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Shi X, Li P, Herb M, Liu H, Wang M, Wang X, Feng Y, van Beers T, Xia N, Li H, Prokosch V. Pathological high intraocular pressure induces glial cell reactive proliferation contributing to neuroinflammation of the blood-retinal barrier via the NOX2/ET-1 axis-controlled ERK1/2 pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:105. [PMID: 38649885 PMCID: PMC11034147 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NADPH oxidase (NOX), a primary source of endothelial reactive oxygen species (ROS), is considered a key event in disrupting the integrity of the blood-retinal barrier. Abnormalities in neurovascular-coupled immune signaling herald the loss of ganglion cells in glaucoma. Persistent microglia-driven inflammation and cellular innate immune system dysregulation often lead to deteriorating retinal degeneration. However, the crosstalk between NOX and the retinal immune environment remains unresolved. Here, we investigate the interaction between oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in glaucoma by genetic defects of NOX2 or its regulation via gp91ds-tat. METHODS Ex vivo cultures of retinal explants from wildtype C57BL/6J and Nox2 -/- mice were subjected to normal and high hydrostatic pressure (Pressure 60 mmHg) for 24 h. In vivo, high intraocular pressure (H-IOP) was induced in C57BL/6J mice for two weeks. Both Pressure 60 mmHg retinas and H-IOP mice were treated with either gp91ds-tat (a NOX2-specific inhibitor). Proteomic analysis was performed on control, H-IOP, and treatment with gp91ds-tat retinas to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). The study also evaluated various glaucoma phenotypes, including IOP, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) functionality, and optic nerve (ON) degeneration. The superoxide (O2-) levels assay, blood-retinal barrier degradation, gliosis, neuroinflammation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blotting, and quantitative PCR were performed in this study. RESULTS We found that NOX2-specific deletion or activity inhibition effectively attenuated retinal oxidative stress, immune dysregulation, the internal blood-retinal barrier (iBRB) injury, neurovascular unit (NVU) dysfunction, RGC loss, and ON axonal degeneration following H-IOP. Mechanistically, we unveiled for the first time that NOX2-dependent ROS-driven pro-inflammatory signaling, where NOX2/ROS induces endothelium-derived endothelin-1 (ET-1) overexpression, which activates the ERK1/2 signaling pathway and mediates the shift of microglia activation to a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, thereby triggering a neuroinflammatory outburst. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, we demonstrate for the first time that NOX2 deletion or gp91ds-tat inhibition attenuates iBRB injury and NVU dysfunction to rescue glaucomatous RGC loss and ON axon degeneration, which is associated with inhibition of the ET-1/ERK1/2-transduced shift of microglial cell activation toward a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, highlighting NOX2 as a potential target for novel neuroprotective therapies in glaucoma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Panpan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marc Herb
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Goldenfelsstr. 19-21, 50935, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Hanhan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maoren Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, P. R. China
| | - Xiaosha Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yuan Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim van Beers
- Institut I für Anatomie, Universitätsklinikum Köln (AöR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Ning Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Huige Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Verena Prokosch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
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Zeng L, Ying Q, Lou H, Wang F, Pang Y, Hu H, Zhang Z, Song Y, Liu P, Zhang X. Protective effect of the natural flavonoid naringenin in mouse models of retinal injury. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 962:176231. [PMID: 38052414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is an eye disease with a high rate of blindness and a complex pathogenesis. Ocular hypertension (OHT) is a critical risk factor, and retinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is an important pathophysiological basis. This study was designed to investigate the retinal neuroprotective effect of oral naringenin in an acute retinal I/R model and a chronic OHT model and the possible mechanism involved. After the I/R and OHT models were established, mice were given vehicle or naringenin (100 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg). Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunostaining of RBPMS and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were used to evaluate retinal injury. GFAP, CD38, Sirtuin1 (SIRT1), and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) expression levels were measured by Western blotting. In the OHT model, intraocular pressure (IOP) was dynamically maintained at approximately 20-25 mmHg after injury. The retinal structure was damaged, and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were lost in both models. Naringenin ameliorated the abovementioned indications but also demonstrated that high concentrations of naringenin significantly inhibited retinal astrocyte activation and inhibited damage-induced increases in the expression of GFAP, NLRP3, and CD38 proteins, while SIRT1 protein expression was upregulated. This study showed for the first time that naringenin can reduce microbead-induced IOP elevation in the OHT model, providing new evidence for the application of naringenin in glaucoma. Naringenin may mediate the CD38/SIRT1 signaling pathway, inhibit astrocyte activation, and ultimately exert an anti-inflammatory effect to achieve retinal neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zeng
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qian Ying
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongdou Lou
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yulian Pang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Haijian Hu
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ziqiao Zhang
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yuning Song
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Peiyu Liu
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Ophthalmology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
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Nsiah NY, Morgan AB, Donkor N, Inman DM. Long-term HIF-1α stabilization reduces respiration, promotes mitophagy, and results in retinal cell death. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20541. [PMID: 37996657 PMCID: PMC10667534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47942-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular hypertension during glaucoma can lead to hypoxia, activation of the HIF transcription factors, and a metabolic shift toward glycolysis. This study aims to test whether chronic HIF activation and the attendant metabolic reprogramming can initiate glaucoma-associated pathology independently of ocular hypertension. HIF-1α stabilization was induced in mice for 2 and 4 weeks by inhibiting prolyl hydroxylases using the small molecule Roxadustat. HIF-1α stabilization and the expression of its downstream bioenergetic targets were investigated in the retina by immunofluorescence, capillary electrophoresis, and biochemical enzyme activity assays. Roxadustat dosing resulted in significant stabilization of HIF-1α in the retina by 4 weeks, and upregulation in glycolysis-associated proteins (GLUT3, PDK-1) and enzyme activity in both neurons and glia. Accordingly, succinate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial marker MTCO1, and citrate synthase activity were significantly decreased at 4 weeks, while mitophagy was significantly increased. TUNEL assay showed significant apoptosis of cells in the retina, and PERG amplitude was significantly decreased with 4 weeks of HIF-1α stabilization. A significant increase in AMPK activation and glial hypertrophy, concomitant with decreases in retinal ganglion cell function and inner retina cell death suggests that chronic HIF-1α stabilization alone is detrimental to retina metabolic homeostasis and cellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Yaa Nsiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Autumn B Morgan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Nina Donkor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Denise M Inman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
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Lin D, Wu S, Cheng Y, Yan X, Liu Q, Ren T, Zhang J, Wang N. Early Proteomic Characteristics and Changes in the Optic Nerve Head, Optic Nerve, and Retina in a Rat Model of Ocular Hypertension. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100654. [PMID: 37793503 PMCID: PMC10665672 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of glaucoma is still unknown. There are few studies on the dynamic change of tissue-specific and time-specific molecular pathophysiology caused by ocular hypertension (OHT). This study aimed to identify the early proteomic alterations in the retina, optic nerve head (ONH), and optic nerve (ON). After establishing a rat model of OHT, we harvested the tissues from control and glaucomatous eyes and analyzed the changes in protein expression using a multiplexed quantitative proteomics approach (TMT-MS3). Our study identified 6403 proteins after 1-day OHT and 4399 proteins after 7-days OHT in the retina, 5493 proteins after 1-day OHT and 4544 proteins after 7-days OHT in ONH, and 5455 proteins after 1-day OHT and 3835 proteins after 7-days OHT in the ON. Of these, 560 and 489 differential proteins were identified on day 1 and 7 after OHT in the retina, 428 and 761 differential proteins were identified on day 1 and 7 after OHT in the ONH, and 257 and 205 differential proteins on days 1 and 7 after OHT in the ON. Computational analysis on day 1 and 7 of OHT revealed that alpha-2 macroglobulin was upregulated across two time points and three tissues stably. The differentially expressed proteins between day 1 and 7 after OHT in the retina, ONH, and ON were associated with glutathione metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction/oxidative phosphorylation, oxidative stress, microtubule, and crystallin. And the most significant change in retina are crystallins. We validated this proteomic result with the Western blot of crystallin proteins and found that upregulated on day 1 but recovered on day 7 after OHT, which are promising as therapeutic targets. These findings provide insights into the time- and region-order mechanisms that are specifically affected in the retina, ONH, and ON in response to elevated IOP during the early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danting Lin
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Shen Wu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejing Yan
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Tianmin Ren
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxue Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Lin Z, Ru L, Wang H, Mao K. TLR4 Inhibition Protects against Retinal Ganglion Cell Damage in Rats with Chronic Ocular Hypertension. Discov Med 2023; 35:796-804. [PMID: 37811617 DOI: 10.24976/discov.med.202335178.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to investigate the protective effect of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor Resatorvid (TAK-242) on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in a chronic ocular hypertension (COH) rat model, as well as to explore the potential involved mechanisms. METHODS COH model was built up in rats with a single intracameral administration of cross-linking hydrogel. The expression levels of TLR4, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), microglial activation and pro-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated in COH retinas and COH retinas treated with TAK-242 using immunofluorescence staining and Western blot. Additionally, retrograde labeling and neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN) staining were performed to count RGCs. RESULTS Activated microglia and increased TLR4 expression were observed in the retinas of COH rats. This was accompanied by upregulated expressions of NLRP3, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6). Intravitreal injection of TAK-242 promoted the survival of RGCs by attenuating microglial activation, interfering with the TLR4-NLRP3 pathway and regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Targeting TLR4 inhibition could be a potential therapeutic strategy to protect RGCs from COH damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 200127 Shanghai, China
| | - Li Ru
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 200127 Shanghai, China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 200127 Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 200127 Shanghai, China
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Ramírez JM, Salobrar-García E, de Hoz R, Salazar JJ, Matamoros JA, Sánchez-Puebla L, López-Cuenca I, Fernández-Albarral JA, Ramírez AI. Laser-Induced Ocular Hypertension in a Mouse Model of Glaucoma. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2708:49-56. [PMID: 37558959 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3409-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease that leads to the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and thus to blindness. There are numerous experimental models used for the study of this pathology. Among the different models, episcleral vein photocoagulation is one of the most widely used. In this model there is a transient increase in intraocular pressure that returns to normal values about 7 days after induction of ocular hypertension (OHT). In addition, typical glaucoma changes, such as loss of RGC, thinning of the optic nerve fiber layer, and glial activation, occur in this model. All these changes have been described in detail over time after OHT induction. In this chapter, we describe the detailed method of OHT induction in Swiss albino mice by diode laser photocoagulation of limbal and episcleral veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Ramírez
