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Vanmolkot KRJ, Stroink H, Koenderink JB, Kors EE, van den Heuvel JJMW, van den Boogerd EH, Stam AH, Haan J, De Vries BBA, Terwindt GM, Frants RR, Ferrari MD, van den Maagdenberg AMJM. Severe episodic neurological deficits and permanent mental retardation in a child with a novel FHM2ATP1A2mutation. Ann Neurol 2006; 59:310-4. [PMID: 16437583 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attacks of familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) are usually associated with transient, completely reversible symptoms. Here, we studied the ATP1A2 FHM2 gene in a young girl with episodes of both very severe and transient neurological symptoms that were triggered by mild head trauma as well as permanent mental retardation. Her family members suffered from hemiplegic and confusional migraine attacks. METHODS Mutation analysis of the ATP1A2 gene was performed by direct sequencing of all exons and flanking intronic regions, using genomic DNA of the proband. Functional consequences of the mutation were analyzed by cellular survival assays. RESULTS We identified a novel G615R ATP1A2 mutation in the proband and several of her family members. Functional analysis of mutant Na,K-ATPase in cellular survival assays showed a complete loss-of-function effect. INTERPRETATION Permanent mental retardation in children may be caused by ATP1A2 mutations.
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Krom YD, Gras JCE, Frants RR, Havekes LM, van Berkel TJ, Biessen EAL, van Dijk KW. Efficient targeting of adenoviral vectors to integrin positive vascular cells utilizing a CAR-cyclic RGD linker protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 338:847-54. [PMID: 16259946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle (VSMC) and endothelial cells (EC) are particularly resistant to infection by type 5 adenovirus (Ad) vectors. To overcome this limitation and target Ad vectors to ubiquitously expressed alpha(V)beta(3/5) integrins, we have generated a linker protein consisting of the extracellular domain of the coxsackie adenovirus receptor (CAR) connected via avidin to a biotinylated cyclic (c) RGD peptide. After optimization of CAR to cRGD and to Ad coupling, infection of mouse heart endothelial cells (H5V) could be augmented significantly, as demonstrated by 600-fold increased transgene expression levels. In EOMAs, a hemangioendothelioma-derived cell line, the fraction of infected cells was enhanced 4- to 6-fold. Furthermore, the fraction of infected primary mouse VSMC was increased from virtually 0% to 25%. Finally, in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, the number of GFP positive cells was enhanced from 2% to 75%. In conclusion, CAR-cRGD is a versatile and highly efficient construct to target Ad vectors to both transformed and primary VSMC and EC.
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Callenbach PMC, van den Boogerd EH, de Coo RFM, ten Houten R, Oosterwijk JC, Hageman G, Frants RR, Brouwer OF, van den Maagdenberg AMJM. Refinement of the chromosome 16 locus for benign familial infantile convulsions. Clin Genet 2005; 67:517-25. [PMID: 15857419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2005.00445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Benign familial infantile convulsions (BFIC) is an autosomal dominantly inherited partial epilepsy syndrome of early childhood with remission before the age of 3 years. The syndrome has been linked to loci on chromosomes 1q23, 2q24, 16p12-q12, and 19q in various families. The aim of this study was to identify the responsible locus in four unrelated Dutch families with BFIC. Two of the tested families had pure BFIC; in one family, affected individuals had BFIC followed by paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesias at later age, and in one family, BFIC was accompanied by later-onset focal epilepsy in older generations. Linkage analysis was performed for the known loci on chromosomes 1q23, 2q24, 16p12-q12, and 19q. The two families with pure BFIC were linked to chromosome 16p12-q12. Using recombinants from these and other published families, the chromosome 16-candidate gene region was reduced from 21.4 Mb (4.3 cm) to 2.7 Mb (0.0 cm). For the other two families, linkage to any of the known loci was unlikely. In conclusion, we confirm the linkage of pure BFIC to chromosome 16p12-q12, with further refinement of the locus. Furthermore, the lack of involvement of the known loci in two of the families indicates further genetic heterogeneity for BFIC.
