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Kawanabe R, Yoshihara K, Hatada I, Tsuda M. Activation of spinal dorsal horn astrocytes by noxious stimuli involves descending noradrenergic signaling. Mol Brain 2021; 14:79. [PMID: 33971918 PMCID: PMC8108464 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00788-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are critical regulators of neuronal function in the central nervous system (CNS). We have previously shown that astrocytes in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) have increased intracellular Ca2+ levels following intraplantar injection of the noxious irritant, formalin. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We investigated these mechanisms by focusing on the role of descending noradrenergic (NAergic) signaling because our recent study revealed the essential role of the astrocytic Ca2+ responses evoked by intraplantar capsaicin. Using in vivo SDH imaging, we found that the Ca2+ level increase in SDH astrocytes induced by intraplantar formalin injection was suppressed by ablation of SDH-projecting locus coeruleus (LC)-NAergic neurons. Furthermore, the formalin-induced Ca2+ response was dramatically decreased by the loss of α1A-adrenaline receptors (ARs) in astrocytes located in the superficial laminae of the SDH. Moreover, similar inhibition was observed in mice pretreated intrathecally with an α1A-AR-specific antagonist. Therefore, activation of α1A-ARs via descending LC-NAergic signals may be a common mechanism underlying astrocytic Ca2+ responses in the SDH evoked by noxious stimuli, including chemical irritants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riku Kawanabe
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kohei Yoshihara
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Izuho Hatada
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Biosignal Genome Resource Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsuda
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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2
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Mehta AR, Gregory JM, Dando O, Carter RN, Burr K, Nanda J, Story D, McDade K, Smith C, Morton NM, Mahad DJ, Hardingham GE, Chandran S, Selvaraj BT. Mitochondrial bioenergetic deficits in C9orf72 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis motor neurons cause dysfunctional axonal homeostasis. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 141:257-279. [PMID: 33398403 PMCID: PMC7847443 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Axonal dysfunction is a common phenotype in neurodegenerative disorders, including in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), where the key pathological cell-type, the motor neuron (MN), has an axon extending up to a metre long. The maintenance of axonal function is a highly energy-demanding process, raising the question of whether MN cellular energetics is perturbed in ALS, and whether its recovery promotes axonal rescue. To address this, we undertook cellular and molecular interrogation of multiple patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell lines and patient autopsy samples harbouring the most common ALS causing mutation, C9orf72. Using paired mutant and isogenic expansion-corrected controls, we show that C9orf72 MNs have shorter axons, impaired fast axonal transport of mitochondrial cargo, and altered mitochondrial bioenergetic function. RNAseq revealed reduced gene expression of mitochondrially encoded electron transport chain transcripts, with neuropathological analysis of C9orf72-ALS post-mortem tissue importantly confirming selective dysregulation of the mitochondrially encoded transcripts in ventral horn spinal MNs, but not in corresponding dorsal horn sensory neurons, with findings reflected at the protein level. Mitochondrial DNA copy number was unaltered, both in vitro and in human post-mortem tissue. Genetic manipulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in C9orf72 MNs corrected the bioenergetic deficit and also rescued the axonal length and transport phenotypes. Collectively, our data show that loss of mitochondrial function is a key mediator of axonal dysfunction in C9orf72-ALS, and that boosting MN bioenergetics is sufficient to restore axonal homeostasis, opening new potential therapeutic strategies for ALS that target mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan R Mehta
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh bioQuarter, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jenna M Gregory
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh bioQuarter, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Edinburgh Brain Bank, Academic Department of Neuropathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh bioQuarter, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Roderick N Carter
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen Burr
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh bioQuarter, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jyoti Nanda
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh bioQuarter, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Story
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh bioQuarter, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karina McDade
- MRC Edinburgh Brain Bank, Academic Department of Neuropathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Edinburgh Brain Bank, Academic Department of Neuropathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicholas M Morton
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Don J Mahad
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh bioQuarter, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh bioQuarter, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, inStem, Bangalore, India.
| | - Bhuvaneish T Selvaraj
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh bioQuarter, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Albisetti GW, Pagani M, Platonova E, Hösli L, Johannssen HC, Fritschy JM, Wildner H, Zeilhofer HU. Dorsal Horn Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Expressing Neurons Transmit Spinal Itch But Not Pain Signals. J Neurosci 2019; 39:2238-2250. [PMID: 30655357 PMCID: PMC6433763 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2559-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is a spinal itch transmitter expressed by a small population of dorsal horn interneurons (GRP neurons). The contribution of these neurons to spinal itch relay is still only incompletely understood, and their potential contribution to pain-related behaviors remains controversial. Here, we have addressed this question in a series of experiments performed in GRP::cre and GRP::eGFP transgenic male mice. We combined behavioral tests with neuronal circuit tracing, morphology, chemogenetics, optogenetics, and electrophysiology to obtain a more comprehensive picture. We found that GRP neurons form a rather homogeneous population of central cell-like excitatory neurons located in lamina II of the superficial dorsal horn. Multicolor high-resolution confocal microscopy and optogenetic experiments demonstrated that GRP neurons receive direct input from MrgprA3-positive pruritoceptors. Anterograde HSV-based neuronal tracing initiated from GRP neurons revealed ascending polysynaptic projections to distinct areas and nuclei in the brainstem, midbrain, thalamus, and the somatosensory cortex. Spinally restricted ablation of GRP neurons reduced itch-related behaviors to different pruritogens, whereas their chemogenetic excitation elicited itch-like behaviors and facilitated responses to several pruritogens. By contrast, responses to painful stimuli remained unaltered. These data confirm a critical role of dorsal horn GRP neurons in spinal itch transmission but do not support a role in pain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Dorsal horn gastrin-releasing peptide neurons serve a well-established function in the spinal transmission of pruritic (itch) signals. A potential role in the transmission of nociceptive (pain) signals has remained controversial. Our results provide further support for a critical role of dorsal horn gastrin-releasing peptide neurons in itch circuits, but we failed to find evidence supporting a role in pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioele W Albisetti
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Pagani
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Evgenia Platonova
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ladina Hösli
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helge C Johannssen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Fritschy
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hendrik Wildner
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland,
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Drug Discovery Network Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland, and
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, CH-8090 Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Wang D, Tawfik VL, Corder G, Low SA, François A, Basbaum AI, Scherrer G. Functional Divergence of Delta and Mu Opioid Receptor Organization in CNS Pain Circuits. Neuron 2018; 98:90-108.e5. [PMID: 29576387 PMCID: PMC5896237 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular interactions between delta and mu opioid receptors (DORs and MORs), including heteromerization, are thought to regulate opioid analgesia. However, the identity of the nociceptive neurons in which such interactions could occur in vivo remains elusive. Here we show that DOR-MOR co-expression is limited to small populations of excitatory interneurons and projection neurons in the spinal cord dorsal horn and unexpectedly predominates in ventral horn motor circuits. Similarly, DOR-MOR co-expression is rare in parabrachial, amygdalar, and cortical brain regions processing nociceptive information. We further demonstrate that in the discrete DOR-MOR co-expressing nociceptive neurons, the two receptors internalize and function independently. Finally, conditional knockout experiments revealed that DORs selectively regulate mechanical pain by controlling the excitability of somatostatin-positive dorsal horn interneurons. Collectively, our results illuminate the functional organization of DORs and MORs in CNS pain circuits and reappraise the importance of DOR-MOR cellular interactions for developing novel opioid analgesics.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anterior Horn Cells/chemistry
- Anterior Horn Cells/metabolism
- Anterior Horn Cells/pathology
- Central Nervous System/chemistry
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nerve Net/chemistry
- Nerve Net/metabolism
- Nerve Net/pathology
- Pain/metabolism
- Pain/pathology
- Pain Measurement/methods
- Posterior Horn Cells/chemistry
- Posterior Horn Cells/metabolism
- Posterior Horn Cells/pathology
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Vivianne L Tawfik
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Gregory Corder
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Sarah A Low
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Amaury François
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Allan I Basbaum
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Grégory Scherrer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; New York Stem Cell Foundation - Robertson Investigator, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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5
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Wilke J, Schleip R, Klingler W, Stecco C. The Lumbodorsal Fascia as a Potential Source of Low Back Pain: A Narrative Review. Biomed Res Int 2017; 2017:5349620. [PMID: 28584816 PMCID: PMC5444000 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5349620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lumbodorsal fascia (LF) has been proposed to represent a possible source of idiopathic low back pain. In fact, histological studies have demonstrated the presence of nociceptive free nerve endings within the LF, which, furthermore, appear to exhibit morphological changes in patients with chronic low back pain. However, it is unclear how these characteristics relate to the aetiology of the pain. In vivo elicitation of back pain via experimental stimulation of the LF suggests that dorsal horn neurons react by increasing their excitability. Such sensitization of fascia-related dorsal horn neurons, in turn, could be related to microinjuries and/or inflammation in the LF. Despite available data point towards a significant role of the LF in low back pain, further studies are needed to better understand the involved neurophysiological dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wilke
- Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Robert Schleip
- Fascia Research Group, Neurosurgical Clinic Guenzburg, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Werner Klingler
- Fascia Research Group, Neurosurgical Clinic Guenzburg, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Carla Stecco
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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6
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Hsieh MC, Lai CY, Ho YC, Wang HH, Cheng JK, Chau YP, Peng HY. Tet1-dependent epigenetic modification of BDNF expression in dorsal horn neurons mediates neuropathic pain in rats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37411. [PMID: 27857218 PMCID: PMC5114645 DOI: 10.1038/srep37411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 1 (Tet1) mediates the conversion of 5-methylcytosine (5 mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5 hmC), hence promoting DNA demethylation. Although recent studies have linked the DNA demethylation of specific genes to pain hypersensitivity, the role of spinal Tet1-dependent DNA demethylation in nociception hypersensitivity development remains elusive. Here, we report correlated with behavioral allodynia, spinal nerve ligation (SNL) upregulated Tet1 expression in dorsal horn neurons that hydroxylate 5 mC to 5 hmC at CpG dinucleotides in the bdnf promoter to promote spinal BDNF expression at day 7 after operation. Focal knockdown of spinal Tet1 expression decreased Tet1 binding and 5 hmC enrichment, further increased 5 mC enrichment at CpG sites in the bdnf promoter and decreased spinal BDNF expression accompanied by the alleviation of the developed allodynia. Moreover, at day 7 after operation, SNL-enhanced Tet1 expression also inhibited the binding of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs, i.e., DNMT1, DNMT3a, and DNMT3b) to the bdnf promoter, a requirement for transcriptional silencing by catalysing 5-cytosine (5C) to 5 mC. Together, these data suggest at CpG sites of the bdnf promoter, SNL-enhanced Tet1 expression promotes DNA demethylation both by converting 5 mC to 5 hmC and inhibiting DNMT binding to regulate spinal BDNF expression, hence contributing to behavioral allodynia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chun Hsieh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yuan Lai
