Properties of Cosmic Helium Isotopes Measured by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer

Precision measurements by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) on the International Space Station of ^{3}He and ^{4}He fluxes are presented. The measurements are based on 100 million ^{4}He nuclei in the rigidity range from 2.1 to 21 GV and 18 million ^{3}He from 1.9 to 15 GV collected from May 2011 to November 2017. We observed that the ^{3}He and ^{4}He fluxes exhibit nearly identical variations with time. The relative magnitude of the variations decreases with increasing rigidity. The rigidity dependence of the ^{3}He/^{4}He flux ratio is measured for the first time. Below 4 GV, the ^{3}He/^{4}He flux ratio was found to have a significant long-term time dependence. Above 4 GV, the ^{3}He/^{4}He flux ratio was found to be time independent, and its rigidity dependence is well described by a single power law ∝R^{Δ} with Δ=-0.294±0.004. Unexpectedly, this value is in agreement with the B/O and B/C spectral indices at high energies.

Comparison between tunneling and standard endoscopic submucosal dissection for treatment of large esophageal superficial neoplasm

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has been established as a standard endoscopic method for treating esophageal superficial neoplasms, and it can be performed using a conventional or a tunneling method. The aim of the present study was to compare the safety and efficacy of tunneling ESD (t-ESD) and standard ESD (s-ESD) for treating large esophageal superficial neoplasms and to explore the risk factors for postoperative strictures.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Fifty-five consecutive patients with large esophageal superficial neoplasms were treated by t-ESD or s-ESD. Demographics, lesion characteristics, procedure-related parameters, and follow-up results were retrospectively collected to compare the efficacy and safety of these procedures. Multivariate analyses were conducted to determine the potential risk factors for postoperative strictures.

RESULTS

Of the 55 patients, 13 underwent t-ESD and 42 underwent s-ESD. The dissection speed of t-ESD was significantly faster than that of s-ESD (7.42±1.99 min/cm2 vs. 9.01±2.11 min/cm2, P<0.05). En bloc resection was achieved in 98.2% (54/55) of the cases, while R0 resection was achieved in 92.7% (51/55). Curative resection was achieved in 78.2% (43/55) of the cases. Fourteen patients (25.5%) had postoperative strictures, which resolved with endoscopic dilation and/or stent insertion. Circumferential involvement of >3/4 and lesion length of >3 cm were independent risk factors for strictures.

CONCLUSIONS

T-ESD is a safe and effective method for treating large esophageal superficial neoplasms with a faster dissection speed than s-ESD, but postoperative strictures may be encountered for lesions involving more than three-fourths of the circumference or longer than 3 cm.

The function of microRNA-34a in osteoarthritis

AIM

To discuss the effects and mechanism of microRNA-34a in cell apoptosis induced by osteoarthritis.

METHODS

Collection of the normal and osteoarthritis synovial tissues and measurements of the miRNA-34a and TGIF2 gene expression. In the cell experiment, the cells were divided into Control, Blank and miRNA inhibitor group. The cell proliferation and apoptosis of the different groups were measured by MTT and flow cytometry and the TGIF2 protein expression in the different groups was evaluated by WB assay. The correlation between TGIF2 and miRNA-34a was analyzed by Double luciferase experiment.

RESULTS

Compared with normal synovial tissues, the miRNA-34a gene expression was significantly up-regulated and TGIF2 gene expression was significantly suppressed in osteoarthritis synovial tissues (p < 0.001, respectively). The cell proliferation was significantly depressed and the cell apoptosis rate was significantly increased in miRNA inhibitor group compared with the Control group (p < 0.001, respectively). Using the WB assay it was shown that the TGIF2 protein expression of miRNA inhibitor group was significantly suppressed compared with that of Control group (p < 0.01). By Double luciferase assay, TGIF2 gene was one target gene of miRNA-34a.

CONCLUSION

miRNA-34a could induce osteoarthritis synovial cell apoptosis via regulation of TGIF2 in vitro (Fig. 6, Ref. 29).