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Kors EE, Melberg A, Vanmolkot KRJ, Kumlien E, Haan J, Raininko R, Flink R, Ginjaar HB, Frants RR, Ferrari MD, van den Maagdenberg AMJM. Childhood epilepsy, familial hemiplegic migraine, cerebellar ataxia, and a new CACNA1A mutation. Neurology 2005; 63:1136-7. [PMID: 15452324 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000138571.48593.fc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Rijkers T, Deidda G, van Koningsbruggen S, van Geel M, Lemmers RJLF, van Deutekom JCT, Figlewicz D, Hewitt JE, Padberg GW, Frants RR, van der Maarel SM. FRG2, an FSHD candidate gene, is transcriptionally upregulated in differentiating primary myoblast cultures of FSHD patients. J Med Genet 2005; 41:826-36. [PMID: 15520407 PMCID: PMC1735617 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2004.019364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal dominant facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is associated with partial deletion of the subtelomeric D4Z4 repeat array on chromosome 4qter. This chromosomal rearrangement may result in regional chromatin relaxation and transcriptional deregulation of genes nearby. METHODS AND RESULTS Here we describe the isolation and characterisation of FRG2, a member of a chromosomally dispersed gene family, mapping only 37 kb proximal to the D4Z4 repeat array. Homology and motif searches yielded no clues to the function of the predicted protein. FRG2 expression is undetectable in all tissues tested except for differentiating myoblasts of FSHD patients, which display low, yet distinct levels of FRG2 expression, partly from chromosome 4 but predominantly originating from its homologue on chromosome 10. However, in non-FSHD myopathy patients only distantly related FRG2 homologues are transcribed, while differentiating myoblasts from healthy controls fail to express any member of this gene family. Moreover, fibroblasts of FSHD patients and control individuals undergoing forced Ad5-MyoD mediated myogenesis show expression of FRG2 mainly originating from chromosome 10. Luciferase reporter assays show that the FRG2 promoter region can direct high levels of expression but is inhibited by increasing numbers of D4Z4 repeat units. Transient transfection experiments with FRG2 fusion-protein constructs reveal nuclear localisation and apparently FRG2 overexpression causes a wide range of morphological changes. CONCLUSION The localisation of FRG2 genes close to the D4Z4 repeats on chromosome 4 and 10, their transcriptional upregulation specifically in FSHD myoblast cultures, potential involvement in myogenesis, and promoter properties qualify FRG2 as an attractive candidate for FSHD pathogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Cell Differentiation
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4/genetics
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle Development
- Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral/genetics
- Myoblasts, Skeletal/chemistry
- Myoblasts, Skeletal/cytology
- Myoblasts, Skeletal/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Proteins/analysis
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- Transcriptional Activation
- Up-Regulation
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Kaja S, van de Ven RCG, Broos LAM, Veldman H, van Dijk JG, Verschuuren JJGM, Frants RR, Ferrari MD, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Plomp JJ. Gene dosage-dependent transmitter release changes at neuromuscular synapses of Cacna1a R192Q knockin mice are non-progressive and do not lead to morphological changes or muscle weakness. Neuroscience 2005; 135:81-95. [PMID: 16111830 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Revised: 04/15/2005] [Accepted: 04/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ca(v)2.1 channels mediate neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and at many central synapses. Mutations in the encoding gene, CACNA1A, are thus likely to affect neurotransmitter release. Previously, we generated mice carrying the R192Q mutation, associated with human familial hemiplegic migraine type-1, and showed first evidence of enhanced presynaptic Ca(2+) influx [Neuron 41 (2004) 701]. Here, we characterize transmitter release in detail at mouse R192Q NMJs, including possible gene-dosage dependency, progression of changes with age, and associated morphological damage and muscle weakness. We found, at low Ca(2+), decreased paired-pulse facilitation of evoked acetylcholine release, elevated release probability, and increased size of the readily releasable transmitter vesicle pool. Spontaneous release was increased over a broad range of Ca(2+) concentrations (0.2-5mM). Upon high-rate nerve stimulation we observed some extra rundown of transmitter release. However, no clinical evidence of transmission block or muscle weakness was found, assessed with electromyography, grip-strength testing and muscle contraction experiments. We studied both adult ( approximately 3-6 months-old) and aged ( approximately 21-26 months-old) R192Q knockin mice to assess effects of chronic elevation of presynaptic Ca(2+) influx, but found no additional or progressive alterations. No changes in NMJ size or relevant ultrastructural parameters were found, at either age. Our characterizations strengthen the hypothesis of increased Ca(2+) flux through R192Q-mutated presynaptic Ca(v)2.1 channels and show that the resulting altered neurotransmitter release is not associated with morphological changes at the NMJ or muscle weakness, not even in the longer term.