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Ho
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Hsiao Wang
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Kun Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yat-Pang Chau
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yu Peng
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Li L, Chen SR, Chen H, Wen L, Hittelman WN, Xie JD, Pan HL. Chloride Homeostasis Critically Regulates Synaptic NMDA Receptor Activity in Neuropathic Pain. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1376-1383. [PMID: 27160909 PMCID: PMC4871741 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuropathic pain is a debilitating condition that remains difficult to treat. Diminished synaptic inhibition by GABA and glycine and increased NMDA receptor (NMDAR) activity in the spinal dorsal horn are key mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain. However, the reciprocal relationship between synaptic inhibition and excitation in neuropathic pain is unclear. Here, we show that intrathecal delivery of K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter-2 (KCC2) using lentiviral vectors produces a complete and long-lasting reversal of pain hypersensitivity induced by nerve injury. KCC2 gene transfer restores Cl(-) homeostasis disrupted by nerve injury in both spinal dorsal horn and primary sensory neurons. Remarkably, restoring Cl(-) homeostasis normalizes both presynaptic and postsynaptic NMDAR activity increased by nerve injury in the spinal dorsal horn. Our findings indicate that nerve injury recruits NMDAR-mediated signaling pathways through the disruption of Cl(-) homeostasis in spinal dorsal horn and primary sensory neurons. Lentiviral vector-mediated KCC2 expression is a promising gene therapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyong Li
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shao-Rui Chen
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lei Wen
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Walter N Hittelman
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jing-Dun Xie
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Hui-Lin Pan
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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8
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Reichl S, Segelcke D, Keller V, Jonas R, Boecker A, Wenk M, Evers D, Zahn PK, Pogatzki-Zahn EM. Activation of glial glutamate transporter via MAPK p38 prevents enhanced and long-lasting non-evoked resting pain after surgical incision in rats. Neuropharmacology 2016; 105:607-617. [PMID: 26920805 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pain after surgery has recently become a major issue not only due to lack of treatment success in the acute phase; even more alarming is the large number of patients developing prolonged pain after surgery. Because spinal glutamate as well as spinal glia plays a major role in acute incisional pain, we investigated the role of the spinal glial glutamate transporters (GT), GLAST, GLT-1, for acute and prolonged pain and hyperalgesia caused by an incision. Spinal administration of the GT-inhibitor DL-TBOA increased non-evoked pain but not evoked pain behavior (hyperalgesia) up to 2 weeks after incision. In accordance, spinal GLAST (and to a lesser degree GLT-1) were upregulated after incision for several days. Long-term incision induced GT upregulation was prevented by long-lasting p38-inhibitor administration but not by long-lasting ERK1/2-inhibition after incision. In accordance, daily treatment with the p38-inhibitor (but not the ERK1/2 inhibitor) prolonged non-evoked but not evoked pain behavior after incision. In electrophysiological experiments, spontaneous activity of high threshold (HT) (but not wide dynamic range (WDR)) neurons known to transmit incision induced non-evoked pain was increased after prolonged treatment with the p38-inhibitor. In conclusion, our findings indicate a new spinal pathway by which non-evoked pain behavior after incision is modulated. The pathway is modality (non-evoked pain) and neuron (HT) specific and disturbance contributes to prolonged long-term pain after surgical incision. This may have therapeutic implications for the treatment of acute and - even more relevant - for prevention of chronic pain after surgery in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Reichl
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A1, 48149 Muenster, Germany; Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and General Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Salzburg and Paracelsus Private Medical University, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Segelcke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Viktor Keller
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Robin Jonas
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine at Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Armin Boecker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Manuel Wenk
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Dagmar Evers
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Peter K Zahn
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Treatment, Ruhr-University Bochum, BG-Kliniken Bergmannsheil, Buerkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum, Germany
| | - Esther M Pogatzki-Zahn
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A1, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
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Man'kovskaya YP, Maznychenko AV, Pil'kevych NO, Maisky VO, Vlasenko OV, Dovgan OV. [NADPH-DIAPHORASE REACTIVITY IN THE VENTRAL HORN OF THE FELINE SPINAL CORD DURING ACUTE MUSCLE INFLAMMATION]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 61:46-52. [PMID: 27025044 DOI: 10.15407/fz61.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to reveal the changes in the NADPH-d reactivity in the lumbal spinal cord (L6/L7) of cats with unilateral acute myositis of the mm. gastrocnemius-soleus after intramuscular injections of carrageenan. The effect of unilateral muscle inflammation was expressed in a significant increase in the number of NADPH-d-reactive neurons in ipsilateral and contralateral intermediate (lamina VII; 17.62 ± 2.7 and 20.67 ± 13.3) and medial (lamina VIII; 7.3 ± 1.9 and 6.0 ± 2.1 respectively) zones of the ventral horns. However, a clear decline of the reactive cells was recorded on the ipsilateral side within the area around the central canal (lamina X). An increase in the NADPH-d reactivity within the ventral horns on both sides on the spinal cord and the induction of such reactivity (contralaterally) in large multipolar neurons localized in the dorsal part of the intermediate zone were revealed in cats with unilateral acute muscle inflammation. It is hypothesized, that during acute myositis, plastic changes in different layers of the dorsal and ventral horns activate the processes of disinhibition due to an increase in the number of NOS-containing/NADPH-d-reactive neurons in the spinal gray matter.
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10
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Wang H, Cao Y, Chiang CY, Dostrovsky JO, Sessle BJ. The gap junction blocker carbenoxolone attenuates nociceptive behavior and medullary dorsal horn central sensitization induced by partial infraorbital nerve transection in rats. Pain 2013; 155:429-435. [PMID: 24239671 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells are being increasingly implicated in mechanisms underlying pathological pain, and recent studies suggest glial gap junctions involving astrocytes may contribute. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a gap junction blocker, carbenoxolone (CBX), on medullary dorsal horn (MDH) nociceptive neuronal properties and facial mechanical nociceptive behavior in a rat trigeminal neuropathic pain model involving partial transection of the infraorbital nerve (p-IONX). p-IONX produced facial mechanical hypersensitivity reflected in significantly reduced head withdrawal thresholds that lasted for more than 3weeks. p-IONX also produced central sensitization in MDH nociceptive neurons that was reflected in significantly increased receptive field size, reduction of mechanical activation threshold, and increases in noxious stimulation-evoked responses. Intrathecal CBX treatment significantly attenuated the p-IONX-induced mechanical hypersensitivity and the MDH central sensitization parameters, compared to intrathecal vehicle treatment. These results provide the first documentation that gap junctions may be critically involved in orofacial neuropathic pain mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department of Oral Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Liu X, Tian Y, Lu N, Gin T, Cheng CHK, Chan MTV. Stat3 inhibition attenuates mechanical allodynia through transcriptional regulation of chemokine expression in spinal astrocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75804. [PMID: 24098399 PMCID: PMC3789727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) is known to induce cell proliferation and inflammation by regulating gene transcription. Recent studies showed that Stat3 modulates nociceptive transmission by reducing spinal astrocyte proliferation. However, it is unclear whether Stat3 also contributes to the modulation of nociceptive transmission by regulating inflammatory response in spinal astrocytes. This study aimed at investigating the role of Stat3 on neuroinflammation during development of pain in rats after intrathecal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS Stat3 specific siRNA oligo and synthetic selective inhibitor (Stattic) were applied to block the activity of Stat3 in primary astrocytes or rat spinal cord, respectively. LPS was used to induce the expression of proinflammatory genes in all studies. Immunofluorescence staining of cells and slices of spinal cord was performed to monitor Stat3 activation. The impact of Stat3 inhibition on proinflammatory genes expression was determined by cytokine antibody array, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Mechanical allodynia, as determined by the threshold pressure that could induce hind paw withdrawal after application of standardized von Frey filaments, was used to detect the effects of Stat3 inhibition after pain development with intrathecal LPS injection. RESULTS Intrathecal injection of LPS activated Stat3 in reactive spinal astrocytes. Blockade of Stat3 activity attenuated mechanical allodynia significantly and was correlated with a lower number of reactive astrocytes in the spinal dorsal horn. In vitro study demonstrated that Stat3 modulated inflammatory response in primary astrocytes by transcriptional regulation of chemokine expression including Cx3cl1, Cxcl5, Cxcl10 and Ccl20. Similarly, inhibition of Stat3 reversed the expression of these chemokines in the spinal dorsal horn. CONCLUSIONS Stat3 acted as a transcriptional regulator of reactive astrocytes by modulating chemokine expression. Stat3 regulated inflammatory response in astrocytes and contributed to pain modulation. Blockade of Stat3 represents a new target for pain control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tian
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Na Lu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Tony Gin
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Christopher H. K. Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- * E-mail: (CHKC); (MTVC)
| | - Matthew T. V. Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- * E-mail: (CHKC); (MTVC)
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12
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Leitner J, Westerholz S, Heinke B, Forsthuber L, Wunderbaldinger G, Jäger T, Gruber-Schoffnegger D, Braun K, Sandkühler J. Impaired excitatory drive to spinal GABAergic neurons of neuropathic mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73370. [PMID: 24009748 PMCID: PMC3751881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adequate pain sensitivity requires a delicate balance between excitation and inhibition in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. This balance is severely impaired in neuropathy leading to enhanced pain sensations (hyperalgesia). The underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here we explored the hypothesis that the excitatory drive to spinal GABAergic neurons might be impaired in neuropathic animals. Transgenic adult mice expressing EGFP under the promoter for GAD67 underwent either chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve or sham surgery. In transverse slices from lumbar spinal cord we performed whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from identified GABAergic neurons in lamina II. In neuropathic animals rates of mEPSC were reduced indicating diminished global excitatory input. This downregulation of excitatory drive required a rise in postsynaptic Ca(2+). Neither the density and morphology of dendritic spines on GABAergic neurons nor the number of excitatory synapses contacting GABAergic neurons were affected by neuropathy. In contrast, paired-pulse ratio of Aδ- or C-fiber-evoked monosynaptic EPSCs following dorsal root stimulation was increased in neuropathic animals suggesting reduced neurotransmitter release from primary afferents. Our data indicate that peripheral neuropathy triggers Ca(2+)-dependent signaling pathways in spinal GABAergic neurons. This leads to a global downregulation of the excitatory drive to GABAergic neurons. The downregulation involves a presynaptic mechanism and also applies to the excitation of GABAergic neurons by presumably nociceptive Aδ- and C-fibers. This then leads to an inadequately low recruitment of inhibitory interneurons during nociception. We suggest that this previously unrecognized mechanism of impaired spinal inhibition contributes to hyperalgesia in neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Leitner
- Department of Neurophysiology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sören Westerholz
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Heinke
- Department of Neurophysiology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Liesbeth Forsthuber
- Department of Neurophysiology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriele Wunderbaldinger
- Department of Neurophysiology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tino Jäger
- Department of Neurophysiology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Gruber-Schoffnegger
- Department of Neurophysiology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Braun