- Ramón Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmological Research, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Health Research, Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Salobrar-García
- Ramón Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmological Research, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Health Research, Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Ramón Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmological Research, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Health Research, Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J Salazar
- Ramón Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmological Research, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Health Research, Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Matamoros
- Ramón Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmological Research, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Sánchez-Puebla
- Ramón Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmological Research, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés López-Cuenca
- Ramón Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmological Research, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Fernández-Albarral
- Ramón Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmological Research, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana I Ramírez
- Ramón Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmological Research, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Institute for Health Research, Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Cantero F, Leiva M, Gaztelu L, Cerrada I, Cardoso RV, Peña T. Urrets-Zavalia syndrome following cataract surgery in dogs: A case series. Open Vet J 2022; 12:138-147. [PMID: 35342734 PMCID: PMC8956229 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2022.v12.i1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In human medicine, Urrets-Zavalia syndrome (UZS) is a well-recognized but uncommon postoperative complication characterized by a fixed dilated pupil, accompanied by iris atrophy and glaucoma. Although it was originally reported in 1963 after penetrating keratoplasty surgery for keratoconus, it has been associated with various ophthalmic procedures such as cataract surgery. The condition has not been previously published in the veterinary literature. Case Description: Three client-owned diabetic dogs that developed UZS´s triad after cataract surgery are described. Despite uneventful phacoemulsification in the six eyes, five developed moderate-to-severe postoperative ocular hypertension. Although intraocular pressure (IOP) spikes were initially controlled, fixed dilated pupils accompanied by iris atrophy and chronic ocular hypertension were seen in the five affected eyes. Aggressive medical and surgical management maintained vision in three of those eyes. In one eye, uncontrolled IOP led to blindness. Conclusion: This is the first published description of UZS in dogs, occurring after phacoemulsification. Although no exact, demonstrable causative element could be determined, we believe that should be considered a triggering condition for this syndrome, as it directly affects the ocular blood flow autoregulation and intrinsic uveal tissue integrity. Until the contrary is proved, diabetes mellitus might be considered as a risk factor for developing this syndrome after cataract surgery in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Cantero
- Servei d’Oftalmologia, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Leiva
- Servei d’Oftalmologia, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Corresponding Author: Marta Leiva. Servei d’Oftalmologia, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Laura Gaztelu
- Servei d’Oftalmologia, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Irene Cerrada
- Servei d’Oftalmologia, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Rita Vilao Cardoso
- Servei d’Oftalmologia, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Teresa Peña
- Servei d’Oftalmologia, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Kasetti RB, Maddineni P, Kodati B, Nagarajan B, Yacoub S. Astragaloside IV Attenuates Ocular Hypertension in a Mouse Model of TGFβ2 Induced Primary Open Angle Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212508. [PMID: 34830390 PMCID: PMC8619727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor in developing primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), which is the most common form of glaucoma. Transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGFβ2) is a pro-fibrotic cytokine that plays an important role in POAG pathogenesis. TGFβ2 induced extracellular matrix (ECM) production, deposition and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the trabecular meshwork (TM) contribute to increased aqueous humor (AH) outflow resistance and IOP elevation. Drugs which alter the glaucomatous fibrotic changes and ER stress in the TM may be effective in reducing ocular hypertension. Astragaloside IV (AS.IV), a novel saponin isolated from the roots of Astragalus membranaceus, has demonstrated antifibrotic and ER stress lowering effects in various tissues during disease conditions. However, the effect of AS.IV on glaucomatous TM fibrosis, ER stress and ocular hypertension has not been studied. Primary human TM cells treated with AS.IV decreased TGFβ2 induced ECM (FN, Col-I) deposition and ER stress (KDEL, ATF4 and CHOP). Moreover, AS.IV treatment reduced TGFβ2 induced NF-κB activation and αSMA expression in TM cells. We found that AS.IV treatment significantly increased levels of matrix metalloproteases (MMP9 and MMP2) and MMP2 enzymatic activity, indicating that the antifibrotic effects of AS.IV are mediated via inhibition of NF-κB and activation of MMPs. AS.IV treatment also reduced ER stress in TM3 cells stably expressing mutant myocilin. Interestingly, the topical ocular AS.IV eye drops (1 mM) significantly decreased TGFβ2 induced ocular hypertension in mice, and this was associated with a decrease in FN, Col-1 (ECM), KDEL (ER stress) and αSMA in mouse TM tissues. Taken together, the results suggest that AS.IV prevents TGFβ2 induced ocular hypertension by modulating ECM deposition and ER stress in the TM.
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Lee SH, Shim KS, Kim CY, Park TK. Characterization of the role of autophagy in retinal ganglion cell survival over time using a rat model of chronic ocular hypertension. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5767. [PMID: 33707562 PMCID: PMC7952572 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85181-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential cellular process for the degradation and recycling of cellular components, and its dysregulation has been linked to neuronal cell death and neurodegeneration. In glaucoma, the role of autophagy in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival remains contradictory. Moreover, the effects of autophagy modulation at different time-points on RGC survival in a glaucoma model have not been investigated. In this study, we assessed the time-dependent role of autophagy in RGC survival in a circumlimbal suture-induced ocular hypertensive (OHT) rat model. Intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation led to a gradual autophagy induction, which reached a maximum between 1 and 4 weeks after OHT induction. On the other hand, early autophagy was impaired between 1 and 3 days after circumlimbal suturing, indicated by increased p62 levels due to reduced autophagosomal turnover. The intravitreal administration of rapamycin at different time-points after the application of the circumlimbal suture indicated that autophagy induction early during OHT development had potent survival-promoting effects in RGCs. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the role of autophagy in RGCs during OHT development might differ in a time-dependent manner. Modulating autophagy at the appropriate time might serve as a potential therapeutic approach to enhance RGC survival in OHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Hyung Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Bucheon, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Sun Shim
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Bucheon, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Yun Kim
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Kwann Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Bucheon, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, 14584, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Yao K, Zhao Y, Jin P, Lou X, Luo Z, Zhang H, Li F. Involvement of the NLRC4 inflammasome in promoting retinal ganglion cell death in an acute glaucoma mouse model. Exp Eye Res 2020; 203:108388. [PMID: 33333046 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) family caspase-activation and the recruitment domain containing 4 (NLRC4) inflammasome in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) injury induced by an acute glaucoma mouse model. METHOD A mouse model of acute ocular hypertension, which can lead to retinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, was established. The expression level of NLRC4 was detected by polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Localized expression of NLRC4 was detected by examining immunofluorescence in eyeball sections. Intravitreal adeno-associated virus 2(AAV2) administration was used to knockdown retinal Nlrc4. Fluoro-Gold labeled RGCs and TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling were used to evaluate the survival and apoptosis of RGCs. Tlr4-/- mice were utilized to explore whether NLRC4 inflammasome is influenced by Toll-like receptor4 (TLR4). RESULTS NLRC4, expressed in RGCs and microglial cells, was actively involved in mouse retinal I/R injury. Knockdown of Nlrc4 using an AAV2 vector caused an obvious reduction in the generation of IL-1β led by the rapidly elevated intraocular pressure, and thereby improved the RGC survival. In addition, activation of the NLRC4 inflammasome could influence the phosphorylation of p38 and Jun N-terminal kinase, which was largely dependent on TLR4 signaling. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated the role of NLRC4 inflammasome in promoting RGC damage in mouse retinal I/R injury. Inhibition of NLRC4 might be leveraged as a potential therapeutic target in glaucomatous retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yin Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Peiming Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaotong Lou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhaoxia Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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11
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Kasetti RB, Patel PD, Maddineni P, Patil S, Kiehlbauch C, Millar JC, Searby CC, Raghunathan V, Sheffield VC, Zode GS. ATF4 leads to glaucoma by promoting protein synthesis and ER client protein load. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5594. [PMID: 33154371 PMCID: PMC7644693 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19352-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The underlying pathological mechanisms of glaucomatous trabecular meshwork (TM) damage and elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) are poorly understood. Here, we report that the chronic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced ATF4-CHOP-GADD34 pathway is activated in TM of human and mouse glaucoma. Expression of ATF4 in TM promotes aberrant protein synthesis and ER client protein load, leading to TM dysfunction and cell death. These events lead to IOP elevation and glaucomatous neurodegeneration. ATF4 interacts with CHOP and this interaction is essential for IOP elevation. Notably, genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of ATF4-CHOP-GADD34 pathway prevents TM cell death and rescues mouse models of glaucoma by reducing protein synthesis and ER client protein load in TM cells. Importantly, glaucomatous TM cells exhibit significantly increased protein synthesis along with induction of ATF4-CHOP-GADD34 pathway. These studies indicate a pathological role of ATF4-CHOP-GADD34 pathway in glaucoma and provide a possible treatment for glaucoma by targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh B Kasetti
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX, 76107, Fort Worth, USA
| | - Pinkal D Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX, 76107, Fort Worth, USA
| | - Prabhavathi Maddineni
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX, 76107, Fort Worth, USA
| | - Shruti Patil
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX, 76107, Fort Worth, USA
| | - Charles Kiehlbauch
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX, 76107, Fort Worth, USA
| | - J Cameron Millar
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX, 76107, Fort Worth, USA
| | - Charles C Searby
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - VijayKrishna Raghunathan
- Department of Basic Sciences and the Ocular Surface Institute, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Val C Sheffield
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Gulab S Zode
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX, 76107, Fort Worth, USA.