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Kors EE, Vanmolkot KRJ, Haan J, Kheradmand Kia S, Stroink H, Laan LAEM, Gill DS, Pascual J, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Frants RR, Ferrari MD. Alternating hemiplegia of childhood: no mutations in the second familial hemiplegic migraine gene ATP1A2. Neuropediatrics 2004; 35:293-6. [PMID: 15534763 DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-821082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC) is a rare disorder mainly characterised by attacks of hemiplegia and mental retardation. AHC has often been associated with migraine. Previously, we have excluded the involvement of the familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) CACNA1A gene in four patients with AHC. A second gene for FHM was discovered recently: the ATP1A2 gene on chromosome 1q23, coding for the alpha 2 subunit of Na+,K+-ATPase. We performed a mutation analysis of the ATP1A2 gene in six patients, using direct sequencing, but found no mutations in any of the 23 exons. Other cerebral ion channel genes remain candidate genes for AHC.
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Kors EE, Vanmolkot KRJ, Haan J, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Frants RR, Ferrari MD. [From gene to disease; familial hemiplegic migraine as a result of mutations in a sodium-potassium pump gene]. NEDERLANDS TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR GENEESKUNDE 2004; 148:1919-20. [PMID: 15495990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is a rare, autosomal dominant subtype of migraine, associated in half of the families with mutations in the CACNA1A gene located on chromosome 19p13, which encodes the Cav2.1-subunit of brain-specific P/Q-type calcium channels. Recently, mutations in a second gene, ATP1A2 on chromosome 1q23, which encodes a sodium-potassium exchange pump subunit, have been identified. The first functional studies indicate that A TP1A2 FHM mutations result in a loss of function of the pump, leading to an increase in extracellular potassium. This is known to evoke cortical spreading depression, the underlying mechanism of migraine aura.
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Kaunisto MA, Harno H, Vanmolkot KRJ, Gargus JJ, Sun G, Hämäläinen E, Liukkonen E, Kallela M, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Frants RR, Färkkilä M, Palotie A, Wessman M. A novel missense ATP1A2 mutation in a Finnish family with familial hemiplegic migraine type 2. Neurogenetics 2004; 5:141-6. [PMID: 15133718 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-004-0178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2003] [Accepted: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM), a rare autosomal dominant subtype of migraine with aura, has been linked to two chromosomal loci, 19p13 and 1q23. Mutations in the Na+K+-ATPase alpha2 subunit gene, ATP1A2, on 1q23 have recently been shown to cause familial hemiplegic migraine type 2 (FHM2). We sequenced the coding regions of this gene in a Finnish chromosome 1q23-linked FHM family with associated symptoms such as coma and identified a novel A1033G mutation in exon 9. This mutation results in a threonine-to-alanine substitution at codon 345. This residue is located in a highly conserved N-terminal region of the M4-5 loop of the Na+,K+-ATPase. Furthermore, the T345A mutation co-segregated with the disorder in our family and was not present in 132 healthy Finnish control individuals. For these reasons it is most likely the FHM-causing mutation in this family.