Comparison of microRNAs in adipose and muscle tissue from seven indigenous Chinese breeds and Yorkshire pigs

Elucidation of the pig microRNAome is essential for interpreting functional elements of the genome and understanding the genetic architecture of complex traits. Here, we extracted small RNAs from skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, and we compared their expression levels between one Western breed (Yorkshire) and seven indigenous Chinese breeds. We detected the expression of 172 known porcine microRNAs (miRNAs) and 181 novel miRNAs. Differential expression analysis found 92 and 12 differentially expressed miRNAs in adipose and muscle tissue respectively. We found that different Chinese breeds shared common directional miRNA expression changes compared to Yorkshire pigs. Some miRNAs differentially expressed across multiple Chinese breeds, including ssc-miR-129-5p, ssc-miR-30 and ssc-miR-150, are involved in adipose tissue function. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs are associated mainly with signaling pathways rather than metabolic and biosynthetic processes. The miRNA-target gene and miRNA-phenotypic traits networks identified many hub miRNAs that regulate a large number of target genes or phenotypic traits. Specifically, we found that intramuscular fat content is regulated by the greatest number of miRNAs in muscle tissue. This study provides valuable new candidate miRNAs that will aid in the improvement of meat quality and production.

A new diagnostic index for sarcopenia and its association with short-term postoperative complications in patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer

AIM

Sarcopenia is a robust prognostic indicator of outcomes after surgery for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, there are no serum markers routinely available for estimating skeletal muscle mass (SMM). The present study aimed to describe a new sarcopenia index (SI), serum creatinine (Scr) × cystatin C-based glomerular filtration rate, and investigate its association with short-term complications after curative resection of CRC.

METHOD

Consecutive patients who underwent curative resection of CRC from December 2011 to January 2017 were retrospectively identified. Skeletal muscle cross-sectional area was analysed on L3 computed tomographic images. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the cutoff points of SI for sarcopenia were below 56.1 in men and below 43.7 in women. Patients were classified into low and high SI groups in accordance with these cutoff values. The association between SI and body composition and the impact of preoperative SI on postoperative outcomes were analysed.

RESULTS

Among 417 patients, SI showed a stronger correlation with skeletal muscle area (SMA) (r = 0.537, P < 0.001) than with the Scr/cystatin C ratio (r = 0.469, P < 0.001) and Scr (r = 0.447, P < 0.001). The low SI group had a lower SMA, lower preoperative haemoglobin, a higher prevalence of sarcopenia and experienced more postoperative complications compared with the high SI group (all P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the independent risk factors for overall complications were low preoperative haemoglobin, low SI, sarcopenia and American Society of Anesthesiologists grade ≥ 3.

CONCLUSION

This new SI is a simple and useful surrogate marker for estimating SMM, and is associated with outcomes after CRC surgery.

[An epidemiologic study of pelvic organ prolapse in urban Chinese women: a population-based sample in China]

Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and factors associated with pelvic organ prolapse (POP) in a representative sample of Chinese urban women. Methods: A total of 29613 Chinese urban women were recruited to this cross-sectional study between February 2014 and March 2016. The prevalence of POP, defined as any stage Ⅱ or higher POP resulting in symptoms, was assessed using questionnaires and physical examinations. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with POP. Results: 2 864 of 29 613 women (9.67%) had POP. The prevalence of POP increased with age ranging from 1.23% (82/6 646) of women aged between 20 and 29 years to 26.11% (727/2 784) for those aged 70 years or older (P<0.000 1). Overweight and obese women were more likely to have POP than normal weight women [AOR=1.56, 95%CI 1.42-1.72 vs AOR=1.74, 95%CI 1.48-2.03]. In the multivariate analysis, the independent risk factors were cough (AOR=1.70, 95%CI 1.44-2.02), constipation (AOR=2.05, 95%CI 1.82-2.32), physical disease (AOR=1.27, 95%CI 1.15-1.41), and gynecological diseases (AOR=2.08, 95%CI 1.89-2.29). Nulliparous (AOR=0.12, 95%CI 0.06-0.22) and caesarean section (CS) (AOR=0.55, 95%CI 0.47-0.64) were protective factors for POP. Conclusions: POP affects nearly 10% of women in Chinese urban region. The prevalence of POP increases significantly with age. The independent risk factors for POP are body mass index, cough, constipation, physical disease and gynecological diseases. Nulliparous and CS are protective factors for POP.

A polymorphic MYC response element in KBTBD11 influences colorectal cancer risk, especially in interaction with an MYC-regulated SNP rs6983267

Background

MYC is a well-established cancer driver gene regulating the expression of numerous genes, indicating that polymorphisms in MYC response elements could affect tumorigenesis through altering MYC regulation. We performed integrative multistage study to evaluate the effects of variants in MYC response elements and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk.

Patients and methods

We systematically integrated ChIP-Seq, DNase-Seq and transcription factor motif data to screen variants with potential ability to affect the MYC binding affinity. Then, we conducted a two-stage case-control study, totally consisting of 4830 CRC cases and 4759 controls in Chinese population to identify risk polymorphisms and interactions. The effects of risk variants were confirmed by functional assays in CRC LoVo, SW480 and HCT15 cells.