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12
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Lee KM, Park SW, Kim M, Oh S, Kim SH. Relationship between Three-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Eyeball Shape and Optic Nerve Head Morphology. Ophthalmology 2020; 128:532-544. [PMID: 32916169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if the 3-dimensional (3D) eyeball shape is associated with the positions of the central retinal vascular trunk (CRVT) and the externally oblique border (EOB) in the optic nerve head (ONH). DESIGN Prospective, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-six subjects (112 eyes) with a diagnosis of glaucoma or glaucoma suspect. METHODS The eyeball shape on 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans was classified according to the dimension of the longest diameter: axial dimension (prolate sphere), group 1; horizontal dimension (horizontally oblate sphere), group 2; and vertical dimension (vertically oblate sphere), group 3. The deviation of the CRVT, as a surrogate of lamina cribrosa (LC) shift, was measured from the center of the Bruch's membrane opening (BMO) demarcated by OCT imaging, with the horizontal midline as 0° and the superior location as a positive value. The angular location of the longest EOB was also measured. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Positions of CRVT and EOB according to the 3D eyeball shape. RESULTS Among 112 eyes, 54 (48%) had a prolate shape (group 1), 23 (21%) had a horizontally oblate shape (group 2), and 35 (31%) had a vertically oblate shape (group 3). The angular deviation of the CRVT differed among the groups: to the nasal side in group 1, to the temporal side in group 2, and along the vertical meridian in group 3. In cases of asymmetric eyeball shape, the CRVT was deviated toward the undergrown side from the overgrown side, regardless of grouping. The angular location of the longest EOB was in the direction opposite to the CRVT position (P < 0.001). A generalized estimating equation analysis revealed that the temporal location of the CRVT was associated with older age (P = 0.001), nasal location of the longest EOB (P < 0.001), and oblate shape of the eyeball (P < 0.001, group 2; P = 0.007, group 3). CONCLUSIONS The position of the CRVT and EOB were associated with the 3D eyeball shape. Considering that infant ONH morphology is highly uniform, various modes of eyeball expansion during growth can result in diverse directionalities of offset between the LC and the BMO in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Min Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun-Won Park
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Martha Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Sohee Oh
- Department of Biostatistics, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Hwan Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
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13
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Abu SL, Marín-Franch I, Racette L. A framework for assessing glaucoma progression using structural and functional indices jointly. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235255. [PMID: 32609734 PMCID: PMC7329074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose While many tests and indices are available to identify glaucoma progression, using them in combinations may decrease overall specificity. The aim of this study was to develop a framework for assessing glaucoma progression using structural and functional indices jointly for a fixed specificity. Methods The study included 337 eyes of 207 patients with ocular hypertension or primary open-angle glaucoma selected from the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study or the African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study. All patients had at least 9 visits. Each visit had retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) and mean sensitivity from static automated perimetry (SAP MS) measured within a one-month window. Simple linear regression was applied to assess deterioration in each index for series of 5 to 9 visits. To identify progression using the two indices jointly, marginal significance levels set at a specificity of 95% were derived for two criteria: ANY (worsening on either RNFLT or SAP MS) and ALL (worsening on both RNFLT and SAP MS). Positive rate (percentage of eyes flagged as progressing) was determined individually for each index, as well as for the ANY and ALL criteria. Results Compared to SAP MS, RNFLT had higher positive rates (15% to 45%) for all series lengths. For the joint analyses, the positive rate was on average 12% higher for the ANY criterion compared to the ALL criterion. While RNFLT-alone had comparable positive rates and time-to-detection as the ANY criterion, each uniquely identified a subset of eyes (Kappa = 0.55 to 0.75). Conclusions This study provides a simple framework for assessing glaucoma progression with data from two tests jointly, without compromising specificity. This framework can be extended to include two or more parameters, can accommodate global or regional indices, and can eventually be used with novel parameters identified as predictive of glaucoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampson Listowell Abu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Iván Marín-Franch
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Computational Optometry, Atarfe, Spain
| | - Lyne Racette
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Reyes-Resina I, Awad Alkozi H, del Ser-Badia A, Sánchez-Naves J, Lillo J, Jiménez J, Pintor J, Navarro G, Franco R. Expression of Melatonin and Dopamine D 3 Receptor Heteromers in Eye Ciliary Body Epithelial Cells and Negative Correlation with Ocular Hypertension. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010152. [PMID: 31936298 PMCID: PMC7016594 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experiments in the late nineties showed an inverse relationship in the eye levels of melatonin and dopamine, thereby constituting an example of eye parameters that are prone to circadian variations. The underlying mechanisms are not known but these relevant molecules act via specific cell surface dopamine and melatonin receptors. This study investigated whether these receptors formed heteromers whose function impact on eye physiology. We performed biophysical assays to identify interactions in heterologous systems. Particular heteromer functionality was detected using Gi coupling, MAPK activation, and label-free assays. The expression of the heteroreceptor complexes was assessed using proximity ligation assays in cells producing the aqueous humor and human eye samples. Dopamine D3 receptors (D3Rs) were identified in eye ciliary body epithelial cells. We discovered heteromers formed by D3R and either MT1 (MT1R) or MT2 (MT2R) melatonin receptors. Heteromerization led to the blockade of D3R-Gi coupling and regulation of signaling to the MAPK pathway. Heteromer expression was negatively correlated with intraocular hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Heteromers likely mediate melatonin and dopamine actions in structures regulating intraocular pressure. Significant expression of D3R-MT1R and D3R-MT1R was associated with normotensive conditions, whereas expression diminished in a cell model of hypertension. A clear trend of expression reduction was observed in samples from glaucoma cases. The trend was marked but no statistical analysis was possible as the number of available eyes was 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Reyes-Resina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Neuroplasticity Research Group, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CiberNed, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.d.S.-B.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence: (I.R.-R.); (G.N.); or (R.F.); Tel.: +34-934021208 (I.R.-R. & G.N.)
| | - Hanan Awad Alkozi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain; (H.A.A.); (J.P.)
| | - Anna del Ser-Badia
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CiberNed, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.d.S.-B.); (J.J.)
- Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Sánchez-Naves
- Department of Ophthalmology, Balearic Islands Institute of Ophthalmology, 07013 Palma de Mallorca, Mallorca, Spain;
| | - Jaume Lillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CiberNed, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.d.S.-B.); (J.J.)
| | - Jasmina Jiménez
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CiberNed, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.d.S.-B.); (J.J.)
| | - Jesús Pintor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain; (H.A.A.); (J.P.)
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CiberNed, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.d.S.-B.); (J.J.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08027 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.R.-R.); (G.N.); or (R.F.); Tel.: +34-934021208 (I.R.-R. & G.N.)
| | - Rafael Franco
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CiberNed, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.d.S.-B.); (J.J.)
- School of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.R.-R.); (G.N.); or (R.F.); Tel.: +34-934021208 (I.R.-R. & G.N.)
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15
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Morozumi W, Inagaki S, Iwata Y, Nakamura S, Hara H, Shimazawa M. Piezo channel plays a part in retinal ganglion cell damage. Exp Eye Res 2019; 191:107900. [PMID: 31874142 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Piezo channel is one of the mechanosensitive channels that senses pressure and shearing stress. Previous reports show that Piezo channel is expressed in many tissues such as skin and lung and they have many important roles. In addition, the mRNA of Piezo has been detected in astrocytes in the optic nerve head of mice. However, it is not yet clear where Piezo channel localize in eye and what kind of effects it have. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the expression sites of Piezo channel in mouse eyes and effect of Piezo channel on retinal ganglion cells. Immunostaining analysis showed that the Piezo 1/2 were expressed in the cornea, trabecular meshwork of the anterior ocular segment, lens epithelial cells, and on the retinal ganglion cell layer. The expression of retinal Piezo 2 was increased in retinal disorder model mouse caused by high IOP. Piezo 1 agonist Yoda 1 suppressed neurite outgrowth in retinal ganglion cells. On the other hand, Piezo antagonist GsMTx4 promoted neurite outgrowth in retinal ganglion cells. These findings indicate that Piezo channel may contribute to diseases relating the IOP such as glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Morozumi
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inagaki
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuki Iwata
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.
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16
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Huang XR, Knighton RW, Spector YZ, Kong W, Qiao J. Temporal change of retinal nerve fiber layer reflectance speckle in normal and hypertensive retinas. Exp Eye Res 2019; 186:107738. [PMID: 31325451 PMCID: PMC6703932 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated temporal change of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) reflectance speckle in retinas with ocular hypertensive (OHT) damage and in control retinas from untreated eyes. Experimental OHT damage to rat retinas was induced by laser photocoagulation of the trabecular meshwork. A series of 660 nm reflectance images was collected from isolated retinas at 10-sec intervals. Areas containing speckled texture were selected on nerve fiber bundles. Correlation coefficients between images with different imaging delays were calculated and plotted as a function of delay. To evaluate the temporal change of speckles, decay of correlation coefficients with time was fitted with an exponential function characterized by a time constant τ. Reflectance per unit thickness (σ) of the areas was also measured and low σ was used as a surrogate of OHT damage. Speckle phenomena occurred in the control RNFL and the RNFL with reduced σ. In the control retinas, τ and σ were nearly constant along bundles but differed significantly among bundles in the same retinas. Among the control retinas, σ was similar, whereas τ varied significantly. In the retinas with OHT damage (low σ) τ could be within, greater or lower than the range in controls. The parameters τ and σ provide independent assessment of the RNFL with OHT damage. Measurements of temporal change of RNFL reflectance speckle may offer a method for detecting functional abnormality of the RNFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Run Huang
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Robert W Knighton
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ye Z Spector
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Wei Kong
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jianzhong Qiao
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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17
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Nakagawa A, Sakai O, Tokushige H, Fujishiro T, Aihara M. Development and characterization of a new rat ocular hypertension model induced by intracameral injection of conjunctival fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6593. [PMID: 31036934 PMCID: PMC6488598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a chronic optic neuropathy that leads to visual field loss. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying glaucoma is essential for developing new treatments, such as neuroprotective drugs. Various glaucoma models based on the induction of intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation have been established for use in glaucoma studies. However, the time-dependent pathological changes accompanying IOP elevation have not been fully elucidated. In this study, rat conjunctival fibroblasts were injected into the anterior chamber of rat eyes, and IOP elevation was induced for 28 days. Glaucomatous signs such as optic nerve head cupping, retinal thinning, glial activation and apoptotic signaling in the retina were obvious in the cell-injected eyes on the 14th day after injection. The pattern of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss differed by the magnitude of IOP elevation. The number of RGCs decreased by 37.5% in eyes with IOP lower than 50 mmHg (Under-50) and by 88.0% in those with IOP higher than 50 mmHg (Over-50) 28 days after cell injection. The RGC counts were correlated with IOP in the Under-50 group but not in the Over-50 group. Our model may contribute to the investigation of pathogenic mechanisms of glaucoma and the development of new glaucoma treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Nakagawa
- Central Research Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 6-4-3, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuoku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Osamu Sakai
- Central Research Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 6-4-3, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuoku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hideki Tokushige
- Central Research Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 6-4-3, Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuoku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujishiro
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Makoto Aihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
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18
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Leila S, Yassine M, Souhaib A, Houda A, Ibtissam H, Abdeljalil M. [Iris and iridocorneal angle tumor secondary to bronchial carcinoma]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2018; 41:893-895. [PMID: 30458923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Leila
- Service d'ophtalmologie, CHU Moheamed VI Marrakech, imm Hamza 2 n20 bv pce my abdellah, Marrakech, Maroc.