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van Koningsbruggen S, Dirks RW, Mommaas AM, Onderwater JJ, Deidda G, Padberg GW, Frants RR, van der Maarel SM. FRG1P is localised in the nucleolus, Cajal bodies, and speckles. J Med Genet 2004; 41:e46. [PMID: 15060122 PMCID: PMC1735742 DOI: 10.1136/jmg2003.012781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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36
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van Koningsbruggen S, Dirks RW, Mommaas AM, Onderwater JJ, Deidda G, Padberg GW, Frants RR, van der Maarel SM. FRG1P is localised in the nucleolus, Cajal bodies, and speckles. J Med Genet 2004. [DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2003.012781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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37
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Wohlgemuth M, Lemmers RJ, van der Kooi EL, van der Wielen MJ, van Overveld PG, Dauwerse H, Bakker E, Frants RR, Padberg GW, van der Maarel SM. Possible phenotypic dosage effect in patients compound heterozygous for FSHD-sized 4q35 alleles. Neurology 2004; 61:909-13. [PMID: 14557558 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.61.7.909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autosomal dominant facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is associated with a contraction of the D4Z4 repeat array on chromosome 4. So far, homozygosity or compound heterozygosity for FSHD alleles has not been described, and it has been debated whether the absence of such subjects is because of the rarity or the lethality of the disorder. METHODS Two unrelated families in which the probands are compound heterozygous for two FSHD-sized alleles were studied. Clinical examination, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) studies of DNA with probes proximal and distal to D4Z4, and cytogenetic analysis of metaphase chromosomes by FISH were performed. RESULTS Complementary molecular and cytogenetic approaches confirmed the chromosome 4qA origin of all FSHD-sized repeat arrays that segregate in the families. CONCLUSIONS Heterozygosity for FSHD-sized alleles is compatible with life in men and women. A possible dosage effect was observed in both probands in whom each 4qA allele contributed to the FSHD phenotype. Because at least one of the FSHD alleles in both families showed an unusual low penetrance, the authors propose that susceptibility for FSHD is partly determined by intrinsic properties of the disease allele other than the residual D4Z4 repeat size alone.
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Tonini MMO, Pavanello RCM, Gurgel-Giannetti J, Lemmers RJ, van der Maarel SM, Frants RR, Zatz M. Homozygosity for autosomal dominant facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) does not result in a more severe phenotype. J Med Genet 2004; 41:e17. [PMID: 14757867 PMCID: PMC1735661 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2003.010637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Bruyn RP, Frants RR. [From gene to disease; spastin and hereditary spastic paraparesis]. NEDERLANDS TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR GENEESKUNDE 2004; 148:179-81. [PMID: 14974310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraparesis (HSP) belongs to a group of genetically and clinically heterogeneous disorders characterised by progressive spasticity of the legs and hyperreflexia. A further clinical distinction is drawn between pure and complicated HSP depending on the presence of other neurological and non-neurological signs. HSP may be inherited either as autosomal dominant, recessive, or X-linked. Twenty-two loci have been identified and additional ones are envisaged. In autosomal dominant HSP, 11 loci (five genes) have been identified, the most prevalent of which is linked to chromosome 2p, coding for spastin, an ATPase belonging to the AAA family (acronym of 'ATPase associated with diverse cellular activities'). Spastin is a nuclear protein, present in neurons, but not in glial cells, and seems to be involved in microtubule dynamics. Nonsense and frameshift mutations result in a reduced amount of spastin.
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Zuidervaart W, van der Velden PA, Hurks MH, van Nieuwpoort FA, Out-Luiting CJJ, Singh AD, Frants RR, Jager MJ, Gruis NA. Gene expression profiling identifies tumour markers potentially playing a role in uveal melanoma development. Br J Cancer 2004; 89:1914-9. [PMID: 14612903 PMCID: PMC2394439 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microarray is a powerful tool to compare the gene expression of different tumour specimens and cell lines simultaneously and quantitatively. To get a better insight into genes that are involved in uveal melanoma tumorigenesis, we compared the gene expression profiles of 12 different uveal melanoma cell lines with three melanocyte cell cultures obtained from healthy donor eyes. Gene expression profiles were obtained by nylon filter arrays, containing 1176 gene spots related to cancer development. The expression levels of selected genes were validated on cell lines and primary uveal melanomas by real time RT–PCR, and were subsequently included in cluster analysis. Four candidate tumour markers, Laminin Receptor 1, Endothelin 2, Von Hippel Lindau Binding protein 1 and Cullin 2, have been selected from genes that were differentially expressed in the uveal melanoma cell lines compared to the normal uveal melanocytes. In primary uveal melanomas, these four markers could discriminate between two classes of uveal melanoma, which may be indicative of a differential disease process.
