 2694893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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The discovery decade of arbovirus research in western North America, 1940-1949. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1987; 37:94S-100S. [PMID: 2891315 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1987.37.94s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arboviruses
- Culicidae/microbiology
- Encephalitis Virus, California
- Encephalitis Virus, St. Louis
- Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine
- Encephalitis Viruses
- Encephalitis, Arbovirus/epidemiology
- Encephalitis, Arbovirus/history
- Encephalitis, Arbovirus/transmission
- Encephalitis, St. Louis/epidemiology
- Encephalitis, St. Louis/history
- Encephalitis, St. Louis/transmission
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine/epidemiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine/history
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine/transmission
- History, 20th Century
- Humans
- Insect Vectors/microbiology
- Research
- United States
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William C. Reeves and arbovirus research in Australia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1987; 37:87S-93S. [PMID: 2825554 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1987.37.87s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
William C. Reeves was invited to Australia in 1952 to take part in field studies of Murray Valley encephalitis. The results of his work led to various hypotheses which directed arbovirus research in Australia for a generation. That and the people he influenced in Australia made him a major figure in the development of Australian arbovirus research.
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Historical perspectives on the epidemiology and ecology of mosquito-borne virus encephalitides in the United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1987; 37:8S-17S. [PMID: 2891314 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1987.37.8s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Historical review: abnormal movements associated with epidemic encephalitis lethargica. Mov Disord 1987; 2:137-41. [PMID: 3332913 DOI: 10.1002/mds.870020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Encephalitis lethargica and the development of neuropsychiatry. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1986; 9:215-24. [PMID: 3523463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a comprehensive overview of the subject including historical background, general features and neuropathology, and contributions to clinical phenomenology.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Disease Outbreaks/history
- Encephalitis, Arbovirus/epidemiology
- Encephalitis, Arbovirus/etiology
- Encephalitis, Arbovirus/history
- Female
- History, 20th Century
- Humans
- Independent State of Samoa
- Infant
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/etiology
- Influenza, Human/history
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Orthomyxoviridae
- Parkinson Disease, Postencephalitic/epidemiology
- Parkinson Disease, Postencephalitic/etiology
- Parkinson Disease, Postencephalitic/history
- Pregnancy
- United States
- Washington
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[Economo's epidemic encephalitis--unsolved neurologic problem (on the 60th anniversary of the description of Economo's encephalitis by Soviet neuropathologists)]. ZHURNAL NEVROPATOLOGII I PSIKHIATRII IMENI S.S. KORSAKOVA (MOSCOW, RUSSIA : 1952) 1981; 81:124-127. [PMID: 7015765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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[Japanese encephalitis (type B) and Economo encephalitis (type A)]. NAIKA. INTERNAL MEDICINE 1971; 27:474-5. [PMID: 4323148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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[Von Economo and encephalitis lethargica]. SHINKEI KENKYU NO SHIMPO. ADVANCES IN NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES 1967; 11:425. [PMID: 4869100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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[Contribution to the history of the research on the Far East tick-borne encephalitis]. Vopr Virusol 1965; 10:490-2. [PMID: 5334947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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[History of Far East tick-borne encephalitis]. Vopr Virusol 1957; 2:323-31. [PMID: 13544211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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[History of the studies on tick-borne encephalitis]. ZHURNAL NEVROPATOLOGII I PSIKHIATRII IMENI S.S. KORSAKOVA (MOSCOW, RUSSIA : 1952) 1956; 56:401-3. [PMID: 13353737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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