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Sandkühler
- Department of Neurophysiology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Wang K, Zhang R, Xiang X, He F, Lin L, Ping X, Yu L, Han J, Zhao G, Zhang Q, Cui C. Differences in neural-immune gene expression response in rat spinal dorsal horn correlates with variations in electroacupuncture analgesia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42331. [PMID: 22879942 PMCID: PMC3411776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Electroacupuncture (EA) has been widely used to alleviate diverse pains. Accumulated clinical experiences and experimental observations indicated that significant differences exist in sensitivity to EA analgesia for individuals of patients and model animals. However, the molecular mechanism accounting for this difference remains obscure. Methodology/Principal Findings We classified model male rats into high-responder (HR; TFL changes >150) and non-responder (NR; TFL changes ≤0) groups based on changes of their pain threshold detected by tail-flick latency (TFL) before and after 2 Hz or 100 Hz EA treatment. Gene expression analysis of spinal dorsal horn (DH) revealed divergent expression in HR and NR after 2 Hz/100 Hz EA. The expression of the neurotransmitter system related genes was significantly highly regulated in the HR animals while the proinflammation cytokines related genes were up-regulated more significantly in NR than that in HR after 2 Hz and 100 Hz EA stimulation, especially in the case of 2 Hz stimulation. Conclusions/Significance Our results suggested that differential regulation and coordination of neural-immune related genes might play an important role for individual variations in analgesic effects responding to EA in DH. It also provided new candidate genes related to EA responsiveness for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai and National Engineering Research Center for Biochip at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Neuroscience Research Institute; Department of Neurobiology, Peking University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Public Health; Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Xiang
- Neuroscience Research Institute; Department of Neurobiology, Peking University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Public Health; Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei He
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai and National Engineering Research Center for Biochip at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Libo Lin
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai and National Engineering Research Center for Biochip at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingjie Ping
- Neuroscience Research Institute; Department of Neurobiology, Peking University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Public Health; Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Genetics and Center of Alcohol Studies, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jisheng Han
- Neuroscience Research Institute; Department of Neurobiology, Peking University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Public Health; Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai and National Engineering Research Center for Biochip at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- * E-mail: (CC); (QZ); (GZ)
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai and National Engineering Research Center for Biochip at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (CC); (QZ); (GZ)
| | - Cailian Cui
- Neuroscience Research Institute; Department of Neurobiology, Peking University Health Science Center; Key Laboratory of Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Public Health; Peking University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (CC); (QZ); (GZ)
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Jia ZW, Zhang BK, Ruan DK. [Reasearch on mechanism of neurotrophins in discogenic low back pain]. Zhongguo Gu Shang 2012; 25:698-700. [PMID: 25058970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Discogenic low back pain is the common type of chronic low back pain. However,its mechanism has not been completely clarified. Considerable evidence shows that neurotrophins play an important role in discogenic low back pain. The paper summarizes the mechanism of neurotrophins on discogenic low back pain according to the pain transfer pathway of neurotrophins in intervertebral disc, dorsal horn ganglia and spinal trigeminal nucleus. Changing the pain transmission by regulating neurotrophins and its receptor will provide a new way for the treatment of discogenic low back pain.
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Sun YE, Peng L, Sun X, Bo J, Yang D, Zheng Y, Liu C, Zhu B, Ma Z, Gu X. Intrathecal injection of spironolactone attenuates radicular pain by inhibition of spinal microglia activation in a rat model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39897. [PMID: 22768159 PMCID: PMC3387194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia might play an important role in nociceptive processing and hyperalgesia by neuroinflammatory process. Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) expressed on microglia might play a central role in the modulation of microglia activity. However the roles of microglia and MR in radicular pain were not well understood. This study sought to investigate whether selective MR antagonist spironolactone develop antinociceptive effects on radicular pain by inhibition neuroinflammation induced by spinal microglia activation. Results Radicular pain was produced by chronic compression of the dorsal root ganglia with SURGIFLO™. The expression of microglia, interleukin beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor (t-NR1), and NR1 subunit phosphorylated at Ser896 (p-NR1) were also markedly up-regulated. Intrathecal injection of spironolactone significantly attenuated pain behaviors as well as the expression of microglia, IL-1β, TNF-α, t-NR1, and p-NR1, whereas the production of IL-6 wasn’t affected. Conclusion These results suggest that intrathecal delivery spironolactone has therapeutic effects on radicular pain in rats. Decreasing the activation of glial cells, the production of proinflammatory cytokines and down-regulating the expression and phosphorylation of NMDA receptors in the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia are the main mechanisms contributing to its beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-e Sun
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Affiliated Drum-Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Liangyu Peng
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Affiliated Drum-Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Xiaofeng Sun
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Affiliated Drum-Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Jinhua Bo
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Affiliated Drum-Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Affiliated Drum-Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Yaguo Zheng
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Affiliated Drum-Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Chenglong Liu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Affiliated Drum-Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Beibei Zhu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Affiliated Drum-Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Zhengliang Ma
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Affiliated Drum-Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China
- * E-mail: (ZLM); (XPG)
| | - Xiaoping Gu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Affiliated Drum-Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China
- * E-mail: (ZLM); (XPG)
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Gatta L, Piscitelli F, Giordano C, Boccella S, Lichtman A, Maione S, Di Marzo V. Discovery of prostamide F2α and its role in inflammatory pain and dorsal horn nociceptive neuron hyperexcitability. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31111. [PMID: 22363560 PMCID: PMC3283613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It was suggested that endocannabinoids are metabolized by cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in the spinal cord of rats with kaolin/λ-carrageenan-induced knee inflammation, and that this mechanism contributes to the analgesic effects of COX-2 inhibitors in this experimental model. We report the development of a specific method for the identification of endocannabinoid COX-2 metabolites, its application to measure the levels of these compounds in tissues, and the finding of prostamide F2α (PMF2α) in mice with knee inflammation. Whereas the levels of spinal endocannabinoids were not significantly altered by kaolin/λ-carrageenan-induced knee inflammation, those of the COX-2 metabolite of AEA, PMF2α, were strongly elevated. The formation of PMF2α was reduced by indomethacin (a non-selective COX inhibitor), NS-398 (a selective COX-2 inhibitor) and SC-560 (a selective COX-1 inhibitor). In healthy mice, spinal application of PMF2α increased the firing of nociceptive (NS) neurons, and correspondingly reduced the threshold of paw withdrawal latency (PWL). These effects were attenuated by the PMF2α receptor antagonist AGN211336, but not by the FP receptor antagonist AL8810. Also prostaglandin F2α increased NS neuron firing and reduced the threshold of PWL in healthy mice, and these effects were antagonized by AL8810, and not by AGN211336. In mice with kaolin/λ-carrageenan-induced knee inflammation, AGN211336, but not AL8810, reduced the inflammation-induced NS neuron firing and reduction of PWL. These findings suggest that inflammation-induced, and prostanoid-mediated, enhancement of dorsal horn NS neuron firing stimulates the production of spinal PMF2α, which in turn contributes to further NS neuron firing and pain transmission by activating specific receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Gatta
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Department of Experimental Medicine–Division of Pharmacology “L. Donatelli”, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Catia Giordano
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Department of Experimental Medicine–Division of Pharmacology “L. Donatelli”, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Boccella
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Department of Experimental Medicine–Division of Pharmacology “L. Donatelli”, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Aron Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Department of Experimental Medicine–Division of Pharmacology “L. Donatelli”, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail: (SM); (VD)
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
- * E-mail: (SM); (VD)
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Yang K, Takeuchi K, Wei F, Dubner R, Ren K. Activation of group I mGlu receptors contributes to facilitation of NMDA receptor membrane current in spinal dorsal horn neurons after hind paw inflammation in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 670:509-18. [PMID: 21951968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between the group I metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors plays a critical role in spinal hyperexcitability and hyperalgesia. The cellular mechanisms underlying this interaction remain unknown. Utilizing an ex vivo spinal slice preparation from young adult rats, we investigated the group I mGlu receptor modulation of NMDA receptor-mediated current in superficial dorsal horn neurons by patch clamp recording after complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced hind paw inflammation. We show that NMDA receptor-mediated dorsal root stimulation-evoked EPSC (eEPSC) and NMDA-induced current was enhanced in the inflamed rats, compared to naïve rats and this effect was attenuated by AIDA (1 mM), a group I mGlu receptor antagonist. There were also increases in the frequency and amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents in the presence of tetrodotoxin, suggesting enhanced presynaptic glutamate release probability and postsynaptic membrane responsiveness in inflamed rats. DHPG (10 μM), a selective group I mGlu receptor agonist, further facilitated NMDA receptor-mediated eEPSC and NMDA-induced current in inflamed rats. The DHPG-produced facilitation of NMDA-induced current was blocked by intracellular dialysis of GDP-beta-S (1 mM), a G protein antagonist, and BAPTA (15 mM), an intracellular calcium chelating agent; and by pretreatment with U73,122 (10 μM), a PLC inhibitor, or 2-APB (100 μM), an IP₃-receptor antagonist. These findings support the hypothesis that signal transduction coupling between group I mGlu receptors and NMDA receptors underlies the activation of NMDA receptors in spinal hyperexcitability and hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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18
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Wang XL, Zhang Q, Zhang YZ, Liu YT, Dong R, Wang QJ, Guo YX. Downregulation of GABAB receptors in the spinal cord dorsal horn in diabetic neuropathy. Neurosci Lett 2011; 490:112-5. [PMID: 21184807 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathic pain is a common clinical problem and remains difficult to treat with classic analgesics. Spinal dorsal horn neurons are important in mediating nociceptive signaling, and the hyperactivity of these neurons is critical in diabetic neuropathy. In this study, we determined the GABA(B) receptor expression level in dorsal horn neurons in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in rats by using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analyses. Mean blood glucose concentrations were significantly higher and the paw withdrawal threshold was significantly lower in STZ-treated rats than in saline-treated rats. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the GABA(B) receptor was extensively expressed in the spinal dorsal horn neurons. The GABA(B1) mRNA level decreased in a time-dependent manner in STZ-treated rats compared with saline-treated controls. Furthermore, the protein expression level revealed by western blot analysis was lower in STZ-treated rats than in saline-treated rats. These data suggest that GABA(B) receptors are downregulated in the spinal dorsal horn in this model of STZ-induced diabetic neuropathic pain. The reduction of GABA(B) expression may contribute to the hyperactivity of spinal dorsal horn neurons and diabetic neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Li Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of HeBei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, HeBei Province 050011, China.