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Plomp JJ, van den Maagdenberg AM, Ferrari MD, Frants RR, Molenaar PC. Transmitter Release Deficits at the Neuromuscular Synapse of Mice with Mutations in the Cav2.1 (α1A) Subunit of the P/Q-Type Ca2+Channel. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 998:29-32. [PMID: 14592860 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1254.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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van Koningsbruggen S, de Haard H, de Kievit P, Dirks RW, van Remoortere A, Groot AJ, van Engelen BGM, den Dunnen JT, Verrips CT, Frants RR, van der Maarel SM. Llama-derived phage display antibodies in the dissection of the human disease oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. J Immunol Methods 2003; 279:149-61. [PMID: 12969556 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(03)00232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Functional analysis of the estimated 30,000 genes of the human genome requires fast and reliable high-throughput methods to study spatio-temporal protein dynamics. To explore the suitability of heavy-chain antibodies (HCAbs) for studying mechanisms underlying human disease, we used oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) as a paradigm for the expanding group of protein aggregation disorders that is characterized by subcellular dislocalization and aggregation of mutant protein. OPMD is caused by a moderate alanine expansion in the poly-A binding protein nuclear 1 (PABPN1) and is associated with intranuclear PABPN1 deposition exclusively in muscle. An experimental approach was designed in which the primary sequence of the PABPN1 gene was employed for generating a prokaryotic expression construct that permitted its expression in the host Escherichia coli. The purified product was used for immunization of a llama as well as for the selection of an antigen-specific antibody fragment from the derived phage display library. This single-domain antibody was able to recognize the native gene product in mammalian cell lines and in human muscle tissue by immunocytochemical, immunohistochemical and immunoblot analysis. Our results suggest that phage display derived heavy-chain antibodies can be used in proteomics to study the localization and function of hypothetical gene products, relevant to human disease.
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Lemmers RJLF, Osborn M, Haaf T, Rogers M, Frants RR, Padberg GW, Cooper DN, van der Maarel SM, Upadhyaya M. D4F104S1 deletion in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy: phenotype, size, and detection. Neurology 2003; 61:178-83. [PMID: 12874395 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000078889.51444.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) locus maps to 4q35 where it is closely linked to D4F104S1 (p13E-11), a probe that recognizes the pathognomonic FSHD deletion involving the subtelomeric D4Z4 tandem repeat array. Extended deletions that include both the more proximal D4F104S1 region and the D4Z4 repeat array proper do, however, occur, albeit rarely, and such deletions can lead to difficulties of interpretation in the diagnostic setting. OBJECTIVE To devise a means to determine the true frequency of proximally extended deletions in individuals with FSHD. METHODS Three families selected for this study were originally identified during routine FSHD analysis on the basis that the affected individuals in each family had failed to exhibit a small (<38-kb) EcoRI fragment. High molecular weight DNA from these families was analyzed with both conventional and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis using DNA markers p13E-11, 9B6A, B31, 4qA, and 4qB. RESULTS Large genomic deletions were identified involving both D4Z4 and D4F104S1. The precise number of D4Z4 repeat units borne by the p13E11 deletion allele was established by the use of an additional restriction enzyme (MseI) digest. All three cases carry different sizes of deletion proximal to the D4Z4 repeat units. With use of a recently described telomeric probe, 4qA, a method was developed that identifies large genomic deletions involving both D4Z4 and D4F104S1 using conventional gel electrophoresis. CONCLUSION Proximally extended deletions can be found in patients with a normal spectrum of the disease. This assay promises to allow estimation of the true frequency of proximally extended deletions and should improve the accuracy and reliability of molecular diagnostic testing for FSHD.
