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Zhang H, Deng M, Xu H, Wang H, Song F, Bao C, Paillard-Borg S, Xu W, Qi X. Pre- and undiagnosed-hypertension in urban Chinese adults: a population-based cross-sectional study. J Hum Hypertens 2016; 31:263-269. [PMID: 27654328 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2016.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is common in adults and often undiagnosed, and the prevalence of pre- and undiagnosed-hypertension remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of pre- and undiagnosed-hypertension and their correlates among urban Chinese adults. A total of 7435 participants aged 20-79 were included in this study. Data on demographics, lifestyle and medical history were collected through a structured interview. Pre- and undiagnosed-hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure/ diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP) of 120-139/80-89 mm Hg and SBP⩾140 mm Hg and/or DBP⩾90 mm Hg, respectively, in participants without a history of hypertension and use of antihypertensive medication. Prevalence rates were calculated and standardized using local age- and gender-specific census data. Data were analysed using multinomial logistic regression with adjustment for potential confounders. Of all the participants, 2726 (36.7%) were diagnosed with pre-hypertension and 919 (12.3%) with undiagnosed-hypertension. Undiagnosed-hypertension accounted for 37.3% of all participants with hypertension. The prevalence of pre-hypertension gradually decreased with age, while undiagnosed-hypertension increased, although presenting different changing patterns among men and women. In a fully adjusted multinomial logistic regression, age, male sex, low socio-economic status (SES), abdominal obesity, alcohol drinking, physical inactivity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were significantly associated with increased odds of pre- and undiagnosed-hypertension. In conclusions, the prevalence of pre- and undiagnosed-hypertension was ~50% among urban Chinese adults. Abdominal obesity, low SES, alcohol drinking, physical inactivity and T2DM may be indicators for pre- and undiagnosed-hypertension.
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Akkoc N, Zerbini C, Karateev D, Pedersen R, Vlahos B, Marshall L, Bao C, Al-Maini M, Shen Q. THU0065 Potential Predictors for Achieving and/or Maintaining Low Disease Activity or Remission in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-eular.1856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Bao C, Dong X, Tao J, Lu J, Luo T, Liu J. Molecular detection and extraction of pyrene in plasma and tissues of Sprague-Dawley rats. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2016; 62:15-19. [PMID: 27064868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, an efficient method for determination of total pyrene concentration in the biological samples including plasma, liver, spleen, lung and kidney of Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated and established using steady-state fluorescence method. Equilibrium dialysis method was applied to determine plasma protein binding rate of pyrene. The results illustrated that the protein binding rate depends on the concentration of pyrene in plasma. Extraction of pyrene in plasma was studied by using biomedical nanopartical which was prepared from synthesized associating polymer poly(ethylene glycol) end-capped by hexadecane. The Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) of the polymeric micelle in aqueous solution was determined to equal 0.0063 mg/mL using 1-pyrenemethanol as a fluorescent probe. The distribution of free pyrene and pyrene loaded nanoparticals in blood were determined. The results showed that over 95% of the free pyrene was distributed into the erythrocyte, and the pyrene-loaded nanoparticles were less distributed in to the erythrocyte than free pyrene, but it was higher than 60%. This study provides an efficient method to detect pyrene in different tissues as well as an extraction method at the molecular level, which might contribute to the development of modern molecular diagnosis and identification in vivo.
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Li H, Wang Q, Ding Y, Bao C, Li W. Mangiferin amelioratesPorphyromonas gingivalis-induced experimental periodontitis by inhibiting phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB and Janus kinase 1-signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathways. J Periodontal Res 2016; 52:1-7. [PMID: 26825585 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Fu J, Ai J, Jin M, Jiang C, Zhang J, Shi C, Lin Q, Yuan Z, Qi X, Bao C, Tang F, Zhu Y. Emergence of a new GII.17 norovirus variant in patients with acute gastroenteritis in Jiangsu, China, September 2014 to March 2015. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20. [PMID: 26111236 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.24.21157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
From September 2014 to March 2015, 23 outbreaks of norovirus (NoV) acute gastroenteritis occurred in Jiangsu, China. Partial sequencing of the NoV capsid gene suggested that 16 of the 23 outbreaks were related to a new GII.17 variant. This variant was first detected in sporadic specimens in October 2014, and became predominant in February 2015. Analysis of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and complete capsid including the protruding domain P2 sequences confirmed this GII.17 variant as distinct from previously identified GII variants.