| | - M Yassine
- Service d'ophtalmologie, CHU Moheamed VI Marrakech, imm Hamza 2 n20 bv pce my abdellah, Marrakech, Maroc
| | - A Souhaib
- Service d'ophtalmologie, CHU Moheamed VI Marrakech, imm Hamza 2 n20 bv pce my abdellah, Marrakech, Maroc
| | - A Houda
- Service d'ophtalmologie, CHU Moheamed VI Marrakech, imm Hamza 2 n20 bv pce my abdellah, Marrakech, Maroc
| | - H Ibtissam
- Service d'ophtalmologie, CHU Moheamed VI Marrakech, imm Hamza 2 n20 bv pce my abdellah, Marrakech, Maroc
| | - M Abdeljalil
- Service d'ophtalmologie, CHU Moheamed VI Marrakech, imm Hamza 2 n20 bv pce my abdellah, Marrakech, Maroc
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19
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Özel D, Erşan MC, Duran Özel B. Estimating Ocular Hypertension and Glaucoma With Optic Nerve Tortuosity on Conventional Orbital Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Can Assoc Radiol J 2018; 69:248-252. [PMID: 30078397 DOI: 10.1016/j.carj.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Özel
- Sağlık Bilimleri University, Okmeydanı Research and Education Hospital, Radiology Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Cemal Erşan
- Sağlık Bilimleri University, Okmeydanı Research and Education Hospital, Eye Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betül Duran Özel
- Sağlık Bilimleri University, Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Research and Education Hospital, Radiology Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey
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20
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Hare W, Ton H, Woldemussie E, Ruiz G, Feldmann B, Wijono M. Electrophysiological and Histological Measures of Retinal Injury in Chronic Ocular Hypertensive Monkeys. Eur J Ophthalmol 2018; 9 Suppl 1:S30-3. [PMID: 10230603 DOI: 10.1177/112067219900901s11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was performed to determine whether components of the standard ERG (electroretinogram), multifocal ERG, and flash VECP (visually-evoked cortical potential) response might provide a sensitive measure of retinal ganglion cell injury in a monkey model for chronic ocular hypertension. METHODS Argon laser treatment of the aqueous outflow tissue was used to induce chronic elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) in the right eye of 18 young adult cynomolgous monkeys. At 15 months post- IOP elevation, standard methods were used to record ERG and VECP responses. Multifocal ERG responses were also recorded at this time. Loss of retinal ganglion cells due to ocular hypertensive injury was determined by histological analysis of all retinas. RESULTS Ocular hypertensive retinal injury was associated with a loss of retinal ganglion cells. There was no histological or electrophysiological evidence for injury to any other retinal cell type. Correlation of electrophysiological response amplitudes with histological measures of retinal ganglion cell loss/survival yielded results which suggest that activity in retinal ganglion cells makes a substantial contribution to components of the 30 Hz flicker ERG, the flash VECP, and both first and second order multifocal ERG responses. Of the electrophysiological measures used in this study, multifocal ERG response amplitude had the greatest sensitivity to retinal ganglion cell loss. CONCLUSIONS Components of the multifocal ERG provide a sensitive measure of ganglion cell injury in a monkey model of chronic ocular hypertension. These same measures may have utility in the clinical diagnosis and management of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hare
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan Inc., Irvine, CA, USA
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21
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Kasetti RB, Maddineni P, Patel PD, Searby C, Sheffield VC, Zode GS. Transforming growth factor β2 (TGFβ2) signaling plays a key role in glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:9854-9868. [PMID: 29743238 PMCID: PMC6016452 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) is a serious adverse effect of glucocorticoid (GC) therapy. Increased extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the trabecular meshwork (TM) is associated with GC-induced IOP elevation. However, the molecular mechanisms by which GCs induce ECM accumulation and ER stress in the TM have not been determined. Here, we show that a potent GC, dexamethasone (Dex), activates transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling, leading to GC-induced ECM accumulation, ER stress, and IOP elevation. Dex increased both the precursor and bioactive forms of TGFβ2 in conditioned medium and activated TGFβ-induced SMAD signaling in primary human TM cells. Dex also activated TGFβ2 in the aqueous humor and TM of a mouse model of Dex-induced ocular hypertension. We further show that Smad3-/- mice are protected from Dex-induced ocular hypertension, ER stress, and ECM accumulation. Moreover, treating WT mice with a selective TGFβ receptor kinase I inhibitor, LY364947, significantly decreased Dex-induced ocular hypertension. Of note, knockdown of the ER stress-induced activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), or C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), completely prevented Dex-induced TGFβ2 activation and ECM accumulation in TM cells. These observations suggested that chronic ER stress promotes Dex-induced ocular hypertension via TGFβ signaling. Our results indicate that TGFβ2 signaling plays a central role in GC-induced ocular hypertension and provides therapeutic targets for GC-induced ocular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh B Kasetti
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107 and
| | - Prabhavathi Maddineni
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107 and
| | - Pinkal D Patel
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107 and
| | - Charles Searby
- the Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Val C Sheffield
- the Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Gulab S Zode
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107 and
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22
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Ali S, Ranney ML, Jarman AF. Transient Orbital Compartment Syndrome Caused by Spontaneous Lamina Papyracea Dehiscence. R I Med J (2013) 2018; 101:30-32. [PMID: 29393309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Orbital compartment syndrome typically occurs due to trauma or burns. Here we discuss a case of spontaneous lamina papyracea dehiscence associated with transient orbital compartment syndrome. A previously healthy woman presented to the Emergency Department complaining of unilateral eye pain after nose blowing. The patient did not have any pupillary or extra-ocular movement abnormalities; however, she did have mildly decreased visual acuity in the affected eye. Intraocular pressure was found to be elevated and a subsequent CT scan showed orbital emphysema with spontaneous dehiscence of the lamina papyracea. The intraocular pressure decreased within hours, and ultimately, she required no intervention. [Full article available at http://rimed.org/rimedicaljournal-2018-02.asp].
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihab Ali
- Resident Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University
| | - Megan L Ranney
- Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University
| | - Angela F Jarman
- Sex and Gender Fellow, Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University
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Abstract
PURPOSE Glaucoma is the second cause of blindness worldwide. It is usually considered a neurodegenerative disease. There is evidence that an autoimmune mechanism is involved in the development of glaucoma in some patients. The aim of this study was to analyze the IgG autoantibody repertoires in sera of glaucoma patients and healthy subjects. METHODS A total of 82 patients were divided into four groups: healthy volunteers without any ocular disorders (CO, n = 30), patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG, n = 19), ocular hypertension (OHT, n = 16), and normal tension glaucoma (NTG, n = 17). All groups were matched for age and gender. The sera of these patients were tested against Western blots of retinal antigens. Immunodetection was done using 4-chloro-1-naphthol staining. The autoantibody patterns were digitized and subsequently analyzed by multivariate statistical techniques. RESULTS All patients showed different, complex staining patterns of autoantibodies against retinal antigens. There was an increase in the number of peaks in sera of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) compared to healthy subjects (CO). Including all peaks the analysis of discriminance revealed a statistically significant difference between the patterns of POAG compared to all other groups (p < 0.01). Sera of normal tension glaucoma (NTG) had no statistically different autoantibody pattern compared to those of control subjects. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrated a difference in the IgG autoantibody patterns of primary open-angle glaucoma patients compared to healthy subjects. However, the patterns were not significantly different in normal tension glaucoma compared to control subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Joachim
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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24
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Patel GC, Liu Y, Millar JC, Clark AF. Glucocorticoid receptor GRβ regulates glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:862. [PMID: 29339763 PMCID: PMC5770444 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged glucocorticoid (GC) therapy can cause GC-induced ocular hypertension (OHT), which if left untreated progresses to iatrogenic glaucoma and permanent vision loss. The alternatively spliced isoform of glucocorticoid receptor GRβ acts as dominant negative regulator of GR activity, and it has been shown that overexpressing GRβ in trabecular meshwork (TM) cells inhibits GC-induced glaucomatous damage in TM cells. The purpose of this study was to use viral vectors to selectively overexpress the GRβ isoform in the TM of mouse eyes treated with GCs, to precisely dissect the role of GRβ in regulating steroid responsiveness. We show that overexpression of GRβ inhibits GC effects on MTM cells in vitro and GC-induced OHT in mouse eyes in vivo. Ad5 mediated GRβ overexpression reduced the GC induction of fibronectin, collagen 1, and myocilin in TM of mouse eyes both in vitro and in vivo. GRβ also reversed DEX-Ac induced IOP elevation, which correlated with increased conventional aqueous humor outflow facility. Thus, GRβ overexpression reduces effects caused by GCs and makes cells more resistant to GC treatment. In conclusion, our current work provides the first evidence of the in vivo physiological role of GRβ in regulating GC-OHT and GC-mediated gene expression in the TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurang C Patel
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, United States
| | - Yang Liu
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, United States
| | - J Cameron Millar
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, United States
| | - Abbot F Clark
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, United States.
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Abstract
Two methods to induce elevation of the intraocular pressure (experimental glaucoma) are described in the present chapter. The first method is based on increasing the post-trabecular resistance to aqueous outflow by cauterizing the episcleral veins (EVC). This method allows the observation of ultrastructural changes in the trabecular meshwork (TM) without interfering with any structure within the eye such as TM, ciliary body, and/or the Retina. The second method is the multiple injection of microbeads into the anterior chamber, as a pre and intra-trabecular method that induce secondary effects on the TM cells. Both methods lead to an increase in IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Vecino
- Experimental Ophathalmo-Biology Group, Department Cell Biology and Histology, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, 48940, Vizcaya, Spain.
