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Nooruzzaman M, Akter MN, Begum JA, Begum S, Parvin R, Giasuddin M, Islam MR, Lamien CE, Cattoli G, Dundon WG, Chowdhury EH. Molecular insights into peste des petits ruminants virus identified in Bangladesh between 2008 and 2020. Infect Genet Evol 2021; 96:105163. [PMID: 34848354 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An in-depth knowledge of the molecular evolution of the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is critical for the success of the current global eradication program. For this reason, a molecular evolutionary analysis of PPRVs circulating in Bangladesh over a decade (2008-2020) was performed. The complete genome sequencing of three PPRV isolates from 2008 (BD2), 2015 (BD12) and 2017 (BD17) as well as full length nucleocapsid (N), matrix (M) and fusion (F) gene sequencing of seven more samples from 2015 to 2020 was performed. Phylogenetic analysis classified all ten PPRVs from Bangladesh as members of lineage IV and showed that they were closely related to PPRV strains detected in China and Tibet during 2007-2008, and India during 2014-2018. Time scale Bayesian Maximum Clade Credibility (MCC) phylogenetic analysis of the three complete genomes revealed a mean Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor (TMRCA) of 2000. Comparative deduced amino acid residue analysis at various functional motifs of PPRVs related to virus structure and function, virulence and host adaptation, receptor binding sites and polymerase activity revealed conserved residues among the PPRVs from Bangladesh. In total sixteen epitopes were predicted from four immunogenic proteins i.e. N, M, F and haemagglutinin (H). Interestingly, the predicted epitopes from the N and M proteins shared conserved epitopes with two vaccine strains currently being used, indicating that the strains from Bangladesh could be potentially used as alternative local vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mst Nazia Akter
- Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Jahan Ara Begum
- Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Shahana Begum
- Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal & Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Rokshana Parvin
- Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Giasuddin
- Animal Health Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Charles E Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - William G Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
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Gao S, Xu G, Zeng Z, Lv J, Huang L, Wang H, Wang X. Transboundary spread of peste des petits ruminants virus in western China: A prediction model. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257898. [PMID: 34555121 PMCID: PMC8459964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In pan Pamir Plateau countries, Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) has brought huge losses to the livestock industry and threaten the endangered wildlife. In unknown regions, revealing PPRV transmission among countries is the premise of effective prevention and control, therefore calls for quantified monitoring on disease communication among countries. In this paper, a MaxEnt model was built for the first time to predict the PPR risk within the research area. The least cost path (LCP) for PPR transboundary communication were calculated and referred to as the maximum available paths (MAP). The results show that there are many places with high-risk in the research area, and the domestic risk in China is lower than that in foreign countries and is mainly determined by human activities. Five LCPs representing corridors among Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, India and China were obtained. This study proves for the first time that there is the possibility of cross-border transmission of diseases by wild and domestic animals. In the future, it will play an important role in monitoring the PPR epidemic and blocking-up its cross-border transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Wildlife diseases and Biosecurity Management of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, The People’s Republic of China
| | - GuoYong Xu
- The Second Geomatics Cartography Institute of National Administration of Ministry of Natural Resources, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, P. R. China
| | - Zan Zeng
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Wildlife diseases and Biosecurity Management of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, The People’s Republic of China
| | - JiaNing Lv
- Key Laboratory of Wildlife diseases and Biosecurity Management of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, The People’s Republic of China
| | - LiYa Huang
- Changbai Mountain Academy of Sciences, Antu, Jilin province, P. R. China
| | - HaoNing Wang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Harbin University, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, The People’s Republic of China
| | - XiaoLong Wang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Wildlife diseases and Biosecurity Management of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang province, The People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Fernandez Aguilar X, Mahapatra M, Begovoeva M, Kalema-Zikusoka G, Driciru M, Ayebazibwe C, Adwok DS, Kock M, Lukusa JPK, Muro J, Marco I, Colom-Cadena A, Espunyes J, Meunier N, Cabezón O, Caron A, Bataille A, Libeau G, Parekh K, Parida S, Kock R. Peste des Petits Ruminants at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface in the Northern Albertine Rift and Nile Basin, East Africa. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030293. [PMID: 32156067 PMCID: PMC7150925 DOI: 10.3390/v12030293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/1970] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent past, peste des petits ruminants (PPR) emerged in East Africa causing outbreaks in small livestock across different countries, with evidences of spillover to wildlife. In order to understand better PPR at the wildlife-livestock interface, we investigated patterns of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) exposure, disease outbreaks, and viral sequences in the northern Albertine Rift. PPRV antibodies indicated a widespread exposure in apparently healthy wildlife from South Sudan (2013) and Uganda (2015, 2017). African buffaloes and Uganda kobs <1-year-old from Queen Elizabeth National Park (2015) had antibodies against PPRV N-antigen and local serosurvey captured a subsequent spread of PPRV in livestock. Outbreaks with PPR-like syndrome in sheep and goats were recorded around the Greater Virunga Landscape in Kasese (2016), Kisoro and Kabale (2017) from western Uganda, and in North Kivu (2017) from eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). This landscape would not be considered typical for PPR persistence as it is a mixed forest-savannah ecosystem with mostly sedentary livestock. PPRV sequences from DRC (2017) were identical to strains from Burundi (2018) and confirmed a transboundary spread of PPRV. Our results indicate an epidemiological linkage between epizootic cycles in livestock and exposure in wildlife, denoting the importance of PPR surveillance on wild artiodactyls for both conservation and eradication programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Fernandez Aguilar
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK, (M.B.); (N.M.); (R.K.)
