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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a life-threatening and chronic inflammatory disease of gastrointestinal tissue, with complex pathogenesis. Current research on IBD has mainly focused on bacteria; however, the role of fungi in IBD is largely unknown due to the incomplete annotation of fungi in current genomic databases. With the development of molecular techniques, the gut mycobiome has been found to have great diversity. In addition, increasing evidence has shown intestinal mycobiome plays an important role in the physiological and pathological processes of IBD. In this review, we will systemically introduce the recent knowledge about multi-dimensional fungal dysbiosis associated with IBD, the interactions between fungus and bacteria, the role of fungi in inflammation in IBD, and highlight recent advances in the potential therapeutic role of fungus in IBD, which may hold the keys to develop new predictive, therapeutic or prognostic approaches in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui Wang
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yu-Rong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education (Peking University), Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Bo Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Liu YF, Niu GC, Li CY, Guo JB, Song J, Li H, Zhang XL. Mechanism of Ulcerative Colitis-Aggravated Liver Fibrosis: The Activation of Hepatic Stellate Cells and TLR4 Signaling Through Gut-Liver Axis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:695019. [PMID: 34603071 PMCID: PMC8484790 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.695019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The progression of liver disorders is frequently associated with inflammatory bowel disease through the gut-liver axis. However, no direct evidence showed the mechanisms of ulcerative colitis (UC) in the development of liver fibrosis per se. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of UC on liver fibrosis and its potential mechanism in the experimental model. Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice were allocated into five groups (n = 10 per group) to receive either drinking water (control), 2% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), olive oil, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or DSS + CCl4 for 4 cycles. Blood was collected for biochemical analysis. Colons were excised for the evaluation of colon length and morphological score. Liver, colon, and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were collected for histopathological staining, expression analysis, and bacterial translocation assay to evaluate the inflammation, fibrosis, the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and gut barrier function. Results: DSS caused severe colitis in mice treated or treated with CCl4, as evident from the elevation of disease activity index (DAI), histological abnormalities, and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-17A). Histopathological staining revealed that DSS treatment aggravated the CCl4-induced extracellular matrix deposition, liver fibrosis, and inflammation in mice. Additionally, biochemical and expression analysis indicated the DSS treatment caused the increase of hydroxyproline and pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as the abnormal liver function indexes in CCl4-induced mice. Gut barrier function was impaired in DSS- and DSS + CCl4-treated mice, manifesting as the increase in bacterial translocation and lipopolysaccharide level, and the reduction in tight junction proteins (occluding, claudin-1 and ZO-1) expression. Further, the activations of HSCs and TLR4 signaling pathway were observed after DSS + CCl4 treatment, presenting with the increase in expression of α-SMA, vimentin, TGF-β, collagen type I, collagen type II, TIMP-2, TLR4, TRAF6, and NF-κB p65, and a decrease in GFAP and MMP-2 expression. Conclusion: The present study verified that UC aggravated CCl4-induced liver injury, inflammation, and fibrosis in mice through the gut-liver axis. Gut barrier dysfunction in UC leads to bacterial translocation and elevated lipopolysaccharide, which may promote the activation of TLR4 signaling and HSCs in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Dingzhou People's Hospital of Hebei Province, Dingzhou, China
| | - Guo-Chao Niu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chen-Yang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jin-Bo Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jia Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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53
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Plaza-Sirvent C, Zhao B, Bronietzki AW, Pils MC, Tafrishi N, Schuster M, Strowig T, Schmitz I. A Central Role for Atg5 in Microbiota-Dependent Foxp3 + RORγt + Treg Cell Preservation to Maintain Intestinal Immune Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705436. [PMID: 34512629 PMCID: PMC8427596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved catabolic pathway that ensures the degradation of intracellular components. The autophagic pathway is regulated by autophagy-related (Atg) proteins that govern formation of double-membraned vesicles called autophagosomes. Autophagy deficiency in regulatory T (Treg) cells leads to increased apoptosis of these cells and to the development of autoimmune disorders, predominantly characterized by intestinal inflammation. Recently, RORγt-expressing Treg cells have been identified as key regulators of gut homeostasis, preventing intestinal immunopathology. To study the role of autophagy in RORγt+ Foxp3+ Treg cells, we generated mice lacking the essential component of the core autophagy machinery Atg5 in Foxp3+ cells. Atg5 deficiency in Treg cells led to a predominant intestinal inflammation. While Atg5-deficient Treg cells were reduced in peripheral lymphoid organs, the intestinal RORγt+ Foxp3+ subpopulation of Treg cells was most severely affected. Our data indicated that autophagy is essential to maintain the intestinal RORγt+ Foxp3+ Treg population, thereby protecting the mice from gut inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Plaza-Sirvent
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Systems-Oriented Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bei Zhao
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alisha W Bronietzki
- Systems-Oriented Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marina C Pils
- Mouse Pathology Platform, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Neda Tafrishi
- Systems-Oriented Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marc Schuster
- Systems-Oriented Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Department of Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Medical University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Schmitz
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Systems-Oriented Immunology and Inflammation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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54
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He N, Wang Y, Zhou Z, Liu N, Jung S, Lee MS, Li S. Preventive and Prebiotic Effect of α-Galacto-Oligosaccharide against Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis and Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Mice. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:9597-9607. [PMID: 34378931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
β-Galacto-oligosaccharide (β-GOS) showed great potential in ulcerative colitis (UC) adjuvant therapy. Herein, the preventive and prebiotic effect of enzymatic-synthesized α-linked galacto-oligosaccharide (α-GOS) was investigated in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis and gut microbiota dysbiosis mice. Compared with β-GOS, the α-GOS supplement was more effective in improving preventive efficacy, promoting colonic epithelial barrier integrity, and alleviating inflammation cytokines. Moreover, the activation of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family member NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammation was significantly inhibited by both α-GOS and β-GOS. Gut microbiota analysis showed that α-GOS treatment reshaped the dysfunctional gut microbiota. The subsequent Spearman's correlation coefficient analysis indicated that these gut microbiota changes were significantly correlated with the inflammatory parameters. These results suggested that the enzymatic-synthesized α-GOS is a promising therapeutic agent in UC prevention and adjuvant treatment by maintaining intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning He
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yueyuan Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zihan Zhou
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Nian Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Samil Jung
- Molecular Cancer Biology Laboratory, Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Department of Biosystem, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
| | - Myeong-Sok Lee
- Molecular Cancer Biology Laboratory, Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Department of Biosystem, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
| | - Shangyong Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
- Molecular Cancer Biology Laboratory, Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Department of Biosystem, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
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55
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Gong W, Liu P, Zheng T, Wu X, Zhao Y, Ren J. The ubiquitous role of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) in gut diseases: From mucosal immunity to targeted therapy. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:552-563. [PMID: 34355656 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1962860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is a cytoplasmic non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase expressed in a variety of cells and play crucial roles in signal transduction. Syk mediates downstream signaling by recruiting to the dually phosphorylated immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) of the transmembrane adaptor molecule or the receptor chain itself. In gut diseases, Syk is observed to be expressed in intestinal epithelial cells, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells and mast cells. Activation of Syk in these cells can modulate intestinal mucosal immune response by promoting inflammatory cytokines and chemokines production, thus regulating gut homeostasis. Due to the restriction of specificity and selectivity for the development of Syk inhibitors, only a few such inhibitors are available in gut diseases, including intestinal ischemia/reperfusion damage, infectious disease, inflammatory bowel disease, etc. The promising outcomes of Syk inhibitors from both preclinical and clinical studies have shown to attenuate the progression of gut diseases thereby indicating a great potential in the development of Syk targeted therapy for treatment of gut diseases. This review depicts the characterization of Syk, summarizes the signal pathways of Syk, and discusses its potential targeted therapy for gut diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Gong
- School of Medicine, Research Institute of General Surgery, Southeast University, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Peizhao Liu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xiuwen Wu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jianan Ren
- School of Medicine, Research Institute of General Surgery, Southeast University, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, P.R. China.,Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, P.R. China
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56
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Adesina PA, Isayama K, Sitolo GC, Yamamoto Y, Suzuki T. Propionate and Dietary Fermentable Fibers Upregulate Intestinal Heat Shock protein70 in Intestinal Caco-2 Cells and Mouse Colon. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:8460-8470. [PMID: 34291640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including propionate, are major metabolites of intestinal microorganisms and play an essential role in regulating intestinal epithelial integrity. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) promote cellular homeostasis under physiological and stressed conditions. This study aimed to investigate the regulation of intestinal HSP70 by propionate in human intestinal Caco-2 cells and the colon of fermentable dietary fiber (DF)-fed mice and germ-free mice. The results showed that propionate increased Hspa1a (HSP70 mRNA) level in Caco-2 cells, upregulated HSP70 protein, and phosphorylation of heat shock factor 1; however, the latter two were reduced by mitogen-activated protein kinases and the mechanistic target of rapamycin inhibitors. Feeding fermentable DFs, such as guar gum (GG) and partially hydrolyzed GG, increased both cecal SCFAs and colonic HSP70 expression, both of which were reduced in germ-free mice than in specific-pathogen-free mice. Collectively, the propionate-induced HSP70 expression was shown to be possibly involved in intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Precious Adedayo Adesina
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Kana Isayama
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Gertrude Cynthia Sitolo
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
- Department of Physics and Biochemical Sciences, Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences, Private Bag 303, Chichiri Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Yoshinari Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Takuya Suzuki
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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Abstract
Small heterodimer partner (SHP) is a crucial regulator of bile acid (BA) transport and synthesis; however, its intestine-specific role is not fully understood. Here, we report that male intestine-specific Shp knockout (IShpKO) mice exhibit higher intestinal BA but not hepatic or serum BA levels compared with the f/f Shp animals when challenged with an acute (5-day) 1% cholic acid (CA) diet. We also found that BA synthetic genes Cyp7a1 and Cyp8b1 are not repressed to the same extent in IShpKO compared with control mice post-CA challenge. Loss of intestinal SHP did not alter Fxrα messenger RNA (mRNA) but increased Asbt (BA ileal uptake transporter) and Ostα (BA ileal efflux transporter) expression even under chow-fed conditions. Surprisingly, the acute CA diet in IShpKO did not elicit the expected induction of Fgf15 but was able to maintain the suppression of Asbt, and Ostα/β mRNA levels. At the protein level, apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) was downregulated, while organic solute transporter-α/β (OSTα/β) expression was induced and maintained regardless of diet. Examination of ileal histology in IShpKO mice challenged with acute CA diet revealed reduced villi length and goblet cell numbers. However, no difference in villi length, and the expression of BA regulator and transporter genes, was seen between f/f Shp and IShpKO animals after a chronic (14-day) CA diet, suggesting a potential adaptive response. We found the upregulation of the Pparα-Ugt axis after 14 days of CA diet may reduce the BA burden and compensate for the ileal SHP function. Thus, our study reveals that ileal SHP expression contributes to both overall intestinal structure and BA homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Nguyen
