1
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Swamy S, Reddy NA, Lashkari HP. Pediculosis: An Unusual Cause of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children. Indian J Pediatr 2024; 91:644. [PMID: 38637487 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-024-05133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Sannidhi Swamy
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, KMC Hospital, Ambedkar Circle, Mangalore, India.
| | - Nalla Anuraag Reddy
- Department of Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplant, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, India
| | - Harsha Prasada Lashkari
- Department of Pediatrics, Kasturba Medical College Hospital, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
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2
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Mittal P, Jain N, Singh P, Sharma B. Phthiriasis palpebrarum masquerading as blepharitis. BMJ Case Rep 2024; 17:e258620. [PMID: 38719257 PMCID: PMC11085789 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-258620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Pthiriasis palpebrarum, a rare condition caused by Phthirus pubis, can mimic blepharitis and manifest as intense itching, inflammation and eyelid redness. We describe a case of Pthiriasis palpebrarum in a young girl with right upper eyelid discomfort. A slit lamp examination revealed eggs on her eyelashes and adult lice on the eyelids' surface. Dermatology consultation confirmed the diagnosis and successful treatment followed. Family evaluation uncovered genital Phthiriasis pubis in her parents, who received appropriate treatment. This report emphasises the importance of accurate diagnosis and management of this masquerading condition by careful slit lamp and microscopic evaluation. It also highlights the significance of comprehensive family history and examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Mittal
- Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Science, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Nikhila Jain
- Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Science, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Priti Singh
- Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Science, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Bhavana Sharma
- Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Science, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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3
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Galván-Casas C, Ortiz-Álvarez J, Martínez-García E, Corbacho-Monné M. Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (AEDV) expert recommendations for the management of sexual transmitted parasitosis. Scabies, and pediculosis pubis. Actas Dermosifiliogr 2024; 115:475-492. [PMID: 38061452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections are communicable diseases where the pathogen is transmitted through sexual contact. The Sexually Transmitted Infections Working Group of the Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (AEDV) is engaged in the drafting of documents to guide dermatologists and health care personnel who treat Spanish patients with these infections. This document analyzes the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic, and control characteristics of 2 sexually transmitted parasitosis: scabies due to Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis, and pubic pediculosis due to Phthirus pubis. Both parasitoses share a sort of mixed spread through sexual and community transmission regardless of the route through which the infection was initially acquired. This specific feature creates particularities in the management and control of the infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Galván-Casas
- Unidad Skin Neglected Tropical Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections; Fundación Lucha contra las Infecciones, Badalona, Barcelona, España; Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, Móstoles, Madrid, España.
| | - J Ortiz-Álvarez
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, España
| | - E Martínez-García
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, España
| | - M Corbacho-Monné
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Barcelona, España
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4
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Galván-Casas C, Ortiz-Álvarez J, Martínez-García E, Corbacho-Monné M. [Translated article] Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (AEDV) expert recommendations for the management of sexual transmitted parasitosis. Scabies, and pediculosis pubis. Actas Dermosifiliogr 2024; 115:T475-T492. [PMID: 38479688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2024.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections are communicable diseases where the pathogen is transmitted through sexual contact. The Sexually Transmitted Infections Working Group of the Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (AEDV) is engaged in the drafting of documents to guide dermatologists and health care personnel who treat Spanish patients with these infections. This document analyzes the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic, and control characteristics of 2 sexually transmitted parasitosis: scabies due to Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis, and pubic pediculosis due to Phthirus pubis. Both parasitoses share a sort of mixed spread through sexual and community transmission regardless of the route through which the infection was initially acquired. This specific feature creates particularities in the management and control of the infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Galván-Casas
- Unidad Skin Neglected Tropical Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections; Fundació Lluita contra les Infeccions, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J Ortiz-Álvarez
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - E Martínez-García
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - M Corbacho-Monné
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Lin J, Li S, Lv G, Si S. Phthirus Pubis Crawling Along the Palpebral Margin. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2024; 61:e13-e15. [PMID: 38529750 DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20240124-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
A 7-year-old boy was misdiagnosed as having contact dermatitis due to itching and redness of the eyelids. Later, with the assistance of a slit lamp, active pubic lice on the eyelid margin were discovered. Microorganisms and insect eggs were mechanically removed, and itching and redness symptoms complete disappeared after 1 week. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2024;61(2)e13-e15.].
