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Abstract
There are extensive literatures on work conditions and health and on family contexts and health, but less research asking how a spouse or partners' work conditions may affect health behaviors. Drawing on the constrained choices framework, we theorized health behaviors as a product of one's own time and spouses' work time as well as gender expectations. We examined fast food consumption and exercise behaviors using survey data from 429 employees in an Information Technology (IT) division of a U.S. Fortune 500 firm and from their spouses. We found fast food consumption is affected by men's work hours-both male employees' own work hours and the hours worked by husbands of women respondents-in a nonlinear way. The groups most likely to eat fast food are men working 50 h/week and women whose husbands work 45-50 h/week. Second, exercise is better explained if work time is conceptualized at the couple, rather than individual, level. In particular, neo-traditional arrangements (where husbands work longer than their wives) constrain women's ability to engage in exercise but increase odds of men exercising. Women in couples where both partners are working long hours have the highest odds of exercise. In addition, women working long hours with high schedule control are more apt to exercise and men working long hours whose wives have high schedule flexibility are as well. Our findings suggest different health behaviors may have distinct antecedents but gendered work-family expectations shape time allocations in ways that promote men's and constrain women's health behaviors. They also suggest the need to expand the constrained choices framework to recognize that long hours may encourage exercise if both partners are looking to sustain long work hours and that work resources, specifically schedule control, of one partner may expand the choices of the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Fan
- University of Minnesota, United States.
| | - Jack Lam
- University of Minnesota, United States
| | | | | | - Rosalind King
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, United States
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Nasrullah M, Zakar R, Zakar MZ. Child marriage and its associations with controlling behaviors and spousal violence against adolescent and young women in Pakistan. J Adolesc Health 2014; 55:804-9. [PMID: 25123525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Child marriage (before 18 years) is widely prevalent in Pakistan, and disproportionately affects young girls in rural, low-income, and poorly educated households. Our study aims to determine the associations between child marriage and controlling behaviors (CB) and spousal violence by husbands against adolescent and young women in Pakistan beyond those attributed to social vulnerabilities. METHODS We analyzed data from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, 2012-2013, of currently married women aged 15-24 years who had participated in the domestic violence module (n = 589, 22.5% [589/2,615] of the subsample aged 15-24 years) to identify differences in CB and spousal violence experiences between early (<18 years) and adult (≥18 years) ages at marriage. Associations between child marriage and CB and spousal violence by husband were assessed by calculating adjusted odds ratios (AOR) using logistic regression models after controlling for demographics, social equity indicators (education, wealth index, and rural residence), spousal age gap, and husband's education. RESULTS Overall, 47.8% of currently married women aged 15-24 years in Pakistan were married before the age of 18 years. About one third of women aged 15-24 years in Pakistan reported experiencing CB (31.8%) and spousal violence (31.1%) by their husbands. Compared with adult marriage, child marriage was significantly associated with CB (AOR = 1.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.042-2.157), any form of spousal violence (physical or emotional) (AOR = 2.03; 95% CI, 1.392-2.969), emotional violence (AOR = 1.86; 95% CI, 1.254-2.767), and physical violence (AOR = 2.44; 95% CI, 1.582-3.760), including severe physical violence (AOR = 2.57; 95% CI, 1.122-5.872). CONCLUSIONS Effective interventions are needed to prevent child marriages and raise awareness about their negative consequences, with special reference to spousal violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muazzam Nasrullah
- Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Injury Control Research Center, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.