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ryan Riessen
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Tongyu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Collin Kieffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence:Sayeepriyadarshini Anakk, Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 450 Medical Science Building, 506 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. E-mail:
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Saez A, Gomez-Bris R, Herrero-Fernandez B, Mingorance C, Rius C, Gonzalez-Granado JM. Innate Lymphoid Cells in Intestinal Homeostasis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147618. [PMID: 34299236 PMCID: PMC8307624 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a heterogeneous state of chronic intestinal inflammation of unknown cause encompassing Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). IBD has been linked to genetic and environmental factors, microbiota dysbiosis, exacerbated innate and adaptive immunity and epithelial intestinal barrier dysfunction. IBD is classically associated with gut accumulation of proinflammatory Th1 and Th17 cells accompanied by insufficient Treg numbers and Tr1 immune suppression. Inflammatory T cells guide innate cells to perpetuate a constant hypersensitivity to microbial antigens, tissue injury and chronic intestinal inflammation. Recent studies of intestinal mucosal homeostasis and IBD suggest involvement of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). These lymphoid-origin cells are innate counterparts of T cells but lack the antigen receptors expressed on B and T cells. ILCs play important roles in the first line of antimicrobial defense and contribute to organ development, tissue protection and regeneration, and mucosal homeostasis by maintaining the balance between antipathogen immunity and commensal tolerance. Intestinal homeostasis requires strict regulation of the quantity and activity of local ILC subpopulations. Recent studies demonstrated that changes to ILCs during IBD contribute to disease development. A better understanding of ILC behavior in gastrointestinal homeostasis and inflammation will provide valuable insights into new approaches to IBD treatment. This review summarizes recent research into ILCs in intestinal homeostasis and the latest advances in the understanding of the role of ILCs in IBD, with particular emphasis on the interaction between microbiota and ILC populations and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Saez
- LamImSys Lab, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (A.S.); (R.G.-B.); (B.H.-F.); (C.M.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria (UFV), 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Gomez-Bris
- LamImSys Lab, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (A.S.); (R.G.-B.); (B.H.-F.); (C.M.)
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Herrero-Fernandez
- LamImSys Lab, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (A.S.); (R.G.-B.); (B.H.-F.); (C.M.)
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Mingorance
- LamImSys Lab, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (A.S.); (R.G.-B.); (B.H.-F.); (C.M.)
| | - Cristina Rius
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid (UEM), Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M. Gonzalez-Granado
- LamImSys Lab, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (A.S.); (R.G.-B.); (B.H.-F.); (C.M.)
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-913908766
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Zhang X, Wang H, Han Y, Pei Y, Guo Y, Cui SW. Purple sweet potato extract maintains intestinal homeostasis and extend lifespan through increasing autophagy in female Drosophila melanogaster. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13861. [PMID: 34268787 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purple sweet potatoes extract (PSPE) have been used as a natural food antioxidant with high anthocyanin concentrations. Research investigated the lifespan and the mechanisms of PSPE on female Drosophila melanogaster. Supplementation of PSPE extended the lifespan by 16.3% and had a protective effect on injury by oxidative stress. PSPE treatment enhanced the endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Furthermore, PSPE significantly up-regulated foxo-related genes, inhibited mTOR mRNA expression, and activated autophagy to maintain intestinal homeostasis. Meanwhile, PSPE improved intestinal barrier dysfunction by 22.86%, decelerated the abnormal proliferation rate of intestinal stem cell (ISCs) by 23.77%, and improved intestinal integrity in geriatric D. melanogaster. In conclusion, PSPE may maintain intestinal homeostasis, and improve the antioxidant and stress resistance capacity through the insulin and rapamycin pathway, thereby extending the lifespan. Therefore, it provides active support to the development and application of PSPE in functional food. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In recent years, with the increase of age, age-related complications have generally increased and seriously affected people's healthy life. Purple sweet potato is a nutrient-rich substance, which not only has a unique color but also contains rich anthocyanins, so it has many potential biological and pharmacological functions. Our results showed that the PSPE had a good effect of maintaining the intestinal homeostasis of the older adult, and provided a favorable theoretical basis for the development of PSPE functional products and scientific academic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology (TUST), Tianjin, China
- School of Food Science, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology (TUST), Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Han
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology (TUST), Tianjin, China
| | - Ya Pei
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Yatu Guo
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Steve W Cui
- Guelph Reserch and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Canada
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Yang S, He X, Zhao J, Wang D, Guo S, Gao T, Wang G, Jin C, Yan Z, Wang N, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Xing J, Huang Q. Mitochondrial transcription factor A plays opposite roles in the initiation and progression of colitis-associated cancer. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2021; 41:695-714. [PMID: 34160895 PMCID: PMC8360642 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondria are key regulators in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Alterations in mitochondrial function are closely associated with inflammation and tumorigenesis. This study aimed to investigate whether mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), a key regulator of mitochondrial DNA transcription and replication, is involved in the initiation and progression of colitis‐associated cancer (CAC). Methods TFAM expression was examined in tissue samples of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and CAC by immunohistochemistry. Intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)‐specific TFAM‐knockout mice (TFAM△IEC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) cells with TFAM knockdown or overexpression were used to evaluate the role of TFAM in colitis and the initiation and progression of CAC. The underlying mechanisms of TFAM were also explored by analyzing mitochondrial respiration function and biogenesis. Results The expression of TFAM was downregulated in active IBD and negatively associated with the disease activity. The downregulation of TFAM in IECs was induced by interleukin‐6 in a signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)/miR‐23b‐dependent manner. In addition, TFAM knockout impaired IEC turnover to promote dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced colitis in mice. Of note, TFAM knockout increased the susceptibility of mice to azoxymethane/DSS‐induced CAC and TFAM overexpression protected mice from intestinal inflammation and colitis‐associated tumorigenesis. By contrast, TFAM expression was upregulated in CAC tissues and contributed to cell growth. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that β‐catenin induced the upregulation of TFAM through c‐Myc in CRC cells. Mechanistically, TFAM promoted the proliferation of both IECs and CRC cells by increasing mitochondrial biogenesis and activity. Conclusions TFAM plays a dual role in the initiation and progression of CAC, providing a novel understanding of CAC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China.,Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Xianli He
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Dalin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Tian Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Chao Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Yongxing Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Yilin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Jinliang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Qichao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P. R. China
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Zhang L, Tai Y, Zhao C, Ma X, Tang S, Tong H, Tang C, Gao J. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 enhanced intestinal epithelial homeostasis via suppressing β-catenin signalling pathway in experimental liver fibrosis. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:7993-8005. [PMID: 34145945 PMCID: PMC8358882 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal barrier dysfunction is crucial for the development of liver fibrosis but can be disturbed by intestinal chronic inflammation characterized with cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) expression. This study focused on the unknown mechanism by which COX‐2 regulates intestinal epithelial homeostasis in liver fibrosis. The animal models of liver fibrosis induced with TAA were established in rats and in intestinal epithelial–specific COX‐2 knockout mice. The impacts of COX‐2 on intestinal epithelial homeostasis via suppressing β‐catenin signalling pathway were verified pharmacologically and genetically in vivo. A similar assumption was tested in Ls174T cells with goblet cell phenotype in vitro. Firstly, disruption of intestinal epithelial homeostasis in cirrhotic rats was ameliorated by celecoxib, a selective COX‐2 inhibitor. Then, β‐catenin signalling pathway in cirrhotic rats was associated with the activation of COX‐2. Furthermore, intestinal epithelial–specific COX‐2 knockout could suppress β‐catenin signalling pathway and restore the disruption of ileal epithelial homeostasis in cirrhotic mice. Moreover, the effect of COX‐2/PGE2 was dependent on the β‐catenin signalling pathway in Ls174T cells. Therefore, inhibition of COX‐2 may enhance intestinal epithelial homeostasis via suppression of the β‐catenin signalling pathway in liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhao Zhang
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Tai
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chong Zhao
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shihang Tang
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huan Tong
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengwei Tang
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinhang Gao
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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62
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Li S, Jin M, Wu Y, Jung S, Li D, He N, Lee MS. An efficient enzyme-triggered controlled release system for colon-targeted oral delivery to combat dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:1120-1131. [PMID: 34121560 PMCID: PMC8205034 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1934189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral route colon-targeted drug delivery systems (CDDSs) are desirable for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). However, CDDSs are challenging owing to the physiological and anatomical barriers associated with the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). In this study, we developed an effective enzyme-triggered controlled release system using curcumin-cyclodextrin (CD-Cur) inclusion complex as core and low molecular weight chitosan and unsaturated alginate resulting nanoparticles (CANPs) as shell. The formed CD-Cur-CANPs showed a narrow particle-size distribution and a compact structure. In vitro drug release determination indicated that CD-Cur-CANPs showed pH-sensitive and α-amylase-responsive release characteristics. Furthermore, in vivo experiments demonstrated that oral administration of CD-Cur-CANPs had an efficient therapeutic efficacy, strong colonic biodistribution and accumulation, rapid macrophage uptake, promoted colonic epithelial barrier integrity and modulated production of inflammatory cytokines, reshaped the gut microbiota in mice with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Taken together, our synthetic CD-Cur-CANPs are a promising synergistic colon-targeted approach for UC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangyong Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Molecular Cancer Biology Laboratory, Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Department of Biosystem, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mengfei Jin
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanhong Wu
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Samil Jung
- Molecular Cancer Biology Laboratory, Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Department of Biosystem, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dandan Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ningning He
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Myeong-Sok Lee
- Molecular Cancer Biology Laboratory, Cellular Heterogeneity Research Center, Department of Biosystem, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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63
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Kameli N, Dragojlovic-Kerkache A, Savelkoul P, Stassen FR. Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Current Findings, Challenges, and Future Applications. Membranes (Basel) 2021; 11:membranes11060411. [PMID: 34072600 PMCID: PMC8226527 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11060411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) have gained the interest of many experts in fields such as microbiology and immunology, and research in this field has exponentially increased. These nano-sized particles have provided researchers with a number of interesting findings, making their application in human health and disease very promising. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that PDEVs can exhibit a multitude of effects, suggesting that these vesicles may have many potential future applications, including therapeutics and nano-delivery of compounds. While the preliminary results are promising, there are still some challenges to face, such as a lack of protocol standardization, as well as knowledge gaps that need to be filled. This review aims to discuss various aspects of PDEV knowledge, including their preliminary findings, challenges, and future uses, giving insight into the complexity of conducting research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Kameli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (A.D.-K.); (P.S.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anya Dragojlovic-Kerkache
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (A.D.-K.); (P.S.)