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Deng
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
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7
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Belabbes MB, Taouri N. Head lice in the eyelashes. Pan Afr Med J 2024; 47:29. [PMID: 38558554 PMCID: PMC10979805 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2024.47.29.42559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Narjisse Taouri
- Mohammed V Souissi University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rabat, Morocco
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kun Zhao
- East Division of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di-Qing Luo
- East Division of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Zhong YH, Li XY, Fan YM. Two copulatory lice with a harasser on scalp hair. Int J Infect Dis 2024; 138:19-20. [PMID: 37977502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Hong Zhong
- Dermatology, Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery Center, the First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China; Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xue-Ying Li
- Dermatology, Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery Center, the First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China; Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yi-Ming Fan
- Dermatology, Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery Center, the First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China; Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.
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10
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Xue Y, Zhang Y, Dai X, Yao B. Phthiriasis palpebrarum with scalp and pubic hair infestation. Arq Bras Oftalmol 2023; 87:0213. [PMID: 38088669 DOI: 10.5935/0004-2749.2023-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfeng Xue
- Department of General Practice, Nanjing Lishui District Baima Health Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoting Dai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bangtao Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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11
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Chamberlin CV, Ramos VM, Dofitas BL. Myiasis in a scalp wound as a complication of neglected pediculosis capitis: a case report. Int J Dermatol 2023; 62:e523-e525. [PMID: 37203790 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine V Chamberlin
- Department of Dermatology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Veronica M Ramos
- Department of Dermatology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Belen L Dofitas
- Department of Dermatology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
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12
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Yao B, Hu C, Yue X, Liu G, Wang B. Clinical Characteristics and Prognosis of Pediatric Phthirus pubis Coinfestation of the Eyelashes and Scalp Hairs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 109:686-689. [PMID: 37524328 PMCID: PMC10484248 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthirus pubis infestation is a highly infectious parasitic disease, affecting 1.3-4.6% of people globally. However, the coinfestation of P. pubis on the eyelashes and scalp hairs in children is uncommon, and the clinical characteristics and prognosis have not been fully studied. In this retrospective study, we report five pediatric patients diagnosed with eyelash and scalp coinfestation of P. pubis. The samples were obtained after treatment and sent for pathological examination. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants were analyzed in detail. Numerous lice and nits were detectable on the eyelashes and scalp hairs in all enrolled patients. The ages ranged from 2 to 5 years. The duration of onset ranged from 3 to 10 days. The common clinical presentations were itching (100%) and conjunctivitis (60%). Treatment included eyelash and scalp hair trimming to the root (100%) and mechanical removal of the parasites (100%), in addition to topical tobramycin eye ointment (100%) and phenothrin shampoo (80%). Symptoms resolved by a 1-week follow-up. Pediatric P. pubis coinfestation mainly occurs on the eyelashes and temporal scalp in females, and sometimes contact tracing fails to identify the source. Phthirus pubis infestation of eyelashes can be misdiagnosed as blepharoconjunctivitis. Sexually transmitted diseases should be ruled out for patients with P. pubis infestation. Untreated or persistent cases may lead to several serious infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangtao Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Lishui People’s Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chang’an Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nanjing Lishui People’s Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoli Yue
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Lishui People’s Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Lishui People’s Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Lishui People’s Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Patel S, Brock P, Filipowicz A, Bach A. Misleading Presentation of Unilateral Phthiriasis Palpebrarum in a 2-Year-Old Boy. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2023; 60:e55-e57. [PMID: 37747161 DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20230719-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
A 2-year-old boy with recently treated head lice presented with worsening right eyelid pruritus, irritation, and bleeding that was presumed to be a reinfection of head lice. Clinical examination revealed ectoparasites along the superior eyelid margin that were later identified as Phthirus pubis, or pubic lice. Treatment and management strategies are discussed. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2023;60(5):e55-e58.].