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Kors EE, Haan J, Giffin NJ, Pazdera L, Schnittger C, Lennox GG, Terwindt GM, Vermeulen FLMJ, Van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Frants RR, Ferrari MD. Expanding the phenotypic spectrum of the CACNA1A gene T666M mutation: a description of 5 families with familial hemiplegic migraine. ARCHIVES OF NEUROLOGY 2003; 60:684-8. [PMID: 12756131 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.60.5.684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is a rare autosomal dominant subtype of migraine with aura. Missense mutations in the chromosome 19 CACNA1A calcium channel gene have been found in approximately half of the families. The T666M mutation, replacing a threonine by a methionine at residue number 666, is the most frequent mutation, reported in 14 independent FHM families; other mutations have so far been described in only 1 or 2 families each. The clinical features of T666M families have been reported, but the course is unknown. OBJECTIVE To present a detailed description of the clinical features of new FHM families in which we identified the T666M mutation in our CACNA1A screening program. METHODS As part of our ongoing genetic screening, mutation analysis of the CACNA1A gene was performed by single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis in 33 probands of families with FHM. RESULTS We identified the T666M mutation in 5 unrelated FHM families. In 3 of the families, patients displayed cerebellar ataxia. In 1 family, some affected members with the mutation had attacks with confusion but without hemiparesis. In 1 family, patients had progressive cognitive dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS The T666M mutation is the most frequent CACNA1A mutation in FHM; it was found in 5 of 33 FHM families at our laboratory, and in 19 of 39 families with a known mutation reported in the literature (including the present study). Screening for the T666M mutation should therefore be the first step when screening families with FHM. There is a remarkable clinical heterogeneity among families with the T666M mutation.
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van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Kors EE, Brunt ER, van Paesschen W, Pascual J, Ravine D, Keeling S, Vanmolkot KRJ, Vermeulen FLMG, Terwindt GM, Haan J, Frants RR, Ferrari MD. Episodic ataxia type 2. Three novel truncating mutations and one novel missense mutation in the CACNA1A gene. J Neurol 2002; 249:1515-9. [PMID: 12420090 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-002-0860-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We analysed the CACNA1A gene, located on chromosome 19p13, in three unrelated families and one sporadic case with episodic ataxia type 2 (EA-2). In two of the families and the sporadic patient, novel truncating mutations, which disrupt the reading frame and result in a premature stop of the CACNA1A protein, were identified in exons 14, 16 and 26. In the remaining family, a novel missense mutation (H253Y) was found. Of the twenty two EA-2 mutations identified thus far, including those of the present study, seventeen are truncating mutations and five are missense mutations, all resulting in an EA-2 clinical phenotype.
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Leegwater PA, Vermeulen G, Könst AA, Naidu S, Mulders J, Visser A, Kersbergen P, Mobach D, Fonds D, van Berkel CG, Lemmers RJ, Frants RR, Oudejans CB, Schutgens RB, Pronk JC, van der Knaap MS. Subunits of the translation initiation factor eIF2B are mutant in leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter. Nat Genet 2001; 29:383-8. [PMID: 11704758 DOI: 10.1038/ng764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter (VWM) is an inherited brain disease that occurs mainly in children. The course is chronic-progressive with additional episodes of rapid deterioration following febrile infection or minor head trauma. We have identified mutations in EIF2B5 and EIF2B2, encoding the epsilon- and beta-subunits of the translation initiation factor eIF2B and located on chromosomes 3q27 and 14q24, respectively, as causing VWM. We found 16 different mutations in EIF2B5 in 29 patients from 23 families. We also found two distantly related individuals who were homozygous with respect to a missense mutation in EIF2B2, affecting a conserved amino acid. Three other patients also had mutations in EIF2B2. As eIF2B has an essential role in the regulation of translation under different conditions, including stress, this may explain the rapid deterioration of people with VWM under stress. Mutant translation initiation factors have not previously been implicated in disease.
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Haan J, van Vliet JA, Kors EE, Terwindt GM, Vermeulen FL, van den Maagdenberg AM, Frants RR, Ferrari MD. No involvement of the calcium channel gene (CACNA1A) in a family with cluster headache. Cephalalgia 2001; 21:959-62. [PMID: 11843867 DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-2982.2001.00283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It is very likely that genetic factors play a role in the pathophysiology of cluster headache (CH). As CH shares its paroxysmal character with migraine, and migraine has been described in coexistence with CH in some families, we hypothesized that both diseases might share a genetic aetiology. In this study, we tested whether the migraine CACNA1A gene on chromosome 19 is involved in CH in an extended pedigree. Haplotype analysis did not reveal an obvious disease haplotype, and SSCP analysis of all 47 exons of the CACNA1A gene did not reveal a causative mutation. CH in this family is not caused by mutations in the CACNA1A gene.