| | - Paul Savelkoul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (A.D.-K.); (P.S.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, 1007MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank R. Stassen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (A.D.-K.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence:
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64
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Tsukasaki M, Asano T, Muro R, Huynh NCN, Komatsu N, Okamoto K, Nakano K, Okamura T, Nitta T, Takayanagi H. OPG Production Matters Where It Happened. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108124. [PMID: 32905763 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a circulating decoy receptor for RANKL, a multifunctional cytokine essential for the differentiation of tissue-specific cells in bone and immune systems such as osteoclasts, medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), and intestinal microfold cells (M cells). However, it is unknown whether OPG functions only at the production site or circulates to other tissues acting in an endocrine fashion. Here we explore the cellular source of OPG by generating OPG-floxed mice and show that locally produced OPG, rather than circulating OPG, is crucial for bone and immune homeostasis. Deletion of OPG in osteoblastic cells leads to severe osteopenia without affecting serum OPG. Deletion of locally produced OPG increases mTEC and M cell numbers while retaining the normal serum OPG level. This study shows that OPG limits its functions within the tissue where it was produced, illuminating the importance of local regulation of the RANKL system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Tsukasaki
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Asano
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Muro
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nam Cong-Nhat Huynh
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Komatsu
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Okamoto
- Department of Osteoimmunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Nakano
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8655 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okamura
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8655 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nitta
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takayanagi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan.
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65
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Yadav VK, Kumar A, Tripathi PP, Gupta J. Long noncoding RNAs in intestinal homeostasis, regeneration, and cancer. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:7801-7813. [PMID: 33899236 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Signaling pathways that regulate homeostasis and regeneration are found to be deregulated in various human malignancies. Accordingly, attempts have been made to target them at the protein level with little success. However, studies using high-throughput sequencing technologies suggest that only about 2% of the genome translates into proteins, whereas about 75% of the genome is transcribed into noncoding RNAs. Among noncoding RNAs, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have received tremendous attention in recent years as a crucial player in the regulation of almost all cellular processes involved in tissue homeostasis as well as in the development of various malignancies, including intestinal cancer. Emerging evidence suggests that lncRNAs play an instrumental role in the regulation of intestinal stem cells, injury-induced regeneration, and initiation and progression of intestinal tumors. Here, we summarize the recently discovered lncRNAs during intestinal homeostasis, regeneration, and tumorigenesis. We further present lncRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic markers in intestinal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin K Yadav
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India
| | - Prem P Tripathi
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), Kolkata, India.,IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence (IICB-TRUE), Kolkata, India
| | - Jalaj Gupta
- Department of Hematology, Stem Cell Research Center, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
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66
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Yu Y, Yang W, Bilotta AJ, Zhao X, Cong Y, Li Y. L-lactate promotes intestinal epithelial cell migration to inhibit colitis. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21554. [PMID: 33742715 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100095r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lactate, one of the most common primary metabolites of bacteria and human cells, has been shown to play essential roles in the regulation of inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases. However, whether and how host-derived lactate affects intestinal epithelial homeostasis is still not completely understood. Here, we investigated how L-lactate, mainly produced by host cells, regulates intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) migration to promote intestinal wound healing. Using video microscopy and tracking individual cells, we found that L-lactate enhanced IEC migration in direction persistence and speed. Mechanistically, L-lactate promoted IEC mitochondrial ATP production. The mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibitor, oligomycin, significantly decreased IEC persistence and speed, which inhibited cell migration induced by L-lactate. Furthermore, administering mice with L-lactate suppressed colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that host-derived L-lactate promotes IEC mitochondrial ATP production to drive cell migration, promoting intestinal wound healing to alleviate intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Anthony J Bilotta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaojing Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yingzi Cong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yanqing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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67
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Diaz-Garrido N, Cordero C, Olivo-Martinez Y, Badia J, Baldomà L. Cell-to-Cell Communication by Host-Released Extracellular Vesicles in the Gut: Implications in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042213. [PMID: 33672304 PMCID: PMC7927122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between cells is crucial to preserve body homeostasis and health. Tightly controlled intercellular dialog is particularly relevant in the gut, where cells of the intestinal mucosa are constantly exposed to millions of microbes that have great impact on intestinal homeostasis by controlling barrier and immune functions. Recent knowledge involves extracellular vesicles (EVs) as mediators of such communication by transferring messenger bioactive molecules including proteins, lipids, and miRNAs between cells and tissues. The specific functions of EVs principally depend on the internal cargo, which upon delivery to target cells trigger signal events that modulate cellular functions. The vesicular cargo is greatly influenced by genetic, pathological, and environmental factors. This finding provides the basis for investigating potential clinical applications of EVs as therapeutic targets or diagnostic biomarkers. Here, we review current knowledge on the biogenesis and cargo composition of EVs in general terms. We then focus the attention to EVs released by cells of the intestinal mucosa and their impact on intestinal homeostasis in health and disease. We specifically highlight their role on epithelial barrier integrity, wound healing of epithelial cells, immunity, and microbiota shaping. Microbiota-derived EVs are not reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Diaz-Garrido
- Secció de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (N.D.-G.); (C.C.); (Y.O.-M.); (J.B.)
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cecilia Cordero
- Secció de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (N.D.-G.); (C.C.); (Y.O.-M.); (J.B.)
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yenifer Olivo-Martinez
- Secció de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (N.D.-G.); (C.C.); (Y.O.-M.); (J.B.)
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefa Badia
- Secció de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (N.D.-G.); (C.C.); (Y.O.-M.); (J.B.)
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Baldomà
- Secció de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (N.D.-G.); (C.C.); (Y.O.-M.); (J.B.)
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-403-44-96
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68
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Li Z, McCafferty KJ, Judd RL. Role of HCA 2 in Regulating Intestinal Homeostasis and Suppressing Colon Carcinogenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:606384. [PMID: 33708203 PMCID: PMC7940178 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.606384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2) is vital for sensing intermediates of metabolism, including β-hydroxybutyrate and butyrate. It also regulates profound anti-inflammatory effects in various tissues, indicating that HCA2 may serve as an essential therapeutic target for mediating inflammation-associated diseases. Butyrate and niacin, endogenous and exogenous ligands of HCA2, have been reported to play an essential role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. HCA2, predominantly expressed in diverse immune cells, is also present in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), where it regulates the intricate communication network between diet, microbiota, and immune cells. This review summarizes the physiological role of HCA2 in intestinal homeostasis and its pathological role in intestinal inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyue Li
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Kayleen J McCafferty
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Robert L Judd
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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69
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract contains multiple types of immune cells that maintain the balance between tolerance and activation at the first line of host defense facing non-self antigens, including dietary antigens, commensal bacteria, and sometimes unexpected pathogens. The maintenance of homeostasis at the gastrointestinal tract requires stringent regulation of immune responses against various environmental conditions. Dietary components can be converted into gut metabolites with unique functional activities through host as well as microbial enzymatic activities. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that gastrointestinal metabolites have significant impacts on the regulation of intestinal immunity and are further integrated into the immune response of distal mucosal tissue. Metabolites, especially those derived from the microbiota, regulate immune cell functions in various ways, including the recognition and activation of cell surface receptors, the control of gene expression by epigenetic regulation, and the integration of cellular metabolism. These mucosal immune regulations are key to understanding the mechanisms underlying the development of gastrointestinal disorders. Here, we review recent advancements in our understanding of the role of gut metabolites in the regulation of gastrointestinal immunity, highlighting the cellular and molecular regulatory mechanisms by macronutrient-derived metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon-Hee Gu
- Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea;
| | - Myunghoo Kim
- Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea;
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (C.-H.Y.)
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do 25354, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (C.-H.Y.)