Results

We identified a novel polymorphism rs11777210 in KBTBD11 significantly associated with CRC susceptibility (P = 2.43 × 10-12). Notably, we observed a significant interaction between rs11777210 and MYC nearby rs6983267 (P-multi = 0.003, P-add = 0.005), subjects carrying rs6983267 GG and rs11777210 CC genotypes showing higher susceptibility to CRC (2.83-fold) than those carrying rs6983267 TT and rs11777210 TT genotypes. We further demonstrated that rs6983267 T > G increased MYC expression, and MYC bound to and negatively regulated KBTBD11 expression when the rs11777210 C risk allele was present. KBTBD11 was downregulated in tumor tissues, and KBTBD11 knockdown promoted cell proliferation and inhibited cell apoptosis.

Conclusion

The rs11777210 is a potential predictive biomarker of CRC susceptibility, and KBTBD11 functions as a putative tumor suppressor in tumorigenesis. Our study highlighted the high CRC risk of people carrying rs6983267 G and rs11777210 C alleles, and provided possible biological mechanism of the interaction.

Towards Understanding the Origin of Cosmic-Ray Electrons

Precision results on cosmic-ray electrons are presented in the energy range from 0.5 GeV to 1.4 TeV based on 28.1×10^{6} electrons collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. In the entire energy range the electron and positron spectra have distinctly different magnitudes and energy dependences. The electron flux exhibits a significant excess starting from 42.1_{-5.2}^{+5.4}  GeV compared to the lower energy trends, but the nature of this excess is different from the positron flux excess above 25.2±1.8  GeV. Contrary to the positron flux, which has an exponential energy cutoff of 810_{-180}^{+310}  GeV, at the 5σ level the electron flux does not have an energy cutoff below 1.9 TeV. In the entire energy range the electron flux is well described by the sum of two power law components. The different behavior of the cosmic-ray electrons and positrons measured by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer is clear evidence that most high energy electrons originate from different sources than high energy positrons.

Quantitative factors of unenhanced CT for predicting fragmenting efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy on pancreatic duct stones

AIM

To find potential predictors at unenhanced computed tomography (CT) to evaluate the stone clearance rate (SCR) of pancreatic duct stones (PDS) by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 106 consecutive patients with multiple stones of maximal transverse length (MTL) 0.3-3.6 cm in pancreatic head region were enrolled. Unenhanced CT was performed both before and after ESWL therapy. All patients underwent ESWL therapy using an electromagnetic lithotripter, and were divided into three groups with threshold values of >90%, 50-90% and <50% of SCR. Factors including sex, age, MTL, mean stone density (MSD), standard deviation of stone density (SDSD), variation coefficient of stone density (VCSD), attenuation density (AD), pancreatic duct diameter (PDD), skin-to-stone distance (SSD), and number of ESWL sessions were analysed, and their impact on SCR was evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. The diagnostic threshold of the independent predicting index was further calculated, and its relationship with SCR and ESWL was analysed by drawing a trend line.

RESULTS

The only significant predictor of SCR by ESWL was MSD (p<0.05). More courses of ESWL therapy are required in PDS patients with an MSD higher than the cut-off value of 375.4 HU (mean, 2.6 versus 1.8), but with a relatively lower SCR (mean, 43.96 versus 88.68%) .

CONCLUSION

MSD on pre-treatment unenhanced CT is an independent predictor for SCR of PDS patients treated with ESWL. Using a cut-off value of 375.4 HU, patients with low MSD are good candidates for ESWL therapy.

Towards Understanding the Origin of Cosmic-Ray Positrons

Precision measurements of cosmic ray positrons are presented up to 1 TeV based on 1.9 million positrons collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. The positron flux exhibits complex energy dependence. Its distinctive properties are (a) a significant excess starting from 25.2±1.8  GeV compared to the lower-energy, power-law trend, (b) a sharp dropoff above 284_{-64}^{+91}  GeV, (c) in the entire energy range the positron flux is well described by the sum of a term associated with the positrons produced in the collision of cosmic rays, which dominates at low energies, and a new source term of positrons, which dominates at high energies, and (d) a finite energy cutoff of the source term of E_{s}=810_{-180}^{+310}  GeV is established with a significance of more than 4σ. These experimental data on cosmic ray positrons show that, at high energies, they predominantly originate either from dark matter annihilation or from other astrophysical sources.