| | - Rubeena Zakar
- Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zakria Zakar
- Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Hara Y, Hisatomi M, Ito H, Nakao M, Tsuboi K, Ishihara Y. Effects of gender, age, family support, and treatment on perceived stress and coping of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biopsychosoc Med 2014; 8:16. [PMID: 25075211 PMCID: PMC4114439 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0759-8-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously found that the empowerment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus can be strongly affected by gender and age in addition to self-managed diet and exercise behaviors and treatment. This study was to examine the effects of gender, age, family support, and treatment on the perceived stress and coping of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus living with family. Methods A survey was conducted of 140 adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were living with family. There was no significant difference in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) between male and female. Perceived stress and coping were measured with the Japanese version of the Appraisal of Diabetes Scale and the Lazarus Type Stress Coping Inventory. Stepwise regression analysis and path analysis were performed to identify factors that affect the perceived stress and coping of patients. Results (1) Perceived stress and coping were strongly affected by gender. (2) Perceived stress and coping were affected by age for males, but perceived stress was not affected by age for females. However, females showed a greater “psychological impact of diabetes” than did males. Females aged between 50 and 69 years engaged in active problem solving, but awareness of diabetes was low. (3) Treatment regimens had an effect on HbA1c for both sexes, and diet therapy affected the awareness of diabetes of males and coping of females. (4) For females, “sense of self-control” was strongly associated with coping, and those who were living with non-spouse family members had a greater psychological impact of diabetes than those living with only their spouse. (5) For males, coping was strongly affected by living with their spouse. Conclusions The results suggest that perceived stress, coping, and diet regimen are deeply associated with gender and age and that a male with type 2 diabetes mellitus living with his spouse is strongly dependent on support from the spouse. It is important to take into account gender, age, and family environment to provide patients with an individualized approach to addressing perceived stress and to provide education program for coping that can maximize treatment and maintain better, continuous glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoriko Hara
- School of Nursing, Kurume University, Higashikushiharamachi 777-1, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0003, Japan
| | | | - Hisao Ito
- Ito Internal Medicine Clinic, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Nakao
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koji Tsuboi
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Ishihara
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Naccarato AM, Reis LO, Zani EL, Cartapatti M, Denardi F. Psychotherapy: a missing piece in the puzzle of post radical prostatectomy erectile dysfunction rehabilitation. Actas Urol Esp 2014; 38:385-90. [PMID: 24360771 DOI: 10.1016/j.acuro.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To measure the impact of psychotherapy associated to the use of Tadalafil in the improvement of erectile function after radical prostatectomy. METHODS From 132 patients surgically treated for prostate cancer, thirty sequential patients with bilateral nerve sparing, low risk controlled disease and post-surgery erectile dysfunction (ED) took Tadalafil 20mg and underwent psychotherapy sessions, both weekly for three months. Patients were interviewed to establish the quality of erection using the instrument IIEF-5 and to measure psychological features impacting erectile function, aspects related to function, dysfunction, physical and emotional discomfort were evaluated with the help of an intensity scale. RESULTS The average age was 62.5 (46 to 77 years), 96.7% had a stable relationship, 56.6% of the patients accepted the diagnosis and 43.2% exhibited defense mechanisms (3.3% negation, 6.6% revulsion, 33.3% concern). A positive correlation was observed between erectile function and time exposed to treatment (IIEF-5 - 9.7 to 13.3, p=0.0006), with increased satisfaction with life in general (2.1 to 2.7, P=.028) and sexual life (3.1 to 3.7, P=.028), added to facilitation of expressing feelings/emotions (1.8 to 3.0, P=.0008). Satisfaction with relationship and intimacy with partner did not present significant improve (P=.12 and P=.61, respectively). CONCLUSIONS A holistic patient care with more complete ED rehabilitation includes psychotherapy with a positive correlation between erectile function and treatment exposition. Psychotherapy allowed the identification of important spouse related factors in this scenario.