| | - Haritz Urcola
- Experimental Ophathalmo-Biology Group, Department Cell Biology and Histology, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, 48940, Vizcaya, Spain
- Ophthalmology Section, Hospital Universitario Araba, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Alejando Bayon
- Department of Veterinary Ophthalmology, Murcia University, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sansar C Sharma
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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Yuan Y, Chen Z, Li L, Li X, Xia Q, Zhang H, Duan Q, Zhao Y. High intraocular pressure produces learning and memory impairments in rats. Brain Res 2017; 1675:78-86. [PMID: 28893580 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Previous MRI studies have revealed that POAG can be associated with alterations in hippocampal function. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate a relationship between chronic high intraocular pressure (IOP) and hippocampal changes in a rat model. We used behavioural tests to assess learning and memory ability, and additionally investigated the hippocampal expression of pathological amyloid beta (Aβ), phospho-tau, and related pathway proteins. Chronic high IOP impaired learning and memory in rats and concurrently increased Aβ and phospho-tau expression in the hippocampus by altering the activation of different kinase (GSK-3β, BACE1) and phosphatase (PP2A) proteins in the hippocampus. This study provides novel evidence for the relationship between high IOP and hippocampal alterations, especially in the context of learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhiqi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qian Xia
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qiming Duan
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yin Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Lin CW, Sherman B, Moore LA, Laethem CL, Lu DW, Pattabiraman PP, Rao PV, deLong MA, Kopczynski CC. Discovery and Preclinical Development of Netarsudil, a Novel Ocular Hypotensive Agent for the Treatment of Glaucoma. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 34:40-51. [PMID: 28609185 PMCID: PMC5963640 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2017.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitors lower intraocular pressure (IOP) by increasing aqueous outflow through the trabecular meshwork (TM). The preclinical characterization of netarsudil, a new ROCK/norepinephrine transporter (NET) inhibitor currently in clinical development, is presented herein. METHODS The kinase inhibitory activity of netarsudil was compared to its esterase metabolite, netarsudil-M1, and 3 other ROCK inhibitors using a commercially available kinase assay kit. Disruption of actin stress fibers was measured in primary porcine TM cells and disruption of focal adhesions in transformed human TM (HTM) cells. Induction of fibrosis markers after exposure to transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) was conducted in primary HTM cells. Ocular hypotensive activity and tolerability of topical formulations were evaluated in normotensive Dutch Belted rabbits and Formosan Rock monkeys. In vitro corneal metabolism assays were conducted using dog, pig, rabbit, monkey, and human corneas. In vivo ocular pharmacokinetics was studied in Dutch Belted rabbits. RESULTS Netarsudil inhibited kinases ROCK1 and ROCK2 with a Ki of 1 nM each, disrupted actin stress fibers and focal adhesions in TM cells with IC50s of 79 and 16 nM, respectively, and blocked the profibrotic effects of TGF-β2 in HTM cells. Netarsudil produced large reductions in IOP in rabbits and monkeys that were sustained for at least 24 h after once daily dosing, with transient, mild hyperemia observed as the only adverse effect. CONCLUSION Netarsudil is a novel ROCK/NET inhibitor with high potency in biochemical and cell-based assays, an ability to produce large and durable IOP reductions in animal models, and favorable pharmacokinetic and ocular tolerability profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Da-Wen Lu
- National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Ponugoti Vasantha Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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Li G, Cui G, Dismuke WM, Navarro I, Perkumas K, Woodward DF, Stamer WD. Differential response and withdrawal profile of glucocorticoid-treated human trabecular meshwork cells. Exp Eye Res 2016; 155:38-46. [PMID: 27939447 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the study was to examine secreted protein response and withdrawal profiles from cultured human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells following short- and long-term glucocorticoid treatment. Primary cultures of five human HTM cell strains isolated from 5 different individual donor eyes were tested. Confluent HTM cells were differentiated in culture media containing 1% FBS for at least one week, and then treated with Dexamethasone (Dex, 100 nM) 3 times/week for 1 or 4 weeks. Cell culture supernatants were collected 3 times per week for 8 weeks. Secretion profiles of myocilin (MYOC), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) and fibronectin (FN) were determined by Western blot analysis and MMP2 activity by zymography. Dex treatment reduced MMP2 expression and activity, returning to normal levels shortly after Dex withdrawal in 5 HTM cell strains. All five cell strains significantly upregulated MYOC in response to Dex treatment by an average of 17-fold, but recovery to basal levels after Dex withdrawal took vastly different periods of time depending on cell strain and treatment duration. Dex treatment significantly increased FN secretion in all strains but one, which decreased FN secretion in the presence of Dex. Interestingly, secretion of FN and MYOC negatively correlated during a 4 week recovery period following 4 weeks of Dex treatment. Taken together, the time course and magnitude of response and recovery for three different secreted, extracellular matrix-associated proteins varied greatly between HTM cell strains, which may underlie susceptibility to glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Gang Cui
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, United States
| | - W Michael Dismuke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Iris Navarro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kristin Perkumas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
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29
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Tehrani S, Davis L, Cepurna WO, Choe TE, Lozano DC, Monfared A, Cooper L, Cheng J, Johnson EC, Morrison JC. Astrocyte Structural and Molecular Response to Elevated Intraocular Pressure Occurs Rapidly and Precedes Axonal Tubulin Rearrangement within the Optic Nerve Head in a Rat Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167364. [PMID: 27893827 PMCID: PMC5125687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucomatous axon injury occurs at the level of the optic nerve head (ONH) in response to uncontrolled intraocular pressure (IOP). The temporal response of ONH astrocytes (glial cells responsible for axonal support) to elevated IOP remains unknown. Here, we evaluate the response of actin-based astrocyte extensions and integrin-based signaling within the ONH to 8 hours of IOP elevation in a rat model. IOP elevation of 60 mm Hg was achieved under isoflurane anesthesia using anterior chamber cannulation connected to a saline reservoir. ONH astrocytic extension orientation was significantly and regionally rearranged immediately after IOP elevation (inferior ONH, 43.2° ± 13.3° with respect to the anterior-posterior axis versus 84.1° ± 1.3° in controls, p<0.05), and re-orientated back to baseline orientation 1 day post IOP normalization. ONH axonal microtubule filament label intensity was significantly reduced 1 and 3 days post IOP normalization, and returned to control levels on day 5. Phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) levels steadily decreased after IOP normalization, while levels of phosphorylated paxillin (a downstream target of FAK involved in focal adhesion dynamics) were significantly elevated 5 days post IOP normalization. The levels of phosphorylated cortactin (a downstream target of Src kinase involved in actin polymerization) were significantly elevated 1 and 3 days post IOP normalization and returned to control levels by day 5. No significant axon degeneration was noted by morphologic assessment up to 5 days post IOP normalization. Actin-based astrocyte structure and signaling within the ONH are significantly altered within hours after IOP elevation and prior to axonal cytoskeletal rearrangement, producing some responses that recover rapidly and others that persist for days despite IOP normalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shandiz Tehrani
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lauren Davis
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - William O. Cepurna
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Tiffany E. Choe
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Diana C. Lozano
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ashley Monfared
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Lauren Cooper
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Joshua Cheng
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Elaine C. Johnson
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - John C. Morrison
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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Owidzka M, Laudanska-Olszewska I, Omulecki W. Contrast sensitivity assessment in primary open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Klin Oczna 2016; 118:7-10. [PMID: 29715400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Contrast sensitivity assessment is an important additional examination, which enables the full insight into the patient's quality of vision, and early diagnosis of visual disturbances. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty six patients (92 eyes) with primary open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension were enrolled in the study. The enrolment criteria were full or almost full visual acuity and the patients with visual field defects or any other ocular disease were excluded. Contrast sensitivity was assessed both under photopic and mesopic conditions (with and without glare) using the Functional Vision Analyzer separately for each eye. Furthermore, the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness was measured using scanning laser polarimetry (GDx). RESULTS Contrast sensitivity was significantly reduced under both mesopic and photopic conditions in patients with primary open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of contrast sensitivity is a valuable diagnostic test, which enables the assessment of visual dysfunction in patients with primary open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension persisting despite good visual acuity.
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31
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Peterson JR, Blieden LS, Chuang AZ, Baker LA, Rigi M, Feldman RM, Bell NP. Establishing Age-Adjusted Reference Ranges for Iris-Related Parameters in Open Angle Eyes with Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147760. [PMID: 26815917 PMCID: PMC4731393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Define criteria for iris-related parameters in an adult open angle population as measured with swept source Fourier domain anterior segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT). Methods Ninety-eight eyes of 98 participants with open angles were included and stratified into 5 age groups (18–35, 36–45, 46–55, 56–65, and 66–79 years). ASOCT scans with 3D mode angle analysis were taken with the CASIA SS-1000 (Tomey Corporation, Nagoya, Japan) and analyzed using the Anterior Chamber Analysis and Interpretation software. Anterior iris surface length (AISL), length of scleral spur landmark (SSL) to pupillary margin (SSL-to-PM), iris contour ratio (ICR = AISL/SSL-to-PM), pupil radius, radius of iris centroid (RICe), and iris volume were measured. Outcome variables were summarized for all eyes and age groups, and mean values among age groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance. Stepwise regression analysis was used to investigate demographic and ocular characteristic factors that affected each iris-related parameter. Results Mean (±SD) values were 2.24 mm (±0.46), 4.06 mm (±0.27), 3.65 mm (±0.48), 4.16 mm (±0.47), 1.14 (±0.04), 1.51 mm2 (±0.23), and 38.42 μL (±4.91) for pupillary radius, RICe, SSL-to-PM, AISL, ICR, iris cross-sectional area, and iris volume, respectively. Both pupillary radius (P = 0.002) and RICe (P = 0.027) decreased with age, while SSL-to-PM (P = 0.002) and AISL increased with age (P = 0.001). ICR (P = 0.54) and iris volume (P = 0.49) were not affected by age. Conclusion This study establishes reference values for iris-related parameters in an adult open angle population, which will be useful for future studies examining the role of iris changes in pathologic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R. Peterson
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Robert Cizik Eye Clinic, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lauren S. Blieden
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Robert Cizik Eye Clinic, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alice Z. Chuang
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Laura A. Baker
- Robert Cizik Eye Clinic, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mohammed Rigi
- Robert Cizik Eye Clinic, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Feldman
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Robert Cizik Eye Clinic, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nicholas P. Bell
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Robert Cizik Eye Clinic, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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de Gracia P, Gallego BI, Rojas B, Ramírez AI, de Hoz R, Salazar JJ, Triviño A, Ramírez JM. Automatic Counting of Microglial Cells in Healthy and Glaucomatous Mouse Retinas. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143278. [PMID: 26580208 PMCID: PMC4651327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferation of microglial cells has been considered a sign of glial activation and a hallmark of ongoing neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia activation is analyzed in animal models of different eye diseases. Numerous retinal samples are required for each of these studies to obtain relevant data of statistical significance. Because manual quantification of microglial cells is time consuming, the aim of this study was develop an algorithm for automatic identification of retinal microglia. Two groups of adult male Swiss mice were used: age-matched controls (naïve, n = 6) and mice subjected to unilateral laser-induced ocular hypertension (lasered; n = 9). In the latter group, both hypertensive eyes and contralateral untreated retinas were analyzed. Retinal whole mounts were immunostained with anti Iba-1 for detecting microglial cell populations. A new algorithm was developed in MATLAB for microglial quantification; it enabled the quantification of microglial cells in the inner and outer plexiform layers and evaluates the area of the retina occupied by Iba-1+ microglia in the nerve fiber-ganglion cell layer. The automatic method was applied to a set of 6,000 images. To validate the algorithm, mouse retinas were evaluated both manually and computationally; the program correctly assessed the number of cells (Pearson correlation R = 0.94 and R = 0.98 for the inner and outer plexiform layers respectively). Statistically significant differences in glial cell number were found between naïve, lasered eyes and contralateral eyes (P<0.05, naïve versus contralateral eyes; P<0.001, naïve versus lasered eyes and contralateral versus lasered eyes). The algorithm developed is a reliable and fast tool that can evaluate the number of microglial cells in naïve mouse retinas and in retinas exhibiting proliferation. The implementation of this new automatic method can enable faster quantification of microglial cells in retinal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo de Gracia
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Beatriz I. Gallego
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Rojas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Salazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Triviño
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Dekeyster E, Geeraerts E, Buyens T, Van den Haute C, Baekelandt V, De Groef L, Salinas-Navarro M, Moons L. Tackling Glaucoma from within the Brain: An Unfortunate Interplay of BDNF and TrkB. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142067. [PMID: 26560713 PMCID: PMC4641732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the neurotrophin deprivation hypothesis, diminished retrograde delivery of neurotrophic support during an early stage of glaucoma pathogenesis is one of the main triggers that induce retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration. Therefore, interfering with neurotrophic signaling seems an attractive strategy to achieve neuroprotection. Indeed, exogenous neurotrophin administration to the eye has been shown to reduce loss of RGCs in animal models of glaucoma; however, the neuroprotective effect was mostly insufficient for sustained RGC survival. We hypothesized that treatment at the level of neurotrophin-releasing brain areas might be beneficial, as signaling pathways activated by target-derived neurotrophins are suggested to differ from pathways that are initiated at the soma membrane. In our study, first, the spatiotemporal course of RGC degeneration was characterized in mice subjected to optic nerve crush (ONC) or laser induced ocular hypertension (OHT). Subsequently, the well-known neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was chosen as the lead molecule, and the levels of BDNF and its high-affinity receptor, tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), were examined in the mouse retina and superior colliculus (SC) upon ONC and OHT. Both models differentially influenced BDNF and TrkB levels. Next, we aimed for RGC protection through viral vector-mediated upregulation of collicular BDNF, thought to boost the retrograde neurotrophin delivery. Although the previously reported temporary neuroprotective effect of intravitreally delivered recombinant BDNF was confirmed, viral vector-induced BDNF overexpression in the SC did not result in protection of the RGCs in the glaucoma models used. These findings most likely relate to decreased neurotrophin responsiveness upon vector-mediated BDNF overexpression. Our results highlight important insights concerning the complexity of neurotrophic factor treatments that should surely be considered in future neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Dekeyster