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Zhang LW, Chen T, Xu RH. Phthiriasis palpebrarum. CMAJ 2023; 195:E454. [PMID: 36972915 PMCID: PMC10042457 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.221649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wen Zhang
- Department of Dermatovenereology (Zhang, Chen) and Institute of Dermatology (Xu), Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Dermatovenereology (Zhang, Chen) and Institute of Dermatology (Xu), Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rong-Hua Xu
- Department of Dermatovenereology (Zhang, Chen) and Institute of Dermatology (Xu), Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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15
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Zhu R, Huang S, Yang D, Yang X, Peng L, Zhou L, Qi X, Ren L, Guo M. Pthirus pubis infestation of the scalp in a 4-month-old infant: A case report. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13299. [PMID: 36973978 PMCID: PMC10155846 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renheng Zhu
- Department of DermatologyPeople's Hospital Of LeshanLeshanChina
| | - Shuqiong Huang
- Department of DermatologyPeople's Hospital Of LeshanLeshanChina
| | - Dingbin Yang
- Department of DermatologyPeople's Hospital Of LeshanLeshanChina
| | - Xuejun Yang
- Department of DermatologyPeople's Hospital Of LeshanLeshanChina
| | - Lu Peng
- Department of DermatologyPeople's Hospital Of LeshanLeshanChina
| | - Lijun Zhou
- Department of DermatologyPeople's Hospital Of LeshanLeshanChina
| | - Xinyu Qi
- Department of DermatologyPeople's Hospital Of LeshanLeshanChina
| | - Lin Ren
- Department of DermatologyPeople's Hospital Of LeshanLeshanChina
| | - Menglu Guo
- Department of DermatologyPeople's Hospital Of LeshanLeshanChina
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Xia X, Liu Z. Pubic Pediculosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:221. [PMID: 35895349 PMCID: PMC9393462 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiujiao Xia
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People’s Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zehu Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People’s Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Hucklenbruch-Rother E, Weckbecker K. [Head lice - What the general practitioner needs to know]. MMW Fortschr Med 2022; 164:56-57. [PMID: 35941453 DOI: 10.1007/s15006-022-1241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hucklenbruch-Rother
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Uniklinik Köln, Gebäude 44a, Robert-Koch-Str. 16, 50931, Köln, Deutschland.
| | - Klaus Weckbecker
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeinmedizin und Interprofessionelle Versorgung, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Deutschland
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Tran L, Rawlin GT, Beddoe T. Development of molecular detection methods of Bovicola ovis from sheep fleece. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1597-1606. [PMID: 35435513 PMCID: PMC9098604 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07520-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The sheep body louse (Bovicola ovis) commonly referred to as sheep lice are small chewing ectoparasites of sheep. Infection results in significant economic costs to the Australian sheep industry due to reduced wool quality caused by chronic itching from sheep rubbing and biting fleece. Treatment relies on use of insecticides; however, resistance has developed against pyrethroid and other insect growth regulator lousicides. There is urgent need to develop cost-effective lice management to reduce the use of insecticides, with the application of insecticidal treatments only applied when an infestation is detected. However, the current detection method relies on fleece parting for detection of B. ovis which is highly dependent on the skill of the inspector, the number of sheep examined, and the prevalence and severity of the infestation. To improve B. ovis detection, a highly sensitive (5 × 10-8 ng/μL) and specific multiplex quantitative PCR which simultaneously detects sheep lice and sheep DNA was developed. In addition, a B. ovis loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed for field use. The B. ovis LAMP (Bov-LAMP) assay was optimized to reliably detect B. ovis from wool samples down to 5 × 10-6 ng/μL, with time to positive (Tp) < 10 min. Both assays demonstrate high sensitivity and specificity, enabling rapid identification of B. ovis DNA from sheep fleece samples and have the capacity to be used for ongoing management and surveillance of B. ovis in Australian sheep flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Tran
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
- AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Grant T Rawlin
- AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
- Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Agriculture Victoria Research, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Travis Beddoe
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
- AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sar-Pomian
- From the Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW This review will update pediatric providers on the recent data regarding the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of common skin infestations affecting children and adolescents. RECENT FINDINGS Standard superficial skin biopsy for scabies and the vacuum method for head lice can increase diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. There is growing resistance to some of the traditional treatments for scabies and head lice, and progress has been made in finding newer and potentially more effective treatments, such as oral moxidectin for scabies and abametapir for head lice. Recent studies have established the safety of traditional treatments, such as permethrin and oral ivermectin in infants and small children. SUMMARY Permethrin and ivermectin are both considered safe and effective for children and adolescents with scabies. Permethrin is generally considered safe in infants less than two months of age. Proper application of permethrin is critical, and providers should emphasize proper application technique. Treatment of head lice should only be initiated with active infestations. Resistance to permethrin continues to increase and other options are now available, including an over-the-counter topical ivermectin formulation. Identification and eradication of bed bug infestations are crucial in preventing bedbug bites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brandi Kenner-Bell