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Simone DA, Khasabov SG, Cain DM, Hamamoto DT, Khasabova IA. Changes in response properties of nociceptors and dorsal horn neurons in a murine model of cancer pain. Fiziol Zh (1994) 2011; 57:75-77. [PMID: 22185016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
MESH Headings
- Action Potentials/drug effects
- Animals
- Benzoxazines/therapeutic use
- Cannabinoids/therapeutic use
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Hot Temperature
- Hyperalgesia/drug therapy
- Hyperalgesia/metabolism
- Hyperalgesia/pathology
- Hyperalgesia/physiopathology
- Mice
- Morpholines/therapeutic use
- Naphthalenes/therapeutic use
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/physiopathology
- Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated/pathology
- Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated/physiology
- Nociceptors/pathology
- Nociceptors/physiology
- Pain/drug therapy
- Pain/metabolism
- Pain/pathology
- Pain/physiopathology
- Posterior Horn Cells/pathology
- Posterior Horn Cells/physiopathology
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A Simone
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, USA.
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20
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Ross SE, Mardinly AR, McCord AE, Zurawski J, Cohen S, Jung C, Hu L, Mok SI, Shah A, Savner E, Tolias C, Corfas R, Chen S, Inquimbert P, Xu Y, McInnes RR, Rice FL, Corfas G, Ma Q, Woolf CJ, Greenberg ME. Loss of inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal spinal cord and elevated itch in Bhlhb5 mutant mice. Neuron 2010; 65:886-98. [PMID: 20346763 PMCID: PMC2856621 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Itch is the least well understood of all the somatic senses, and the neural circuits that underlie this sensation are poorly defined. Here we show that the atonal-related transcription factor Bhlhb5 is transiently expressed in the dorsal horn of the developing spinal cord and appears to play a role in the formation and regulation of pruritic (itch) circuits. Mice lacking Bhlhb5 develop self-inflicted skin lesions and show significantly enhanced scratching responses to pruritic agents. Through genetic fate-mapping and conditional ablation, we provide evidence that the pruritic phenotype in Bhlhb5 mutants is due to selective loss of a subset of inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal horn. Our findings suggest that Bhlhb5 is required for the survival of a specific population of inhibitory interneurons that regulate pruritus, and provide evidence that the loss of inhibitory synaptic input results in abnormal itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Ross
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Alan R. Mardinly
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Alejandra E. McCord
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan Zurawski
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sonia Cohen
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Cynthia Jung
- Programs in Developmental Biology, and Genetics and the Department of Molecular Genetics, The Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Linda Hu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Stephanie I. Mok
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Anar Shah
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Erin Savner
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Christos Tolias
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Roman Corfas
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Suzhen Chen
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Perrine Inquimbert
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yi Xu
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Roderick R. McInnes
- Programs in Developmental Biology, and Genetics and the Department of Molecular Genetics, The Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and the Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frank L. Rice
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208 and Integrated Tissue Dynamics LL, Renssalaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Gabriel Corfas
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qiufu Ma
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Clifford J. Woolf
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, and Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael E. Greenberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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21
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Park JS, Voitenko N, Petralia RS, Guan X, Xu JT, Steinberg JP, Takamiya K, Sotnik A, Kopach O, Huganir RL, Tao YX. Persistent inflammation induces GluR2 internalization via NMDA receptor-triggered PKC activation in dorsal horn neurons. J Neurosci 2009; 29:3206-19. [PMID: 19279258 PMCID: PMC2664544 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4514-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord GluR2-lacking AMPA receptors (AMPARs) contribute to nociceptive hypersensitivity in persistent pain, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this event are not completely understood. We report that complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced peripheral inflammation induces synaptic GluR2 internalization in dorsal horn neurons during the maintenance of CFA-evoked nociceptive hypersensitivity. This internalization is initiated by GluR2 phosphorylation at Ser(880) and subsequent disruption of GluR2 binding to its synaptic anchoring protein (GRIP), resulting in a switch of GluR2-containing AMPARs to GluR2-lacking AMPARs and an increase of AMPAR Ca(2+) permeability at the synapses in dorsal horn neurons. Spinal cord NMDA receptor-mediated triggering of protein kinase C (PKC) activation is required for the induction and maintenance of CFA-induced dorsal horn GluR2 internalization. Moreover, preventing CFA-induced spinal GluR2 internalization through targeted mutation of the GluR2 PKC phosphorylation site impairs CFA-evoked nociceptive hypersensitivity during the maintenance period. These results suggest that dorsal horn GluR2 internalization might participate in the maintenance of NMDA receptor/PKC-dependent nociceptive hypersensitivity in persistent inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Su Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Nana Voitenko
- Department of General Physiology of Nervous System, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kiev 01024, Ukraine
| | - Ronald S. Petralia
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and
| | - Xiaowei Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Ji-Tian Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | | | | | - Andrij Sotnik
- Department of General Physiology of Nervous System, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kiev 01024, Ukraine
| | - Olga Kopach
- Department of General Physiology of Nervous System, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kiev 01024, Ukraine
| | - Richard L. Huganir
- Departments of Neuroscience and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Yuan-Xiang Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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22
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Gilerovich EG, Moshonkina TR, Fedorova EA, Shishko TT, Pavlova NV, Gerasimenko YP, Otellin VA. Morphofunctional characteristics of the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 38:855-60. [PMID: 18802763 DOI: 10.1007/s11055-008-9056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The topography of the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord in rats was studied; an immunohistochemical method was used to determine the distribution of synaptophysin--a membrane protein of synaptic vesicles. Synaptophysin-immunoreactive structures were detected in the gray matter of all Rexed laminae, around most neurons and in the neuropil. Previously undescribed subpial synaptic contacts were detected immunohistochemically in the white matter and confirmed by electron microscopy. A non-myelinated component of the corticospinal tract, including axonal varicosities and synaptic contacts, was observed in the dorsal part of the white matter of the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Gilerovich
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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23
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Shen A, Chen M, Niu S, Sun L, Gao S, Shi S, Li X, Lv Q, Guo Z, Cheng C. Changes in mRNA for CAPON and Dexras1 in adult rat following sciatic nerve transection. J Chem Neuroanat 2008; 35:85-93. [PMID: 17768032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve transection has been implicated to cause a production of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), which may influence a range of post-axotomy processes necessary for neuronal survival and nerve regeneration. Carboxy-terminal post synaptic density protein/Drosophila disc large tumor suppressor/zonula occuldens-1 protein (PDZ) ligand of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (CAPON), as an adaptor, interacts with nNOS via the PDZ domain helping regulate nNOS activity at postsynaptic sites in neurons. And Dexras1, a small G protein mediating multiple signal transductions, has been reported to form a complex with CAPON and nNOS. A role for the physiologic linkage by CAPON of nNOS to Dexras1 has suggested that NO-mediated activation of Dexras1 is markedly enhanced by CAPON. We investigated the changes in mRNA for CAPON, Dexras1 and nNOS in the sciatic nerve, dorsal root ganglia and lumbar spinal cord of adult rat following sciatic axotomy by TaqMan quantitative real-time PCR and in situ hybridization combined with immunofluorescence. Signals of mRNA for CAPON and Dexras1 were initially expressed in these neural tissues mentioned, transiently increased at certain time periods after sciatic axotomy and finally recovered to the basal level. It was also found that nNOS mRNA underwent a similar change pattern during this process. These results suggest that CAPON as well as Dexras1 may be involved in the different pathological conditions including nerve regeneration, neuron loss or survival and even pain process, possibly via regulating the nNOS activity or through the downstream targets of Dexras1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiguo Shen
- The Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, People's Republic of China
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24
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Taguchi T, Hoheisel U, Mense S. Dorsal horn neurons having input from low back structures in rats. Pain 2007; 138:119-129. [PMID: 18164133 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2007.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of nociception in the low back are poorly understood, partly because systematic recordings from dorsal horn neurons with input from the low back are largely missing. The purpose of this investigation was to (1) identify spinal segments and dorsal horn neurons receiving input from the low back, (2) test the effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) injected into the multifidus muscle (MF) on the neurons' responsiveness, and (3) study the influence of a chronic MF inflammation on the responses. In rats, microelectrode recordings were made in the segments L2, L3, and L5 to find dorsal horn neurons having input from the low back (LB neurons). In control animals, the proportion of LB neurons in L2 was larger than in L3 and L5. Most LB neurons had a convergent input from several tissues. Injections of NGF into MF increased the proportion of LB neurons significantly. A chronic MF inflammation likewise increased the proportion of LB neurons and the input convergence. The centers of the neurons' receptive fields (RFs) were consistently located 2-3 segments caudally relative to their recording site. The results show that (1) input convergence from various tissues is common for LB neurons, (2) the input from structures of the low back is processed 2-3 segments cranially relative to the vertebral level of the RFs, and (3) the responsiveness of LB neurons is increased during a pathologic alteration of the MF. The above findings may be relevant for some cases of chronic low back pain in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Taguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Dorotheenstrasse 94, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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25