The prognostic value of combination of CD90 and OCT4 for hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection

CD90 has been identified as a candidate marker of cancer stem cells (CSCs) for HCC, whereas it also has been considered as a marker for tumor-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). OCT4, as a key transcription factor required to maintain pluripotency of human embryonic stem cell and cancer cells, has been characterized to be involved in malignant transformation and tumorigenesis of various cancers. This study aimed to examine expression patterns of CD90 in HCC and investigate whether combination of both CD90 and OCT4 could provide a more powerful predictor for prognosis of HCC than either one alone.CD90 and OCT4 were examined by immunohistochemistry. The relationship between CD90/OCT4 expression and clinicopathologic characteristics was analyzed. The correlation between CD90/OCT4 expression and overall survival and disease-free survival was determined with Kaplan-Meier analysis.CD90 was found mainly expressed in tumor-associated CAFs and OCT4 was mainly expressed in tumor cells. The expression of CD90 and OCT4 in HCC was significantly higher than in adjacent non-tumor and normal liver tissues. CD90 expression was correlated with pathological grade, satellite lesion, PVTT and recurrence. OCT4 expression was correlated with pathological grade, tumor size and recurrence. Data demonstrated no correlation between CD90 and OCT4. High expression of CD90 or OCT4 predicts a poor prognosis. Furthermore, combination of both CD90 and OCT4 provides a more sensitive predictor for prognosis of HCC than either marker alone.CD90 and OCT4 are both independent and reliable biomarker for predicting prognosis of HCC patients after hepatic resection. Our results indicated the accuracy of prediction can be enhanced by their combination.

Immunization with subunits of a novel pilus produced by virulent Clostridium perfringens strains confers partial protection against necrotic enteritis in chickens

Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an economically important disease of broiler chickens that is caused primarily by Clostridium perfringens strains that produce the NetB toxin. It is controlled in North America principally through the application of in-feed antimicrobials, but alternative control methods, such as vaccination, are urgently needed. We previously identified a cluster of C. perfringens genes prevalent in disease-causing strains, denominated VR-10B, that is predicted to encode a pilus. The current study evaluated the ability of three predicted pilin structural subunits (CnaA, FimA, FimB) to protect against NE in two immunization studies. In the first study, young broiler chickens were immunized twice intramuscularly (i.m.) with CnaA or FimA, which resulted in only a weak serum antibody response, and no reduction in the severity of intestinal lesions following experimental challenge with C. perfringens strain CP1. In the second study, chickens were injected subcutaneously (s.c.) with CnaA, FimB, or a combination of all three proteins, on days 7, 14 and 19, which resulted in a marked antibody response specific to each antigen. Chickens immunized with either CnaA or FimB had significantly reduced NE lesion severity, whereas immunization with all three proteins in combination did not provide protection. Western blot experiments using serum from immunized birds were also performed, providing the first experimental evidence to suggest that this locus may in fact encode a functional pilus structure.

An epidemiologic study of pelvic organ prolapse in postmenopausal women: a population-based sample in China

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to assess the prevalence and factors associated with symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse (POP) in a representative sample of postmenopausal Chinese women.

METHODS

A total of 20,008 postmenopausal Chinese women were recruited to this cross-sectional study between February 2014 and March 2016. The prevalence of symptomatic POP, defined as any stage II or higher POP resulting in symptoms, was assessed using questionnaires and physical examinations. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with symptomatic POP.

RESULTS

Among all women with natural menopause included in the study (mean age =61.98 ± 10.62 years), 2962 of 20,008 women (14.80%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 14.3-15.3%) had symptomatic POP. In the multivariate analysis, women were more likely to have symptomatic POP if aged 50-59 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.322, 95% CI 1.123-1.560), 60-69 years (AOR 1.603, 95% CI 1.352-1.907), or above 70 years (AOR 1.824, 95% CI 1.158-2.197), compared with women aged 40-49 years. Having delivered two times (AOR 1.145, 95% CI 1.105-1.292) or three or more times (AOR 1.384, 95% CI 1.214-1.578) was significantly associated with symptomatic POP. Compared with normal weight women, overweight women (AOR 1.365, 95% CI 1.247-1.494) and obese women (AOR 1.548, 95% CI 1.344-1.780) were more likely to have POP. Living in an urban area, smoking, alcohol consumption, cough, constipation, mental labor, physical disease, and gynecological diseases were also associated with symptomatic POP.

CONCLUSIONS

Symptomatic POP affects nearly 15% of postmenopausal women in China. The prevalence of symptomatic POP increases significantly with age, body mass index, and parity.

miRNA-31 over-expression improve synovial cells apoptosis induced by RA

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects and mechanism of miRNA-31 in synovial cells apoptosis induced by RA.