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70
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Liu C, Huang S, Wu Z, Li T, Li N, Zhang B, Han D, Wang S, Zhao J, Wang J. Cohousing-mediated microbiota transfer from milk bioactive components-dosed mice ameliorate colitis by remodeling colonic mucus barrier and lamina propria macrophages. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1-23. [PMID: 33789528 PMCID: PMC8018355 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1903826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) are highly abundant in breast milk, and have been shown to exhibit potent immunomodulatory effects. Yet, their role in the gut microbiota modulation in relation to colitis remains understudied. Since the mixtures of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) perfectly mimic the properties and functions of HMOs, the combination of MFGM, FOS, and GOS (CMFG) has therefore been developed and used in this study. Here, CMFG were pre-fed to mice for three weeks to investigate its preventive effect on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induced colitis. Moreover, CMFG-treated and vehicle-treated mice were cohoused to further elucidate the preventive role of the gut microbiota transfer in colitis. At the end of the study, 16S rDNA gene amplicon sequencing, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) profiling, transcriptome sequencing, histological analysis, immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry analysis were conducted. Our results showed that CMFG pre-supplementation alleviated DSS-induced colitis as evidenced by decreased disease activity index (DAI) score, reduced body weight loss, increased colon length and mucin secretion, and ameliorated intestinal damage. Moreover, CMFG reduced macrophages in the colon, resulting in decreased levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and MPO in the colon and circulation. Furthermore, CMFG altered the gut microbiota composition and promoted SCFAs production in DSS-induced colitis. Markedly, the cohousing study revealed that transfer of gut microbiota from CMFG-treated mice largely improved the DSS-induced colitis as evidenced by reduced intestinal damage and decreased macrophages infiltration in the colon. Moreover, transfer of the gut microbiota from CMFG-treated mice protected against DSS-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis and promotes SCFAs production, which showed to be associated with colitis amelioration. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the beneficial role of CMFG in the gastrointestinal diseases, and further provide evidence for the rational design of effective prophylactic functional diets in both animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shimeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shilan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangchao Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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71
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Arthurton L, Nahotko DA, Alonso J, Wendler F, Baena‐Lopez LA. Non-apoptotic caspase activation preserves Drosophila intestinal progenitor cells in quiescence. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48892. [PMID: 33135280 PMCID: PMC7726796 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase malfunction in stem cells often precedes the appearance and progression of multiple types of cancer, including human colorectal cancer. However, the caspase-dependent regulation of intestinal stem cell properties remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that Dronc, the Drosophila ortholog of caspase-9/2 in mammals, limits the number of intestinal progenitor cells and their entry into the enterocyte differentiation programme. Strikingly, these unexpected roles for Dronc are non-apoptotic and have been uncovered under experimental conditions without epithelial replenishment. Supporting the non-apoptotic nature of these functions, we show that they require the enzymatic activity of Dronc, but are largely independent of the apoptotic pathway. Alternatively, our genetic and functional data suggest that they are linked to the caspase-mediated regulation of Notch signalling. Our findings provide novel insights into the non-apoptotic, caspase-dependent modulation of stem cell properties that could improve our understanding of the origin of intestinal malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Arthurton
- Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordshireUK
| | | | - Jana Alonso
- Laboratorio de Agrobiología Juan José Bravo Rodríguez (Cabildo Insular de La Palma)Unidad Técnica del IPNA‐CSICSanta Cruz de La PalmaSpain
| | - Franz Wendler
- Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordshireUK
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72
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Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests a significant role for microbiota dependent metabolites and co-metabolites, acting as aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligands, to facilitate bidirectional communication between the host and the microbiota and thus modulate physiology. Such communication is particularly evident within the gastrointestinal tract. Through binding to or activating the AHR, these metabolites play fundamental roles in various physiological processes and likely contribute to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. In recent years, tryptophan metabolites were screened to identify physiologically relevant AHR ligands or activators. The discovery of specific microbiota-derived indole-based metabolites as AHR ligands may provide insight concerning how these metabolites affect interactions between gut microbiota and host intestinal homeostasis and how this relates to chronic GI disease and overall health. A greater understanding of the mechanisms that modulate the production of such metabolites and associated AHR activity may be utilized to effectively treat inflammatory diseases and promote human health. Here, we review microbiota-derived AHR ligands generated from tryptophan that modulate host-gut microbiota interactions and discuss possible intervention strategies for potential therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangcong Dong
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and the Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Gary H. Perdew
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and the Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA,CONTACT Gary H. Perdew The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802, USA
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73
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Na HS, Park JS, Cho KH, Kwon JY, Choi J, Jhun J, Kim SJ, Park SH, Cho ML. Corrigendum: Interleukin-1-Interleukin-17 Signaling Axis Induces Cartilage Destruction and Promotes Experimental Osteoarthritis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1862. [PMID: 32973769 PMCID: PMC7466442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Sik Na
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Sil Park
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keun-Hyung Cho
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Ye Kwon
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - JeongWon Choi
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jooyeon Jhun
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok Jung Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Park
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi-La Cho
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Medical Lifescience, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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74
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Yu Y, Yang W, Bilotta AJ, Yu Y, Zhao X, Zhou Z, Yao S, Xu J, Zhou J, Dann SM, Li Y, Cong Y. STING controls intestinal homeostasis through promoting antimicrobial peptide expression in epithelial cells. FASEB J 2020; 34:15417-15430. [PMID: 32969062 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001524r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) has been shown to play a critical role in orchestrating immune responses to various pathogens through sensing cyclic dinucleotides. However, how STING regulates intestinal homeostasis is still not completely understood. In this study, we found that STING-/- mice were more susceptible to enteric infection with Citrobacter rodentium compared to wild-type (WT) mice evidenced by more severe intestinal inflammation and impaired bacterial clearance. STING-/- mice demonstrated lower expression of REG3γ but not β-defensins and Cramp in IECs. Consistently, STING-/- IECs showed reduced capacity to inhibit bacterial growth. STING agonists, both 10-carboxymethyl-9-acridanone (CMA) and 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA), promoted REG3γ expression IECs. Furthermore, STING agonists promoted WT but not REG3γ-deficient IEC bacterial killing. Mechanistically, STING agonists activated STAT3 and promoted glycolysis in IECs. Inhibition of STAT3 pathway and glycolysis suppressed STING-induced REG3γ production in IECs, and abrogated STING-mediated IEC killing of C. rodentium. Additionally, treatment with the STING ligand, 2,3-cGAMP, inhibited C. rodentium-induced colitis in vivo. Overall, STING promotes IEC REG3γ expression to inhibit enteric infection and intestinal inflammation, thus, maintaining the intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Anthony J Bilotta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yu Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojing Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Suxia Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jimin Xu
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Sara M Dann
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yanqing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Yingzi Cong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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75
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Beck K, Ohno H, Satoh-Takayama N. Innate Lymphoid Cells: Important Regulators of Host-Bacteria Interaction for Border Defense. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1342. [PMID: 32887435 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a recently discovered type of innate immune lymphocyte. They include three different groups classified by the nature of the transcription factors required for their development and by the cytokines they produce. ILCs mainly reside in tissues close to the mucosal barrier such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Due to their close proximity to the mucosal surface, ILCs are exposed to a variety of both commensal and pathogenic bacteria. Under non-pathological conditions, ILCs have been shown to be important regulators for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis by mutual interactions with the microbiome. Besides these important functions at homeostasis, several studies have also provided emerging evidence that ILCs contribute to defense against pathogenic bacterial infection by responding rapidly to the pathogens as well as orchestrating other immune cells. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the interactions of ILCs and bacteria, with special focus on the function of the different ILC subsets in bacterial infections.