- Division of Dermatology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Feng
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Qi
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Stevenson B, Tesfaye W, Christenson J, Mathew C, Abrha S, Peterson G, Samarawickrema I, Thomas J. Comparative efficacy and safety of interventions for treating head lice: a protocol for systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ Paediatr Open 2021; 5:e001129. [PMID: 34041368 PMCID: PMC8112437 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2021-001129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Head lice infestation is a major public health problem around the globe. Its treatment is challenging due to product failures resulting from rapidly emerging resistance to existing treatments, incorrect treatment applications and misdiagnosis. Various head lice treatments with different mechanism of action have been developed and explored over the years, with limited report on systematic assessments of their efficacy and safety. This work aims to present a robust evidence summarising the interventions used in head lice. Method This is a systematic review and network meta-analysis which will be reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses statement for network meta-analyses. Selected databases, including PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials will be systematically searched for randomised controlled trials exploring head lice treatments. Searches will be limited to trials published in English from database inception till 2021. Grey literature will be identified through Open Grey, AHRQ, Grey Literature Report, Grey Matters, ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry and International Standard Randomised Controlled Trials Number registry. Additional studies will be sought from reference lists of included studies. Study screening, selection, data extraction and assessment of methodological quality will be undertaken by two independent reviewers, with disagreements resolved via a third reviewer. The primary outcome measure is the relative risk of cure at 7 and 14 days postinitial treatment. Secondary outcome measures may include adverse drug events, ovicidal activity, treatment compliance and acceptability, and reinfestation. Information from direct and indirect evidence will be used to generate the effect sizes (relative risk) to compare the efficacy and safety of individual head lice treatments against a common comparator (placebo and/or permethrin). Risk of bias assessment will be undertaken by two independent reviewers using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and the certainty of evidence assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations guideline for network meta-analysis. All quantitative analyses will be conducted using STATA V.16. Discussion The evidence generated from this systematic review and meta-analysis is intended for use in evidence-driven treatment of head lice infestations and will be instrumental in informing health professionals, public health practitioners and policy-makers. PROSPERO registration number CRD42017073375.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Stevenson
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Wubshet Tesfaye
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Julia Christenson
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Cynthia Mathew
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Solomon Abrha
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Gregory Peterson
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Pharmacy, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Indira Samarawickrema
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jackson Thomas
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Yıldırım Can H, Çeken N. Unilateral Phthiriasis Palpebrarum: A Case Study. Turkiye Parazitol Derg 2021; 45:80-82. [PMID: 33685072 DOI: 10.4274/tpd.galenos.2020.6937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthiriasis palpebrarum is a rare eyelid infestation caused by Phthirus pubis (pubic lice) that is often confused with other causes of blepharoconjunctivitis. In this study, we report the case of a 49-year-old male patient with phthiriasis palpebrarum who presented with itching and eye irritation in the left eye and had undergone treatment for conjunctivitis in the past month. Biomicroscopic examination revealed a dense population of motile and translucent lice and eggs, more intensely on the upper lid. For treatment, the lice were first cleaned mechanically, eyelashes were cut from the bottom, and eggs and lice were removed from the eye, after which petrolatum jelly (vsaseline) was applied to the lids for 10 days. In the control examination, no lice and eggs were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hümeyra Yıldırım Can
- Balıkesir Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Oftalmoloji Anabilim Dalı, Balıkesir, Türkiye
| | - Nihan Çeken
- Balıkesir Devlet Hastanesi, Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji Laboratuvarı, Balıkesir, Türkiye
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25
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Fölster-Holst R. [Parasitoses in childhood]. Hautarzt 2021; 72:232-242. [PMID: 33599802 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-021-04767-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parasitoses are a frequent occurrence in pediatric consultations in both hospitals and private practices. Responsible for this are parasites that permanently infest human skin, such as Sarcoptes scabiei hominis and Pediculus humanus capitis (persistent parasites) as well as those that only attack the skin for feeding, such as Pulex irritans, Cimex lectularius und Neotrombicula autumnalis (transient parasites). The main symptom of parasitoses is pruritus, which is caused by a delayed allergic reaction to proteins in the saliva of the parasites. In some parasitoses, such as scabies, the pruritus is typical, occurs particularly at night and is associated with a considerable impairment in the quality of life due to the resulting lack of sleep, whereas the pruritus is often absent in the case of pediculosis capitis. In this article persistent and transient parasitoses are characterized based on the patient history, morphology and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fölster-Holst
- Dermatologie, Venerologie, Allergologie, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin-Str. 7, 24105, Kiel, Deutschland.