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Kalous A, Osborne PB, Keast JR. Acute and chronic changes in dorsal horn innervation by primary afferents and descending supraspinal pathways after spinal cord injury. J Comp Neurol 2007; 504:238-53. [PMID: 17640046 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sprouting of peptidergic nociceptive and descending supraspinal projections to the dorsal horn following spinal cord injury (SCI) has been proposed as a mechanism of neuropathic pain. To identify structural changes that could initiate or maintain SCI pain, we used a complete transection model in rats to examine how structural remodeling in the dorsal horn rostral to the lesion relates to distance from injury, laminar region, and duration of injury. The major classes of C-fiber primary afferents differed greatly in their susceptibility to structural and chemical changes and their ability to undergo plasticity. Peptidergic primary afferents showed a widespread loss throughout the dorsal horn of segments approaching the injury site. Some of this loss may have been due to decreased neuropeptide expression. The reduction in peptidergic fibers was transient, indicating compensatory sprouting and perhaps also increased neuropeptide expression within the cord. Nonpeptidergic afferents expressing GFRalpha1 were largely unaffected by SCI. In contrast, in GFRalpha2-expressing nonpeptidergic afferents SCI caused a permanent loss of dorsal horn innervation. Unexpectedly, GFRalpha2 was transiently induced throughout deeper laminae but this was not due to upregulation of GFRalpha2 in dorsal root ganglia. We also observed permanent sprouting of catecholamine terminals of supraspinal origin. This was restricted to the superficial laminae. Our results show that SCI caused a loss of sensory input as well as structural remodeling such that the balance of nociceptive inputs and descending modulation was permanently altered. These changes may contribute to mechanisms rostral to the site of SCI that trigger and maintain neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Kalous
- Pain Management Research Institute and Kolling Institute, Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
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26
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Lin YR, Chen HH, Ko CH, Chan MH. Effects of honokiol and magnolol on acute and inflammatory pain models in mice. Life Sci 2007; 81:1071-8. [PMID: 17826802 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The antinociceptive actions of honokiol and magnolol, two major bioactive constituents of the bark of Magnolia officinalis, were evaluated using tail-flick, hot-plate and formalin tests in mice. The effects of honokiol and magnolol on the formalin-induced c-Fos expression in the spinal cord dorsal horn as well as motor coordination and cognitive function were examined. Data showed that honokiol and magnolol did not produce analgesia in tail-flick, hot-plate paw-shaking and neurogenic phase of the overt nociception induced by intraplantar injection of formalin. However, honokiol and magnolol reduced the inflammatory phase of formalin-induced licking response. Consistently, honokiol and magnolol significantly decreased formalin-induced c-Fos protein expression in superficial (I-II) laminae of the L4-L5 lumbar dorsal horn. However, honokiol and magnolol did not elicit motor incoordination and memory dysfunction at doses higher than the analgesic dose. These results demonstrate that honokiol and magnolol effectively alleviate the formalin-induced inflammatory pain without motor and cognitive side effects, suggesting their therapeutic potential in the treatment of inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ruu Lin
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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27
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Umehara F, Nose H, Saito M, Fukuda M, Ogino M, Toyota T, Yuhi T, Arimura K, Osame M. Abnormalities of spinal magnetic resonance images implicate clinical variability in human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy. J Neurovirol 2007; 13:260-7. [PMID: 17613716 DOI: 10.1080/13550280701258431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the role of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I HTLV-I infection in 11 patients who developed slowly progressive myelopathy with abnormal spinal cord lesions. The authors performed clinical and neuroradiological examinations and calculated the odds that an HTLV-I-infected individual of a specific genotype, age, and provirus load has HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Anti-HTLV-I antibodies were present in both the serum and cerebrospinal fluid in all of the patients. Abnormal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions were classified as cervical to thoracic type (CT type), cervical type (C type), and thoracic type (T type). In each type, there was swelling of the spinal cords with high-intensity lesions, which were located mainly in bilateral posterior columns, posterior horns, or lateral columns. Virological and immunological analyses revealed that all patients showed a high risk of developing HAM/TSP. These 11 patients may have developed HAM/TSP, as manifested by spinal cord abnormalities shown on MRI. These MRIs implicate clinical variability of HAM/TSP, which may indicate active-early stages of HAM/TSP lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujio Umehara
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
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28
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Géranton SM, Morenilla-Palao C, Hunt SP. A role for transcriptional repressor methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 and plasticity-related gene serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 in the induction of inflammatory pain states. J Neurosci 2007; 27:6163-73. [PMID: 17553988 PMCID: PMC6672147 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1306-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-dependent changes in neurons of the rat superficial dorsal horn are crucial for the induction and maintenance of neuropathic and inflammatory pain states. To identify the molecular mechanisms underlying this sensitization of superficial dorsal horn neurons, we undertook a genome-wide microarray profiling of dorsal horn gene transcripts at various times after induction of peripheral inflammation of the rat ankle joint. At early time points, upregulation of gene expression dominated, but by 7 d, downregulation was predominant. Two to 24 h after inflammation, we identified a small number of highly upregulated transcripts previously shown to be repressed by the Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2), including serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase (SGK1) and FK 506 binding protein 5, genes known to be important in experience-dependent plasticity. A decrease in expression of SIN3A, a corepressor in the MeCP2 silencing complex, was also found after inflammation. Phosphorylation of MeCP2 regulates activity-dependent gene transcription, and crucially we found that MeCP2 was phosphorylated in lamina I projection neurons 1 h after induction of peripheral inflammation. Lamina I projection neurons have been shown to be essential for the development of most pain states. SGK1 protein was also localized, in part, to lamina I projection neurons, and its expression in the superficial dorsal horn increased after inflammation. Furthermore, antisense knock-down of SGK1 delayed the onset of inflammatory hyperalgesia by 24 h at least. Our results uncover an unexpected complexity in the regulation of gene expression, including the modulation of transcriptional repression, that accompanies development and maintenance of an inflammatory pain state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine M Géranton
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and London Pain Consortium, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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29
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Kerr FWL. Evidence for a peripheral etiology of trigeminal neuralgia. 1967. J Neurosurg 2007; 107:225-31. [PMID: 17639900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
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30
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Braak H, Sastre M, Bohl JRE, de Vos RAI, Del Tredici K. Parkinson's disease: lesions in dorsal horn layer I, involvement of parasympathetic and sympathetic pre- and postganglionic neurons. Acta Neuropathol 2007; 113:421-9. [PMID: 17294202 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-007-0193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Clinical signs frequently recognized in early phases of sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) may include autonomic dysfunctions and the experience of pain. Early disease-related lesions that may account for these symptoms are presently unknown or incompletely known. In this study, immunocytochemistry for alpha-synuclein was used to investigate the first relay stations of the pain system as well as parasympathetic and sympathetic pre- and postganglionic nerve cells in the lower brainstem, spinal cord, and coeliac ganglion in 100 microm polyethylene glycol embedded sections from six autopsy individuals, whose brains were staged for PD-associated synucleinopathy. Immunoreactive inclusions were found for the first time in spinal cord lamina I neurons. Lower portions of the spinal cord downwards of the fourth thoracic segment appeared to be predominantly affected, whereas the spinal trigeminal nucleus was virtually intact. Additional involvement was seen in parasympathetic preganglionic projection neurons of the vagal nerve, in sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the spinal cord, and in postganglionic neurons of the coeliac ganglion. The known interconnectivities between all of these components offer a possible explanation for their particular vulnerability. Lamina I neurons (pain system) directly project upon sympathetic relay centers, and these, in turn, exert influence on the parasympathetic regulation of the enteric nervous system. This constellation indicates that physical contacts between vulnerable regions play a key role in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Braak
- Institute for Clinical Neuroanatomy, J.W. Goethe University Clinic, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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31
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Iwata H, Takasusuki T, Yamaguchi S, Hori Y. NMDA receptor 2B subunit-mediated synaptic transmission in the superficial dorsal horn of peripheral nerve-injured neuropathic mice. Brain Res 2007; 1135:92-101. [PMID: 17198690 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 12/02/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that peripheral inflammation and peripheral nerve injury alter the properties of NMDA receptors in the spinal dorsal horn. However, there is no direct evidence that demonstrates the influence of peripheral nerve injury on NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in the spinal dorsal horn. Using whole cell tight-seal methods, NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (NMDA EPSCs) were recorded from superficial dorsal horn neurons in adult mouse spinal cord slices. Peripheral nerve injury-induced changes in the pharmacological and electrophysiological properties of synaptic NMDA receptors were studied. The ratio of the amplitude of NMDA EPSCs to that of non-NMDA EPSCs was larger in nerve-ligated neuropathic mice than in sham-operated control mice. The decay phase of the NMDA EPSCs was slower in nerve-ligated neuropathic mice. The NR2B subunit-specific NMDA receptor antagonist ifenprodil (10 microM) reduced the amplitude of the NMDA EPSCs and shortened their decay phase. The sensitivity of NMDA EPSCs to ifenprodil was significantly larger in nerve-ligated neuropathic mice than in sham-operated control mice. Single-cell RT-PCR analysis performed on superficial dorsal horn neurons showed that the incidence of NR2A mRNA-expressing neurons was reduced in nerve-ligated neuropathic mice. This result, together with the electrophysiological findings, suggests that the subunit composition of the subsynaptic NMDA receptors in the superficial dorsal horn was altered by peripheral nerve injury. Pharmacological and electrophysiological changes observed in the present experiments might be the underlying causes of the hyperalgesia and allodynia induced by peripheral nerve injury and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Iwata