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76
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Powell DN, Swimm A, Sonowal R, Bretin A, Gewirtz AT, Jones RM, Kalman D. Indoles from the commensal microbiota act via the AHR and IL-10 to tune the cellular composition of the colonic epithelium during aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:21519-21526. [PMID: 32817517 PMCID: PMC7474656 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003004117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a highly dynamic structure that rejuvenates in response to acute stressors and can undergo alterations in cellular composition as animals age. The microbiota, acting via secreted factors related to indole, appear to regulate the sensitivity of the epithelium to stressors and promote epithelial repair via IL-22 and type I IFN signaling. As animals age, the cellular composition of the intestinal epithelium changes, resulting in a decreased proportion of goblet cells in the colon. We show that colonization of young or geriatric mice with bacteria that secrete indoles and various derivatives or administration of the indole derivative indole-3 aldehyde increases proliferation of epithelial cells and promotes goblet cell differentiation, reversing an effect of aging. To induce goblet cell differentiation, indole acts via the xenobiotic aryl hydrocarbon receptor to increase expression of the cytokine IL-10. However, the effects of indoles on goblet cells do not depend on type I IFN or on IL-22 signaling, pathways responsible for protection against acute stressors. Thus, indoles derived from the commensal microbiota regulate intestinal homeostasis, especially during aging, via mechanisms distinct from those used during responses to acute stressors. Indoles may have utility as an intervention to limit the decline of barrier integrity and the resulting systemic inflammation that occurs with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domonica N Powell
- Immunology and Molecular Pathogenesis Graduate Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Alyson Swimm
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Robert Sonowal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Alexis Bretin
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Rheinallt M Jones
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Daniel Kalman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322;
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77
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Shohan M, Dehghani R, Khodadadi A, Dehnavi S, Ahmadi R, Joudaki N, Houshmandfar S, Shamshiri M, Shojapourian S, Bagheri N. Interleukin-22 and intestinal homeostasis: Protective or destructive? IUBMB Life 2020; 72:1585-1602. [PMID: 32365282 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22 is a member of IL-10 family cytokines with various immunologic functions. As its name implies, IL-22 is known to be secreted mainly by Th22 cells, a recently discovered lineage of CD4+ T cells. Also, Th17, Th1, natural killer cells, γδT cells, and innate immune cells along with some nonlymphoid cells have been confirmed as secondary cellular sources of IL-22. Different cell types such as bronchial and intestinal epithelial cells, keratinocytes, hepatocytes, dermal fibroblasts, and tubular epithelial cells are affected by IL-22. Both pathologic and protective roles have been attributed to IL-22 in maintaining gut homeostasis and inflammation. According to the latest fast-growing investigations, IL-22 is significantly involved in various pathologies including allergic diseases, infection, autoimmunity, and cancer development. Regulating gut immune responses, barrier integrity, and inflammation is dependent on a diverse complex of cytokines and mediators which are secreted by mucosal immune cells. Several investigations have been designed to recognize the role of IL-22 in gastrointestinal immunity. This article tries to discuss the latest knowledge on this issue and clarify the potential of IL-22 to be used in the future therapeutic approaches of intestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel diseases and colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Shohan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Razieh Dehghani
- Department of Pediatrics, Abuzar Children's Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Khodadadi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sajad Dehnavi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Ahmadi
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Nazanin Joudaki
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sheyda Houshmandfar
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Marziye Shamshiri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Samira Shojapourian
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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78
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Yan F, Polk DB. Probiotics and Probiotic-Derived Functional Factors-Mechanistic Insights Into Applications for Intestinal Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1428. [PMID: 32719681 PMCID: PMC7348054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in our understanding of the contribution of the gut microbiota to human health and the correlation of dysbiosis with diseases, including chronic intestinal conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), have driven mechanistic investigations of probiotics in intestinal homeostasis and potential clinical applications. Probiotics have been shown to promote intestinal health by maintaining and restoring epithelial function, ensuring mucosal immune homeostasis, and inhibiting pathogenic bacteria. Recent findings reveal an approach for defining previously unrecognized probiotic-derived soluble factors as potential mechanisms of probiotic action. This review focuses on the impact of probiotics and probiotic-derived functional factors, including probiotic products and metabolites by probiotics, on the cellular responses and signaling pathways involved in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Although there is limited information regarding the translation of probiotic treatment outcomes from in vitro and animal studies to clinical applications, potential approaches for increasing the clinical efficacy of probiotics for IBD, such as those based on probiotic-derived factors, are highlighted in this review. In this era of precision medicine and targeted therapies, more basic, preclinical, and clinical evidence is needed to clarify the efficacy of probiotics in maintaining intestinal health and preventing and treating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - D Brent Polk
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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79
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Greig CJ, Armenia SJ, Cowles RA. The M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in the crypt stem cell compartment mediates intestinal mucosal growth. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:1194-1199. [PMID: 32611198 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220938375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Localization of a specific subtype of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in the crypt stem cell compartment suggests a critical role in intestinal mucosal homeostasis. Here we demonstrate the localization of the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor to the stem cell compartment and demonstrate increase morphometric and proliferative parameters when this is stimulated in vivo. These data provide novel information about this complex signaling microenvironment and offer potential future therapeutic targets for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chasen J Greig
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Sarah J Armenia
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Robert A Cowles
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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80
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Díaz-Garrido N, Bonnin S, Riera M, Gíménez R, Badia J, Baldomà L. Transcriptomic microRNA Profiling of Dendritic Cells in Response to Gut Microbiota-Secreted Vesicles. Cells 2020; 9:E1534. [PMID: 32585977 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The interconnection between nutrients, metabolites and microbes is a key factor governing the healthy/pathological status of an individual. Thus, microbiota-based research is essential in order to better understand human health and nutrition. Gut bacteria release membrane vesicles (MVs) as an intercellular communication mechanism that allows the direct delivery of factors that prime the host’s innate immune system. We have previously shown that MVs from intestinal E. coli activate dendritic cells (DCs) in a strain-specific manner. To gain insights into the regulatory mechanisms involved, here, we have used an RNA deep sequencing approach to identify differentially expressed miRNAs (microRNAs) in DCs which are challenged by the MVs of the probiotic Nissle 1917 (EcN) or the commensal ECOR12. MicroRNAs are post-transcriptional regulatory mediators that permit the fine tuning of signaling pathways. This approach allowed the identification of a common set of miRNAs which are modulated by MVs from both strains and miRNAs which are differentially expressed in response to EcN or ECOR12 MVs. Based on the differential expression of the target genes and subsequent validation experiments, we correlated some of the selected miRNAs with the reported cytokine profile and specific T cell responses. As far as we know, this is the first study to analyze the regulation of miRNAs in DCs by MVs released by gut microbiota.
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81
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Abstract
The intestinal epithelium serves as a dynamic barrier to the environment and integrates a variety of signals, including those from metabolites, commensal microbiota, immune responses and stressors upon ageing. The intestine is constantly challenged and requires a high renewal rate to replace damaged cells in order to maintain its barrier function. Essential for its renewal capacity are intestinal stem cells, which constantly give rise to progenitor cells that differentiate into the multiple cell types present in the epithelium. Here, we review the current state of research of how metabolism and ageing control intestinal stem cell function and epithelial homeostasis. We focus on recent insights gained from model organisms that indicate how changes in metabolic signalling during ageing are a major driver for the loss of stem cell plasticity and epithelial homeostasis, ultimately affecting the resilience of an organism and limiting its lifespan. We compare findings made in mouse and Drosophila and discuss differences and commonalities in the underlying signalling pathways and mechanisms in the context of ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja C Funk
- Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jun Zhou
- Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Boutros
- Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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82
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Na HS, Park JS, Cho KH, Kwon JY, Choi J, Jhun J, Kim SJ, Park SH, Cho ML. Interleukin-1-Interleukin-17 Signaling Axis Induces Cartilage Destruction and Promotes Experimental Osteoarthritis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:730. [PMID: 32431699 PMCID: PMC7214841 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), which is the most common degenerative joint disorder, has been considered a non-inflammatory disease with abnormal mechanics. Interleukin (IL)-17 is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in inflammatory diseases and their production is driven by the cytokine including IL-1 and IL-23. However, little is known about the mechanism of IL-17 in the development of OA. Here, we investigated the role of IL-17 in the pathogenesis of OA using monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-injected IL-17 and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) double-deficient mice. In MIA-injected IL-1Ra KO mice, nociceptive properties, degree of cartilage damage, and the level of inflammatory factors in articular cartilage were increased compared to MIA-injected wild-type mice. Interestingly, the intestinal architecture was impaired in IL-1Ra KO mice compared to wild-type mice and the damage was further exacerbated by MIA injection. Deficiency of IL-17 reduced nociceptive properties and cartilage destruction, as well as inflammation-related factors in MIA-injected IL-1Ra KO mice compared to MIA-injected wild-type mice. Furthermore, IL-17-treated chondrocytes from OA patients showed enhanced expression of catabolic factors that are involved in the destruction of cartilage in OA. IL-17 accelerates the destruction of cartilage and small intestine via regulation of several inflammatory mediators in an OA murine model. These results suggest that IL-17 plays a critical role in the development of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Sik Na
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Sil Park
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keun-Hyung Cho
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Ye Kwon
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - JeongWon Choi
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jooyeon Jhun
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok Jung Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Park
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi-La Cho
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Medical Lifescience, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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83
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Pereira B, Amaral AL, Dias A, Mendes N, Muncan V, Silva AR, Thibert C, Radu AG, David L, Máximo V, van den Brink GR, Billaud M, Almeida R. MEX3A regulates Lgr5 + stem cell maintenance in the developing intestinal epithelium. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48938. [PMID: 32052574 PMCID: PMC7132344 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) fuel the lifelong self‐renewal of the intestinal tract and are paramount for epithelial repair. In this context, the Wnt pathway component LGR5 is the most consensual ISC marker to date. Still, the effort to better understand ISC identity and regulation remains a challenge. We have generated a Mex3a knockout mouse model and show that this RNA‐binding protein is crucial for the maintenance of the Lgr5+ISC pool, as its absence disrupts epithelial turnover during postnatal development and stereotypical organoid maturation ex vivo. Transcriptomic profiling of intestinal crypts reveals that Mex3a deletion induces the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) pathway, along with a decrease in Wnt signalling and loss of the Lgr5+ stem cell signature. Furthermore, we identify PPARγ activity as a molecular intermediate of MEX3A‐mediated regulation. We also show that high PPARγ signalling impairs Lgr5+ISC function, thus uncovering a new layer of post‐transcriptional regulation that critically contributes to intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Pereira
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana L Amaral
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Dias
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Mendes
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vanesa Muncan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Tytgat Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ana R Silva