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Pavelka K, Akkoç N, Al-Maini M, Zerbini C, Bao C, Karateev D, Nasonov E, Pedersen R, Dinh A, Shen Q, Vasilescu R, Mahgoub E, Vlahos B. AB0422 Impact of Combination Etanercept-Dmard Induction Therapy in Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: Interim Results of an International Treat-to-Target Study Conducted in Regions with Limited Biologic Access: Table 1. Ann Rheum Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-eular.1689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Bao W, Yao R, He Q, Guo Z, Bao C, Wang Y, Wang Z. Cloning, molecular characterization, and expression pattern of FGF5 in Cashmere goat (Capra hircus). GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2015; 14:11154-61. [DOI: 10.4238/2015.september.22.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Maksymowych W, Boonen A, Marzo-Ortega H, Magrey M, Joshi A, Halpern M, Renaud J, Mittal M, Bao C. FRI0152 Decreased Employment, Work Productivity, and Presenteeism in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis is Associated with Increased Disease Activity as Measured by Basdai: Table 1. Ann Rheum Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.2149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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van Vollenhoven R, Betts K, Signorovitch J, Bao C, Shaw J, Ganguli A. FRI0267 A Prediction Model That Identifies Patients Most Likely to Benefit from First-Line Therapy with Adalimumab plus Methotrexate in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Boonen A, Kavanaugh A, Maksymowych W, Ganguli A, Jalundhwala Y, Bao C, Garg V, Bergman M. THU0233 Differences in the Burden of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) on Patients' Health-Related Quality-Of-Life (HRQOL) and Work Productivity across Disease Activity: Results from the PROSE-RA Study. Ann Rheum Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.1661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Bao C, Huang F, Khan MA, Fei K, Wu Z, Zhuang Y, Gathany T, Han C, Hsia EC. AB0513 Safety and efficacy of golimumab, a human anti-tnf monoclonal antibody injected subcutaneously every 4 weeks, in chinese patients with active ankylosing spondylitis: one-year results of a phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Ann Rheum Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-eular.2835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Liu W, Yang K, Qi X, Xu K, Ji H, Ai J, Ge A, Wu Y, Li Y, Dai Q, Liang Q, Bao C, Bergquist R, Tang F, Zhu Y. Spatial and temporal analysis of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China, 2013. Euro Surveill 2013; 18. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.47.20640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
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Ai J, Huang Y, Xu K, Ren D, Qi X, Ji H, Ge A, Dai Q, Li J, Bao C, Tang F, Shi G, Shen T, Zhu Y, Zhou M, Wang H. Case-control study of risk factors for human infection with influenza A(H7N9) virus in Jiangsu Province, China, 2013. EURO SURVEILLANCE : BULLETIN EUROPEEN SUR LES MALADIES TRANSMISSIBLES = EUROPEAN COMMUNICABLE DISEASE BULLETIN 2013; 18:20510. [PMID: 23827526 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.26.20510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We describe a case-control study performed in Jiangsu, China, to evaluate risk factors for human infection with novel avian influenza A(H7N9) virus. Twenty-five cases and 93 controls matched by age, sex, and location were included in the study. Direct contact with poultry or birds in the two weeks before illness onset, chronic medical conditions (hypertension excluded), and environment-related exposures were significantly associated with A(H7N9) infection.