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emiel Geeraerts
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Buyens
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Van den Haute
- Neurobiology and Gene Therapy Research Group, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Viral Vector Core, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Neurobiology and Gene Therapy Research Group, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies De Groef
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manuel Salinas-Navarro
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Parameswaran S, Dravid SM, Teotia P, Krishnamoorthy RR, Qiu F, Toris C, Morrison J, Ahmad I. Continuous non-cell autonomous reprogramming to generate retinal ganglion cells for glaucomatous neuropathy. Stem Cells 2015; 33:1743-58. [PMID: 25753398 PMCID: PMC4524556 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma, where the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) carrying the visual signals from the retina to the visual centers in the brain are progressively lost, is the most common cause of irreversible blindness. The management approaches, whether surgical, pharmacological, or neuroprotective do not reverse the degenerative changes. The stem cell approach to replace dead RGCs is a viable option but currently faces several barriers, such as the lack of a renewable, safe, and ethical source of RGCs that are functional and could establish contacts with bona fide targets. To address these barriers, we have derived RGCs from the easily accessible adult limbal cells, reprogrammed to pluripotency by a non-nucleic acid approach, thus circumventing the risk of insertional mutagenesis. The generation of RGCs from the induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, also accomplished non-cell autonomously, recapitulated the developmental mechanism, ensuring the predictability and stability of the acquired phenotype, comparable to that of native RGCs at biochemical, molecular, and functional levels. More importantly, the induced RGCs expressed axonal guidance molecules and demonstrated the potential to establish contacts with specific targets. Furthermore, when transplanted in the rat model of ocular hypertension, these cells incorporated into the host RGC layer and expressed RGC-specific markers. Transplantation of these cells in immune-deficient mice did not produce tumors. Together, our results posit retinal progenitors generated from non-nucleic acid-derived iPS cells as a safe and robust source of RGCs for replacing dead RGCs in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Parameswaran
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | | | - Pooja Teotia
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | | | - Fang Qiu
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Carol Toris
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - John Morrison
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
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Valiente-Soriano FJ, Salinas-Navarro M, Jiménez-López M, Alarcón-Martínez L, Ortín-Martínez A, Bernal-Garro JM, Avilés-Trigueros M, Agudo-Barriuso M, Villegas-Pérez MP, Vidal-Sanz M. Effects of ocular hypertension in the visual system of pigmented mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121134. [PMID: 25811653 PMCID: PMC4374934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the effects of ocular hypertension (OHT) on the visual system of C57BL/6 pigmented mice, the limbal and episcleral veins of the left eye were laser photocoagulated (LP). LP increased the intraocular pressure during the first five days (d), reaching basal values at 7d. To investigate the effect of OHT on the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) retrograde axonal transport, hydroxistilbamidine methanesulfonate (OHSt) was applied to both superior colliculi (SCi) and the retinas were dissected 2 or 4 weeks after LP. To determine RGC survival, these same retinas were immunoreacted against Brn3a (general RGC population) and melanopsin (intrinsically photosensitive RGCs, m+RGCs). To study whether OHT affected non-RGC neurons in the ganglion cell layer (GCL), RGCs were immunodetected with Brn3a and all GCL nuclei counterstained with DAPI in a group of animals examined 4 weeks post-LP. Innervation of the SCi was examined at 10 days, 8 or 14 weeks after LP with the orthogradely transported cholera toxin subunit-B. OHT resulted in diffuse and sectorial loss of OHSt+RGCs (50% at 2 weeks and 62% at 4 weeks) and in a comparable loss of Brn3a+RGCs at the same time intervals. m+RGCs decreased to 59% at 2 weeks and to 46% at 4 weeks, such loss was diffuse, did not parallel the sectorial loss of the general RGC population and was more severe in the superior-temporal retina. In the GCL, cell loss is selective for RGCs and does not affect other non-RGC neurons. The retinotectal innervation appeared significantly reduced at 10 days (55.7%) and did not progress further up to 14 weeks (46.6%). Thus, LP-induced OHT results in retrograde degeneration of RGCs and m+RGCs, as well as in the loss of CTB-labelled retinotectal terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Salinas-Navarro
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Jiménez-López
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis Alarcón-Martínez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Arturo Ortín-Martínez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José M. Bernal-Garro
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marcelino Avilés-Trigueros
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María P. Villegas-Pérez
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia. 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca) 30.100 Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Thomson BR, Heinen S, Jeansson M, Ghosh AK, Fatima A, Sung HK, Onay T, Chen H, Yamaguchi S, Economides AN, Flenniken A, Gale NW, Hong YK, Fawzi A, Liu X, Kume T, Quaggin SE. A lymphatic defect causes ocular hypertension and glaucoma in mice. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4320-4. [PMID: 25202984 DOI: 10.1172/jci77162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness, afflicting more than 60 million people worldwide. Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) due to impaired aqueous humor drainage is a major risk factor for the development of glaucoma. Here, we demonstrated that genetic disruption of the angiopoietin/TIE2 (ANGPT/TIE2) signaling pathway results in high IOP, buphthalmos, and classic features of glaucoma, including retinal ganglion degeneration and vision loss. Eyes from mice with induced deletion of Angpt1 and Angpt2 (A1A2Flox(WB) mice) lacked drainage pathways in the corneal limbus, including Schlemm's canal and lymphatic capillaries, which share expression of the PROX1, VEGFR3, and FOXC family of transcription factors. VEGFR3 and FOXCs have been linked to lymphatic disorders in patients, and FOXC1 has been linked to glaucoma. In contrast to blood endothelium, in which ANGPT2 is an antagonist of ANGPT1, we have shown that both ligands cooperate to regulate TIE2 in the lymphatic network of the eye. While A1A2Flox(WB) mice developed high IOP and glaucoma, expression of ANGPT1 or ANGPT2 alone was sufficient for ocular drainage. Furthermore, we demonstrated that loss of FOXC2 from lymphatics results in TIE2 downregulation, suggesting a mechanism for ocular defects in patients with FOXC mutations. These data reveal a pathogenetic and molecular basis for glaucoma and demonstrate the importance of angiopoietin ligand cooperation in the lymphatic endothelium.
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Lv B, Wang R, Gao X, Dong X, Ji X. Effect of vascular endothelial growth factor on retinal ganglion cells of rats with chronic intraocular hypertension. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2014; 7:5717-5724. [PMID: 25337213 PMCID: PMC4203184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on the expression of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in retina and the protective effect of VEGF on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of rats with chronic elevated intraocular pressure (EIOP) and it's potential mechanism. METHODS 30 females Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: EIOP + VEGF group (A), EIOP + vehicle group (B) and sham operated + VEGF group (C). The EIOP was introduced by obstructing episcleral veins in Group A and Group B. In the Group C, only the bulber conjunctiva was opened without obstructing episcleral veins. Immediately after surgery, rats in the Group A and Group C were intravitreously injected with 2 μL of VEGF. In the Group B, rats were intravitreously treated with 2 μL of normal saline. At 3 and 14 days after injection, animals were sacrificed and the eyes were collected for preparation of frozen sections. RESULTS After surgery, the IOP increased significantly in the Group A and Group B. There was no significant difference in the IOP at day 3 and day 14 after operation. The PEDF expression in the Group A and Group B was higher than that in the Group C. TUNEL staining showed the apoptotic RGCs markedly reduced after VEGF treatment when compared with rats without treatment. CONCLUSION Intravitreal treatment with VEGF may reduce the apoptosis of RGCs in rats with chronic intraocular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjian Lv
- 474 Hospital of PLA Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830013, China
| | - Ruifu Wang
- 474 Hospital of PLA Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830013, China
| | - Xiaowei Gao
- 474 Hospital of PLA Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830013, China
| | - Xiaoyun Dong
- 474 Hospital of PLA Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830013, China
| | - Xiuxiang Ji
- 474 Hospital of PLA Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830013, China
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Danielewska ME, Krzyżanowska-Berkowska P, Iskander DR. Glaucomatous and age-related changes in corneal pulsation shape. The ocular dicrotism. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102814. [PMID: 25032962 PMCID: PMC4102586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To ascertain whether the incidence of ocular dicrotic pulse (ODP) increases with age, it is more pronounced in glaucomatous than in normal eyes and whether it is related to cardiovascular activity. METHODS 261 subjects aged 47 to 78 years were included in the study and classified into four groups: primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), glaucoma suspects with glaucomatous optic disc appearance (GODA) and the controls (CG). Additionally, in each group, subjects with ODP were divided into two age subgroups around the median age. A non-contact ultrasonic method was used to measure corneal indentation pulse (CIP) synchronically with the acquisition of electrocardiography (ECG) and blood pulse signals. ODP was assessed from the acquired signals that were numerically processed in a custom written program. RESULTS ODP incidence was about 78%, 66%, 66% and 84% for CG, GODA, POAG, and PACG group, respectively. With advancing age, the ODP incidence increased for all subjects (Δ = 12%), the highest being for the PACG and POAG groups (Δ = 30%). GODA group did not show an age-related increase in the incidence of ODP. CONCLUSIONS The ocular dicrotism, measured with non-contact ultrasonic method, was found to be a common phenomenon in elderly subjects. The increased ODP incidence in PACG and POAG group may correspond to either higher stiffness of glaucoma eyes, biochemical abnormalities in eye tissues, changes in ocular hemodynamics, may reflect the effect of medications or be a combination of all those factors. The results of GODA group suggest different mechanisms governing their ocular pulse that makes them less susceptible to generating ODP and having decreased predisposition to glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika E. Danielewska
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Instrumentation, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - D. Robert Iskander
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Instrumentation, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
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Jonas JB, Wang N, Wang YX, You QS, Yang D, Xu L. Ocular hypertension: general characteristics and estimated cerebrospinal fluid pressure. The Beijing Eye Study 2011. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100533. [PMID: 24988292 PMCID: PMC4079553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine characteristics of ocular hypertensive subjects and potential associations with estimated cerebrospinal fluid pressure (estCSFP). Methods The population-based Beijing Eye Study 2011 included 3468 individuals with a mean age of 64.6±9.8 years. Ocular hypertension was defined as intraocular pressure (IOP) >21 mmHg, normal optic nerve head appearance and normal retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. IOP was corrected for its dependence on central corneal thickness (CCT) and corneal curvature radius. Estimated CSFP was calculated as CSFP [mmHg] = 0.44×Body Mass Index [kg/m2]+0.16×Diastolic Blood Pressure [mmHg]−0.18×Age [Years]−1.91. Estimated trans-lamina cribrosa pressure difference (estTLCPD) was IOP–estCSFP. Results EstCSFP (10.5±3.6 mmHg versus 9.0±3.7 mmHg; P = 0.003) and estTLCPD (12.0±4.4 mmHg versus 5.4±3.8 mmHg; P<0.001) were higher in the ocular hypertensive group than in the normotensive group. In binary regression analysis, ocular hypertension was associated with increased estCSFP (P = 0.03; odds ratio (OR): 1.08; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01, 1.17) after adjusting for prevalence of arterial hypertension (P = 0.07; OR: 1.79; 95%CI: 0.96, 3.34), retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (P = 0.03; OR: 0.97; 95%CI: 0.95, 0.997) and blood glucose concentration (P = 0.006; OR: 1.17; 95%CI: 1.04, 1.30). Conclusions Ocular hypertensive subjects (with IOP correction for CCT and corneal curvature) as compared to ocular normotensive subjects had a significantly higher estCSFP in univariate analysis and in multivariate analysis. Despite of a higher estCSFP, estTLCPD was still markedly higher in ocular hypertensive eyes than in ocular normotensive eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jost B. Jonas
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Xing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Sheng You
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing, China
| | - Diya Yang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Rocha-Sousa A, Pereira-Silva P, Tavares-Silva M, Azevedo-Pinto S, Rodrigues-Araújo J, Pinho S, Avelino A, Falcão-Reis F, Leite-Moreira A. Identification of the ghrelin-GHSR 1 system and its influence in the modulation of induced ocular hypertension in rabbit and rat eyes. Peptides 2014; 57:59-66. [PMID: 24780389 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies evidenced a decrease in ghrelin's aqueous humor levels in patients with glaucoma. The goal of our investigation was to study the effect of the ghrelin-GHSR-1a system in the modulation of intraocular pressure in acute ocular hypertension models and its expression and distribution in ocular tissues. Two animal models of acute ocular hypertension were used to study the effect of the ghrelin-GHSR-1a system in the modulation of intraocular pressure: the rabbit and the rat. Ocular hypertension was induced by an intravitreal injection of 20% NaCl. Ghrelin or des-acyl ghrelin were delivered subconjunctivally and the intraocular pressure was assessed by a rebound tonometer that was calibrated for each species. In addition, we have studied the influence of nitric oxide and prostaglandins on ghrelin's effect in the rabbit animal model. Finally, we determined by immunofluorescence the expression of ghrelin and GHSR-1 in the rat's ocular tissue. Ghrelin decreased the intraocular pressure in both animal models (maximum decrease: 43.8±12.0% in the rabbit and 29.0±7.46% in the rat). In the rabbit, this effect was blunted in the presence of l-NAME and ketorolac. Des-acyl ghrelin only decreased the intraocular pressure in the rat (maximum decrease: 34.9±8.15%). Ghrelin expression was detected in the ciliary processes and GHSR-1 expression was detected in the trabecular meshwork and ciliary body. The ghrelin-GHSR-1 system is expressed in the anterior segment of the eye. Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin are responsible for a hypotensive effect in acute ocular hypertension animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rocha-Sousa
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Ophthalmology, São João Hospital, Porto, Portugal.