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Lonnèe-Hoffmann RAM, Dennerstein L, Lehert P, Szoeke C. Sexual function in the late postmenopause: a decade of follow-up in a population-based cohort of Australian women. J Sex Med 2014; 11:2029-38. [PMID: 24888566 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a paucity of longitudinal studies assessing sexual function of women in the late postmenopause. AIM This study aims to describe sexual function of women in the late postmenopause and to investigate change from early postmenopause. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of 2012/13 and longitudinal analysis from 2002/04 of the population based, Australian cohort of the Women's Healthy Ageing Project, applying validated instruments: Short Personal Experience Questionnaire (SPEQ), Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Geriatric Depression Scale, and California Verbal Learning Test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Sexual activity, SPEQ, and FSDS. RESULTS Two hundred thirty women responded (follow-up rate 53%), mean age was 70 years (range 64-77), 49.8% were sexually active. FSDS scores showed more distress for sexually active women (8.3 vs. 3.2, P<0.001). For 23 (23%) sexually active and for five (7%) inactive women, the diagnosis of female sexual dysfunction could be made. After adjustment, available partner (odds ratio [OR] 4.31, P<0.001), no history of depression (OR 0.49, P=0.036), moderate compared with no alcohol consumption (OR 2.43, P=0.019), and better cognitive function score (OR1.09, P=0.050) were significantly predictive for sexual activity. Compared with early postmenopause, 18% more women had ceased sexual activity. For women maintaining their sexual activity through to late postmenopause (n=82), SPEQ and FSDS scores had not changed significantly, but frequency of sexual activity had decreased (P=0.003) and partner difficulties had increased (P=0.043). [Correction added on 10 July 2014, after first online publication: Mean age of respondents was added.] CONCLUSIONS In late postmenopause, half of the women were sexually active. Most important predictors were partner availability and no history of depression. However, being sexually active or having a partner were associated with higher levels of sexual distress. Compared with early postmenopause, sexual function scores had declined overall but were stable for women maintaining sexual activity. Further research into causes of sexual distress and reasons for sexual inactivity at this reproductive stage is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa A M Lonnèe-Hoffmann
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Wootten AC, Abbott JM, Osborne D, Austin DW, Klein B, Costello AJ, Murphy DG. The impact of prostate cancer on partners: a qualitative exploration. Psychooncology 2014; 23:1252-8. [PMID: 24764291 DOI: 10.1002/pon.3552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prostate cancer and its treatment can result in numerous physical and psychological morbidities for the patient as well as his partner. This qualitative study aimed to explore the experiences of intimate spouses or partners of men diagnosed and/or treated for prostate cancer to better understand the personal impact of prostate cancer on the partner. METHODS Twenty-seven partners participated in this study. Six focus groups were convened, and one in-depth interview was undertaken to explore the practical impact of prostate cancer on the intimate spouse/partner. All discussions were audio-recorded and transcribed and then coded using a thematic approach. RESULTS Six themes emerged: (a) The influence of the man's response to prostate cancer on the partner, (b) The need to be involved in treatment and medical decision making, (c) Supporting a man who is experiencing a loss of masculinity, (d) Degree of congruence between each partner's coping responses, (e) Constrained communication, and (f) Changed roles and increased practical management. CONCLUSIONS It is clear that prostate cancer impacts substantially on many areas of partner well-being. An effective intervention provided to this population seems warranted and may lead to improvements in partner well-being, assist the couple in lessening the impact of prostate cancer and its treatment on their relationship, and assist in the man's recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Wootten
- Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia; Epworth Prostate Centre, Epworth Healthcare, Richmond, Vic., Australia; Australian Prostate Cancer Research, East Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Ivarsson B, Ekmehag B, Sjöberg T. Waiting for a heart or lung transplant: Relatives' experience of information and support. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2014; 30:188-95. [PMID: 24742688 DOI: 10.1016/j.iccn.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the relatives' experiences of information and support while heart or lung transplant candidates were waiting for a transplantation. METHODOLOGY/DESIGN The critical incident technique was used. Incidents were collected via interviews with 18 relatives (28-73 years old) of heart or lung transplant patients within four weeks of the patients being accepted onto the transplant waiting list. FINDINGS A total of 286 important events, both positive and negative, were identified and divided into two main areas: "Experiencing information and support" and "Reflecting upon information and support." "Experiencing information and support" was associated with "dissatisfaction with the health-care system", "being relatively satisfied", "supporting patients" and "the role of social networks." "Reflecting upon information and support" was associated with "finding strength" and "uncomfortable with emotions". Relatives experiences suggest that needs can be met through specific targeted information and support for them as well as mediating contact to previously transplanted persons. CONCLUSION The findings indicate a gap between the information and support that relatives need and receive, and that more attention should be paid to information and support for this group. By increasing awareness among healthcare professionals and the community, interventions can be developed that benefit relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Ivarsson