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Li H, Pieterse J, Dijkstra J, Haije W, Xu H, Bao C, van den Brink R, Jansen D. Performance test of a bench-scale multi-tubular membrane reformer. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bao C, Zhou Y, Jiang L, Sun C, Wang F, Xia W, Han F, Zhao Y, Wu L. Reasons for the increasing incidence of macrosomia in Harbin, China. BJOG 2010; 118:93-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2010.02776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mei J, Zhu J, Ding F, Bao C, Wu S. N-acetylcysteine Improves Early Cardiac Isograft Function in a Rat Heterotopic Transplantation Model. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:3632-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.06.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tang J, Gu Y, Zhang M, Ye S, Chen X, Guo Q, Qian J, Bao C, Chen S, Shen N. Increased expression of the type I interferon-inducible gene, lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus E, in peripheral blood cells is predictive of lupus activity in a large cohort of Chinese lupus patients. Lupus 2009; 17:805-13. [PMID: 18755862 DOI: 10.1177/0961203308089694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several studies by microarray analysis and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) reveal that type I interferon-inducible genes (IFIGs) are implicated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). To find a potential clinical biomarker capable of monitoring lupus disease activity clinically, quantitative RT-PCR was used to identify transcript expression levels of 13 type I IFIGs in peripheral blood cells in 144 patients with SLE, 27 non-SLE patients and 60 healthy controls and then analyse connections between gene expression and disease activity. The expression levels of five type I IFIGs (LY6E, OAS3, IFIT4, OAS1 and OAS2) were significantly higher in the SLE group than in the healthy and non-SLE controls. LY6E gene that had highest expression was chosen to analyse the association of expression level with clinical features. Compared to low LY6E expression group, SLE patients with high LY6E expression had higher SLEDAI-2K score, increased 24 h urine protein and lower blood C3 complement. Active SLE patients had more elevated LY6E expression than stable patients. And LY6E expression levels in patients with SLE were strongly correlated with their SLEDAI-2K scores. Our results indicate that increased expression of LY6E gene in peripheral blood cells in patients with SLE is correlated with lupus activity and may be a useful, noninvasive biomarker for assessing SLE disease activity.
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Yan Z, Zhao N, Wang Z, Li B, Bao C, Shi J, Han W, Zhang Y. A mutated human tumor necrosis factor-alpha improves the therapeutic index in vitro and in vivo. Cytotherapy 2006; 8:415-23. [PMID: 16923618 DOI: 10.1080/14653240600845278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a multifunctional cytokine that has cytotoxic, cytostatic and immunomodulatory effects on malignant tumors. However, clinical trials have revealed high systemic toxicity and this has hampered its utilization as an anti-cancer agent. In this study, a human TNF-alpha mutant was created and tested for its anti-tumor effects. METHODS The TNF mutant (recombinant mutated human TNF; rmhTNF) was prepared by protein engineering in which amino acids Pro, Ser and Asp at positions 8, 9 and 10 of TNF-alpha were substituted by Arg, Lys and Arg, and C terminal Leu157 was substituted by Phe, along with deletion of the first seven N-terminal amino acids. Prokaryotic expression recombinant vector pBV-mhTNF containing the PLPR promotor was constructed and transformed into E. coli DH5alpha. The rmhTNF was expressed in a partially soluble form in DH5alpha, purified from the supernatant of cell lysate by ammonia sulfate precipitation and two sequential chromatographic steps. RESULTS The purified rmhTNF was >95% pure by SDS-PAGE stained with silver and high-pressure size exclusion chromatography (SEC-HPLC). Its yield was about 1.22 mg/g wet cell paste. The mutant rmhTNF exhibited an approximately 50-fold increase in cytotoxicity relative to the wild-type rhTNF on the mouse fibroblast cell line L929 in a standard cytotoxicity test, and at least and at least 50 times higher LD50 as wild type rhTNF in mice. In vivo biological activity studies carried out on tumor cell transplanted mice and nude mice also showed a more effective cytotoxicity of rmhTNF than rhTNF. DISCUSSION These results suggest that rmhTNF has potential for developing an effective anti-tumor reagent for some tumors.
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Ramli N, Sachet M, Bao C, Lasjaunias P. Cerebrofacial venous metameric syndrome (CVMS)�3: Sturge-Weber syndrome with bilateral lymphatic/venous malformations of the mandible. Neuroradiology 2003; 45:687-90. [PMID: 13680025 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-003-1042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2003] [Accepted: 03/20/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We present a case of Sturge-Weber syndrome with a bilateral lymphatic/venous malformation of the mandible. Modern biology suggests an explanation for such a case. The classification of cerebrofacial venous metameric syndromes (CVMS) enables us to recognise this lesion as involving the most caudal of the cranial metamere (CVMS 3).
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Flores-Arias MT, Bao C, Pérez MV, Fernández-Pousa CR. Fractional Talbot effect in a Selfoc gradient-index lens. OPTICS LETTERS 2002; 27:2064-2066. [PMID: 18033442 DOI: 10.1364/ol.27.002064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The fractional Talbot effect is demonstrated inside a standard 0.25-pitch Selfoc gradient-index lens under uniform illumination. Comparisons with theoretical expressions of positions and magnification of fractional Talbot images are given.