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Mana Mahapatra
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK, (M.M.); (K.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Mattia Begovoeva
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK, (M.B.); (N.M.); (R.K.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka
- Conservation Through Public Health, Plot 3 Mapera Lane, Uring Crescent, P.O. Box 75298 Entebbe, Uganda;
| | - Margaret Driciru
- Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA), Plot 7 Kira Road, P.O. Box 3530 Kampala, Uganda;
| | - Chrisostom Ayebazibwe
- NADDEC Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industries and Fisheries, P.O. Box 102 Entebbe, Uganda;
| | - David Solomon Adwok
- Central Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories, Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, P.O. Box 126 Juba, South Sudan;
| | - Michael Kock
- Consultant Field Veterinary Programme, Formerly: Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard Bronx, NY 10460, USA;
| | - Jean-Paul Kabemba Lukusa
- Regional Gorilla Conservation Employees Health Program, MGVP Inc., Goma 00243, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Jesus Muro
- Daktari, La Solana 35, AD700 Escaldes, Andorra;
| | - Ignasi Marco
- Servei d’Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (Sefas) and Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (I.M.); (A.C.-C.); (J.E.)
| | - Andreu Colom-Cadena
- Servei d’Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (Sefas) and Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (I.M.); (A.C.-C.); (J.E.)
| | - Johan Espunyes
- Servei d’Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (Sefas) and Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (I.M.); (A.C.-C.); (J.E.)
- Research and Conservation Department, Zoo de Barcelona. Parc de la Ciutadella s/n, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natascha Meunier
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK, (M.B.); (N.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Oscar Cabezón
- Servei d’Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (Sefas) and Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (I.M.); (A.C.-C.); (J.E.)
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alexandre Caron
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F–34398 Montpellier, France; (A.C.); (A.B.); (G.L.)
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- Veterinary Faculty, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo 1102, Mozambique
| | - Arnaud Bataille
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F–34398 Montpellier, France; (A.C.); (A.B.); (G.L.)
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Genevieve Libeau
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F–34398 Montpellier, France; (A.C.); (A.B.); (G.L.)
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Krupali Parekh
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK, (M.M.); (K.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK, (M.M.); (K.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Richard Kock
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK, (M.B.); (N.M.); (R.K.)