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Tala-Ighil T, Monsel G. [Scabies and pediculosis]. Rev Prat 2020; 70:e75-e81. [PMID: 32877076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thiziri Tala-Ighil
- Département des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Gentiane Monsel
- Département des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Nyers ES, Elston DM. What's eating you? human body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis). Cutis 2020; 105:118-120. [PMID: 32352435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Compared to head and pubic lice, body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis) carry increased morbidity in the form of greater body surface area involvement, possible infectious disease transmission, and the potential for secondary iron-deficiency anemia. They thrive in high-density urban populations in which hygiene is poor, such as among the homeless. Treatment includes washing of affected individuals, their possessions, and treatment with topical insecticides. Growing patterns of treatment resistance seen in body lice necessitate development of new strategies, with oral medications serving as a promising option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Nyers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Dirk M Elston
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
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Lustosa BPR, Haidamak J, Oishi CY, de Souza AB, Lima BJFDS, Reifur L, Shimada MK, Vicente VA, Aleixandre MAV, Klisiowicz DDR. Vaccuuming method as a successful strategy in the diagnosis of active infestation by Pediculus humanus capitis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2020; 62:e7. [PMID: 32049258 PMCID: PMC7014567 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202062007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Most human epidemiological and clinical studies use visual inspection of the hair and scalp to diagnose Pediculus humanus capitis , however this method has low sensitivity to diagnose active infestations (presence of nymphs and adult lice). Vacuuming the hair and scalp has been used as a diagnostic method, but there are no previous data comparing its effectiveness with visual inspection. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of overall infestation (nits and trophic stages), of active infestation by Pediculus humanus capitis , and to evaluate the effectiveness of vacuuming in comparison with the visual inspection. Visual inspection was performed by three examiners and vacuuming of the scalp by one investigator, with an adapted vacuum cleaner. A total of 166 children aged 4 to 10 years old were randomly selected from public schools in Southern Brazil. Considering the positive results obtained by both methods, the prevalence of overall infestation was 63.3%, whereas active infestation was 18.7%. The visual inspection was more effective on diagnosing overall infestation, however, its effectiveness to detect active infestation was lower, ranging from 0.6% (RR=3%, p<0.001) to 6.6% (RR=35%, p=0.001), depending on the number of examiners. The effectiveness of vacuuming to diagnose active infestation was higher than the one of visual inspection, with a prevalence rate of 16.3% (RR=87%, p=0.332). As presented in our study, the vacuuming method was 2.74 to 7.87 times most likely to detect active infestation, thus it could be adopted as a more accurate method to diagnose active pediculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juciliane Haidamak
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Parasitologia e Patologia, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Camila Yumi Oishi
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Parasitologia e Patologia, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ariela Both de Souza
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia Aplicada, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruna Jacomel Favoreto de Souza Lima
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Parasitologia e Patologia, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Larissa Reifur
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Márcia Kiyoe Shimada
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Vânia Aparecida Vicente
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Parasitologia e Patologia, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria Adela Valero Aleixandre
- Universitat de València, Facultat de Farmàcia, Departamento de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Parasitologia, València, Spain
| | - Débora do Rocio Klisiowicz
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Parasitologia e Patologia, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Ming Fan
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Veraldi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, IT-20133 Milan, Italy.