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Björn Ekmehag
- Department of Cardiology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Norrtälje Hospital, TioHundra AB, Norrtälje, Sweden
| | - Trygve Sjöberg
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Martire LM, Keefe FJ, Schulz R, Parris Stephens MA, Mogle JA. The impact of daily arthritis pain on spouse sleep. Pain 2013; 154:1725-31. [PMID: 23953126 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although chronic pain has been linked to poorer psychosocial well-being in the spouse, the extent to which patient pain affects spouse sleep is unknown. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that greater daily knee pain would be associated with poorer sleep for the spouse that evening. We also tested the hypothesis that this pain contagion is exacerbated in couples who have a close relationship. A total of 138 knee osteoarthritis (OA) patients and their spouses completed baseline interviews and a 22-day diary assessment. Multilevel lagged models indicated that greater knee OA pain at the end of the day was associated with spouses' poorer overall sleep quality that night and feeling less refreshed after sleep. In contrast, there was no evidence that spouse sleep was related to greater patient pain the next day. The effects of patient pain on spouse sleep were not due to disturbances in patient sleep and were also independent of spouse sex, depressive symptoms, and physical comorbidities; both partners' negative affect; and the quality of marital interactions throughout the day. As predicted, we also found that patient pain was more strongly related to less refreshing sleep for spouses who were in a close relationship. Findings illustrate that chronic pain may place the spouse's health at risk and suggest an important target for couple-oriented interventions.
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Abstract
Objectives To investigate associations of pain intensity in those with long‐term back pain, with their partners' rating of key constructs of relationship quality: cohesion (activities together), consensus (affection, sexual relations), satisfaction (conflict, regrets). Methods Self‐report questionnaires on relationship quality (partner‐rated), depression (partner‐rated), relationship length, and pain intensity (patient‐rated) were collected from back pain patients and their partners (N = 71). Linear regression was carried out to test for associations, standardized coefficients (β) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) are reported. Results There was no main effect between patient pain intensity and partner rating of relationship quality. However, partner ratings of relationship quality were lower if the partner reported increasing depressive symptoms. Adjusting for the effects of partner depression show that ratings of consensus (affection, sexual relations) from partners were actually higher with increasing levels of pain intensity in patients (β 0.54, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.90, P < 0.01). Furthermore lower ratings of consensus were reported where patient pain intensity interacted with partner depression (β −0.11, 95% CI—0.19 to −0.03, P < 0.05). Conclusions These findings illustrate the association of pain outcomes beyond the patient within a primary care sample. Moderators of the responses about the relationship construct of consensus generated by partners appear to be partners' own level of depressive symptoms and whether their depressive symptoms are associated with the patients' pain intensity. Consultations should consider the social context of patients with pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arani Vivekanantham
- Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre, Primary Care Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK
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Pourmovahed Z, Yassini-Ardakani SM. Responsible of Socio-economic Factors with Addiction in Yazd, Iran: An Opinion Survey. Addict Health 2013; 5:134-9. [PMID: 24494170 PMCID: PMC3905480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Addiction has a long history in Iran and it is one of the social problems that create psychological and social conflicts for addicts and their families. Addiction just like other social deviations affects young who are the most valuable assets of a nation. Recognition of socio-economic factors responsible for addiction can help planning and management of programs to fight against addiction. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted using a questionnaire on 261 spouses of addicts referring to the detoxification centers of Yazd, Iran who were selected randomly. Their perspectives regarding factors thought to be effective in addiction were examined. Statistical tests included chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests. FINDINGS Economic problems, divorce, marital problems, lack of familial supervision, unemployment, psychological and physical problems had a statistically significant relationship with the income of the family (P < 0.05), such that with an increase in income of the family these factors played a lesser significant role in addiction. CONCLUSION Control of surrounding factors and increase in self-esteem are two important factors that can help effectively control addiction in the young population. After addiction, though environmental and surrounding factors play a role in preventing return to addiction, their role is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Pourmovahed
- Department of Nursing Education, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran,Correspondence to: Zahra Pourmovahed MSc,
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Neyrand G, M'sili M. [French people acquiring citizenship by marriage and their spouses: a diverse and changing situation]. Rev Eur Migr Int 2002; 11:123-43. [PMID: 12347242 DOI: 10.3406/remi.1995.1481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
