Sr2+ can pass through Ca2+ entry pathway activated by Ca2+ depletion, but can be hardly taken up by the Ca2+ stores in the rat salivary acinar cells

When Sr2+ was introduced to the external solution after the depletion of Ca2+ from stores of submandibular acinar cells by ACh stimulation, Sr2+ entered cytoplasm of the cell, like the case of Ca2+. SK&F 96365, a Ca2+ channel blocker, or Ni2+ blocked this divalent cation entry. Sr2+ entering the cell continued to increase to a steady level, after the cessation of stimulation, when Sr2+ was present in the external solution, unlike the case of Ca2+. Ca2+ entered cells which had been stimulated with ACh in Sr(2+)-containing external solution. In the cells to which Sr2+ has been applied after the store depletion with ACh, Sr2+ cannot be released by the renewed ACh stimulation, unlike the case of Ca2+. 89Sr2+ uptake by the parotidic microsomal fraction 100 min after addition of ATP was 15.08 +/- 0.70 nmol/mg protein, whereas 45Ca2+ uptake was 144.19 +/- 16.93 nmol/mg protein. It was concluded that in the salivary acinar cells Sr2+ can be a substituent for Ca2+ in the mechanism of entry from the extracellular fluid but cannot be in the mechanism of uptake into the stores.

Antimicrobial stress compounds from Hypochoeris radicata

The exudates of Hypochoeris radicata leaves stressed with cupric chloride afforded two eudesmane- and guaiane-type sesquiterpenes, and two alkenals, (2E,4E)-6-hydroxyhexadienal and (2E,4E)-hexadienedial (mucondialdehyde). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic and synthetic methods.

Stimulated Ca2+ entry activates Cl- currents after releasing Ca2+ from the intracellular store in submandibular gland cells of the rat

In order to examine whether Ca2+ entry is directly involved in controlling exocrine secretion, the Ca(2+)-activated Cl- currents were recorded in single and clusters of rat submandibular gland cells using the whole-cell patch-clamp method. Extracellularly applied acetylcholine (ACh, 10 nM) as well as intracellularly applied GTP gamma S and InsP3 caused repetitive transients of the Cl- currents activated by intracellular Ca2+. These responses occurred also in the absence of external Ca2+, but disappeared after several minutes. Readmission of Ca2+ to the extracellular solution restored the repetitive current transients, while introduction of Sr2+ failed to restore the current signals in spite of the presence of Sr2+ entry detected by microfluorimetry. On the other hand, direct application of Sr2+ to the cell inside caused activation of the Cl- currents although less effectively than Ca2+. When Ca2+ was introduced to the extracellular solution during an interruption of ACh stimulation after the ACh-induced depletion of intracellular Ca2+ store, the Cl- current was not elicited. However, a subsequent challenge with ACh at the same concentration in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ caused repetitive transient Cl- currents. The results suggest that in this cell type the stimulated Ca2+ entry does not by itself activate the Cl- currents but activates them indirectly by triggering Ca2+ release from the intracellular Ca2+ store which may take up Ca2+ soon after the Ca2+ entry.

Malignant pleural mesothelioma presenting as achalasia

A 65-year-old man with an occupational history of asbestos exposure developed dysphagia and vomiting. Clinical examinations at onset revealed a dilated esophagus with smooth narrowing at the gastroesophageal junction and no apparent tumor in and around the esophagus. Achalasia was suspected. Dysphagia progressed gradually and examinations performed three months after the onset disclosed a tumor in the pleural and the peritoneal cavities. At laparotomy, the tumor extended from the pleural cavity into the peritoneal cavity. Histological examination of the biopsied specimen demonstrated malignant mesothelioma. We report the first case of malignant pleural mesothelioma presenting as achalasia.