| | - P Pereira-Silva
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Tavares-Silva
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - S Azevedo-Pinto
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - S Pinho
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Avelino
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - F Falcão-Reis
- Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Ophthalmology, São João Hospital, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Leite-Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness. Injury of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) accounts for visual impairment of glaucoma. Here, we report rapamycin protects RGCs from death in experimental glaucoma model and the underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that treatment with rapamycin dramatically promote RGCs survival in a rat chronic ocular hypertension model. This protective action appears to be attributable to inhibition of neurotoxic mediators release and/or direct suppression of RGC apoptosis. In support of this mechanism, in vitro, rapamycin significantly inhibits the production of NO, TNF-α in BV2 microglials by modulating NF-κB signaling. In experimental animals, treatment with rapamycin also dramatically inhibited the activation of microglials. In primary RGCs, rapamycin was capable of direct suppression the apoptosis of primary RGCs induced by glutamate. Mechanistically, rapamycin-mediated suppression of RGCs apoptosis is by sparing phosphorylation of Akt at a site critical for maintenance of its survival-promoting activity in cell and animal model. These results demonstrate that rapamycin is neuroprotective in experimental glaucoma, possibly via decreasing neurotoxic releasing and suppressing directly apoptosis of RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenru Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuohong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yehong Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Janićijević-Petrović MA, Šarenac-Vulović TS, Janićijević KM, Vulović DA, Andrijana PB, Vujić DI. Evaluation of central corneal thickness in patients with ocular hypertension and primary open-angle glaucoma. Med Glas (Zenica) 2014; 11:115-119. [PMID: 24496351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine correlation between central corneal thickness (CCT) and applanation intraocular pressure (IOP) in normal patients with primary open angle glaucoma and patients with ocular hypertension. METHODS Two-year retrospective study designed to determine correlation between CCT and IOP. Records of 121 patients were included in the study. Inclusion criteria were: IOP higher than 22 mm Hg for a group with ocular hypertension but without functional, morphological damage and progression, diagnosis of glaucoma for a group with open-angle glaucoma and normal ophthalmological results for a control group. Patients who were mono-oculus, patients with secondary glaucoma and who had surgical treatment were excluded. The patients were selectively grouped according to types of glaucoma, by gender and age. The IOP values were measured by Goldman's applanation tonometer, CCT values were determined using ultrasonic pachymeter, in the period from January 2011 to December 2012. RESULTS Of total 121 subjects, 51 had primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), 40 had ocular hypertension (OHT) and 30 had normal ophthalmological findings (control group). The CCT values in OHT group 529.37+/-25.18 μm were greater than of both POAG, 501.02+/-14.04 μm and control group, 497.37+/-14.90 μm. The IOP values in OHT group were 20.25+/- 3.62 mm Hg, and in POAG group were 18.25+/-2.70 mm Hg, while in the control group they were 13.53+/- 3.62 mm Hg. CONCLUSION Determination of CCT in patients with glaucoma is crucial, considering its impact on IOP values, which represents a parameter in glaucoma diagnosis, as well as monitoring further progress of ocular hypertension and patients diagnosed with glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana A Janićijević-Petrović
- 1Clinic of Ophthalmology, Clinical Centre in Kragujevac, 2Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, ³State University of Novi Pazar; Serbia
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43
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de Hoz R, Gallego BI, Ramírez AI, Rojas B, Salazar JJ, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Avilés-Trigueros M, Villegas-Perez MP, Vidal-Sanz M, Triviño A, Ramírez JM. Rod-like microglia are restricted to eyes with laser-induced ocular hypertension but absent from the microglial changes in the contralateral untreated eye. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83733. [PMID: 24367610 PMCID: PMC3867486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mouse model of unilateral laser-induced ocular hypertension (OHT) the microglia in both the treated and the normotensive untreated contralateral eye have morphological signs of activation and up-regulation of MHC-II expression in comparison with naïve. In the brain, rod-like microglia align to less-injured neurons in an effort to limit damage. We investigate whether: i) microglial activation is secondary to laser injury or to a higher IOP and; ii) the presence of rod-like microglia is related to OHT. Three groups of mice were used: age-matched control (naïve, n=15); and two lasered: limbal (OHT, n=15); and non-draining portion of the sclera (scleral, n=3). In the lasered animals, treated eyes as well as contralateral eyes were analysed. Retinal whole-mounts were immunostained with antibodies against, Iba-1, NF-200, MHC-II, CD86, CD68 and Ym1. In the scleral group (normal ocular pressure) no microglial signs of activation were found. Similarly to naïve eyes, OHT-eyes and their contralateral eyes had ramified microglia in the nerve-fibre layer related to the blood vessel. However, only eyes with OHT had rod-like microglia that aligned end-to-end, coupling to form trains of multiple cells running parallel to axons in the retinal surface. Rod-like microglia were CD68+ and were related to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) showing signs of degeneration (NF-200+RGCs). Although MHC-II expression was up-regulated in the microglia of the NFL both in OHT-eyes and their contralateral eyes, no expression of CD86 and Ym1 was detected in ramified or in rod-like microglia. After 15 days of unilateral lasering of the limbal and the non-draining portion of the sclera, activated microglia was restricted to OHT-eyes and their contralateral eyes. However, rod-like microglia were restricted to eyes with OHT and degenerated NF-200+RGCs and were absent from their contralateral eyes. Thus, rod-like microglia seem be related to the neurodegeneration associated with HTO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa de Hoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz I. Gallego
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Rojas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Salazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Murcia University, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Triviño
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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44
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Bui BV, Batcha AH, Fletcher E, Wong VHY, Fortune B. Relationship between the magnitude of intraocular pressure during an episode of acute elevation and retinal damage four weeks later in rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70513. [PMID: 23922999 PMCID: PMC3726657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine relationship between the magnitude of intraocular pressure (IOP) during a fixed-duration episode of acute elevation and the loss of retinal function and structure 4 weeks later in rats. Methods Unilateral elevation of IOP (105 minutes) was achieved manometrically in adult Brown Norway rats (9 groups; n = 4 to 8 each, 10–100 mm Hg and sham control). Full-field ERGs were recorded simultaneously from treated and control eyes 4 weeks after IOP elevation. Scotopic ERG stimuli were white flashes (−6.04 to 2.72 log cd.s.m−2). Photopic ERGs were recorded (1.22 to 2.72 log cd.s.m−2) after 15 min of light adaptation (150 cd/m2). Relative amplitude (treated/control, %) of ERG components versus IOP was described with a cummulative normal function. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer density was determined post mortem by histology. Results All ERG components failed to recover completely normal amplitudes by 4 weeks after the insult if IOP was 70 mmHg or greater during the episode. There was no ERG recovery at all if IOP was 100 mmHg. Outer retinal (photoreceptor) function demonstrated the least sensitivity to prior acute IOP elevation. ERG components reflecting inner retinal function were correlated with post mortem RGC layer density. Conclusions Retinal function recovers after IOP normalization, such that it requires a level of acute IOP elevation approximately 10 mmHg higher to cause a pattern of permanent dysfunction similar to that observed during the acute event. There is a ‘threshold’ for permanent retinal functional loss in the rat at an IOP between 60 and 70 mmHg if sustained for 105 minutes or more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang V Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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45
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Abstract
This study aimed to modify a chronic ocular hypertension (OHT) rat model to screen for potential compounds to protect retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from responding to increased intraocular pressure (IOP). A total of 266 rats were prepared and randomly grouped according to different time-points, namely, weeks 3, 8, 16, and 24. Rats were sedated and eye examination was performed to score as the corneal damage on a scale of 1 to 4. The OHT rat model was created via the injection of a hypertonic saline solution into the episcleral veins once weekly for two weeks. OHT was identified when the IOP at week 0 was [Symbol: see text] 6 mmHg than that at week -2 for the same eye. Viable RGCs were labeled by injecting 4% FluoroGold. Rats were sacrificed, and the eyes were enucleated and fixed. The fixed retinas were dissected to prepare flat whole-mounts. The viable RGCs were visualized and imaged. The IOP (mean ± SD) was calculated, and data were analyzed by the paired t-test and one-way ANOVA. The OHT model was created in 234 of 266 rats (87.97%), whereas 32 rats (12.03%) were removed from the study because of the absence of IOP elevation (11.28%) and/or corneal damage scores over 4 (0.75%). IOP was elevated by as much as 81.35% for 24 weeks. The average IOP was (16.68 ± 0.98) mmHg in non-OHT eyes (n = 234), but was (27.95 ± 0.97) mmHg in OHTeyes (n = 234). Viable RGCs in the OHT eyes were significantly decreased in a time-dependent manner by 29.41%, 38.24%, 55.32%, and 59.30% at weeks 3, 8, 16, and 24, respectively, as compared to viable RGCs in the non-OHT eyes (P < 0.05). The OHT model was successfully created in 88% of the rats. The IOP in the OHT eyes was elevated by approximately 81% for 24 weeks. The number of viable RGCs was decreased by 59% of the rats in a time-dependent manner. The modified OHT model may provide an effective and reliable method for screening drugs to protect RGCs from glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Zhong
- Ocular Science Department, Toxikon Corporation, Bedford, MA 01730, USA.