METHODS

The miRNA-31 gene expressions were extracted from synovial tissues of normal and RA patients by RT-PCR and H et E staining. The synovial cells of RA patients were isolated and randomly divided into Control, Blank and miRNA groups. The cell apoptosis of difference groups were measured by flow cytometry; the TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations of difference groups were measured by Elisa assay; TLR4 and NF-κB proteins expressions were measured by WB assay and the correlation between TLR4 and miRNA-31 were evaluated by double luciferase target experiment.

RESULTS

The miRNA-31 gene expression was significantly suppressed in RA tissues (p<0.001); Compared with control group, the cell apoptosis rate of miRNA group was significantly suppressed (p<0.001); TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations were significantly down-regulation in culture fluid (p<0.001, respectively) and TLR4 and NF-κB proteins expressions were significantly depressed (p<0.001, respectively) in miRNA group. By double luciferase target experiment, the TLR4 was a target gene of miRNA-31.

CONCLUSION

miRNA-31 is a key role in synovial cells apoptosis induced by RA (Fig. 7, Ref. 23).

[Determination of cadmium in human urine by colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay]

Objective: To establish the method of colloidal gold immunochrom atographic assay for detecting cadmium ions rapidly. Methods: The anti-cadmium ion monoclonal antibody-gold conjugate was labeled on the binding pad, cadmium ion hapten and goat anti-mouse IgG were coated on nitrocellulose membrane as the detection line (T line) and quality control line (C line) respectively. The sample pad, colloidal gold bonding pad, nitrocellulose membrane and absorption pad were orderly assembled on the PVC board to cut into a test paper strip. The qualitative results of the assay were visualized in color. Results: When detecting the human urine cadmium ions, the results were tested qualitativly within 15 minutes. The detection limit was 30 μg/L. No cross-reactivity with other heavy metal ions. The test paper strip could be stored at 4 ℃ for 3 months. Conclusion: The method has the advantages of low cost, strong specificity, good stability and reliable results, and is suitable for rapid screening of cadmium poisoning of enterprise and occupational health.

[Prognostic significance of combined TERT and IDH gene mutation analysis in diffusely infiltrating gliomas]

Objective: To investigate the status and prognostic significance of TERT and IDH1/2 genes mutations in diffusely infiltrating gliomas. Methods: Hot spot mutations of TERT and IDH1/2 genes were detected by DNA sequencing in 236 cases of gliomas at West China Hospital from 2012 to 2016, including pilocytic astrocytoma (WHO grade Ⅰ, 16 cases), diffuse astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma (WHO grade Ⅱ, 89 cases), anaplastic astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma (WHO grade Ⅲ, 72 cases) and glioblastoma (WHO grade Ⅳ, 59 cases). The prognostic significance of TERT and IDH1/2 hot spot mutations was evaluated. Results: No IDH or TERT mutations were detected in pilocytic gliomas. TERT promoter mutation frequency was higher in patients aged ≥40 years(60.8%, 93/153) than in patients aged <40 years (32.8%, 22/67; P<0.01). TERT promoter mutation rate was also significantly higher in oligodendroglioma (87.5% , 56/64) than that in astrocytoma(37.8%, 59/156; P<0.01). Young age (<40 years), oligodendroglioma and IDH1 mutation were favorable prognostic factors for diffusely infiltrating astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors. TERT mutation alone was not of prognostic significance. Diffusely infiltrating astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors were divided into four molecular subtypes according to TERT and IDH1 mutation status: IDH(+ )/TERT(+ ), IDH(+ )/TERT(-), IDH(-)/TERT(-) and IDH(-)/TERT(+ ). There was significant prognostic difference among the 4 subtypes. Conclusions: Combined IDH and TERT gene mutation analysis may be useful for prognostic subgrouping. Notably, IDH1 wild-type cases can be further subdivided into TERT(+ ) or (-) subgroups with significant prognostic difference.

Immediate prophylactic vs endoscopic or symptomatic-driven azathioprine treatment to prevent surgical recurrence after intestinal resection for Crohn's disease

AIM

Azathioprine can prevent postoperative recurrences in Crohn's disease. We compared the efficacy of azathioprine in preventing surgical recurrence to explore whether immediate prophylaxis after surgery is better than azathioprine started after endoscopic or clinical recurrence.

METHOD

Data of patients with intestinal resection and ileocolic anastomosis for Crohn's disease between 2006 and 2015 were retrieved from a prospectively maintained database. Patients were grouped according to the strategies of postoperative therapy with azathioprine. Univariate and multivariate proportional hazard Cox regression analyses were conducted to identify independent predictive factors for surgical recurrence.