Modulation of ischemia-reperfusion-induced hepatic injury by Kupffer cells

To elucidate the role of Kupffer cells in ischemia-reperfusion-induced hepatic injury, hepatic injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion was analyzed after modulation of Kupffer cell function. Ischemia of the liver was performed by occlusion of both the portal vein and hepatic artery, which enter into the left lateral and median lobes of the liver. Blood flow in the ischemic lobe was reduced, in contrast to an increased blood flow in the nonischemic lobe during occlusion of the veins. Although hepatocyte damage was not demonstrated by ischemia for < 60 min, hepatic injury was found after reperfusion of the liver, and activation of Kupffer cells was morphologically demonstrated by electron microscopies. Suppression of Kupffer cells, induced by previous administration of gadolinium chloride or latex particles, reduced the grade of hepatic injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion. On the other hand, stimulation of Kupffer cell phagocytosis, induced by administration of latex particles at the time of reperfusion, aggravated the ischemia-reperfusion-induced hepatotoxicity, which was then reduced by simultaneous administration of superoxide dismutase. Kupffer cells, isolated from the rats treated with the ischemia-reperfusion procedure, have been found to release increased amounts of oxygen radical intermediates. These results suggest that hepatic injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion is modulated by the function of Kupffer cells and that superoxide anion released from Kupffer cells could play an important role in ischemia-reperfusion hepatic injury.

Plasma peroxidized low-density lipoprotein with hydroperoxidized cholesteryl linoleates estimated in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia

A study was conducted to ascertain the presence of peroxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in plasma and to determine the chemical structure of the peroxidized LDL so that the mechanism by which vascular complications develop may be elucidated in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Family trees showing hypercholesterolemia and moderate grade thickness of the Achilles' tendon were confirmed in all patients. Cholesteryl ester, triglycerides (TG), free fatty acid (FFA), free cholesterol (FC), and phospholipids in normal LDL were stained on a thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plate, but from peroxidized LDL, spot X1 between TG and FFA, and spot X2 between FFA and FC were identified clearly except for the lipids recognized in normal LDL on the TLC plates. From intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), LDL1, and LDL2 of FH patients, spot X1 was clearly recognized. Hydroperoxidized cholesteryl linoleate (HPO-CL) was estimated and identified from Cu(2+)-treated standard CL, Cu(2+)-treated LDL and LDL obtained from FH patients by means of high-pressure liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, positive reaction of p-methoxydiphenylpyrenyl-phosphine and various chemical reactions. The percentage of HPO-CL to total lipids in LDL was in the order of IDL < LDL1 < LDL2 in FH patients, and it was markedly higher in FH patients when compared to healthy persons. Spot X1 obtained from Cu(2+)-treated CL, from Cu(2+)-treated normal LDL and from LDL of FH patients was chemically identical, consisting of at least 4 kinds of HPO-CL isomer. LDL2-cholesterol levels were higher in FH patients than those of LDL1-cholesterol, whereas in healthy persons LDL1 cholesterol levels were higher compared to those of LDL2 cholesterol. The capacity of LDL2 for peroxidization by Cu2+ was greater than that of LDL1 in healthy persons. Biological functions, such as acceleration of platelet aggregation, great internalization into macrophages and injuries of the arterial endothelia, were reported for LDL with HPO-CL in our previous experiments. Thus, the existence of peroxidized LDL with HPO-CL may be one of the important risks for vascular complications in FH patients.

[Immunohistochemical study of globotriaosyl ceramide (Gb3) in testicular tumors]

Testicular tumor tissues and various normal tissues were examined by immunohistochemical techniques for expression of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) using anti-Gb3 monoclonal antibody (1A4). In formalin fixed paraffin-embedded specimens (31 cases), Gb3 was positive for every kind of elements of testicular germ cell tumors, especially it's incidence of positive staining were 100% in seminomas (16/16) and embryonal carcinomas (6/6). On the other hand, four cases of testicular malignant lymphoma were all negative for Gb3, and some normal testicle, liver, kidney, pancreas, spleen, ileum and rectum showed very weak reactivity with 1A4. In frozen materials (10 cases), similar incidence of positive staining with that of paraffin-embedded specimens were observed in drying only manner, 4% parafolm-aldehyde fixation following drying and 10 min. of acetone fixation following drying. Incidence of very strong staining in testicular germ cell tumors were as follows, 7/10 in 4% parafolmaldehyde fixation, 6/10 in drying only, 4/10 in 10 min. of acetone fixation and 7/22 in paraffinembedded specimens. Fixation with 30 min. of acetone fixation and 10 min. of 90% ethanol and treatment with 10 min. of chloroform:methanol (2:1, v/v) extremely decreased the reactivity with 1A4, suggesting that Gb3 exists mainly as glycolipid. Gb3 may thus be a useful histological marker for testicular germ cell tumor, and the tissue should be treated with the process of freezing followed by 4% parafolm-aldehyde fixation, drying only or 10 min. of acetone fixation, and formalin fixed paraffin-embedded specimens were also available enough.