- Department of Physiology and Biological Information, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Kitakobayashi 880, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
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32
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Peters CM, Jimenez-Andrade JM, Jonas BM, Sevcik MA, Koewler NJ, Ghilardi JR, Wong GY, Mantyh PW. Intravenous paclitaxel administration in the rat induces a peripheral sensory neuropathy characterized by macrophage infiltration and injury to sensory neurons and their supporting cells. Exp Neurol 2007; 203:42-54. [PMID: 17005179 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Revised: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy (PN) can be a significant problem for patients receiving chemotherapeutic regimens for the treatment of breast, ovarian, and lung cancer as PN can influence the quality of life and survivorship in these patients. To begin to understand the cellular changes that occur within the peripheral and central nervous system as PN develops, we intravenously infused rats with clinically relevant doses of paclitaxel. Ten days later, behavioral changes indicative of PN became evident that included mechanical allodynia, cold hyperalgesia, and deficits in ambulation/coordination. These behaviors were accompanied by increased expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3; a marker of cellular injury) in a population of large>medium>small diameter sensory neurons, a population of satellite cells in the lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and in myelinating Schwann cells in the sciatic nerve. In addition, there was an increase in the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in DRG satellite cells and an increase in the number of CD68 positive activated macrophages within the DRG and peripheral nerve. Within lamina III-IV of the lumbar spinal cord, there was an increase in OX42 positive microglia. These data suggest that intravenous infusion of paclitaxel induces a peripheral neuropathy characterized by injury of neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the peripheral nervous system, macrophage activation in both the DRG and peripheral nerve, and microglial activation within the spinal cord. An understanding of the factors involved in the development and maintenance of PN may lead to mechanism based therapies that prevent/treat PN and thus improve the survival and quality of life of patients receiving chemotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Activating Transcription Factor 3/drug effects
- Activating Transcription Factor 3/metabolism
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/drug effects
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/drug effects
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/toxicity
- CD11b Antigen
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Ganglia, Spinal/pathology
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/drug effects
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism
- Hyperalgesia/chemically induced
- Hyperalgesia/pathology
- Hyperalgesia/physiopathology
- Injections, Intravenous
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/metabolism
- Microglia/pathology
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Neurons, Afferent/pathology
- Paclitaxel/toxicity
- Peripheral Nerves/drug effects
- Peripheral Nerves/pathology
- Peripheral Nerves/physiopathology
- Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/chemically induced
- Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/pathology
- Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/physiopathology
- Posterior Horn Cells/drug effects
- Posterior Horn Cells/metabolism
- Posterior Horn Cells/pathology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Satellite Cells, Perineuronal/drug effects
- Satellite Cells, Perineuronal/metabolism
- Satellite Cells, Perineuronal/pathology
- Schwann Cells/drug effects
- Schwann Cells/metabolism
- Schwann Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Peters
- Departments of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Hamada R, Seike M, Kamijima R, Ikeda M, Kodama H, Ohtsu H. Neuronal conditions of spinal cord in dermatitis are improved by olopatadine. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 547:45-51. [PMID: 16934247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Revised: 05/29/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Intense pruritus and cutaneous reactivity represent cardinal features of eczema. The resulting scratching behaviors alter neuronal conditions of the spinal dorsal horn where the primary sensory afferent fibers transmit cutaneous stimulation and deteriorate eczematous skin lesions. We investigated the effects of olopatadine hydrochloride (olopatadine) on alteration of neuronal conditions of the spinal dorsal horn and eczematous skin lesions induced by contact dermatitis. Eczematous lesions were induced by repeated application of diphenylcyclopropenone (DCP) in BALB/c mice. Olopatadine suppressed scratching behavior caused by repeated application of DCP in mice. Increased expressions of c-Fos and substance P in the spinal dorsal horn following DCP application were improved by olopatadine. Furthermore, olopatadine diminished the number of infiltrating cells and levels of cytokines in eczematous skin lesions resulting from DCP application. Olopatadine improves neurological conditions in the spinal cord and eczematous skin lesions in a murine contact dermatitis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Hamada
- Department of Dermatology, Kochi Medical School, Okohcho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
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34
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Mitsuyo T, Dutton RC, Antognini JF, Carstens E. The differential effects of halothane and isoflurane on windup of dorsal horn neurons selected in unanesthetized decerebrated rats. Anesth Analg 2006; 103:753-60. [PMID: 16931692 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000230605.22930.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Halothane and isoflurane, in the peri-minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC) range, exert differential effects on spinal nociceptive neurons, whereby halothane further depresses their responses from 0.8 to 1.2 MAC, whereas isoflurane does not. We presently investigated if these anesthetics differentially affect windup, the progressive increase in neuronal responses to repetitive noxious stimuli, over a broad concentration range from 0 to 1.2 MAC. In decerebrated rats, single-unit recordings were made from dorsal horn neurons exhibiting windup to 20 1-Hz C-fiber strength electrical stimuli. Halothane and isoflurane (0, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 MAC) were tested in a counterbalanced crossover protocol. Increasing halothane and isoflurane from 0 to 1.2 MAC progressively suppressed the response to the first stimulus, as well as summed responses to all stimuli (to 34% +/- 8% and 50% +/- 8%, respectively; P < 0.05). Absolute windup (summed response minus 20x the first response) was suppressed by both anesthetics from 0 to 0.8 MAC, with further depression by halothane but not isoflurane at 1.2 MAC. Responses of neurons isolated at 0 MAC were partially, but never totally, depressed at 0.8 MAC. The dose-dependent suppression of windup is consistent with reduced temporal summation of pain. Further depression at 1.2 MAC halothane, but not isoflurane, suggests different sites of immobilizing action for these two anesthetics. Immobility seems to not be mediated by severe anesthetic depression of a subpopulation of nociceptive neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Mitsuyo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Ehime University Medical School, Matsuyama, Japan
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35
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Pattinson D, Baccei M, Karadottir R, Torsney C, Moss A, McCutcheon J, Giese KP, Fitzgerald M. Aberrant dendritic branching and sensory inputs in the superficial dorsal horn of mice lacking CaMKIIα autophosphorylation. Mol Cell Neurosci 2006; 33:88-95. [PMID: 16875841 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2006.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Revised: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Superficial dorsal horn neurones undergo marked structural and functional activity-dependent development during the early postnatal period, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes. Calcium signalling, through activation and autophosphorylation of CaMKII, has been shown to play a major role in the maturation of neuronal morphology and connectivity in the cortex. Here, we show that the normal structural and functional development of superficial dorsal horn neurones requires CaMKII autophosphorylation at the Thr286 residue. The dendritic branching of neurones from mice containing a point mutation at this site (T286A) was significantly increased compared with wild-type littermates. This was accompanied by significant increases in receptive field size, recorded from intact preparations. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings of superficial dorsal horn slices revealed a selective deficit in low-threshold A fibre-evoked synaptic input. These results show that CaMKII autophosphorylation is required for the normal development of spinal sensory circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Pattinson
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK.
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36
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Zhu Y, Antony J, Liu S, Martinez JA, Giuliani F, Zochodne D, Power C. CD8+ lymphocyte-mediated injury of dorsal root ganglion neurons during lentivirus infection: CD154-dependent cell contact neurotoxicity. J Neurosci 2006; 26:3396-403. [PMID: 16571746 PMCID: PMC6673847 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4767-05.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal damage in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) with accompanying axonal injury is a key feature of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP). In a model of HIV-related DSP, we observed numerous CD3+ T lymphocytes (p < 0.05) in DRGs from feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected animals, which also exhibited low CD4+ and high CD8+ lymphocyte levels in blood accompanied by a selective loss of small-diameter sural nerve axons (p < 0.05). FIV-infected lymphocytes cocultured with syngeneic DRGs caused neuronal damage, indicated by neurite retraction, neuronal soma atrophy, and loss (p < 0.05). In contrast, supernatants from FIV-infected or uninfected lymphocytes were minimally neurotoxic, despite high FIV virion levels. Among lymphocyte subsets cocultured with DRG cultures, CD8+ T cells from both FIV-infected and uninfected lymphocytes selectively caused DRG neuronal injury (p < 0.05). FIV-infected CD8+ T cells showed markedly increased CD154 expression (p < 0.05), whereas neurons were the predominant cells expressing CD40 in DRGs. Blocking CD154 on activated CD8+ T cells protected DRG neurons (p < 0.05). These findings indicated that CD8+ T cells were principal effectors of DRG neuronal injury after FIV infection through a CD40-CD154 interaction in a cell contact-dependent manner.