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Kamel M, El-Sayed A. Toward peste des petits virus (PPRV) eradication: Diagnostic approaches, novel vaccines, and control strategies. Virus Res 2019; 274:197774. [PMID: 31606355 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute transboundary infectious viral disease affecting domestic and wild small ruminants' species besides camels reared in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. The virus is a serious paramount challenge to the sustainable agriculture advancement in the developing world. The disease outbreak was also detected for the first time in the European Union namely in Bulgaria at 2018. Therefore, the disease has lately been aimed for eradication with the purpose of worldwide clearance by 2030. Radically, the vaccines needed for effectively accomplishing this aim are presently convenient; however, the availableness of innovative modern vaccines to fulfill the desideratum for Differentiating between Infected and Vaccinated Animals (DIVA) may mitigate time spent and financial disbursement of serological monitoring and surveillance in the advanced levels for any disease obliteration campaign. We here highlight what is at the present time well-known about the virus and the different available diagnostic tools. Further, we interject on current updates and insights on several novel vaccines and on the possible current and prospective strategies to be applied for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Kamel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Amr El-Sayed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Eloiflin RJ, Boyer M, Kwiatek O, Guendouz S, Loire E, Servan de Almeida R, Libeau G, Bataille A. Evolution of Attenuation and Risk of Reversal in Peste des Petits Ruminants Vaccine Strain Nigeria 75/1. Viruses 2019; 11:E724. [PMID: 31394790 PMCID: PMC6724400 DOI: 10.3390/v11080724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus of the Morbillivirus genus. The current PPR eradication effort relies mainly on the implementation of massive vaccination campaigns. One of the most widely used PPR vaccines is the Nigeria 75/1 strain obtained after attenuation by 75 serial passages of the wild type isolate in cell cultures. Here we use high throughput deep sequencing of the historical passages that led to the Nigeria 75/1 attenuated strain to understand the evolution of PPRV attenuation and to assess the risk of reversal in different cell types. Comparison of the consensus sequences of the wild type and vaccine strains showed that only 18 fixed mutations separate the two strains. At the earliest attenuation passage at our disposal (passage 47), 12 out of the 18 mutations were already present at a frequency of 100%. Low-frequency variants were identified along the genome in all passages. Sequencing of passages after the vaccine strain showed evidence of genetic drift during cell passages, especially in cells expressing the SLAM receptor targeted by PPRV. However, 15 out of the 18 mutations related to attenuation remained fixed in the population. In vitro experiments suggest that one mutation in the leader region of the PPRV genome affects virus replication. Our results suggest that only a few mutations can have a serious impact on the pathogenicity of PPRV. Risk of reversion to virulence of the attenuated PPRV strain Nigeria 75/1 during serial passages in cell cultures seems low but limiting the number of passages during vaccine production is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger-Junior Eloiflin
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie Boyer
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Kwiatek
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Samia Guendouz
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Etienne Loire
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Renata Servan de Almeida
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Geneviève Libeau
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Arnaud Bataille
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier, France.
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France.
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Donduashvili M, Goginashvili K, Toklikishvili N, Tigilauri T, Gelashvili L, Avaliani L, Khartskhia N, Loitsch A, Bataille A, Libeau G, Diallo A, Dundon WG. Identification of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus, Georgia, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1576-1578. [PMID: 30016239 PMCID: PMC6056095 DOI: 10.3201/eid2408.170334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A phylogenetic analysis of samples taken from reported outbreaks of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) in Georgia revealed a closer relationship to viruses from northern and eastern Africa than to viruses from countries closer to Georgia. This finding has crucial implications for the control of PPRV in the region.
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Bao J, Wang Q, Li L, Liu C, Zhang Z, Li J, Wang S, Wu X, Wang Z. Evolutionary dynamics of recent peste des petits ruminants virus epidemic in China during 2013-2014. Virology 2017; 510:156-164. [PMID: 28734191 PMCID: PMC7111700 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes a highly contagious disease, peste des petits ruminants (PPR), in sheep and goats which has been considered as a serious threat to the local economy in Africa and Asia. However, the in-depth evolutionary dynamics of PPRV during an epidemic is not well understood. We conducted phylogenetic analysis on genomic sequences of 25 PPRV strains from China 2013-2014 outbreaks. All these strains clustered into a novel clade in lineage 4. An evolutionary rate of 2.61 × 10-6 nucleotide substitutions per site per day was estimated, dating the most recent common ancestor of PPRV China 2013-2014 strains to early August 2013. Transmission network analysis revealed that all the virus sequences could be grouped into five clusters of infection, suggesting long-distance animal transmission play an important role in the spread of PPRV in China. These results expanded our knowledge for PPRV evolution to achieve effective control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Bao
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Qinghua Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chunju Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhicheng Zhang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jinming Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shujuan Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiliang Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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Muniraju M, Munir M, Parthiban AR, Banyard AC, Bao J, Wang Z, Ayebazibwe C, Ayelet G, El Harrak M, Mahapatra M, Libeau G, Batten C, Parida S. Molecular evolution of peste des petits ruminants virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 20:2023-33. [PMID: 25418782 PMCID: PMC4257836 DOI: 10.3201/eid2012.140684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequence data will increase understanding of virus evolution, adaptability, and pathogenicity. Despite safe and efficacious vaccines against peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), this virus has emerged as the cause of a highly contagious disease with serious economic consequences for small ruminant agriculture across Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. We used complete and partial genome sequences of all 4 lineages of the virus to investigate evolutionary and epidemiologic dynamics of PPRV. A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of all PPRV lineages mapped the time to most recent common ancestor and initial divergence of PPRV to a lineage III isolate at the beginning of 20th century. A phylogeographic approach estimated the probability for root location of an ancestral PPRV and individual lineages as being Nigeria for PPRV, Senegal for lineage I, Nigeria/Ghana for lineage II, Sudan for lineage III, and India for lineage IV. Substitution rates are critical parameters for understanding virus evolution because restrictions in genetic variation can lead to lower adaptability and pathogenicity.