RESULTS

Only age equal to or less than 16 years at diagnosis was an independent risk factor for surgical recurrence in all 166 patients (P = 0.005). In patients with high risk of recurrence (27 in the symptom-driven group, 39 in the endoscopy-driven group and 69 in the immediate prophylaxis group), both immediate and endoscopy-driven azathioprine delayed and reduced surgical recurrence compared with symptom-driven azathioprine (P = 0.035, 0.019). Their efficacy in reducing surgical recurrence was confirmed by Cox regression analyses (hazard ratio 0.465, P = 0.045; hazard ratio 0.352, P = 0.028). Surgical recurrence was similar between the immediate and endoscopy-driven groups. In addition, age ≤ 16 at diagnosis was still an independent risk factor for surgical recurrence in this subgroup.

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with high risk of recurrence, both immediate prophylactic azathioprine after surgery and azathioprine started after endoscopic recurrence can delay and reduce surgical recurrence compared with azathioprine started after clinical recurrence. In addition, azathioprine started immediately after surgery was not superior to azathioprine started after discovery of endoscopic recurrence.

Effects of fatty acid glyceride product SILOhealth 104 on the growth performance and carcass composition of broiler chickens

Butyric acid is the primary energy source for colonocytes, and has shown potential as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics, due to its antimicrobial activity and positive effects on production performance traits of broiler chickens. SILOhealth 104 (SILO S.P.A., Florence, Italy) is a commercial product mainly containing mono- and di-glycerides of butyrate with a small portion of propionic, caprylic, capric, and lauric acid mono- and di-glycerides. Its effects on broiler performance and carcass composition have yet to be evaluated. Four-hundred-eighty day-old male Ross 308 birds were divided into different dietary treatment groups with equal starting weights and fed a diet containing 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000, or 3,000 ppm of SILOhealth 104 for 35 days. There were no significant differences in overall average daily gain or feed: gain ratio with the addition of SILOhealth 104 to the diets (P > 0.05). At 5 wk of age, abdominal fat weight was reduced in birds supplemented with SILOhealth 104 in a dose-responsive manner (P < 0.05), while breast muscle weight increased with supplementation, with significant increases in 2,000 ppm and 3,000 ppm birds compared to controls (P < 0.05). A significant reduction in gene expression of both forkhead box protein O4 and myostatin, 2 factors that can inhibit protein synthesis, was found in the breast muscle of all SILOhealth 104 treated birds (P < 0.05). In addition, gene expression in the adipose tissue, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha and lipoprotein lipase, which are associated with lipid metabolism, was significantly decreased and increased, respectively, by the supplementation of SILOhealth 104 (P < 0.05). These data suggest that the components of SILOhealth 104 can positively affect the deposition of muscle, while reducing abdominal fat deposition in broiler chickens.

Observation of Complex Time Structures in the Cosmic-Ray Electron and Positron Fluxes with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station

We present high-statistics, precision measurements of the detailed time and energy dependence of the primary cosmic-ray electron flux and positron flux over 79 Bartels rotations from May 2011 to May 2017 in the energy range from 1 to 50 GeV. For the first time, the charge-sign dependent modulation during solar maximum has been investigated in detail by leptons alone. Based on 23.5×10^{6} events, we report the observation of short-term structures on the timescale of months coincident in both the electron flux and the positron flux. These structures are not visible in the e^{+}/e^{-} flux ratio. The precision measurements across the solar polarity reversal show that the ratio exhibits a smooth transition over 830±30 days from one value to another. The midpoint of the transition shows an energy dependent delay relative to the reversal and changes by 260±30 days from 1 to 6 GeV.

Precision Measurement of Cosmic-Ray Nitrogen and its Primary and Secondary Components with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station

A precision measurement of the nitrogen flux with rigidity (momentum per unit charge) from 2.2 GV to 3.3 TV based on 2.2×10^{6} events is presented. The detailed rigidity dependence of the nitrogen flux spectral index is presented for the first time. The spectral index rapidly hardens at high rigidities and becomes identical to the spectral indices of primary He, C, and O cosmic rays above ∼700  GV. We observed that the nitrogen flux Φ_{N} can be presented as the sum of its primary component Φ_{N}^{P} and secondary component Φ_{N}^{S}, Φ_{N}=Φ_{N}^{P}+Φ_{N}^{S}, and we found Φ_{N} is well described by the weighted sum of the oxygen flux Φ_{O} (primary cosmic rays) and the boron flux Φ_{B} (secondary cosmic rays), with Φ_{N}^{P}=(0.090±0.002)×Φ_{O} and Φ_{N}^{S}=(0.62±0.02)×Φ_{B} over the entire rigidity range. This corresponds to a change of the contribution of the secondary cosmic ray component in the nitrogen flux from 70% at a few GV to <30% above 1 TV.