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37
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Abstract
Dark neurons, whose morphological characteristics are consistent with those of cells undergoing apoptosis, are generated in vivo as an acute or delayed consequence of several pathological situations and lesions. The present study was designed to evaluate whether inflammatory pain induced by injection of formalin to the rat hind paw lead to the formation of dark neurons in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord in rat. Since nitric oxide (NO) and c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) pathway are involved in the mechanisms of pain generation and degenerative neuronal alteration, their roles were also considered. The methods used spectrophotometrical analysis of the serum nitrite (metabolite of NO) and histological procedures for detection of dark neurons, following induction of inflammatory pain. According to the results, injection of formalin led to an increase of the serum nitrite level in both concentration and time-dependent manners. Visual inspections of the lumbar spinal cord sections showed that, on day 5, following chronic injections of 5% formalin, numbers of dark neurons were significantly increased. Acute and chronic administration of 1% or 2.5% formalin did not induce any remarkable neuronal alterations in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord. Daily intrathecal administration of quercetin (inhibitor of JNK pathway) 100 microg/rat, or 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5,-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO; NO scavenger) 30 mug/rat before injection of 5% formalin led to a reliable reduction in the number of dark neurons. These results indicate that induction of inflammatory pain for longer periods may result in a serious central disorder. Pretreatment with neutralizers or inhibitors of NO and JNK may exert a neuroprotective effect in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parichehr Hassanzadeh
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Evin, Tehran, Iran
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38
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Igwe OJ. Agents that act by different mechanisms modulate the activity of protein kinase CβII isozyme in the rat spinal cord during peripheral inflammation. Neuroscience 2006; 138:313-28. [PMID: 16360284 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Revised: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 10/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hyperalgesia following unilateral complete Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammation was characterized by paw withdrawal latency to thermal stimulus. Paw withdrawal latencies were significantly shorter on the complete Freund's adjuvant-treated paw than on the contralateral paw of the complete Freund's adjuvant- and the sham-treated rats. Total cytosolic protein kinase C activity in the lumbar enlargement was unchanged on the sides of the spinal cord ipsi- and contra-lateral to the inflamed paw. Membrane-associated activities of protein kinase Calpha, protein kinase CbetaI and protein kinase Cgamma did not change significantly on the sides of the cord ipsi- and contra-lateral to the inflammation. However, membrane-associated activity of protein kinase CbetaII was increased in the cord section ipsilateral to the inflammation, suggesting that increased translocation/activation of protein kinase CbetaII is related to thermal hyperalgesia. Dextrorphan (an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist), L-703,606 (an NK-1 receptor antagonist) and an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide for a selective knockdown of protein kinase Cbeta, reduced complete Freund's adjuvant-induced hyperalgesia, and reversed significant changes in the membrane activity of protein kinase CbetaII on the spinal cord section ipsilateral to the inflamed paw. Dextrorphan and protein kinase Cbeta antisense oligodeoxynucleotide were effective in reversing complete Freund's adjuvant-induced increase in the activity of protein kinase CbetaII ipsilateral to the inflammation at all the doses tested, but L-703,606 was effective only at the highest dose. Furthermore, in the presence of inflammatory stimulus, dextrorphan and L-703,606 did not alter the activities of membrane-associated protein kinase Calpha, protein kinase CbetaI, and protein kinase Cgamma in the section of the spinal cord ipsi- and contra-lateral to the inflammation. Protein kinase Cbeta antisense oligodeoxynucleotide had no significant effect on the membrane-associated activities of protein kinase Calpha and protein kinase Cgamma, but decreased the activities of both protein kinase CbetaI and protein kinase CbetaII and the expression of protein kinase Cbeta isozyme in the spinal cord. The data provide evidence that a common molecular event that converges to initiate and maintain hyperalgesia may include the translocation and activation of protein kinase CbetaII in the spinal dorsal horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Igwe
- Division of Pharmacology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108-2784, USA.
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Michalak S, Adamczewska-Goncerzewicz Z, Szczech J. ATPases and lipid peroxidation in the rat sciatic nerve in the course of experimental neoplastic disease. Exp Mol Pathol 2005; 81:92-9. [PMID: 16386245 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Revised: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/27/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve involvement in the course of neoplastic disease represents a clinically significant complication, with clinical uncertainties raising questions as to its pathophysiology. The aim of this study was the analysis of ATPase activities, lipid peroxidation and sulfhydryl groups in the sciatic nerve of tumor-bearing rats. We investigated also morphometric features of the sciatic nerve of experimental animals. An increase was noted in Na+/K+-ATPase and Mg+2-ATPase activities and elevation of conjugated diene and malonyldialdehyde contents, associated with a decrease in sulfhydryl groups in Morris-hepatoma-bearing rats. The morphometric evaluation revealed myelin sheath thickening, associated with an increase in axon cross-section area and degenerative changes in dorsal horns. In this study, the moderate lipid peroxidation in experimental neoplastic disease was demonstrated to lead to depletion of sulfhydryl groups in the degenerating rat sciatic nerve which was associated with stimulation of ATPase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Michalak
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropathology, University of Medical Sciences, 49, Przybyszewskiego str., 60-355 Poznań, Poland.
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40
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Abbott MA, Joksimovic M, Tuggle CK. Ectopic HOXA5 expression results in abnormal differentiation, migration and p53-independent cell death of superficial dorsal horn neurons. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 2005; 159:87-97. [PMID: 16139370 DOI: 10.1016/j.devbrainres.2005.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Revised: 07/05/2005] [Accepted: 07/16/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported a line of mice (Hoxa5SV2) that ectopically expresses HOXA5 in the developing cervical and brachial dorsal spinal cord. Animals from this line exhibited a clear loss of cells in the outer lamina of the mature dorsal horn that coincided with an adult phenotype of sensory and motor defects of the forelimb. In this report, we examined the etiology of lost dorsal horn cells. Cells normally fated to populate the outer laminae I-III of the dorsal horn migrated inappropriately, as the percentage of laterally positioned cells in the dorsal horn was significantly reduced in Hoxa5SV2 transgenics. Apoptosis was a major cause of cell loss while proliferation of neurons was not affected in Hoxa5SV2 animals. Although Hoxa5 has been shown in vitro to regulate p53 expression and cause p53-dependent apoptosis, p53 was not required in vivo for the inappropriate apoptosis seen in Hoxa5SV2 mice, or for the normal death of motor neurons. Normal apoptosis is not dependent on Hoxa5, as the level of ventral horn motor neuron apoptosis was not changed in Hoxa5 null animals. As a possible cause of aberrant migration and/or apoptosis of dorsal neurons, misexpression of cell type markers was demonstrated. Further, the expression pattern of laminar markers was altered and sensory fibers aberrantly penetrated the outer lamina of mutants. Our evidence suggests that the loss of dorsal horn neurons in Hoxa5SV2 mutants was due to misexpression of dorsal horn neuronal markers, aberrant migration, and inappropriate apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Abbott
- Interdepartmental Genetics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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41
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Ren K, Novikova SI, He F, Dubner R, Lidow MS. Neonatal local noxious insult affects gene expression in the spinal dorsal horn of adult rats. Mol Pain 2005; 1:27. [PMID: 16179088 PMCID: PMC1242251 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-1-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal noxious insult produces a long-term effect on pain processing in adults. Rats subjected to carrageenan (CAR) injection in one hindpaw within the sensitive period develop bilateral hypoalgesia as adults. In the same rats, inflammation of the hindpaw, which was the site of the neonatal injury, induces a localized enhanced hyperalgesia limited to this paw. To gain an insight into the long-term molecular changes involved in the above-described long-term nociceptive effects of neonatal noxious insult at the spinal level, we performed DNA microarray analysis (using microarrays containing oligo-probes for 205 genes encoding receptors and transporters for glutamate, GABA, and amine neurotransmitters, precursors and receptors for neuropeptides, and neurotrophins, cytokines and their receptors) to compare gene expression profiles in the lumbar spinal dorsal horn (LDH) of adult (P60) male rats that received neonatal CAR treatment within (at postnatal day 3; P3) and outside (at postnatal 12; P12) of the sensitive period. The data were obtained both without inflammation (at baseline) and during complete Freund's adjuvant induced inflammation of the neonatally injured paw. The observed changes were verified by real-time RT-PCR. This study revealed significant basal and inflammation-associated aberrations in the expression of multiple genes in the LDH of adult animals receiving CAR injection at P3 as compared to their expression levels in the LDH of animals receiving either no injections or CAR injection at P12. In particular, at baseline, twelve genes (representing GABA, serotonin, adenosine, neuropeptide Y, cholecystokinin, opioid, tachykinin and interleukin systems) were up-regulated in the bilateral LDH of the former animals. The baseline condition in these animals was also characterized by up-regulation of seven genes (encoding members of GABA, cholecystokinin, histamine, serotonin, and neurotensin systems) in the LDH ipsilateral to the neonatally-injured paw. The largest aberration in gene expression, however, was observed during inflammation of the neonatally injured hindpaws in the ipsilateral LDH, which included thirty-six genes (encoding numerous members of glutamate, serotonin, GABA, calcitonin gene-related peptide, neurotrophin, and interleukin systems). These findings suggest that changes in gene expression may be involved in the long-term nociceptive effects of neonatal noxious insult at the spinal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201; USA
| | - Svetlana I Novikova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201; USA
| | - Fang He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201; USA
| | - Ronald Dubner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201; USA
| | - Michael S Lidow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201; USA
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Sindou MP, Blondet E, Emery E, Mertens P. Microsurgical lesioning in the dorsal root entry zone for pain due to brachial plexus avulsion: a prospective series of 55 patients. J Neurosurg 2005; 102:1018-28. [PMID: 16028760 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2005.102.6.1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Most patients with preganglionic lesions after brachial plexus injuries suffer pain that is hard to control through medication or neuromodulation. Lesioning in the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) is undeniably effective. Fifty-five patients who had undergone the so-called microsurgical DREZotomy (MDT) procedure were studied with the two following objectives: 1) to describe the anatomical lesions observed during MDT in correlation with sensory deficits and pain features; and 2) to analyze the results in the 44 patients who were followed for more than 1 year (mean 6 years). METHODS The observed lesions were severe: 79.6% of ventral and 78.2% of dorsal roots from C5-T1 were impaired. Damage extended to all five roots in 42% of patients. Strong arachnoiditis was present in 38.2%, pseudomeningoceles in 31%, spinal cord distortion and/or atrophy in 49%, and abundant gliotic tissue and/or microcavitations within the dorsal horn at the avulsed segments in 36.4% of cases. Sensory deficit corresponded to the entire territory of the dorsal root lesions in 52% of patients, but was larger in 30% most certainly due to the associated extrarachidian lesions. At the last evaluation after MDT, 66% of patients showed excellent (total relief without medication) or good (total relief with medication) pain relief and 71% experienced an improvement in activity level. CONCLUSIONS Apart from other indications not addressed in this article, MDT can be performed to treat refractory pain due to brachial plexus avulsions. The long-term efficacy of this procedure strongly indicates that pain after brachial plexus avulsion originates from the deafferented (and gliotic) dorsal horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Sindou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, University of Lyon, France.