"After a brief presentation on the history of the law concerning acquisition of French nationality by marriage, the authors analyse the new bill passed in 1993. They go on to describe the social characteristics of people who acquire French nationality by marriage and their spouses....The social and cultural characteristics of the spouse explain the recent changes among those who have acquired French nationality by marriage. For instance, the number of couples that consist of a French husband and a foreign wife, as compared to those where the situation is reversed, depends on the nationality of the foreign spouse. The increasing age-gap between spouses can be attributed to their increasing socio-professional level and to changes in the distribution by nationality among the foreign population." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
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Panda S, Chatterjee A, Bhattacharya SK, Manna B, Singh PN, Sarkar S, Naik TN, Chakrabarti S, Detels R. Transmission of HIV from injecting drug users to their wives in India. Int J STD AIDS 2000; 11:468-73. [PMID: 10919490 DOI: 10.1258/0956462001916137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to identify factors associated with transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from injecting drug users (IDUs) to their wives in Manipur, northeast India, where the prevalence of HIV among IDUs is 80% via a case-control study. One hundred and sixty-one HIV-infected IDUs and their wives were recruited from September 1996 to August 1997 inclusive. HIV status was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plus Western blot, Interviews were administered anonymously. Regression analysis identified factors associated with transmission of HIV from IDU husbands to their non-injecting wives. Seventy-two wives (45%) were HIV-positive. Only 15% of the couples reported regular usage of condoms during intercourse. On multivariate analysis, a sexually transmitted disease (STD) in either member, reported by the husband, estimated duration of HIV in the husband for >8 years, and a history of blood transfusions were associated with infection in the wife. In conclusion, STDs are associated with transmission of HIV from husband to wife. Improved control of STDs, condom promotion, and improved blood screening are urgently needed in Manipur.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Panda
- Indian Council of Medical Research Project on HIV/AIDS and Substance Abuse, Calcutta
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Abstract
This article explores how women define their experiences of wife rape and cope with the violence. Drawing on interviews with 35 survivors of wife rape, the stages through which women pass in coping with the violence—much like Mills's (1985) model for battered women—are described. These stages include entering a violent relationship, managing the violence, experiencing a loss of self, redefining the violence, ending the violence, and recovering from the trauma. Particular attention is given to understanding how women manage the violence and redefine their experiences as rape.
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Abstract
This paper uses prospective data from the Matlab surveillance system in rural Bangladesh to demonstrate that initially co-resident spouses and sons have a major impact on the subsequent mortality of old people, with significant differences by the sex of the elderly person, and the age of the son. Spouses significantly reduce mortality by similar magnitudes for both elderly men and women. On the other hand, co-resident adult sons reduce mortality for elderly women much more than for elderly men, with younger sons being more beneficial than older sons. Furthermore, both married and unmarried females appear to benefit equally from co-resident adult sons. Finally, this analysis suggests that the impact of spouses and sons on mortality in old age is not substantially mediated through changes in elderly economic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Rahman
- Department of Population and International Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little information about the impact of household structure and composition on elderly mortality in developing countries. This study examines the impact of relationship to head of household, and the presence of co-resident spouses and sons on elderly mortality in rural Bangladesh with a particular focus on age and gender differences. METHODS A total of 9365 individuals aged > or = 60 at baseline (5128 males and 4237 females) in the Matlab Surveillance area in rural Bangladesh were followed for a period of 8 years (1974-1982) with all predictors (the presence of a spouse, one or more co-resident adult sons, relationship to head of household, household economic status, age and disability status) being measured at the beginning of follow-up. Cox proportional hazard models were used in the analysis. RESULTS Being the head of household had a significant impact on reducing elderly mortality for both men and women. The presence of a spouse reduced mortality for all elderly men but had a significant beneficial impact only on women whose husbands were heads of households. Finally the presence of one or more co-resident adult sons reduced mortality for elderly women but not for elderly men. For all three of the above predictors there was a decline in effect with the age of the elderly. CONCLUSIONS Relationship to head of household and the presence of spouses and sons have powerful impacts on reducing mortality for elderly men and women in rural Bangladesh with the effects varying significantly by gender and age. Furthermore, individual rather than joint access to material resources is an important determinant of elderly mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Rahman
- Department of Population and International Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
Recent sociological research on spousal violence implies a multifactor model of social variables to explain rates and sex ratios of spousal homicide across societies. Information from secondary sources, interviews with officials, and international conferences are used to describe the role of social disorganization, normative violence, and gender inequality in the high rate of spousal homicide and disproportionate female murders in Russia. The Russian situation illustrates the prominent role of social disorganization in the level of spousal homicide. However, the contradictory status of women in Russia appears to contribute to the high ratio of female murders in that country. In sum, gender inequality surfaces as a paradoxical but essential factor in explaining spousal homicides.