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Gunning K, Kiraly B, Pippitt K. Lice and Scabies: Treatment Update. Am Fam Physician 2019; 99:635-642. [PMID: 31083883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pediculosis and scabies are caused by ectoparasites. Pruritus is the most common presenting symptom. Head and pubic lice infestations are diagnosed with visualization of live lice. Nits (lice eggs or egg casings) alone are not sufficient to diagnose a current infestation. A "no-nit" policy for return to school is not recommended because nits can remain even after successful treatment. First-line pharmacologic treatment for pediculosis is permethrin 1% lotion or shampoo. Newer treatments are available but costly, and resistance patterns are generally unknown. Noninsecticidal agents, including dimethicone and isopropyl myristate, show promise in the treatment of pediculosis. Extensive environmental decontamination is not necessary after pediculosis is diagnosed. In adults, the presence of pubic lice should prompt an evaluation for sexually transmitted infections. Body lice infestation should be suspected in patients with pruritus who live in crowded conditions or have poor hygiene. Scabies in adults presents as a pruritic, papular rash in a typical distribution pattern. In infants, the rash can also be vesicular, pustular, or nodular. First-line treatment for scabies is permethrin 5% cream. Clothing and bedding of persons with scabies should be washed in hot water and dried in a hot dryer. Counseling regarding appropriate diagnosis and correct use of effective therapies is key to reducing the burden of lice and scabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Gunning
- University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Karly Pippitt
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Abstract
Phthiriasis palpebrarum (PP) is the infestation of eyelids caused by the ectoparasite Phthirus pubis, frequently misdiagnosed as allergic conjunctivitis, blepharitis or dermatitis. There is no standard treatment of choice although various treatment modalities have been described. A 6-year-old male child with PP was successfully treated with local application of 20% fluorescein solution over the eyelashes and eyebrows of both the eyes, followed by the mechanical removal of all parasites and trimming of the eyelashes from the base and application of ophthalmic ointment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitaranjan Mishra
- Department of Vitreo-Retina, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Usha Kim
- Department of Orbit and Oculoplasty, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mulasthanam Sai Dheera
- Department of Post Graduate Ophthalmology, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Veraldi S, Pontini P, Nazzaro G. Phthirus pubis Infestation of the Scalp: A Case Report and Review of The Literature. Korean J Parasitol 2018; 56:487-489. [PMID: 30419734 PMCID: PMC6243192 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2018.56.5.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Phthirus pubis usually infests the pubis, groin, buttocks and perianal region. It can sometimes infest the thighs, abdomen, chest, axillae and beard. Eyelashes and eyebrows may be involved in children. The involvement of the scalp is very rare. We describe a case of P. pubis infestation located exclusively on the scalp in an adult woman. Neither lice/nits nor skin lesions were observed elsewhere, including eyebrows, eyelashes, axillae, pubis, buttocks and perianal region (the patient was hairless in the axillae and pubis). A review of the literature is enclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Veraldi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, I.R.C.C.S. Foundation, Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Pontini
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, I.R.C.C.S. Foundation, Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Nazzaro
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, I.R.C.C.S. Foundation, Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Zhang M, Kaffenberger B. Pigmented pruritic macules in the genital area. Cutis 2018; 102:E21-E22. [PMID: 30489564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Myron Zhang
- Division of Dermatology, Ohio State University Department of Internal Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Benjamin Kaffenberger
- Division of Dermatology, Ohio State University Department of Internal Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Yingklang M, Sengthong C, Haonon O, Dangtakot R, Pinlaor P, Sota C, Pinlaor S. Effect of a health education program on reduction of pediculosis in school girls at Amphoe Muang, Khon Kaen Province, Thailand. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198599. [PMID: 29889851 PMCID: PMC5995376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediculosis caused by head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) infestation is still an important health problem in schoolchildren, especially girls, worldwide, including in Thailand. Although pediculicidal agents effectively kill head lice, the re-infestation rate is still high. Thus, prevention is an important strategy for any sustainable control program. We aimed to develop and evaluate the efficacy of a health education program for increasing knowledge, changing attitudes and promoting preventive practices to reduce prevalence of pediculosis among school girls in Amphoe Muang, Khon Kaen, northeastern Thailand. METHODOLOGY Six schools were selected using multistage simple randomization and were allocated into intervention or control groups. A total of 267 girls was enrolled from these schools. A "knowledge, attitude and practice" (KAP) questionnaire, consent forms and health education materials were constructed and tested by experts and in one pilot school before the main investigation. Baseline prevalence of adult lice and nits was determined. The health education package was given only to the intervention group. The KAP questionnaire was re-evaluated at two months after intervention. RESULTS At baseline, the prevalence and intensity of head lice infestation, and the KAP scores did not differ significantly between the two groups. After re-evaluation at two months, the KAP score was significantly greater in the intervention group. A significant decrease of the infestation rate from 59% to 44% was observed in the intervention group, whereas infestation increased in the control group (from 56% to 65%). The incidence of new cases in the intervention group (6.14%) was lower than in the control group (12.62%). CONCLUSION These findings indicated that the newly-established health education package is an effective tool for increasing KAP and reducing head lice infestation in school girls. Efforts to combat pediculosis in schoolchildren elsewhere may consider including this, or a similar, health education package in their programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manachai Yingklang