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Wang Y, Healy T, Augustinus P, Baba M, Bao C, Flemming B, Fortes M, Han M, Marone E, Mehta A, Ke X, Kirby R, Kjerfve B, Schaeffer-Novelli Y, Wolanski E. Chapter Two Definition, properties, and classification of muddy coasts. PROCEEDINGS IN MARINE SCIENCE 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1568-2692(02)80076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Flores-Arias MT, Pérez MV, Gómez-Reino C, Bao C, Fernández-Pousa CR. Talbot effect interpreted by number theory. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2001; 18:2707-2716. [PMID: 11688861 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.18.002707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An interpretation of the Talbot effect in a tapered gradient-index medium by number theory as the output/input relationship between the integer and the noninteger difference of position and the slope of rays is presented. Unit cell and transverse magnification for Talbot images are evaluated, and two criteria for angular magnification are defined. The study is particularized to a finite set of diffracted rays.
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Tendler DS, Bao C, Wang T, Huang EL, Ratovitski EA, Pardoll DA, Lowenstein CJ. Intersection of interferon and hypoxia signal transduction pathways in nitric oxide-induced tumor apoptosis. Cancer Res 2001; 61:3682-8. [PMID: 11325839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Activated macrophages play a central role in antitumor immunity. However, the stimuli that activate macrophages to kill tumor cells are not completely understood. Because the center of solid tumors can be hypoxic, we hypothesized that hypoxia may be an important signal in activating macrophages to kill tumor cells. Hypoxia stimulates IFN-primed macrophages to express the inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) and to synthesize nitric oxide (NO). We show that this synergy between IFN and hypoxia is mediated by the direct interaction of the hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and IFN regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1), which are both required for the hypoxic transcription of NOS2. This interaction between HIF-1 and IRF-1 may explain the mechanism by which macrophages infiltrating into tumors are activated to express NOS2 and to produce NO, a mediator of tumor apoptosis.
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Horton MR, Olman MA, Bao C, White KE, Choi AM, Chin BY, Noble PW, Lowenstein CJ. Regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and urokinase by hyaluronan fragments in mouse macrophages. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2000; 279:L707-15. [PMID: 11000131 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2000.279.4.l707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis are characterized by increased turnover and production of the extracellular matrix as well as an impairment of lung fibrinolytic activity. Although fragments of the extracellular matrix component hyaluronan induce macrophage production of inflammatory mediators, the effect of hyaluronan on the fibrinolytic mediators plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is unknown. This study demonstrates that hyaluronan fragments augment steady-state mRNA, protein, and inhibitory activity of PAI-1 as well as diminish the baseline levels of uPA mRNA and inhibit uPA activity in an alveolar macrophage cell line. Hyaluronan fragments alter macrophage expression of PAI-1 and uPA at the level of gene transcription. Similarly, hyaluronan fragments augment PAI-1 and diminish uPA mRNA levels in freshly isolated inflammatory alveolar macrophages from bleomycin-treated rats. These data suggest that hyaluronan fragments influence alveolar macrophage expression of PAI-1 and uPA and may be a mechanism for regulating fibrinolytic activity during lung inflammation.
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Chen S, Hu D, Shi X, Shen N, Gu Y, Bao C. The relationship between Th1/Th2-type cells and disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Chin Med J (Engl) 2000; 113:877-80. [PMID: 11775831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the imbalance of Th1/Th2-type cytokines in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and its relation to disease activity. METHODS Intracellular cytokines were determined by flow-cytometry following whole-blood culture. RESULTS Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI) > 10 had statistically significantly fewer CD4+ or CD8+ T cells producing IFN-gamma than patients with SLEDAI = 0, SLEDAI 1-10 or healthy controls (P < 0.01, P < 0.01 or P < 0.05, respectively). Patients with SLEDAI > 10 also had decreased ratio of IFN-gamma/IL-4 positive CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, compared with patients with SLEDAI = 0, SLEDAI 1-10 or healthy controls (P < 0.05). The decreased Th1 or Tc1 cells and the ratios of IFN-gamma: IL-4 positive CD4+ T-cells were significantly correlated with disease activity (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION SLE is characterized by an imbalance of Th1/Th2 and Tc1/Tc2 cytokines. The decreased Th1 or Tc1 cells and the Th1/Th2 ratio are related to disease activity.
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