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Chantal Thibert
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Anca G Radu
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Leonor David
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,FMUP-Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Valdemar Máximo
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,FMUP-Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gijs R van den Brink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Tytgat Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Medicines Research Center, GSK, Stevenage, UK
| | - Marc Billaud
- Clinical and Experimental Model of Lymphomagenesis, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Raquel Almeida
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,FMUP-Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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84
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Larabi A, Barnich N, Nguyen HTT. New insights into the interplay between autophagy, gut microbiota and inflammatory responses in IBD. Autophagy 2020; 16:38-51. [PMID: 31286804 PMCID: PMC6984609 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1635384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most significant challenges of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) research is to understand how alterations in the symbiotic relationship between the genetic composition of the host and the intestinal microbiota, under impact of specific environmental factors, lead to chronic intestinal inflammation. Genome-wide association studies, followed by functional studies, have identified a role for numerous autophagy genes in IBD, especially in Crohn disease. Studies using in vitro and in vivo models, in addition to human clinical studies have revealed that autophagy is pivotal for intestinal homeostasis maintenance, gut ecology regulation, appropriate intestinal immune responses and anti-microbial protection. This review describes the latest researches on the mechanisms by which dysfunctional autophagy leads to disrupted intestinal epithelial function, gut dysbiosis, defect in anti-microbial peptide secretion by Paneth cells, endoplasmic reticulum stress response and aberrant immune responses to pathogenic bacteria. A better understanding of the role of autophagy in IBD pathogenesis may provide better sub-classification of IBD phenotypes and novel approaches for disease management.Abbreviations: AIEC: adherent-invasive Escherichia coli; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATF6: activating transcription factor 6; ATG: autophagy related; Atg16l1[ΔIEC] mice: mice with Atg16l1 depletion specifically in intestinal epithelial cells; Atg16l1[HM] mice: mice hypomorphic for Atg16l1 expression; BCL2: B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2; BECN1: beclin 1, autophagy related; CALCOCO2: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CASP: caspase; CD: Crohn disease; CGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; CHUK/IKKA: conserved helix-loop-helix ubiquitous kinase; CLDN2: claudin 2; DAPK1: death associated protein kinase 1; DCs: dendritic cells; DSS: dextran sulfate sodium; EIF2A: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A; EIF2AK: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERBIN: Erbb2 interacting protein; ERN1/IRE1A: ER to nucleus signaling 1; FNBP1L: formin binding protein 1-like; FOXP3: forkhead box P3; GPR65: G-protein coupled receptor 65; GSK3B: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; IECs: intestinal epithelial cells; IFN: interferon; IL: interleukin; IL10R: interleukin 10 receptor; IRGM: immunity related GTPase M; ISC: intestinal stem cell; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; MAP1LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; LRRK2: leucine-rich repeat kinase 2; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; MIF: macrophage migration inhibitory factor; MIR/miRNA: microRNA; MTMR3: myotubularin related protein 3; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MYD88: myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88; NLRP3: NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3; NOD2: nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2; NPC: Niemann-Pick disease type C; NPC1: NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1; OMVs: outer membrane vesicles; OPTN: optineurin; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PRR: pattern-recognition receptor; PTPN2: protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 2; PTPN22: protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 22 (lymphoid); PYCARD/ASC: PYD and CARD domain containing; RAB2A: RAB2A, member RAS oncogene family; RELA: v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (avian); RIPK2: receptor (TNFRSF)-interacting serine-threonine kinase 2; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SNPs: single nucleotide polymorphisms; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TAX1BP1: Tax1 binding protein 1; Th: T helper 1; TIRAP/TRIF: toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor protein; TLR: toll-like receptor; TMEM173/STING: transmembrane protein 173; TMEM59: transmembrane protein 59; TNF/TNFA: tumor necrosis factor; Treg: regulatory T; TREM1: triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1; UC: ulcerative colitis; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; WT: wild-type; XBP1: X-box binding protein 1; XIAP: X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Larabi
- M2iSH, UMR 1071 Inserm, INRA USC 2018, CRNH, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- M2iSH, UMR 1071 Inserm, INRA USC 2018, CRNH, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hang Thi Thu Nguyen
- M2iSH, UMR 1071 Inserm, INRA USC 2018, CRNH, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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85
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De la Fuente M, MacDonald TT, Hermoso MA. Editorial: Intestinal Homeostasis and Disease: A Complex Partnership Between Immune Cells, Non-Immune Cells, and the Microbiome. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2775. [PMID: 31921105 PMCID: PMC6923710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie De la Fuente
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Research Sub Direction, Academic Direction, Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Thomas Thornton MacDonald
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcela A Hermoso
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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86
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Wisidagama DR, Thummel CS. Regulation of Drosophila Intestinal Stem Cell Proliferation by Enterocyte Mitochondrial Pyruvate Metabolism. G3 (Bethesda) 2019; 9:3623-3630. [PMID: 31488514 PMCID: PMC6829144 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple signaling pathways in the adult Drosophila enterocyte sense cellular damage or stress and signal to intestinal stem cells (ISCs) to undergo proliferation and differentiation, thereby maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Here we show that misregulation of mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism in enterocytes can stimulate ISC proliferation and differentiation. Our studies focus on the Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier (MPC), which is an evolutionarily-conserved protein complex that resides in the inner mitochondrial membrane and transports cytoplasmic pyruvate into the mitochondrial matrix. Loss of MPC function in enterocytes induces Unpaired cytokine expression, which activates the JAK/STAT pathway in ISCs, promoting their proliferation. Upd3 and JNK signaling are required in enterocytes for ISC proliferation, indicating that this reflects a canonical non-cell autonomous damage response. Disruption of lactate dehydrogenase in enterocytes has no effect on ISC proliferation but it suppresses the proliferative response to a loss of enterocyte MPC function, suggesting that lactate contributes to this pathway. These studies define an important role for cellular pyruvate metabolism in differentiated enterocytes to maintain stem cell proliferation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dona R Wisidagama
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North 2030 East Room 5100, Salt Lake City UT 84112-5330, USA
| | - Carl S Thummel
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North 2030 East Room 5100, Salt Lake City UT 84112-5330, USA
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87
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Vega-Bautista A, de la Garza M, Carrero JC, Campos-Rodríguez R, Godínez-Victoria M, Drago-Serrano ME. The Impact of Lactoferrin on the Growth of Intestinal Inhabitant Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4707. [PMID: 31547574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf) is an iron-binding milk glycoprotein that promotes the growth of selected probiotic strains. The effect of Lf on the growth and diversification of intestinal microbiota may have an impact on several issues, including (i) strengthening the permeability of the epithelial cell monolayer, (ii) favoring the microbial antagonism that discourages the colonization and proliferation of enteric pathogens, (iii) enhancing the growth and maturation of cell-monolayer components and gut nerve fibers, and (iv) providing signals to balance the anti- and pro-inflammatory responses resulting in gut homeostasis. Given the beneficial role of probiotics, this contribution aims to review the current properties of bovine and human Lf and their derivatives in in vitro probiotic growth and Lf interplay with microbiota described in the piglet model. By using Lf as a component in pharmacological products, we may enable novel strategies that promote probiotic growth while conferring antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant microorganisms that cause life-threatening diseases, especially in neonates.
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88
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Wu C, Pan LL, Niu W, Fang X, Liang W, Li J, Li H, Pan X, Chen W, Zhang H, Lakey JRT, Agerberth B, de Vos P, Sun J. Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Low Methoxyl Pectin Attenuates Type 1 Diabetes in Non-obese Diabetic Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1733. [PMID: 31417546 PMCID: PMC6682655 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal homeostasis underpins the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D), and dietary manipulations to enhance intestinal homeostasis have been proposed to prevent T1D. The current study aimed to investigate the efficacy of supplementing a novel specific low-methoxyl pectin (LMP) dietary fiber in preventing T1D development. Female NOD mice were weaned onto control or 5% (wt/wt) LMP supplemented diets for up to 40 weeks of age, overt diabetes incidence and blood glucose were monitored. Then broad-spectrum antibiotics (ABX) treatment per os for 7 days followed by gut microbiota transfer was performed to demonstrate gut microbiota-dependent effects. Next-generation sequencing was used for analyzing the composition of microbiota in caecum. Concentration of short chain fatty acids were determined by GC-MS. The barrier reinforcing tight junction proteins zonula occludens-2 (ZO-2), claudin-1 and NOD like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation were determined by Western blot. The proportion of CD25+Foxp3+CD4+ regulatory T cell (Foxp3+ Treg) in the pancreas, pancreatic and mesenteric lymph nodes was analyzed by flow cytometry. We found that LMP supplementation ameliorated T1D development in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, as evidenced by decreasing diabetes incidence and fasting glucose levels in LMP fed NOD mice. Further microbiota analysis revealed that LMP supplementation prevented T1D-associated caecal dysbiosis and selectively enriched caecal bacterial species to produce more SCFAs. The LMP-mediated microbial balance further enhanced caecal barrier function and shaped gut-pancreatic immune environment, as characterized by higher expression of tight junction proteins claudin-1, ZO-2 in caecum, increased Foxp3+ Treg population and decreased NLRP3 inflammasome activation in both caecum and pancreas. The microbiota-dependent beneficial effect of LMP on T1D was further proven by the fact that aberration of caecal microbiota by ABX treatment worsened T1D autoimmunity and could be restored with transfer of feces of LMP-fed NOD mice. These data demonstrate that this novel LMP limits T1D development by inducing caecal homeostasis to shape pancreatic immune environment. This finding opens a realistic option for gut microbiota manipulation and prevention of T1D in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Li-Long Pan
- School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenying Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenjie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jiahong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hongli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaohua Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jonathan R T Lakey
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, United States
| | - Birgitta Agerberth
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Paul de Vos
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Pan LL, Niu W, Fang X, Liang W, Li H, Chen W, Zhang H, Bhatia M, Sun J. Clostridium butyricum Strains Suppress Experimental Acute Pancreatitis by Maintaining Intestinal Homeostasis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801419. [PMID: 31034143 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common abdominal inflammatory disease. Disturbed gut homeostasis secondary to pancreatic inflammation aggravates the condition retroactively. The current study investigates potential beneficial effects of Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum) strains on AP and underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS C. butyricum strains MIYAIRI 588 (CBM588) and CGMCC0313.1 (CB0313.1) were supplemented to mice for three weeks before experimental AP or SAP induction. Both CBM588 and CB0313.1 protected against AP, as evidenced by reduced serum amylase and lipase levels, pancreatic edema, and myeloperoxidase activity. Amelioration of both experimental AP and SAP by CB0313.1 indicated a non-model-specific effect. Moreover, C. butyricum inhibited pancreatic neutrophil and dendritic cell infiltration, nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing family, pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome activation, and pro-inflammatory pathways. Additionally in the gut, C. butyricum strains attenuated AP-associated intestinal inflammation and barrier dysfunction, accompanied with reduced pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Enterococcus penetration into pancreas. Gut microbiome analyses further revealed that beneficial effects of C. butyricum on pancreatic-gut homeostasis were correlated with improved dysbiosis. In particular, relative abundance of Desulfovibrionaceae decreased, and Verrucomicrobiaceae Clostridiaceae and Lactobacillaceae increased. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, a protective effect of C. butyricum in AP by modulating intestinal homeostasis is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Long Pan
- School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Wenying Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Xin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Hongli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Madhav Bhatia