Globotriaosyl ceramide glycolipid in seminoma: its clinicopathological importance in differentiation from testicular malignant lymphoma

Glycolipids were biochemically extracted from 14 specimens of seminoma, 2 of testicular malignant lymphoma (both of which were difficult to differentiate from seminoma with a high mitotic index) and 4 of normal testicle. The pattern of their expression was compared. Marked accumulation of globotriaosyl ceramide was observed in seminoma but it was present in a small amount in testicular malignant lymphoma. Differentiation between seminoma and malignant lymphoma is sometimes difficult by histopathological findings but it is considered to be greatly facilitated by examination of the pattern of glycolipid expression.

Glycolipid expression in prostatic tissue and analysis of the antigen recognized by antiprostatic monoclonal antibody APG1

The expression patterns of glycolipid from prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cancer and normal prostate tissue were observed. A further analysis of antigen recognized by mouse monoclonal antibody APG1, which was gained by immunizing glycolipids extracted from human prostate cancer, was also performed. In cancer tissue, both of the lactosyl and globoside series glycolipids were found to be generally reduced, although in the ganglioside series, GM3 and GD3 were not reduced and only the glycolipids with longer chains than GD2 were found to be reduced. These results indicated that the inhibition of sugar chain elongation, but not sialylation, was the main synthetic change occurring with carcinogenesis of the human prostate. APG1 reacted with only two bands near GM2 and GD2 of the ganglioside fraction on a thin-layer chromatography plate, but it did not react with any of the known gangliosides of the ganglioside series including GM2 and GD2. Histochemically, APG1 showed intense reaction only in frozen tissue sections of human prostate, and the reactivity decreased with the increasing grade of cancer. Therefore, this antigen was considered to be a prostate-specific and differentiated antigen reacting with nonganglioseries gangliosides.

[Urethral indwelling catheter, intermittent self-catheterization and urinary infection]

Once a catheter has been passed into the bladder without contamination, there are several possible routes of subsequent infection during drainage period, such as: 1. Entry of bacteria alongside the catheter in the urethra. 2. Introduced bacteria adhered easily to the indwelling catheter and drainage system and colonized. 3. The catheter tip is covered rapidly by various nutrient materials which becomes a good culture medium of stuck bacteria, which is a supply source of bacteria into the bladder urine. 4. Although the motile bacilli ascend very slowly through the stagnant tube and no bacteria ascend against a slowly moving column, rapid transport of organisms occurs in the swirling fluid caused by the passage of rising air bubbles. 5. Continuous urethral catheter drainage permits an average residual urine volume of 7.3 ml. 6. The catheter destroys the antibacterial defense mechanisms of the urinary bladder. The reasons why in many cases of intermittent self-catheterization (CID) urine becomes sterile despite non-sterile procedure, are as follows. In addition to that CIC has none of the disadvantages of the indwelling catheter, it improves the vesical defense mechanisms deteriorated by high pressure voiding. The number of bacteria reintroduced during catheterization is relatively small and they can be eradicated by usual scheduled catheterization within 4-5 hours without residual urine. CIC must be started before trabeculation or diverticuli are formed, in which bacteria remain. Actual determination of residual urine volume after catheterization will help to prescribe a rational program of CIC.

Changes in glycolipids in human renal-cell carcinoma and their clinical significance

The expression patterns of glycolipids of human renal-cell carcinoma were studied in primary tumors from 23 cases and 5 metastatic lesions from 4 cases using HPTLC (high-performance thin-layer chromatography). The expression pattern of glycolipids in primary tumors was characteristic of the histological cell type. In granular-cell carcinoma, lactosylceramide (CDH), GM3 and the longer-chain gangliosides (gangliosides migrating more slowly than GM3) increased, although in clear-cell carcinoma, CDH and other glycolipids tended to decrease. Globoside decreased in all cases but one, irrespective of cell type. In metastatic lesions of the clear-cell type, the prominent increase in longer-chain gangliosides was characteristic. Furthermore, the same expression pattern as that of metastastatic lesions was shown in 3 of 14 patients with primary clear-cell carcinoma, all of whom developed metastases soon after radical nephrectomy. These studies indicate that the increased expression of the longer-chain gangliosides in primary tumor is one of the factors associated with high metastatic potential, and also predict early post-operative development of metastasis.