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Kivaria FM, Kwiatek O, Kapaga AM, Swai ES, Libeau G, Moshy W, Mbyuzi AO, Gladson J. The incursion, persistence and spread of peste des petits ruminants in Tanzania: epidemiological patterns and predictions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 80:593. [PMID: 24396913 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v80i1.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus, which causes a severe disease in sheep and goats, has only recently been officially declared to be present in Tanzania. An epidemiological study was carried out between September 2008 and October 2010 to investigate the incursion, persistence and spread of the virus in Tanzania. The investigation involved serosurveillance, outbreak investigation and computation of epidemiological indices such as the effective reproductive number, persistence and the threshold level for vaccination. Field and molecular epidemiological techniques were applied to isolate, characterise and trace the origin of the virus in Tanzania. A total of 2182 serum samples from goats and 1296 from sheep from 79 villages across 12 districts were investigated. Village-level prevalence of infection was variable (0.00% – 88.00%) and was higher in pastoral than in agro-pastoral villages. The overall antibody response to the virus was 22.10% (CI95% = 20.72% – 23.48%). About 68.00% and 73.00% of seropositive goats and sheep, respectively, did not show clinical signs. The proportion of seropositive animals differed significantly (p ≤ 0.001) between age groups, sex and farming practices. Real-time polymerase chain reaction results showed that the isolated strains belong to lineage III, whose origin is in East Africa and the Middle East. This indicates that one of the northern neighbouring countries is most likely the source of infection. The computed overall effective reproductive number, the threshold level of vaccination necessary to eradicate the disease and persistence were 4.75% and 98.00%, respectively. These estimates indicate that achieving elimination of the peste des petits ruminants virus from pastoral flocks will require significant effort and development of highly effective intervention tools.
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Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes a severe contagious disease of sheep and goats and has spread extensively through the developing world. Because of its disproportionately large impact on the livelihoods of low-income livestock keepers, and the availability of effective vaccines and good diagnostics, the virus is being targeted for global control and eventual eradication. In this review we examine the origin of the virus and its current distribution, and the factors that have led international organizations to conclude that it is eradicable. We also review recent progress in the molecular and cellular biology of the virus and consider areas where further research is required to support the efforts being made by national, regional, and international bodies to tackle this growing threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Baron
- The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom.
| | - A Diallo
- CIRAD, UMR Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes (CMAEE), Montpellier, France; INRA, UMR CMAEE 1309, Montpellier, France
| | - R Lancelot
- CIRAD, UMR Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes (CMAEE), Montpellier, France; INRA, UMR CMAEE 1309, Montpellier, France
| | - G Libeau
- CIRAD, UMR Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes (CMAEE), Montpellier, France; INRA, UMR CMAEE 1309, Montpellier, France
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Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus causes a highly infectious disease of small ruminants that is endemic across Africa, the Middle East and large regions of Asia. The virus is considered to be a major obstacle to the development of sustainable agriculture across the developing world and has recently been targeted by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) for eradication with the aim of global elimination of the disease by 2030. Fundamentally, the vaccines required to successfully achieve this goal are currently available, but the availability of novel vaccine preparations to also fulfill the requisite for differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) may reduce the time taken and the financial costs of serological surveillance in the later stages of any eradication campaign. Here, we overview what is currently known about the virus, with reference to its origin, updated global circulation, molecular evolution, diagnostic tools and vaccines currently available to combat the disease. Further, we comment on recent developments in our knowledge of various recombinant vaccines and on the potential for the development of novel multivalent vaccines for small ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom; National Institute for Animal Biotechnology, Miyapur, Hyderabad, India.
| | - M Muniraju
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - M Mahapatra
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | | | - H Buczkowski
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB United Kingdom
| | - A C Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB United Kingdom
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Wang J, Wang M, Wang S, Liu Z, Shen N, Si W, Sun G, Drewe JA, Cai X. Peste des petits ruminants virus in Heilongjiang province, China, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:677-80. [PMID: 25811935 PMCID: PMC4378501 DOI: 10.3201/eid2104.141627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During March 25–May 5, 2014, we investigated 11 outbreaks of peste des petits ruminants in Heilongjiang Province, China. We found that the most likely source of the outbreaks was animals from livestock markets in Shandong. Peste des petits ruminants viruses belonging to lineages II and IV were detected in sick animals.