- Inflammation Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Jia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
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90
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Serramito-Gómez I, Boada-Romero E, Slowicka K, Vereecke L, Van Loo G, Pimentel-Muiños FX. The anti-inflammatory protein TNFAIP3/A20 binds the WD40 domain of ATG16L1 to control the autophagic response, NFKB/NF-κB activation and intestinal homeostasis. Autophagy 2019; 15:1657-1659. [PMID: 31184523 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1628549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-terminal domain of ATG16L1 includes 7 WD40-type repeats (WD40 domain, WDD) and is not required for canonical macroautophagy/autophagy. Instead, the WDD allows ATG16L1 to induce LC3/Atg8 lipidation in single-membrane compartments, although a detailed functional characterization of this region is still missing. In a recent report we identify the anti-inflammatory molecule TNFAIP3/A20 as a binding partner of the WDD. Such physical interaction allows mutual downregulation of the expression levels of both proteins, so that the absence of one of them causes upregulation of the other. This cross-regulation provides a molecular basis for a striking genetic interaction in mice where elimination of both molecules in the intestinal epithelium generates an aggressive inflammatory phenotype. In vitro studies reveal unexpected features of the functional interplay between ATG16L1 and TNFAIP3. ATG16L1 requires TNFAIP3 to sustain the canonical autophagic flux measured by SQSTM1/p62 degradation. The WDD mediates lysosomal degradation of TNFAIP3 promoted by ATG16L1, and also regulates the NFKB/NF-κB response. Therefore, our data reveal new roles of the WDD and TNFAIP3 in the regulation of autophagy, protein stability and inflammatory signaling. More generally, we identify the interaction between ATG16L1 and TNFAIP3 as a signaling hub that integrates different pathways with important implications for intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Serramito-Gómez
- a Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca), Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Universidad de Salamanca , Salamanca , Spain
| | - Emilio Boada-Romero
- a Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca), Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Universidad de Salamanca , Salamanca , Spain
| | - Karolina Slowicka
- b VIB Center for Inflammation Research , Ghent , Belgium.,c Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Lars Vereecke
- b VIB Center for Inflammation Research , Ghent , Belgium.,d Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Geert Van Loo
- b VIB Center for Inflammation Research , Ghent , Belgium.,c Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Felipe X Pimentel-Muiños
- a Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca), Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Universidad de Salamanca , Salamanca , Spain
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91
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Haran JP, Bhattarai SK, Foley SE, Dutta P, Ward DV, Bucci V, McCormick BA. Alzheimer's Disease Microbiome Is Associated with Dysregulation of the Anti-Inflammatory P-Glycoprotein Pathway. mBio 2019; 10:e00632-19. [PMID: 31064831 DOI: 10.1128/mBio.00632-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of the intestinal microbiome and AD have demonstrated associations with microbiome composition at the genus level among matched cohorts. We move this body of literature forward by more deeply investigating microbiome composition via metagenomics and by comparing AD patients against those without dementia and with other dementia types. We also exploit machine learning approaches that combine both metagenomic and clinical data. Finally, our functional studies using stool samples from elders demonstrate how the c microbiome of AD elders can affect intestinal health via dysregulation of the P-glycoprotein pathway. P-glycoprotein dysregulation contributes directly to inflammatory disorders of the intestine. Since AD has been long thought to be linked to chronic bacterial infections as a possible etiology, our findings therefore fill a gap in knowledge in the field of AD research by identifying a nexus between the microbiome, loss of intestinal homeostasis, and inflammation that may underlie this neurodegenerative disorder. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that is poorly understood. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, has long been associated with bacterial infections and inflammation-causing immunosenescence. Recent studies examining the intestinal microbiota of AD patients revealed that their microbiome differs from that of subjects without dementia. In this work, we prospectively enrolled 108 nursing home elders and followed each for up to 5 months, collecting longitudinal stool samples from which we performed metagenomic sequencing and in vitro T84 intestinal epithelial cell functional assays for P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression, a critical mediator of intestinal homeostasis. Our analysis identified clinical parameters as well as numerous microbial taxa and functional genes that act as predictors of AD dementia in comparison to elders without dementia or with other dementia types. We further demonstrate that stool samples from elders with AD can induce lower P-gp expression levels in vitro those samples from elders without dementia or with other dementia types. We also paired functional studies with machine learning approaches to identify bacterial species differentiating the microbiome of AD elders from that of elders without dementia, which in turn are accurate predictors of the loss of dysregulation of the P-gp pathway. We observed that the microbiome of AD elders shows a lower proportion and prevalence of bacteria with the potential to synthesize butyrate, as well as higher abundances of taxa that are known to cause proinflammatory states. Therefore, a potential nexus between the intestinal microbiome and AD is the modulation of intestinal homeostasis by increases in inflammatory, and decreases in anti-inflammatory, microbial metabolism.
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92
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Johansson J, Naszai M, Hodder MC, Pickering KA, Miller BW, Ridgway RA, Yu Y, Peschard P, Brachmann S, Campbell AD, Cordero JB, Sansom OJ. RAL GTPases Drive Intestinal Stem Cell Function and Regeneration through Internalization of WNT Signalosomes. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 24:592-607.e7. [PMID: 30853556 PMCID: PMC6459002 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ral GTPases are RAS effector molecules and by implication a potential therapeutic target for RAS mutant cancer. However, very little is known about their roles in stem cells and tissue homeostasis. Using Drosophila, we identified expression of RalA in intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and progenitor cells of the fly midgut. RalA was required within ISCs for efficient regeneration downstream of Wnt signaling. Within the murine intestine, genetic deletion of either mammalian ortholog, Rala or Ralb, reduced ISC function and Lgr5 positivity, drove hypersensitivity to Wnt inhibition, and impaired tissue regeneration following damage. Ablation of both genes resulted in rapid crypt death. Mechanistically, RALA and RALB were required for efficient internalization of the Wnt receptor Frizzled-7. Together, we identify a conserved role for RAL GTPases in the promotion of optimal Wnt signaling, which defines ISC number and regenerative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Johansson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Mate Naszai
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | | | | | - Bryan W Miller
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | | | - Yachuan Yu
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | | | | | | | - Julia B Cordero
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
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93
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Abstract
The intestinal homeostasis is an orchestrated dynamic equilibrium state composed of the coexistence and interactions among the nutrients, microbial flora, and immune system. The intestinal balance disorder can trigger a series of diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Many of tryptophan (Trp) metabolites, such as kynurenine and indole, generated under a series of endogenous enzymes or microbial metabolism, have been reported enable to bind and activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), this series of process is termed the Trp-AhR pathway. The activated Trp-AhR pathway can induce the expression of downstream cytokines such as interleukin-22 (IL-22) and interleukin-17 (IL-17), thereby regulating the intestinal homeostasis. This review highlights the advance of Trp-AhR pathway in the regulation of intestinal homeostasis and provides some insights for the clinical strategies that expect to effectively prevent and treat gut diseases via intervening the Trp-AhR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meige Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lee J Johnston
- Swine Nutrition and Production, West Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris, MN, USA
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Internal Medicine Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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94
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Tong K, Pellón-Cárdenas O, Sirihorachai VR, Warder BN, Kothari OA, Perekatt AO, Fokas EE, Fullem RL, Zhou A, Thackray JK, Tran H, Zhang L, Xing J, Verzi MP. Degree of Tissue Differentiation Dictates Susceptibility to BRAF-Driven Colorectal Cancer. Cell Rep 2019; 21:3833-3845. [PMID: 29281831 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations in BRAF are believed to initiate serrated colorectal cancers; however, the mechanisms of BRAF-driven colon cancer are unclear. We find that oncogenic BRAF paradoxically suppresses stem cell renewal and instead promotes differentiation. Correspondingly, tumor formation is inefficient in BRAF-driven mouse models of colon cancer. By reducing levels of differentiation via genetic manipulation of either of two distinct differentiation-promoting factors (Smad4 or Cdx2), stem cell activity is restored in BRAFV600E intestines, and the oncogenic capacity of BRAFV600E is amplified. In human patients, we observe that reduced levels of differentiation in normal tissue is associated with increased susceptibility to serrated colon tumors. Together, these findings help resolve the conditions necessary for BRAF-driven colon cancer initiation. Additionally, our results predict that genetic and/or environmental factors that reduce tissue differentiation will increase susceptibility to serrated colon cancer. These findings offer an opportunity to identify susceptible individuals by assessing their tissue-differentiation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tong
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey (HGINJ), 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway Township, NJ 08854, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey (CINJ), 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Oscar Pellón-Cárdenas
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey (HGINJ), 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway Township, NJ 08854, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey (CINJ), 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Veerin R Sirihorachai
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey (HGINJ), 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway Township, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Bailey N Warder
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey (HGINJ), 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway Township, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Om A Kothari
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey (HGINJ), 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway Township, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ansu O Perekatt
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey (HGINJ), 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway Township, NJ 08854, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey (CINJ), 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Emily E Fokas
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey (HGINJ), 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway Township, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Robert L Fullem
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey (HGINJ), 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway Township, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Anbo Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey (HGINJ), 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway Township, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Joshua K Thackray
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey (HGINJ), 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway Township, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Hiep Tran
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Lanjing Zhang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey (CINJ), 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; Department of Pathology, University Medical Center of Princeton, Plainsboro, NJ 08536, USA
| | - Jinchuan Xing
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey (HGINJ), 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway Township, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Michael P Verzi
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey (HGINJ), 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway Township, NJ 08854, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey (CINJ), 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
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95
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Kim S, Eun HS, Jo EK. Roles of Autophagy-Related Genes in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Cells. 2019;8. [PMID: 30669622 PMCID: PMC6356351 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic process that is essential for a variety of cellular responses. Due to its role in the maintenance of biological homeostasis in conditions of stress, dysregulation or disruption of autophagy may be linked to human diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is a complicated inflammatory colitis disorder; Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are the principal types. Genetic studies have shown the clinical relevance of several autophagy-related genes (ATGs) in the pathogenesis of IBD. Additionally, recent studies using conditional knockout mice have led to a comprehensive understanding of ATGs that affect intestinal inflammation, Paneth cell abnormality and enteric pathogenic infection during colitis. In this review, we discuss the various ATGs involved in macroautophagy and selective autophagy, including ATG16L1, IRGM, LRRK2, ATG7, p62, optineurin and TFEB in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Although advances have been made regarding the involvement of ATGs in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, determining the precise contribution of autophagy has remained elusive. Recent efforts based on direct targeting of ATGs and autophagy will further facilitate the development of new therapeutic opportunities for IBD.