Observation of Fine Time Structures in the Cosmic Proton and Helium Fluxes with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station

We present the precision measurement from May 2011 to May 2017 (79 Bartels rotations) of the proton fluxes at rigidities from 1 to 60 GV and the helium fluxes from 1.9 to 60 GV based on a total of 1×10^{9} events collected with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer aboard the International Space Station. This measurement is in solar cycle 24, which has the solar maximum in April 2014. We observed that, below 40 GV, the proton flux and the helium flux show nearly identical fine structures in both time and relative amplitude. The amplitudes of the flux structures decrease with increasing rigidity and vanish above 40 GV. The amplitudes of the structures are reduced during the time period, which started one year after solar maximum, when the proton and helium fluxes steadily increase. Above ∼3  GV the p/He flux ratio is time independent. We observed that below ∼3  GV the ratio has a long-term decrease coinciding with the period during which the fluxes start to rise.

Detection of carcinoembryonic antigen in peritoneal fluid of patients undergoing laparoscopic distal gastrectomy with complete mesogastric excision

Background

Surgery for gastric cancer may result in free intraperitoneal cancer cells. This study aimed to determine whether laparoscopic gastrectomy with complete mesogastric excision (D2 + CME) reduces the number of free intraperitoneal cancer cells.

Methods

Patients with gastric cancer who had a conventional D2 or D2 + CME laparoscopic distal gastrectomy between April 2015 and February 2017 were included in the study. Intraoperative peritoneal washings were collected before and after tumour resection. Reverse transcriptase–quantitative real-time PCR for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was used to assess the presence of gastric cancer cells.

Results

Eighty-five patients underwent conventional D2 lymphadenectomy and 76 had the D2 + CME procedure. Of 161 peritoneal fluid samples obtained before gastrectomy, 137 (D2, 72; D2 + CME, 65) had low CEA expression indicative of no cancer cells. After gastrectomy, high CEA expression was detected in 23 of the 72 samples (32 per cent) from patients in the D2 group, and in ten of the 65 samples (15 per cent) from the D2 + CME group. In the overall cohort, mean CEA expression level after gastrectomy was lower in the D2 + CME group than in the D2 group (P = 0·0038). In patients with low CEA expression before gastrectomy, disease-free survival in the D2 + CME group was better than that in the D2 group (P = 0·033).

Conclusion

Laparoscopic distal gastrectomy with complete mesogastric excision reduces the number of free intraperitoneal cancer cells and is associated with a better disease-free survival than conventional D2 gastrectomy.

Effects of supplementation level and feeding schedule of butyrate glycerides on the growth performance and carcass composition of broiler chickens

Mixed mono- and tributyrate glycerides have been used for effective delivery of butyrate to the gut to benefit broilers. However, limited information is available on the efficacy of butyrate glycerides individually and in combination with different levels and feeding schedules. The present study has first investigated the effects of monobutyrin at inclusion levels of zero, 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 3,000 ppm on the performance of broilers, and second, the effects of its combination with tributyrin. In the monobutyrin trial, there were no overall significant differences in average daily gain or feed efficiency. However, 2,000 ppm birds had significantly decreased abdominal fat deposition compared to controls (P ≤ 0.05), and the breast muscle deposition increased in a dose-response manner to the supplementation of monobutyrin (P ≤ 0.05). The combination trial tested 5 treatment groups: control, 500 ppm tributyrin + 500 ppm monobutyrin (5T5M), 500 ppm tributyrin + 500 ppm monobutyrin staggered (5T5Ms), 500 ppm tryibutyrin + 2,000 ppm monobutyrin (5T20M), or 500 ppm tributyrin + 2,000 ppm monobutyrin staggered (5T20Ms). In staggered groups, birds were fed tributyrin for one wk followed by 2 wk of monobutyrin, after which the feed was butyrate glyceride free. The non-staggered groups had constant inclusions levels through the 5 weeks. There were no significant differences in average daily gain or feed efficiency among groups. At 5 wk of age, all treatment groups except for 5T5Ms had significantly lower relative abdominal fat weight compared to control birds (P ≤ 0.05), although 5T5Ms birds demonstrated a trend for a decrease (P = 0.095). Relative breast muscle weight was significantly increased only in 5T5M birds over control birds at 5 wk of age (P ≤ 0.05). Serum biochemistry revealed significant changes in factors relating to muscle growth and fat deposition (P ≤ 0.05). These results indicate a consistent shift in lipid metabolism with the addition of butyrate glycerides and that the deposition of breast muscle may be highest with the incorporation of butyrate glycerides at a moderate level for the duration of development.