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Lembo T, Oura C, Parida S, Hoare R, Frost L, Fyumagwa R, Kivaria F, Chubwa C, Kock R, Cleaveland S, Batten C. Peste des petits ruminants infection among cattle and wildlife in northern Tanzania. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 19:2037-40. [PMID: 24274684 PMCID: PMC3840886 DOI: 10.3201/eid1912.130973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated peste des petits ruminants (PPR) infection in cattle and wildlife in northern Tanzania. No wildlife from protected ecosystems were seropositive. However, cattle from villages where an outbreak had occurred among small ruminants showed high PPR seropositivity, indicating that spillover infection affects cattle. Thus, cattle could be of value for PPR serosurveillance.
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Luka PD, Erume J, Mwiine FN, Ayebazibwe C. Molecular characterization of peste des petits ruminants virus from the Karamoja region of Uganda (2007-2008). Arch Virol 2011; 157:29-35. [PMID: 21979248 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies against peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) were first detected in goats in East Africa in 1995 without any clinical disease. It was not until during the years 2006 and 2007 that the disease outbreaks were first reported in Kenya and Uganda, respectively. This study was carried out to detect and characterize PPRV from a suspected outbreak in sheep and goats in the Karamoja region in 2007-2008. Oculo-nasal and blood samples were tested using F-gene-based primers, and their genetic relationships to other sequences in the GenBank database were investigated. A total of 383 samples suspected to contain PPRV were randomly collected and tested. Sixty-seven (17.5%) were positive when F protein gene primers were used. During the years 2007 and 2008, 38.1% (26/67) and 13.0% (41/316) of samples were positive by PCR, respectively. The 2007 sequences clustered with Asian sequences in lineage 4 and Cote d'Ivoire 86 (ICV 86) in lineage 2, while all of the 2008 samples clustered in lineage 1. Over the years, the implicated strains were genetically close (88%-91%) to the vaccine strain (Nig 75/1). Based on this study, the circulating PPR strains in Uganda are heterogeneous, and therefore, the disease may have been introduced from different sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pam D Luka
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
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Bao JY, Zhao WJ, Wang ZL, Li L, Wu GZ, Wu XD, Liu CJ, Wang JW, Liu YT, Li JM, Wang YL. [Sequence analysis of the matrix protein and fusion protein genes of a field peste des petits ruminants virus strain from Tibet, China]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2010; 26:305-314. [PMID: 20836385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of M and F genes from a field strain of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) ("China/Tib/Gej/07-30") was firstly determined. The M gene was 1 483 nucleotides in length with a single open reading frame (ORF), encoding a protein of 335 amino acids. The F gene was 2411 nucleotides in length, encoding a protein of 546 amino acids. The resulting nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid sequences were compared with the homologous regions of other PPRV isolates. The nucleotide sequences of M and F genes of the "China/Tib/Gej/07-30" was 92.4%-97.7% and 85.5%-96.1% identical to other PPRV isolates, respectively, while a homology of 97.0%-98.2% and 94.3%-98.2% could be observed at the amino acids level respectively. Several sequence motifs in the M and F genes had been identified on the basis of conservation in the PPRVs and the morbilliviruses. The 3' untranslated region of M gene was 443 nucleotides in length with 82.4%-93.5% identical to other PPRV isolates. The 5' untranslated region of F gene was 634 nucleotides in length with 76.2%-91.7% identical to other PPRV isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yue Bao
- National Diagnostic Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China
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Zhai JJ, Dou YX, Zhang HR, Mao L, Meng XL, Luo XN, Cai XP. [Construction and sequencing of full-length cDNA of peste des petits ruminants virus]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2010; 26:315-321. [PMID: 20836386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To develop a reverse genetics system of Peste des petits ruminants virus(PPRV), five pairs of oligonucleotide primers were designed on the basis of the full-length genomic sequence of PPRV Nigeria 75/ 1 strain. Using RT-PCR technique, five over-lapping cDNA fragments, designated as JF1, JF2, JF3, JF4 and JF5, respectively, were amplified, followed by cloning into pcDNA3.1(+)vector. An AscI restriction enzyme site and a T7 promoter sequence were introduced immediately upstream of 5'-end, while a PacI restriction enzyme site was engineered downstream of 3'-end. Using pok12 as a plasmid vector, the full-length cDNA clone pok12-PPRV of Nigeria 75/1 was assembled by connecting the five cDNA fragments via the unique restriction endonuclease site of PPRV genome. The resultant nucleotide sequence of the PPRV Nigeria 75/1 strain in the study was compared with other members of genus morbillivirus, and phylogenetic analysis was used to examine the evolutionary relationships. The results showed that PPRV Nigeria 75/ 1 was antigenically closely related to Rinderpest virus and Measles virus. Successful construction of full-length cDNA clone of PPRV Nigeria 75/1 strain lays the basis rescuing PPRV effectively and enables further research of PPRV at molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jun Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gansu 730046, China