[Anti-bacterial defense mechanisms of the urinary tract constructed from intestinal segments. Studies on cell population and phagocytotic activity of urinary leucocytes, and bacterial growth in urine]

Cell population of urinary leucocytes of 22 patients (intestine group) who underwent operations using intestinal segments for the urinary tract was compared with that of 26 complicated UTI patients without surgical intervention (control group). Eosinophils were recognized in 15.5 per cent of urinary leucocytes of the intestine group. However, in the control group, urine eosinophils were recognized only in 0.15 per cent. Although in sterile urines of the intestine group eosinophils were recognized in 30.8 per cent, in infected urines, the percentage of eosinophils decreased. Conversely, the percentage of neutrophils increased to 91.9 per cent. These findings suggest that neutrophils play an important role in infected urines of the intestine group as in urines of the control group. Significant differences were found in the values of urinary secretory IgA, IgG, IgM and urinary osmolarity. To evaluate the influence of these differences on the activity of phagocytosis of urinary leucocytes, the activity of phagocytosis of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN), isolated from the peripheral blood, was investigated in immersion in urines of both groups. The mean rate of phagocytosis of E. coli in urines of both groups showed no statistically significant differences. However, urinary osmolarity of the intestine group was within the suitable range for phagocytosis and the activity of phagocytosis in urine was correlated with the value of IgG, which suggests that IgG has the opsonic effect. In contrast, the activity of phagocytosis in urine of the control group was strongly correlated with the value of urinary osmolarity. The growth of Providencia, Streptococcus, P. aeruginosa, whose frequency of isolation from urine of both groups was different in our previous study, and E. coli was studied in urine of the two groups. No significant difference in the growth of all bacteria was found, however. This finding suggests that the difference in the frequency of isolation of these bacteria from urine possibly depends on the adhesion of bacteria to intestinal epithelium.

Qualitative difference of subcellular localization of tumor-associated carbohydrate (Le(x)) antigens in renal cell carcinoma and normal kidney

Renal cell carcinomas are immunohistochemically positive for oligosaccharides with the Le(x) determinant (Gal beta 1----4[Fuc alpha 1----3]GlcNAc) and its derivatives, as oncofetal antigens, and their expression is closely related to a better prognosis of the patients. This study was designed to clarify the difference in antigen localization at the ultrastructural level between renal cell carcinoma and normal tissues. In normal kidneys, Le(x) detected by monoclonal antibody (MAb) FH 2 and sialylated extended Le(x) (sialyl Le(x)-i) by MAb FH 6 were identified along the plasma membrane of microvilli of proximal tubule epithelial cells, with occasional immunoreactivity along the basolateral plasma membranes. Intracellular localization was very sparse. Renal cell carcinoma showed localization of Le(x) and sialyl Le(x)-i antigens along the cell membrane and in the cytosol as aggregates or filaments. Immunoreactive materials were also observed in the lumen formed among carcinoma cells. The cytosolic immunoreactivity, not observed in the normal kidney, was regarded as "abnormal cytosolic accumulation" of the antigens. This pattern was more pronounced in clear-cell carcinoma. Pretreatment of specimens with chloroform-methanol, which extracts glycolipids, decreased immunoreactivity in carcinoma tissues, particularly that in the cytosol. The extracts contained substances immunoreactive for MAb FH6. Our study has demonstrated that (a) remarkable changes occur in the ultrastructural localization patterns of sialyl Le(x)-i and Le(x) in renal cell carcinoma and (b) considerable amounts of glycolipids are contained in the substances with sialyl Le(x)-i deposited in the cytosol of clear-cell carcinoma.