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Kreeft AJ, Moen CJ, Hofker MH, Frants RR, Vreugdenhil E, Gijbels MJ, Havekes LM, Datson NA. Identification of differentially regulated genes in mildly hyperlipidemic ApoE3-Leiden mice by use of serial analysis of gene expression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21:1984-90. [PMID: 11742874 DOI: 10.1161/hq1201.100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although genes determining lipoprotein homeostasis and atherosclerosis are the subject of intensive investigation, only a subset of these genes is known at present. Hence, we do not have sufficient knowledge to explain the genetic basis of hyperlipidemia in the majority of subjects. Our aim was to identify novel genes and pathways underlying lipoprotein homeostasis by using serial analysis of gene expression. The liver expression profile of mild hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein E3-Leiden (E3L) transgenic mice was compared with that of the wild-type C57BL/6JIco (B6) mice. Over 18 000 liver transcripts of B6 as well as E3L mice were analyzed, representing >9400 unique genes. One hundred seventy-five genes showed altered expression between the strains (P<0.05). Although several of these genes belonged to known metabolic pathways, such as lipoprotein metabolism, detoxification processes, glycolysis, and the acute-phase response, most were novel. Differential gene expression of 8 of 10 genes tested could be confirmed by Northern blot analysis. This inventory of differentially expressed genes will provide a unique basis for detailed studies to gain more insight into their role in lipoprotein homeostasis and atherosclerosis.
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de Kievit P, van Geel M, van der Wielen MJ, Bakker E, Padberg GW, Frants RR, van der Maarel SM. Complete allele information in the diagnosis of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy by triple DNA analysis. Ann Neurol 2001; 50:816-9. [PMID: 11761483 DOI: 10.1002/ana.10057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy is caused by partial deletion of the D4Z4 repeat array on chromosome 4q35. Genetic diagnosis is based on sizing of this repeat array, which is complicated by cross-hybridization of a homologous polymorphic repeat array on chromosome 10 and by the frequent exchanges between these chromosomal regions. The restriction enzyme XapI optimizes the diagnosis of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy by uniquely digesting 4-derived repeat units and leaving 10-derived repeat units undigested, thus complementing BlnI, which uniquely digests 10-derived repeat units. A triple analysis with EcoRI, EcoRI/BlnI, and XapI unequivocally allows characterization of each of the four alleles, whether homogeneous or hybrid. This is particularly useful in the case of identical sized 4-derived and 10-derived arrays, in situations of suspected facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy with nonstandard allele configurations, and for assignment of hybrid fragments to their original alleles.
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van der Velden PA, Sandkuijl LA, Bergman W, Pavel S, van Mourik L, Frants RR, Gruis NA. Melanocortin-1 receptor variant R151C modifies melanoma risk in Dutch families with melanoma. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 69:774-9. [PMID: 11500806 PMCID: PMC1226063 DOI: 10.1086/323411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2001] [Accepted: 07/19/2001] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations of the cell-cycle regulator p16 (also called "CDKN2A") in kindreds with melanoma implicate this gene in susceptibility to malignant melanoma. Most families with familial atypical multiple-mole melanoma (FAMMM) who are registered at the Leiden dermatology clinic share the same p16-inactivating deletion (p16-Leiden). Incomplete penetrance and variable clinical expression suggest risk modification by other genetic and/or environmental factors. Variants of the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene have been shown to be associated with red hair, fair skin, and melanoma in humans. Carriers of the p16-Leiden deletion in Dutch families with FAMMM show an increased risk of melanoma when they also carry MC1R variant alleles. The R151C variant is overrepresented in patients with melanoma who are from families with the p16-Leiden mutation. Although some of the effect of the R151C variant on melanoma risk may be attributable to its effect on skin type, our analyses indicate that the R151C variant contributes an increased melanoma risk even after statistical correction for its effect on skin type. These findings suggest that the R151C variant may be involved in melanoma tumorigenesis in a dual manner, both as a determinant of fair skin and as a component in an independent additional pathway.
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