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Liu WH, Bao JY, Wu XD, Wang ZL. [Genome sequencing and analysis of a peste des petits ruminants virus isolate, China/Tib/07]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2010; 26:322-329. [PMID: 20836387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus is a member of Morbillivirus Paramyxoviridae. The complete genome of a Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) isolate, China/Tib/07 was sequenced and molecular characteristics was analyzed. The internal sequences of the virus genome were amplified by RT-PCR with primers designed according to the published data in GenBank, while the sequences of the 3' and 5' ends of the genome were determined by RACE. Amplification products were directly sequenced,assembled and analyzed with DNAStar4.0. Results showed that China/Tib/07 genome consisted of 15 948 nucleotides in length, encoding six structural proteins and two non-structural proteins just like other known PPRV genomes. Phylogenetically, the virus genome shared homology of 91.6%-98.1% with Southwest Asian isolates among PPRV strains and the highest homology of 64.3% with rinderpest virus among morbillivirus members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hua Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Bao JY, Wang ZL, Li L, Zhao WJ, Suo LCR, Li JM, Wang YL, Wu XD, Liu CJ, Liu YT, Yu XJ, Yang YM. [Sequence analysis of the nucleocapsid gene and genome promoter region of peste des petits ruminants virus of Chinese origin]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2008; 24:464-471. [PMID: 19226956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The N gene and genome promoter nucleotide sequence of a Chinese Peste des petits rumiants virus (PPRV) ("China/Tib/Gej/07-30") was firstly determined. The length of N gene was 1689 nucleotides with a single open reading frame (ORF). The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence was compared with the homologous region of other PPRV isolates. The nucleotide sequence of the "China/Tib/Gej/07-30" was 91.7%-97.6% identical to other PPRV isolates, while a homology of 94.9%-98.5% could be observed at the amino acids level. The N gene encoded a protein of 525 amino acids. Several sequence motifs were identified on the basis of conservation in the PPRVs and the morbilliviruses. The genome length of promoter region was 107 nucleotides with 91.8%-98.2% identity to other PPRV isolates. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the "China/Tib/Gej/07-30" belonged to the Asian lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yue Bao
- National Diagnostic Center for Exotic Animal Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China
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Michaud V, Gil P, Kwiatek O, Prome S, Dixon L, Romero L, Le Potier MF, Arias M, Couacy-Hymann E, Roger F, Libeau G, Albina E. Long-term storage at tropical temperature of dried-blood filter papers for detection and genotyping of RNA and DNA viruses by direct PCR. J Virol Methods 2007; 146:257-65. [PMID: 17714797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In tropical countries the diagnosis of viral infections of humans or animals is often hampered by the lack of suitable clinical material and the necessity to maintain a cold chain for sample preservation up to the laboratory. This study describes the use of filter papers for rapid sample collection, and the molecular detection and genotyping of viruses when stored over long periods at elevated temperatures. Infected blood was collected on filter papers, dried and stored at different temperatures (22, 32 and 37 degrees C) for various periods (up to 9 months). Two animal viruses, African swine fever, a large double-stranded DNA virus and Peste des Petits Ruminants, a negative single-stranded RNA virus, were used to validate the method. Filter papers with dried blood containing virus or control plasmid DNA were cut in small 5mm(2) pieces and added directly to the PCR tube for conventional PCR. Nucleic acid from both viruses could still be detected after 3 months at 32 degrees C. Moreover, the DNA virus could be detected at least 9 months after conservation at 37 degrees C. PCR products obtained from the filter papers were sequenced and phylogenetic analysis carried out. The results were consistent with published sequences, demonstrating that this method can be used for virus genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Michaud
- CIRAD, UR Contrôle des Maladies, Montpellier F-34398, France