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chatchawan Sengthong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Ornuma Haonon
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Rungtiwa Dangtakot
- Biomedical Science Program, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Porntip Pinlaor
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chulaporn Sota
- Department of Health Education, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Somchai Pinlaor
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Muršić I, Kuric I, Raguž M, Kovačević T, Muršić D. Treatment of Scabies and Pediculosis in Health Education Publications and Folk Medicine of Eastern Croatia - Slavonija, Baranja, and Western Srijem County. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat 2018; 26:33-38. [PMID: 29782297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Scabies and pediculosis are common parasitic infestations of the skin and hair, manifesting with intense pruritus and effectively treated with modern medications. Because of the attached social stigma linking it with poverty and poor hygiene, patients will often attempt alternative folk-based remedies before confiding in their physicians. We conducted a comprehensive bibliographical study of historic folk literature and interviewed 70 individuals experienced in everyday application of folk medicine in order to categorize available remedies and provide a modern, scientific comment on their effectiveness and dangers. Compositions containing sulfur, copper sulfate, petroleum, coal, tar, and highly alkaline soaps and washing solutions undoubtedly have scabicidal and pediculicidal properties, but they are used either in high concentrations with greater possibility of intoxication and irritation or lower concentrations with questionable therapeutic benefit. These remedies, extracted from historical-cultural frameworks, are poorly adapted to modern standards and can lead to side-effects and complications. Physicians today have to be aware of the reasons their patients seek alternative remedies and know the substances and procedures they may use in self-healing, so as to be able to provide the help that may be needed if those complications occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanka Muršić
- Ivanka Muršić, MD, University Hospital Centre Osijek, Department of Dermatology and Venereology J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
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Amanzougaghene N, Fenollar F, Sangaré AK, Sissoko MS, Doumbo OK, Raoult D, Mediannikov O. Detection of bacterial pathogens including potential new species in human head lice from Mali. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184621. [PMID: 28931077 PMCID: PMC5606924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In poor African countries, where no medical and biological facilities are available, the identification of potential emerging pathogens of concern at an early stage is challenging. Head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, have a short life, feed only on human blood and do not transmit pathogens to their progeny. They are, therefore, a perfect tool for the xenodiagnosis of current or recent human infection. This study assessed the occurrence of bacterial pathogens from head lice collected in two rural villages from Mali, where a high frequency of head lice infestation had previously been reported, using molecular methods. Results show that all 600 head lice, collected from 117 individuals, belonged to clade E, specific to West Africa. Bartonella quintana, the causative agent of trench fever, was identified in three of the 600 (0.5%) head lice studied. Our study also shows, for the first time, the presence of the DNA of two pathogenic bacteria, namely Coxiella burnetii (5.1%) and Rickettsia aeschlimannii (0.6%), detected in human head lice, as well as the DNA of potential new species from the Anaplasma and Ehrlichia genera of unknown pathogenicity. The finding of several Malian head lice infected with B. quintana, C. burnetii, R. aeschlimannii, Anaplasma and Ehrlichia is alarming and highlights the need for active survey programs to define the public health consequences of the detection of these emerging bacterial pathogens in human head lice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Amanzougaghene
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INSERM, AP-HM, URMITE, IHU - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INSERM, AP-HM, URMITE, IHU - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Abdoul Karim Sangaré
- University of Bamako, Epidemiology Department of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Odonto-Stomatology, Faculty of Pharmacy (MRTC/DEAP/FMOS-FAPH), Bamako, Mali
| | - Mahamadou S. Sissoko
- University of Bamako, Epidemiology Department of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Odonto-Stomatology, Faculty of Pharmacy (MRTC/DEAP/FMOS-FAPH), Bamako, Mali
| | - Ogobara K. Doumbo
- University of Bamako, Epidemiology Department of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Odonto-Stomatology, Faculty of Pharmacy (MRTC/DEAP/FMOS-FAPH), Bamako, Mali
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INSERM, AP-HM, URMITE, IHU - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Campus International UCAD-IRD, Dakar, Senegal
- * E-mail: (OM); (DR)
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INSERM, AP-HM, URMITE, IHU - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Campus International UCAD-IRD, Dakar, Senegal
- * E-mail: (OM); (DR)