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46
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Abstract
The algorithm proposed in this paper allows to automatically segment the optic disc from a fundus image. The goal is to facilitate the early detection of certain pathologies and to fully automate the process so as to avoid specialist intervention. The method proposed for the extraction of the optic disc contour is mainly based on mathematical morphology along with principal component analysis (PCA). It makes use of different operations such as generalized distance function (GDF), a variant of the watershed transformation, the stochastic watershed, and geodesic transformations. The input of the segmentation method is obtained through PCA. The purpose of using PCA is to achieve the grey-scale image that better represents the original RGB image. The implemented algorithm has been validated on five public databases obtaining promising results. The average values obtained (a Jaccard's and Dice's coefficients of 0.8200 and 0.8932, respectively, an accuracy of 0.9947, and a true positive and false positive fractions of 0.9275 and 0.0036) demonstrate that this method is a robust tool for the automatic segmentation of the optic disc. Moreover, it is fairly reliable since it works properly on databases with a large degree of variability and improves the results of other state-of-the-art methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Morales
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación en Bioingeniería y Tecnología Orientada al Ser Humano, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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Mi XS, Feng Q, Lo ACY, Chang RCC, Lin B, Chung SK, So KF. Protection of retinal ganglion cells and retinal vasculature by Lycium barbarum polysaccharides in a mouse model of acute ocular hypertension. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45469. [PMID: 23094016 PMCID: PMC3477168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute ocular hypertension (AOH) is a condition found in acute glaucoma. The purpose of this study is to investigate the protective effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) and its protective mechanisms in the AOH insult. LBP has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective effect in the chronic ocular hypertension (COH) experiments. AOH mouse model was induced in unilateral eye for one hour by introducing 90 mmHg ocular pressure. The animal was fed with LBP solution (1 mg/kg) or vehicle daily from 7 days before the AOH insult till sacrifice at either day 4 or day 7 post insult. The neuroprotective effects of LBP on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and blood-retinal-barrier (BRB) were evaluated. In control AOH retina, loss of RGCs, thinning of IRL thickness, increased IgG leakage, broken tight junctions, and decreased density of retinal blood vessels were observed. However, in LBP-treated AOH retina, there was less loss of RGCs with thinning of IRL thickness, IgG leakage, more continued structure of tight junctions associated with higher level of occludin protein and the recovery of the blood vessel density when compared with vehicle-treated AOH retina. Moreover, we found that LBP provides neuroprotection by down-regulating RAGE, ET-1, Aβ and AGE in the retina, as well as their related signaling pathways, which was related to inhibiting vascular damages and the neuronal degeneration in AOH insults. The present study suggests that LBP could prevent damage to RGCs from AOH-induced ischemic injury; furthermore, through its effects on blood vessel protection, LBP would also be a potential treatment for vascular-related retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Song Mi
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Anatomy and the State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Department of Anatomy and the State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amy Cheuk Yin Lo
- Eye Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang
- Department of Anatomy and the State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bin Lin
- Department of Anatomy and the State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Eye Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sookja Kim Chung
- Department of Anatomy and the State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Department of Anatomy and the State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- The Joint Laboratory for Brain Function and Health (BFAH), Jinan University and The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Qin Y, Lam S, Yam GHF, Choy KW, Liu DTL, Chiu TYH, Li WY, Lam DSC, Pang CP, Fan DSP. A rabbit model of age-dependant ocular hypertensive response to topical corticosteroids. Acta Ophthalmol 2012; 90:559-63. [PMID: 21044276 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.02016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the ocular hypertensive response to topical dexamethasone (DEX), rimexolone (RIM), loteprednol etabonate (LOT) and fluorometholone (FML) in rabbits of different ages. METHODS Seventy-five rabbits of three age groups (7 weeks, 6 months and 1-year old) received topical administration of 0.1% DEX, 1% RIM, 0.5% LOT, 0.1% FML or balanced salt solution four times daily for 1 month. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was monitored at regular time intervals. After a month, eyes were harvested for histological study with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E), periodic acid Schiff and Masson trichrome staining. Trabecular meshwork changes were graded by masked ocular pathologists. RESULTS Topical DEX caused the greatest increase in IOP, followed by RIM and FML. LOT caused the least IOP increase. Similar pattern of IOP response to the four corticosteroids was observed in the three studied age groups. Young rabbits (7 week) were the most responsive to corticosteroids among the age groups. Extracellular matrix thickening in the trabecular meshwork region and loss of trabecular meshwork cells were observed after DEX, FML or RIM treatments. CONCLUSION Young rabbits are more susceptible to steroid induced increase in IOP, even for milder steroids such as fluorometholone and rimexolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Luo SS, Chen Q, Yu DY, Qian CX, Yuan ZL. [The effect of AQP4 gene on the activation of retinal glial cells in chronic high intraocular pressure mice]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2012; 48:598-603. [PMID: 22943863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether aquaporin 4 (AQP4) gene can affect the activation of glial cells and cause the injury of retina of chronic high intraocular pressure mice models, and to discuss its possible mechanism. METHODS Experimental study. The chronic high intraocular pressure models were established by burning the scleral venous of the right eye, which as the experiment group, and the left eye without any treatment as the control group. The intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured by rebound tonometer. Selected each of the successful model of chronic high intraocular pressure male AQP4 knockout mice (AQP-/-) and their wild-type (WT) male mice 40, divided the two type of mice into five groups after scleral venous burn according to the time of establishing models (24 h, 3 d, 1 w, 2 w, 4 w after scleral venous burn), 8 mouse in each group. And then producing the paraffin sections of mouse eye. Immunohistochemical staining methods was used to observe the expression of the glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) in retina glial cells, and observe the expression of the AQP4 in the retina of the WT mouse. Image was acquired under the fluorescence microscopy. The intraocular pressure was analyzed by t-test. RESULTS After scleral venous burn (24 h, 3 d, 1 w, 2 w, 4 w), there were significant difference (t = 6.66 - 18.08, all P value < 0.05) in the IOP of the AQP4-/- mice (11.30 ± 1.59, 11.20 ± 1.15, 10.60 ± 1.53, 10.75 ± 1.45, 10.45 ± 1.39) and WT mice (11.50 ± 2.56, 11.25 ± 1.65, 10.75 ± 1.33, 10.60 ± 1.33, 10.40 ± 1.19) between the experimental groups and control groups (6.60 ± 0.94, 6.35 ± 0.99, 6.55 ± 0.94, 6.45 ± 0.99, 6.50 ± 0.94 and 6.60 ± 1.05, 6.50 ± 0.89, 6.40 ± 1.09, 6.30 ± 1.13, 6.50 ± 1.05). Since 24 hours after the scleral venous burn, the expression of GAFP of the two type mice began to increase and reached to peak at 1 week after burning. This peak of WT mice was more obvious than that of AQP4-/- mice. The concentration of GAFP began to decrease at 2 weeks after burning and reached to bottom at 4 weeks later. To the WT mice, the expression of AQP4 was remarkable higher in experimental group than that in control group at 1 week after the scleral venous burn. The expression of AQP4 was related to the expression of GAFP in high intraocular pressure of WT mice at 1 w, 2 w, and 4 w after the scleral venous burn. CONCLUSIONS The chronic high intraocular pressure models can be established successfully by burning the scleral venous. AQP4 gene can affect the activation of the glial cells in chronic high intraocular pressure mice and lead to the injury of retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha-sha Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Shimazawa M, Ito Y, Inokuchi Y, Yamanaka H, Nakanishi T, Hayashi T, Ji B, Higuchi M, Suhara T, Imamura K, Araie M, Watanabe Y, Onoe H, Hara H. An alteration in the lateral geniculate nucleus of experimental glaucoma monkeys: in vivo positron emission tomography imaging of glial activation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30526. [PMID: 22299044 PMCID: PMC3267730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) degeneration as an indicator for possible diagnosis of glaucoma in experimental glaucoma monkeys using positron emission tomography (PET). Chronic intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation was induced by laser trabeculoplasty in the left eyes of 5 cynomolgus monkeys. Glial cell activation was detected by PET imaging with [11C]PK11195, a PET ligand for peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), before and at 4 weeks after laser treatment (moderate glaucoma stage). At mild, moderate, and advanced experimental glaucoma stages (classified by histological changes based on the extent of axonal loss), brains were stained with cresyl violet, or antibodies against PBR, Iba-1 (a microglial marker), and GFAP (an activated astrocyte marker). In laser-treated eyes, IOP was persistently elevated throughout all observation periods. PET imaging showed increased [11C]PK11195 binding potential in the bilateral LGN at 4 weeks after laser treatment; the increase in the ipsilateral LGN was statistically significant (P<0.05, n = 4). Immunostaining showed bilateral activations of microglia and astrocytes in LGN layers receiving input from the laser-treated eye. PBR-positive cells were observed in LGN layers receiving input from laser-treated eye at all experimental glaucoma stages including the mild glaucoma stage and their localization coincided with Iba-1 positive microglia and GFAP-positive astrocytes. These data suggest that glial activation occurs in the LGN at a mild glaucoma stage, and that the LGN degeneration could be detected by a PET imaging with [11C]PK11195 during the moderate experimental glaucoma stage after unilateral ocular hypertension. Therefore, activated glial markers such as PBR in the LGN may be useful in noninvasive molecular imaging for diagnosis of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ito
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuta Inokuchi
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Tomohiro Nakanishi
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Bin Ji
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Suhara
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Imamura
- Department of Systems Life Engineering, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maibashi, Japan
| | - Makoto Araie
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hirotaka Onoe
- RIKEN Center for Molecular Imaging Science, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
- * E-mail:
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