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96
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Abstract
Excess alcohol exposure leads to alcoholic liver disease (ALD), a predominant cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the past decade, increasing attention has been paid to understand the association between n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) and ALD. In this review, we summarize the metabolism of n-3 PUFAs, animal model of ALD, and the findings from recent studies determining the role of n-3 PUFAs in ALD as a possible treatment. The animal models of acute ethanol exposure, chronic ethanol exposure and chronic-plus-single binge ethanol feeding have been widely used to explore the impact of n-3 PUFAs. Although the results of studies regarding the role of n-3 PUFAs in ALD have been inconsistent or controversial, increasing evidence has demonstrated that n-3 PUFAs may be useful in alleviating alcoholic steatosis and alcohol-induced liver injury through multiple mechanisms, including decreased de novo lipogenesis and lipid mobilization from adipose tissue, enhanced mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, reduced hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress, and promoted intestinal homeostasis, positively suggesting that n-3 PUFAs might be promising for the management of ALD. The oxidation of n-3 PUFAs ex vivo in an experimental diet was rarely considered in most n-3 PUFA-related studies, likely contributing to the inconsistent results. Thus, the role of n-3 PUFAs in ALD deserves greater research efforts and remains to be evaluated in randomized, placebo-controlled clinic trial. ABBREVIATION AA arachidonic acid ACC acetyl-CoA carboxylase ACLY ATP-citrate lyase ACO acyl-CoA oxidase ALA α-linolenic acid ALD alcoholic liver disease ALP alkaline phosphatase ALT alanine aminotransferase AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase AST aspartate aminotransferase ATGL adipose triglyceride lipase cAMP cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate COX cyclooxygenases CPT1 carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 CYP2E1 cytochrome P450 2E1 DGAT2 diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 DGLA dihomo-γ-linolenic acid DHA docosahexaenoic acid DPA docosapentaenoic acid DTA docosatetraenoic acid EPA eicosapentaenoic acid ER endoplasmic reticulum ETA eicosatetraenoic acid FAS fatty acid synthase FATPs fatty acid transporter proteins GLA,γ linolenic acid GPR120 G protein-coupled receptor 120 GSH glutathione; H&E haematoxylin-eosin; HO-1 heme oxygenase-1; HSL hormone-sensitive lipase; IL-6 interleukin-6 iNOS nitric oxide synthase LA linoleic acid LBP lipopolysaccharide binding protein LOX lipoxygenases LXR liver X receptor LXREs LXR response elements MCP-1 monocyte chemotactic protein-1 MTP microsomal triglyceride transfer protein MUFA monounsaturated fatty acids MyD88 myeloid differentiation factor 88 n-3 PUFAs omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid NAFLD nonalcoholic fatty liver disease NASH nonalcoholic steatohepatitis NF-κB transcription factor nuclear factor κB PDE3B phosphodiesterase 3B PPAR peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ROS reactive oxygen species RXR retinoid X receptor SCD-1 stearyl CoA desaturase-1 SDA stearidonic acid SFA saturated fatty acids SIRT1 sirtuin 1 SOD superoxide dismutase SREBP sterol regulatory element-binding protein TB total bilirubin TC total cholesterol TG triacylglycerol TLR4 Toll-like receptor-4 TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α VLDLR very low-density lipoprotein receptor WT wild type; ZO-1 zonula occludens-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine , Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China.,b Center for Drug Innovation and Discovery, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University , Shijiazhuang , Hebei , China
| | - Li-Juan Ma
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine , Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
| | - Yan Yang
- c Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zeyu Xiao
- d Collaborative Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Bo Wan
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine , Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
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97
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Chakraborty R, Lam V, Kommineni S, Stromich J, Hayward M, Kristich CJ, Salzman NH. Ceftriaxone Administration Disrupts Intestinal Homeostasis, Mediating Noninflammatory Proliferation and Dissemination of Commensal Enterococci. Infect Immun 2018; 86:e00674-18. [PMID: 30224553 DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00674-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are Gram-positive commensals of the mammalian intestinal tract and harbor intrinsic resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins. Disruption of colonization resistance in humans by antibiotics allows enterococci to proliferate in the gut and cause disseminated infections. In this study, we used Enterococcus faecalis (EF)-colonized mice to study the dynamics of enterococci, commensal microbiota, and the host in response to systemic ceftriaxone administration. We found that the mouse model recapitulates intestinal proliferation and dissemination of enterococci seen in humans. Employing a ceftriaxone-sensitive strain of enterococci (E. faecalis JL308), we showed that increased intestinal abundance is critical for the systemic dissemination of enterococci. Investigation of the impact of ceftriaxone on the mucosal barrier defenses and integrity suggested that translocation of enterococci across the intestinal mucosa was not associated with intestinal pathology or increased permeability. Ceftriaxone-induced alteration of intestinal microbial composition was associated with transient increase in the abundance of multiple bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in addition to enterococci, for example, lactobacilli, which also disseminated to the extraintestinal organs. Collectively, these results emphasize that ceftriaxone-induced disruption of colonization resistance and alteration of mucosal homeostasis facilitate increased intestinal abundance of a limited number of commensals along with enterococci, allowing their translocation and systemic dissemination in a healthy host.
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98
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Abstract
Phospholipids are major constituents of biological membranes. The fatty acyl chain composition of phospholipids determines the biophysical properties of membranes and thereby affects their impact on biological processes. The composition of fatty acyl chains is also actively regulated through a deacylation and reacylation pathway called Lands' cycle. Recent studies of mouse genetic models have demonstrated that lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferases (LPCATs), which catalyze the incorporation of fatty acyl chains into the sn-2 site of phosphatidylcholine, play important roles in pathophysiology. Two LPCAT family members, LPCAT1 and LPCAT3, have been particularly well studied. LPCAT1 is crucial for proper lung function due to its role in pulmonary surfactant biosynthesis. LPCAT3 maintains systemic lipid homeostasis by regulating lipid absorption in intestine, lipoprotein secretion, and de novo lipogenesis in liver. Mounting evidence also suggests that changes in LPCAT activity may be potentially involved in pathological conditions, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis, viral infections, and cancer. Pharmacological manipulation of LPCAT activity and membrane phospholipid composition may provide new therapeutic options for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90272, USA;
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90272, USA;
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99
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Santos AJM, Lo YH, Mah AT, Kuo CJ. The Intestinal Stem Cell Niche: Homeostasis and Adaptations. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:1062-1078. [PMID: 30195922 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a rapidly renewing cellular compartment. This constant regeneration is a hallmark of intestinal homeostasis and requires a tightly regulated balance between intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation and differentiation. Since intestinal epithelial cells directly contact pathogenic environmental factors that continuously challenge their integrity, ISCs must also actively divide to facilitate regeneration and repair. Understanding niche adaptations that maintain ISC activity during homeostatic renewal and injury-induced intestinal regeneration is therefore a major and ongoing focus for stem cell biology. Here, we review recent concepts and propose an active interconversion of the ISC niche between homeostasis and injury-adaptive states that is superimposed upon an equally dynamic equilibrium between active and reserve ISC populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- António J M Santos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yuan-Hung Lo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amanda T Mah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Calvin J Kuo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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100
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Price AE, Shamardani K, Lugo KA, Deguine J, Roberts AW, Lee BL, Barton GM. A Map of Toll-like Receptor Expression in the Intestinal Epithelium Reveals Distinct Spatial, Cell Type-Specific, and Temporal Patterns. Immunity 2018; 49:560-575.e6. [PMID: 30170812 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is critical for intestinal homeostasis. To visualize epithelial expression of individual TLRs in vivo, we generated five strains of reporter mice. These mice revealed that TLR expression varied dramatically along the length of the intestine. Indeed, small intestine (SI) IECs expressed low levels of multiple TLRs that were highly expressed by colonic IECs. TLR5 expression was restricted to Paneth cells in the SI epithelium. Intestinal organoid experiments revealed that TLR signaling in Paneth cells or colonic IECs induced a core set of host defense genes, but this set did not include antimicrobial peptides, which instead were induced indirectly by inflammatory cytokines. This comprehensive blueprint of TLR expression and function in IECs reveals unexpected diversity in the responsiveness of IECs to microbial stimuli, and together with the associated reporter strains, provides a resource for further study of innate immunity.
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