A morphogram for silica-witherite biomorphs and its application to microfossil identification in the early earth rock record

Archean hydrothermal environments formed a likely site for the origin and early evolution of life. These are also the settings, however, were complex abiologic structures can form. Low-temperature serpentinization of ultramafic crust can generate alkaline, silica-saturated fluids in which carbonate-silica crystalline aggregates with life-like morphologies can self-assemble. These "biomorphs" could have adsorbed hydrocarbons from Fischer-Tropsch type synthesis processes, leading to metamorphosed structures that resemble carbonaceous microfossils. Although this abiogenic process has been extensively cited in the literature and has generated important controversy, so far only one specific biomorph type with a filamentous shape has been discussed for the interpretation of Archean microfossils. It is therefore critical to precisely determine the full distribution in morphology and size of these biomorphs, and to study the range of plausible geochemical conditions under which these microstructures can form. Here, a set of witherite-silica biomorph synthesis experiments in silica-saturated solutions is presented, for a range of pH values (from 9 to 11.5) and barium ion concentrations (from 0.6 to 40 mmol/L BaCl2 ). Under these varying conditions, a wide range of life-like structures is found, from fractal dendrites to complex shapes with continuous curvature. The size, spatial concentration, and morphology of the biomorphs are strongly controlled by environmental parameters, among which pH is the most important. This potentially limits the diversity of environments in which the growth of biomorphs could have occurred on Early Earth. Given the variety of the observed biomorph morphologies, our results show that the morphology of an individual microstructure is a poor criterion for biogenicity. However, biomorphs may be distinguished from actual populations of cellular microfossils by their wide, unimodal size distribution. Biomorphs grown by diffusion in silica gel can be differentiated by their continuous gradient in size, spatial density, and morphology along the direction of diffusion.

Observation of New Properties of Secondary Cosmic Rays Lithium, Beryllium, and Boron by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station

We report on the observation of new properties of secondary cosmic rays Li, Be, and B measured in the rigidity (momentum per unit charge) range 1.9 GV to 3.3 TV with a total of 5.4×10^{6} nuclei collected by AMS during the first five years of operation aboard the International Space Station. The Li and B fluxes have an identical rigidity dependence above 7 GV and all three fluxes have an identical rigidity dependence above 30 GV with the Li/Be flux ratio of 2.0±0.1. The three fluxes deviate from a single power law above 200 GV in an identical way. This behavior of secondary cosmic rays has also been observed in the AMS measurement of primary cosmic rays He, C, and O but the rigidity dependences of primary cosmic rays and of secondary cosmic rays are distinctly different. In particular, above 200 GV, the secondary cosmic rays harden more than the primary cosmic rays.

Brassica napusGLABRA3-1 promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis and trichome formation in true leaves when expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana

Previous studies have shown that GLABRA3 (AtGL3), a bHLH transcription factor, plays essential roles in anthocyanin biosynthesis and trichome formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, there have been no such studies of a homologue, BnGL3, from the closely related crop, Brassica napus. Here, we analysed the BnGL3-1 coding domain sequence from the B. napus cultivar QINYOU Seven, identified conserved protein domains and performed a phylogenetic analysis to elucidate its relationship with homologues form a range of plant species. When expressed in tobacco leaves as a fusion protein with green fluorescent protein, BnGL3-1 accumulated in the nucleus, consistent with its predicted function as a transcription factor. Ectopic expression of the BnGL3-1 gene in the A. thaliana gl3-3 mutant resulted in levels of anthocyanins and numbers of trichomes in true leaves that were higher than in wild-type plants. Moreover, overexpression of BnGL3-1 in gl3-3 compensated for the promotion and repression of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and trichome formation, respectively, that has been reported in gl3-3 young shoots and expanding true leaves. This study provides new insights into GL3 function in anthocyanin biosynthesis and trichome formation in crucifers, and represents a promising target for genetic manipulation of B. napus.

Observation of the Identical Rigidity Dependence of He, C, and O Cosmic Rays at High Rigidities by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station

We report the observation of new properties of primary cosmic rays He, C, and O measured in the rigidity (momentum/charge) range 2 GV to 3 TV with 90×10^{6} helium, 8.4×10^{6} carbon, and 7.0×10^{6} oxygen nuclei collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) during the first five years of operation. Above 60 GV, these three spectra have identical rigidity dependence. They all deviate from a single power law above 200 GV and harden in an identical way.