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Decarlo P, Folkman S. Are informal caregivers important in AIDS care? Posit Outlook 1997; 4:26-7. [PMID: 12293155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The purposes of this study were to describe physical therapists' knowledge regarding battered women and to determine whether physical therapists recognize these patients in clinical settings. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Two hundred questionnaires were distributed to outpatient physical therapists in northern California. One hundred fifty-one usable questionnaires (76%) were returned. RESULTS Although 43% of the respondents reported treating a patient they identified or strongly suspected as having been battered, only two respondents (1%) reported they routinely asked patients about physical abuse. Less than 50% of the respondents correctly identified that battering injuries are more likely to occur in a central pattern (ie, head, neck, chest, abdomen). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The results of this survey suggest that physical therapists have treated patients who are battered. Many physical therapists, however, may not be fully educated to detect the signs of abuse. This study is the first step in initiating physical therapy research in domestic violence identification and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Clark
- Master of Physical Therapy Program, Samuel Merritt College, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
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What do men think of their wives' health? Safe Mother 1996;:1-2. [PMID: 12292432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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Abstract
This study examines how spouses' deaths from sudden or lengthy illnesses differentially affect the mortality risks of surviving widows and widowers by age. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we find the mortality risk differs by gender, age, and type of widowhood. For nonelderly (< 65) widowers, there is an elevated risk when their wives died suddenly. For older (> or = 65) widows, the mortality risk is lower than that of comparably aged married women when their husbands died after a long-term illness. These gender, age, and mode-of-death differences are consistent with role theory and theories of social support.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Smith
- Department of Family and Consumer Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112, USA.
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Abstract
Around the world, populations have experienced shortages of one sex or the other at marriageable ages, as a result of mortality declines. The solutions to this problem vary with the cultural context. Declines in the spousal age difference and increases in dowry payments (India) and polygamy (Africa) are two adjustments to a disequilibrium in the marriage market. We hypothesize that in Brazil the marriage market finds its balance by "recycling" men through highly unstable informal unions. Using census and 1984 survey data, we establish the relationship between a marriage squeeze and the increase in informal marriage. Census data and a competing-risks analysis of marriage choice provide evidence that a marriage squeeze has affected both the chances of marrying at all and the type of marriage entered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Greene
- Population Council, New York, New York 10017, USA
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72
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Coleman DA. Spouse migration from the Indian sub-continent to the U.K.: a permanent migration stream? People Place 1995; 3:1-8. [PMID: 12290068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
"This paper will describe trends in spouse migration [from the Indian subcontinent] using the U.K. example, which is believed to be reasonably representative of other European countries. To do so, it will have to consider both the re-unification of pre-existing families of immigrants, and the migration of new spouses both of immigrants and of members of ethnic minority populations who were themselves born in the receiving country. These two streams are not entirely conceptually separate, and there is no unambiguous way of separating them in the published U.K. statistics. However, it is clear that the former stream of pre-existing family members dominated up to the 1980s and that it is now being augmented and replaced by the latter stream of new spouses."