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Salavastru CM, Chosidow O, Janier M, Tiplica GS. European guideline for the management of pediculosis pubis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:1425-1428. [PMID: 28714128 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pediculosis pubis is caused by Phthirus pubis. The disease can be sexually transmitted. Patients main complain is of itch in the pubic area. The parasite can be spotted with the naked eye and blue macules can be observed in the pubic area. First line therapy consists of permethrin or pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide. Second line therapy contains phenothrin, malathion and oral ivermectin. Partner management needs a look-back period of time of 3 months. Pubic lice incidence is increased in populations groups living in crowded spaces with scarce sanitary conditions as in time of war or disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Salavastru
- Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - O Chosidow
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Henri Mondor AP-HP, Créteil, France
| | - M Janier
- STD Clinic, Dermatology Department, Hôpital Saint-Joseph, Paris, France
| | - G S Tiplica
- Department of Dermatology II, Colentina Clinical Hospital, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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Drugs for sexually transmitted infections. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2017; 59:105-12. [PMID: 28686575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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Drugs for head lice. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2016; 58:150-2. [PMID: 27849194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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Astrup J. Attacking the itch. Community Pract 2016; 89:35-37. [PMID: 29944790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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Connor CJ, Selby JC, Wanat KA. Severe pediculosis capitus: a case of "crusted lice" with autoeczematization. Dermatol Online J 2016; 22:13030/qt7c91z913. [PMID: 27136626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediculosis humanus capitus infestations are common and classically present with intense pruritus of the scalp. Although many treatment options are available, lice are becoming more resistant to conventional therapies and severe clinical presentations are bound to become more prevalent. We present a case of treatment-resistant pediculosis capitus resulting in diffuse autoeczematization of the torso and extremities and severe crusting and scaling of the scalp, which we called "crusted lice." This eruption differs from the well-described id reaction known as "pediculid" and represents a more dramatic manifestation of rampant infestation. This paper provides an up-to-date review of treatment options available for pediculosis humanus capitus, including newer medications like the ones that eventually led to resolution of our patient's extreme infestation.
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Füeßl HS. [A 6 year old child with eyelash lice]. MMW Fortschr Med 2016; 158:41. [PMID: 27119694 DOI: 10.1007/s15006-016-7815-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Hytönen J, Khawaja T, Grönroos JO, Jalava A, Meri S, Oksi J. Relapsing fever. Duodecim 2016; 132:1952-1956. [PMID: 29190046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Relapsing fewer is an infection to be considered in the differential diagnosis of an immigrant´s febrile illness. It is a severe, tick-borne or body louse-borne infection caused by the relapsing fever associated borrelia species. The body louse-borne infection is in particular encountered in the Horn of Africa region due to poor hygiene, and has during the past year been described in several European countries as imported by refugees coming from this region. Doctors should thus bear relapsing fever in mind as a differential diagnosis in a febrile refugee having recently arrived in Finland.
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Moretti F, Dory É, Favrat B, Winterton N, Berger J, Bodenmann P. [Skin problems associated with poor living conditions]. Rev Med Suisse 2015; 11:2243-2248. [PMID: 26742355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
People living in poor conditions are at high risk of developing different medical diseases of which dermatological diseases are very common. We present 4 clinical cases of skin diseases, which are the most prevalent amongst the majority of socially and economically vulnerable patients. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are of paramount importance, in order to avoid their spread in close- knit communities where these patients often live.
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Bohl B, Evetts J, McClain K, Rosenauer A, Stellitano E. Clinical Practice Update: Pediculosis Capitis. Pediatr Nurs 2015; 41:227-234. [PMID: 26665422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A review of the current evidence on primary treatment modalities of head lice demonstrates increasing resistance to current regimens. New and alternative therapies are now available. A treatment algorithm was created to address safety and efficacy of treatments, as well as to guide clinicians through navigation of the regimens. Through an online journal search, 59 articles were selected for the review. Literature searches were performed through PubMed, Medline, Ebsco Host, and CINAHL, with key search words of "Pediculosis capitis" and "head lice" in the title, abstract, and index. Meta-analyses and controlled clinical trials were viewed with greater weight if they had a large sample size, were statistically significant, and did not allude to bias. When resistant infestations are well-documented in a locality, changes to the treatment regimen are indicated, and alternative treatments should be considered. Recent studies and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals have changed the available treatment options for Pediculosis capitis, including benzyl alcohol, topical ivermectin, spinosad, and the LouseBuster. Further, environmental management and prevention measures should be taken to avoid reinfestation and to prevent the spread of head lice. Continued study is recommended to establish long-term safety of new and alternative agents.
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