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Dhar P, Muthuchelvan D, Sanyal A, Kaul R, Singh RP, Singh RK, Bandyopadhyay SK. Sequence analysis of the haemagglutinin and fusion protein genes of peste-des-petits ruminants vaccine virus of Indian origin. Virus Genes 2006; 32:71-8. [PMID: 16525737 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-005-5847-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Revised: 07/27/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The amino acid composition of the two surface proteins of peste-des-petits ruminants vaccine virus belonging to lineage four from India were deduced from the nucleotide sequence. The fusion (F) protein gene of PPRV Sungri/96 is 2405 nucleotides long and in relation to the length, it is 80 nucleotides longer than that of PPRV Nigeria/75/1 which are found to be present at the 5'UTR of this virus. The complete F gene alignment with other morbillivirus reveals a homology of 89% with PPRV/Nigeria/75/1 and 48-51% with other morbilliviruses. The F protein of PPRV Sungri/96 exhibited characteristics similarity to those of other morbillivirus F proteins. The overall amino acid similarity with its counterpart PPRV Nigeria/75/1 was 96%; with other morbilliviruses it is 65-74%. The PPRV Sungri/96 haemagglutinin (H) protein gene is 1954 nucleotides long and showed a sequence homology of 90.7% with PPRV/Nigeria/75/1 and with other morbilliviruses it ranged from 33% to 45%. At amino acids level, PPRV Sungri/96 showed a homology of 92.3% with PPRV/Nigeria/75/1 and 34-49% with other morbilliviruses. The phylogenetic tree constructed for F and H gene reveals four separate groups which is very similar to that found in other genes. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report describing the F and H genes of an Indian isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dhar
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatanagar, 243 122, Bareilly, India
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Couacy-Hymann E, Bodjo C, Danho T, Libeau G, Diallo A. Evaluation of the virulence of some strains of peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) in experimentally infected West African dwarf goats. Vet J 2005; 173:178-83. [PMID: 16310383 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Different isolates of peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) from outbreaks in Africa and India were investigated for virulence in West African dwarf goats in the Ivory Coast. Six groups of five animals received a virulent suspension of various strains of virus at a concentration of 10(3) TCID(50)/mL and the goats were observed for 15 days after infection. The Côte-d'Ivoire 89 (CI89), Guinea Conakry and Bissau Guinea PPRV strains caused a peracute disease; the India-Calcutta strain caused acute disease; the Sudan-Sennar strain produced an acute to mild disease, while the Nigeria 75/1 wild-type strain caused a mild disease and the animals recovered. The viruses studied contained examples of PPRV from specific lineage groups based on their nucleoprotein PPRV gene. This experiment indicated that virulence characteristics might be a useful marker to help classify PPRV isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Couacy-Hymann
- LANADA/Laboratoire Central de Pathologie Animale, BP 206, Bingerville, Côte d'Ivoire.
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Muthuchelvan D, Sanyal A, Sreenivasa BP, Saravanan P, Dhar P, Singh RP, Singh RK, Bandyopadhyay SK. Analysis of the matrix protein gene sequence of the Asian lineage of peste-des-petits ruminants vaccine virus. Vet Microbiol 2005; 113:83-7. [PMID: 16297575 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Revised: 10/01/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The M gene nucleotide sequence of an Indian peste-des-petits ruminants (PPRV) vaccine virus ("PPRV Sungri/96") belonging to Asian lineage was determined. The gene is 1476 nucleotides long with a single open reading frame (ORF). The nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence was compared with the homologous region of the African Lineage Vaccine virus "PPRV/Nigeria/75/1". The nucleotide sequence of the "PPRV Sungri/96" was 86% identical to that of "PPRV/Nigeria/75/1", while a homology of 93% and 95% could be observed in the ORF and amino acids level, respectively. The M gene encodes a protein of 335 amino acids, with a predicted molecular weight (MW) of 37.8 kDa. The ORF is flanked by a 3' untranslated region of 436 nucleotides and a high level of sequence divergence (approximately 30%) could be observed in this region between the vaccine viruses of Asian and African lineages. A high degree of conservation of several amino acids of this protein observed previously was also confirmed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Muthuchelvan
- Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin 682029, India
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Muthuchelvan D, Sanyal A, Singh RP, Hemadri D, Sen A, Sreenivasa BP, Singh RK, Bandyopadhyay SK. Comparative sequence analysis of the large polymerase protein (L) gene of peste-des-petits ruminants (PPR) vaccine virus of Indian origin. Arch Virol 2005; 150:2467-81. [PMID: 16052284 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0596-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 05/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence of the large polymerase (L) protein of the peste-des-petits ruminants (PPR) vaccine virus (PPRV Sungri/96) belonging to the Asian lineage was determined. The gene was 6643 nucleotides in length from the gene-start to the gene-end and encoded a polypeptide of 2183 amino acids. The PPRV Sungri/96 has a nucleotide homology of 94.1% for PPRV Nigeria 75/1 to 64.4% for Canine distemper virus. At amino acid level PPRV Sungri/96 has an amino acid identity of 96.2% with PPRV Nigeria 75/1 and 70.4% to 74.8% with other morbilliviruses. All the established domains in L protein characteristic of paramyxoviruses were also found to be present in PPRV Sungri/96. Phylogenetic analysis of different L proteins of morbilliviruses revealed five well-defined clusters as observed previously. The 3' trailer sequence of PPRV Sungri/96 is of 37 nucleotides long which is very similar to that of other morbilliviruses. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report describing the polymerase gene sequence of PPRV Indian isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Muthuchelvan
- Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, India
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dhinakar Raj
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai 600 007, India
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Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an economically important viral disease of goats and sheep first described in west Africa in the 1940s. The virus has been circulating in parts of sub-Saharan Africa for several decades and in the Middle East and southern Asia since 1993, although the first description of the virus in India dates to 1987. To study the genetic relationship between isolates of distinct geographical origin, a selected region of the fusion (F) protein gene of the viruses was amplified using RT/PCR and the resulting DNA product sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. Viruses from 27 outbreaks in Asian and Middle Eastern countries, reported between 1993 and 2000, and two recent outbreaks from the African continent were compared with the prototype African strain. Of the four known lineages of PPR virus, lineage 1 and 2 viruses have been found exclusively in west Africa. Virus from an outbreak in Burkina Faso in 1999 fell into the lineage 1 group. Viruses of lineage 3 have been found in east Africa, where an outbreak in Ethiopia in 1996 was of this type, and also in Arabia and in southern India. However, there have been no further isolations of lineage 3 virus from India since the one reported in 1992 from Tamil Nadu. A virus of this lineage was found circulating in Yemen in 2001. In the past 8 years virus exclusively of the fourth lineage has spread across the Middle East and the Asian sub-continent, reaching east as far as Nepal and Bangladesh. This virus lineage was also reported from Kuwait in 1999. The geographical source of the new lineage 4 virus is unknown although it is most closely related to African lineage 1. The possibility that its earlier presence in northern India was masked by the circulation of Rinderpest virus, a related virus of cattle, is considered unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pronab Dhar
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus, 263138, Uttar Pradesh, Nainital, India
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Haffar A, Libeau G, Moussa A, Cécile M, Diallo A. The matrix protein gene sequence analysis reveals close relationship between peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and dolphin morbillivirus. Virus Res 1999; 64:69-75. [PMID: 10500284 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(99)00080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding the matrix protein of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) has been cloned and its nucleotide sequence determined. This gene is 1466 nucleotides long and contains an open reading frame (ORF) capable of encoding a basic protein of 335 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 38,057 Da. This ORF starts at position 33-35 and ends with the codon TAA at position 1038-1040 thus leaving a long untranslated region (426 nucleotides) at the 3' end of the messenger RNA. This fragment is very G/C rich (68.5%) and in contrast to the ORF region appears to be least conserved in the M gene sequence of the morbilliviruses. A comparison of the PPRV M protein with those of other viruses in the group confirms the previously noted high degree of conservation for this protein sequence. The percent of identity within the group ranges from 76.7 to 86.9%, the highest being with the dolphin morbillivirus matrix protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Haffar
- Département d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire, Cirad-emvt, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34032 Montellier, BP 5035, Montpellier, France
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Shaila MS, Shamaki D, Forsyth MA, Diallo A, Goatley L, Kitching RP, Barrett T. Geographic distribution and epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus. Virus Res 1996; 43:149-53. [PMID: 8864204 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(96)01312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an important viral disease of goats and sheep prevalent in West Africa and the Middle East. In recent years, PPR has emerged in India, first in the South India and later in North India. To study the genetic relationships between viruses of distinct geographical origin we have sequenced a 322 nucleotide cDNA fragment of the fusion protein gene generated using reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Viruses from nineteen independent PPR outbreaks were compared; these included the prototype African strain from Senegal and viruses from disease outbreaks which have occurred at different times and locations across Africa, Arabia, the Near East and the Indian subcontinent. Four separate lineages of the virus were identified and the virus isolates from Asia over the past 2 years were all of one lineage which had not previously been identified in Africa or Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Shaila
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, Surrey, UK
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