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73
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Birrell B. Spouse migration to Australia. People Place 1995; 3:9-16. [PMID: 12290071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
"Spouse migration [to Australia] makes up 40 per cent of the current migration program and appears likely to expand further. The rules governing sponsorships, especially those made off-shore, need to be tightened if the settlement problems associated with this migration category are to reduced."
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74
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Wilson M, Daly M. Spousal homicide. Juristat 1994; 14:1-14. [PMID: 12295370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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75
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Brewis AA. Age and infertility in a micronesian atoll population. Hum Biol 1993; 65:593-609. [PMID: 8406408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between female age and infertility is examined using a single-island Micronesian population case. Demographic data, derived primarily from reproductive history interviews, show that a significant age-associated decline in marital reproductive performance is absent before women reach their late thirties in this population but a substantial decline is present once women reach their forties. Ethnographic data support the demographic inference that couples are maintaining relatively high levels of conjugal coital activity with both advancing female age and increasing marital duration. Thus coital activity levels appear to be an important factor in the maintenance of fertility in this group before the mid-thirties but decreases in fecundability after this age are due primarily to reductions in fecundity, not to declines in coital activity. The description of the Butaritari case lends support to Underwood's (1990) suggestion that a "Micronesian pattern" of reproductive performance may exist for the region's atoll-based populations and underscores the promise of further investigations of these special cases in the fields of demography and reproductive ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Brewis
- Population Studies and Training Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
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76
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Ezeh AC. The influence of spouses over each other's contraceptive attitudes in Ghana. Stud Fam Plann 1993; 24:163-74. [PMID: 8351697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
To what extent do spouses influence each other's reproductive goals? This question was investigated in Ghana with particular reference to family planning attitudes. Two mechanisms were identified as plausible explanations for why an individual's characteristics may affect a partner's beliefs and behavior. Quantitative evidence from the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey and qualitative information from focus-group research in Ghana were used in the analysis. Results from both data sources show that spousal influence, rather than being mutual or reciprocal, is an exclusive right exercised only by the husband. The study attributed the limited impact of family planning programs in Ghana and most of sub-Saharan Africa to the continued neglect of men as equal targets of such programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Ezeh
- Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104
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77
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Abstract
A retrospective study to investigate the psychosocial sequelae of a second-trimester termination of pregnancy (TOP) for fetal abnormality (FA) is described. After appropriate consent was obtained, 84 women and 68 spouses were visited 2 years after the event and asked to complete an extensive questionnaire. Most couples reported a state of emotional turmoil after the TOP. There were differences in the way couples coped with this confusion of feelings. After 2 years about 20 per cent of the women still complained of regular bouts of crying, sadness, and irritability. Husbands reported increased listlessness, loss of concentration, and irritability for up to 12 months after the TOP. In the same period, there was increased marital disharmony in which 12 per cent of the couples separated for a while and one couple obtained a divorce. These problems could be attributed to a lack of synchrony in the grieving process. Confusing and conflicting feelings led to social isolation and lack of communication. Difficulties in coming to terms with the fetal loss were not found to be linked to the type of fetal abnormality or religious beliefs but were related to parental immaturity, inability to communicate needs, a deep-rooted lack of self-esteem before the pregnancy, lack of supporting relationships, and secondary infertility. Suggestions for improved management are given.
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78
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United States. Alabama. Act No. 88-339. Annu Rev Popul Law 1988; 15:147. [PMID: 12289226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
This Act amends the Code of Alabama, Criminal Code, Section 13A-6-60 (4) to allow a husband to be prosecuted for rape of his wife.
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79
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Thailand. Emergency Decree Amending the Revenue Code (No. 15), 14 January 1988. Annu Rev Popul Law 1988; 15:88. [PMID: 12289704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Among other things, this Thailand Decree increases tax allowances for spouses and children as follows: 1) the spousal allowance is set at 15,000 Baht; 2) the allowance for a legitimate or adoptive child born or adopted on or before 1987 of the income earner or the income earner's spouse is set at 7000 Baht per child; and 3) the allowance for children born or adopted after 1987 is set at 7000 Baht for up to three children, subtracting first the number of children covered by 2) above.
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