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43
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Pearse DD, Lo TP, Cho KS, Lynch MP, Garg MS, Marcillo AE, Sanchez AR, Cruz Y, Dietrich WD. Histopathological and Behavioral Characterization of a Novel Cervical Spinal Cord Displacement Contusion Injury in the Rat. J Neurotrauma 2005; 22:680-702. [PMID: 15941377 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2005.22.680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical contusive trauma accounts for the majority, of human spinal cord injury (SCI), yet experimental use of cervical contusion injury models has been limited. Considering that (1) the different ways of injuring the spinal cord (compression, contusion, and transection) induce very different processes of tissue damage and (2) the architecture of the spinal cord is not uniform, it is important to use a model that is more clinically applicable to human SCI. Therefore, in the current study we have developed a rat model of contusive, cervical SCI using the Electromagnetic Spinal Cord Injury Device (ESCID) developed at Ohio State University (OSU) to induce injury by spinal cord displacement. We used the device to perform mild, moderate and severe injuries (0.80, 0.95, and 1.1 mm displacements, respectively) with a single, brief displacement of <20 msec upon the exposed dorsal surface of the C5 cervical spinal cord of female (180-200 g) Fischer rats. Characterization of the model involved the analysis of the temporal histopathological progression of the injury over 9 weeks using histochemical stains to analyze white and gray mater integrity and immunohistochemistry to examine cellular changes and physiological responses within the injured spinal cord. Accompanying the histological analysis was a comprehensive determination of the behavioral functionality of the animals using a battery of motor tests. Characterization of this novel model is presented to enable and encourage its future use in the design and experimental testing of therapeutic strategies that may be used for human SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Pearse
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA.
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44
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Zvarova K, Dunleavy JD, Vizzard MA. Changes in pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide expression in urinary bladder pathways after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2005; 192:46-59. [PMID: 15698618 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Revised: 09/29/2004] [Accepted: 10/20/2004] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
These studies examined changes in the pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) expression in micturition reflex pathways after spinal cord injury (SCI) of various durations. In spinal-intact animals, PACAP immunoreactivity (IR) was expressed in fibers in the superficial dorsal horn in all segmental levels examined (L1, L2, L4-S1). Bladder-afferent cells (35-45%) in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG; L1, L2, L6, S1) from spinal-intact animals also exhibited PACAP-IR. After SCI (6 weeks), PACAP-IR was dramatically increased in spinal segments and DRG (L1, L2, L6, S1) involved in micturition reflexes. The density of PACAP-IR was increased in the superficial laminae (I-II) of the L1, L2, L6, and S1 spinal segments. No changes in PACAP-IR were observed in the L4-L5 segments. Staining was also dramatically increased in a fiber bundle extending ventrally from Lissauer's tract (LT) in lamina I along the lateral edge of the dorsal horn to the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN) in the L6-S1 spinal segments (lateral collateral pathway of Lissauer, LCP). After SCI (range 48 h to 6 weeks), PACAP-IR in cells in the L1, L2, L6, and S1 DRG significantly (P < or = 0.001) increased and the percentage of bladder-afferent cells expressing PACAP-IR also significantly (P < or = 0.001) increased (70-92%). No changes were observed in the L4-L5 DRG. PACAP-IR was reduced throughout the urothelium and detrusor smooth muscle whole mounts after SCI. These studies demonstrate changes in PACAP expression in micturition reflex pathways after SCI that may contribute to urinary bladder dysfunction or reemergence of primitive voiding reflexes after SCI.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Ganglia, Spinal/pathology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lumbar Vertebrae
- Muscle, Smooth/innervation
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth/pathology
- Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism
- Neural Pathways/metabolism
- Neural Pathways/pathology
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Neurons, Afferent/pathology
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Posterior Horn Cells/metabolism
- Posterior Horn Cells/pathology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Reflex/physiology
- Sacrum
- Spinal Cord Injuries/complications
- Spinal Cord Injuries/metabolism
- Spinal Cord Injuries/pathology
- Up-Regulation/physiology
- Urinary Bladder/innervation
- Urinary Bladder/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder/pathology
- Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic/etiology
- Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic/pathology
- Urination/physiology
- Urothelium/metabolism
- Visceral Afferents/metabolism
- Visceral Afferents/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Zvarova
- Department of Neurology, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, D411 Given Building, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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45
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Kobayashi S, Kokubo Y, Uchida K, Yayama T, Takeno K, Negoro K, Nakajima H, Baba H, Yoshizawa H. Effect of lumbar nerve root compression on primary sensory neurons and their central branches: changes in the nociceptive neuropeptides substance P and somatostatin. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005; 30:276-82. [PMID: 15682006 DOI: 10.1097/01.brs.0000152377.72468.f4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN This study examined the effect of lumbar nerve root compression on nociceptive neuropeptides in the axonal flow using an in vivo model. OBJECTIVES The aim was to investigate changes in axonal flow after nerve root compression by using immunohistochemical techniques to detect substance P (SP) and somatostatin (SOM), which is thought to be involved in temperature and pain sensation. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Disturbance of intraradicular blood flow and nerve fiber deformation caused by mechanical compression are thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of diseases characterized by radicular symptoms, such as lumbar disc herniation and lumbar canal stenosis. However, little research has been conducted into the changes of axonal flow associated with nerve root compression. METHODS In dogs, the lumbar nerve roots were compressed using four types of clips with different pressures. Changes of SP and SOM levels in the spinal dorsal horn, dorsal root, and dorsal root ganglions were examined immunohistochemically after compression for 24 hours or 1 week. RESULTS After compression for 24 hours, axonal flow in the dorsal root was impaired, accumulation of SP and SOM was observed distal to the site of compression, and there was a decrease in the number of dorsal root ganglion cells showing positively for these neurotransmitters. Compression for 1 week resulted in a decrease in the number of SP- and SOM-positive fibers in the spinal dorsal horn. CONCLUSION Change of axonal flow resulting from direct nerve compression could affect the metabolism of neurotransmitters that flow inside the axons and may be a primary cause of the decline in nerve function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Medicine, Fukui University School of Medicine, Fukui, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianren Mao
- Pain Research Group, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Hubscher CH, Johnson RD. Effects of Chronic Dorsal Column Lesions on Pelvic Viscerosomatic Convergent Medullary Reticular Formation Neurons. J Neurophysiol 2004; 92:3596-600. [PMID: 15282259 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00310.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Single medullary reticular formation (MRF) neurons receive multiple somatovisceral convergent inputs originating from many different spinal and cranial nerves, including the pelvic nerve (PN), dorsal nerve of the penis (DNP), and the abdominal branches of the vagus. In a previous study, the input to MRF from the male genitalia was shown to be eliminated with chronic 30-day dorsal hemisection at the T8 spinal level. In this study, the effect of a smaller chronic lesion [dorsal column lesion (DCx)] on MRF neuronal responses was examined. Responses to bilateral electrical stimulation of the DNP remained. MRF neuronal responses to non-noxious (touch/stroke) levels of penile stimulation, however, were eliminated; only responses to noxious pinch remained. No differences were found for the number of neurons responding to noxious distention of the colon between the DCx and control groups. Although no differences were found across these groups for the percent MRF responses to vagal stimulation, the mean response latency for the DCx group was twice the sham-DCx/intact control group. Taken together, these results indicate that the MRF receives at least some of its input from the male genitalia via pathways located within the dorsal columns at the mid-thoracic spinal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Hubscher
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA.
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Polgár E, Gray S, Riddell JS, Todd AJ. Lack of evidence for significant neuronal loss in laminae I-III of the spinal dorsal horn of the rat in the chronic constriction injury model. Pain 2004; 111:144-50. [PMID: 15327818 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2004.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2004] [Revised: 05/12/2004] [Accepted: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury leads to structural and functional changes in the spinal dorsal horn, and these are thought to be involved in the development of neuropathic pain. In the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model, abnormal 'dark' neurons and apoptotic nuclei have been observed in laminae I-III of the dorsal horn in the territory innervated by the injured sciatic nerve. These findings have been taken as evidence that there is significant neuronal death in this model, and it has been suggested that loss of inhibition resulting from death of GABAergic inhibitory interneurons contributes to the neuropathic pain. However, loss of neurons from the dorsal horn has not been directly demonstrated in neuropathic models, even though this issue is of considerable importance for our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie neuropathic pain. In this study, we have looked for evidence of neuronal death by using a stereological method (the optical disector) with NeuN-immunostaining, and examining spinal cords of naïve rats, and of rats that had undergone CCI or sham operations. All of the CCI animals showed clear signs of thermal hyperalgesia. However, the numbers of neurons in laminae I-III of the ipsilateral dorsal horn in these animals did not differ significantly from those on the contralateral side, nor from those of sham-operated or naïve animals. These results do not, therefore, support the suggestion that there is significant neuronal death in the dorsal horn in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Polgár
- Spinal Cord Group, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, West Medical Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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Onda A, Murata Y, Rydevik B, Larsson K, Kikuchi S, Olmarker K. Infliximab attenuates immunoreactivity of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in a rat model of herniated nucleus pulposus. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2004; 29:1857-61. [PMID: 15534405 DOI: 10.1097/01.brs.0000137054.08788.b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN The effect of infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to TNF-alpha, on induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was examined using an experimental herniated nucleus pulposus (NP) model. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether treatment of infliximab could attenuate an induction of BDNF, which functions as a modulator of pain, following NP application to the nerve root. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Evidence from basic scientific studies proposes that TNF-alpha is involved in the development of NP-induced nerve injuries. However, the therapeutic mechanisms of infliximab against pain have not been elucidated experimentally. METHODS Twenty rats were used in this study. In the test groups, the animals underwent application of NP to the L4 nerve roots and received a single systemic (intraperitoneal) injection of infliximab at the time of surgery (Infli-0 group, n = 5) or at 1 day after operation (Infli-1 group, n = 5). As a control treatment, sterile water was administered intraperitoneally to 5 rats with NP application (NP group) and to 5 sham-operated rats (sham group). On day 3 after surgery, the L4 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and L4 spinal segment were harvested and assessed regarding BDNF immunoreactivity. RESULTS.: Application of NP induced a marked increase of BDNF immunoreactivity in number in the DRG neurons and within the superficial layer in the dorsal horn compared with the sham group (P < 0.01). Infliximab treatment in the Infli-0 and Infli-1 groups reduced the BDNF induction in both DRG and spinal cord (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These findings indicate that infliximab attenuates the elevated BDNF levels induced by NP. The present study therefore further indicates the importance of TNF-alpha in sciatica due to disc herniation and the possible therapeutic use of a TNF-alpha inhibitor for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Onda
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Okun
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida Movement Disorders Center, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville 32610, USA.
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