[Two autopsied cases of radiation-induced gliosarcoma]

Two autopsied cases of radiation induced gliosarcoma are presented in detail with a review of the literatures. Case 1 was that of a 36-year-old female who was found to have a metastatic choriocarcinoma in the right occipital lobe and received radiation therapy of 45 Gy. Four years later CT scan showed a new enhanced tumor in the cerebellum within the previously irradiated field. Total removal was performed and histological diagnosis of the tumor was a gliosarcoma. She died 12 months after the operation. Case 2 was that of a 63-year-old male who had a protoplasmic astrocytoma in the left temporal lobe and received radiation therapy of 60 Gy after surgery. The tumor recurred in the left temporal base after 9 years. Histological finding of the surgical specimens showed gliosarcoma. The patient died 2 months after he was operated on. The tumors had obviously two defined neoplastic components. One was gliomatous features with anaplastic glial cells which stained for glial fibrillary acidic protein. The other was malignant mesenchymal features with spindle shaped fibrosarcoma cells which contained numerous reticulin fibers. Postmortem examination revealed these similar features. Criteria for identifying a tumor as a radiation induced neoplasm have been proposed by Fajado. The main criterion is that the induced tumor should occur in the previously irradiated field. Secondly, it should appear after a latent period. Thirdly, the pathology should be different from the initial neoplasm. Our cases fulfil these criteria.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[Anti-bacterial defense mechanisms of the urinary tract constructed from intestinal segments. Preliminary studies on urinary tract infections, secretory IgA and composition of urine]

The characteristics of urinary tract infections (UTI), secretory IgA and urine composition of 24 patients (intestine group) who underwent operations using intestinal segments in urinary tract were compared with those of 26 complicated UTI patients without surgical intervention (control group). No significant differences were found in the frequency of either mono or polymicrobial infections between both groups. However, the frequency of bacterial isolation was different in the two groups, Streptococcus spp. and Providencia spp. were frequently isolated and P. aeruginosa was rarely isolated from the urine of the intestine group compared with from the urine of the control group. Furthermore, in polymicrobial infections of the intestine group with indwelling catheters, E. faecalis and Providencia spp. were frequently isolated simultaneously. The mean value of urinary secretory IgA was 94.0 micrograms/dl in the intestine group and 25.0 mu/dl in the control group (p less than 0.0001). The mean urinary osmolarity was 370 mOsm/kg in the intestine group and 500 mOsm/kg in the control group (p less than 0.005). The other parameters, including urinary pH and urea N concentration, showed no statistically significant differences. These findings suggest that urinary tract constructed from intestinal segments differs from the urinary tract without surgical intervention in the feature of UTI and anti-bacterial defense mechanisms.

Effects of low-density lipoprotein from normal rabbits on hypercholesterolemia and the development of atherosclerosis

To clarify whether or not normal LDL separated from normal rabbits is atherogenic, 0.75 mg of normal LDL-cholesterol in 6 ml of 0.85% saline and 6 ml of saline alone were injected every day for 5 weeks into the auricular vein of two groups of rabbits, respectively. The inoculated rabbits were fed a standard diet containing 0.5 and 1% cholesterol. Blood was drawn before injection and at 1, 2, 3 and 5 week intervals thereafter. After 5 weeks, all rabbits were sacrificed. Following exsanguination, the aorta was stained by Sudan III. The Sudan III staining was more extensive in rabbits injected with saline than in those that received LDL. In addition, plasma cholesterol, plasma phospholipid, VLDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels were lower in LDL-injected rabbits than in those injected with saline. But HDL-cholesterol levels were not significantly different between LDL-cholesterol and saline-injected rabbits. Although the exact cause of antiatherogenic effect of normal LDL is not clear, it seems reasonable to suggest that at least some normal LDL acts as a 'good' lipoprotein, namely antiatherogenic lipoprotein, in our experimental protocol.

[Clinical study concerning of latamoxef concentration in the obstructed urinary tract]

Urinary LMOX concentration was studied in 18 patients with unilateral ureteral obstruction. The concentration of LMOX in the urine from the mild obstructed kidney was 124 to 2,140 micrograms/ml and 10 micrograms/ml in the severely obstructed ones. The difference was probably due to the intensity and the duration of the obstruction. The patient with 99mTc-DMSA renal uptake of less than 3% also had a urinary LMOX concentration of less than 7 micrograms/ml. The above results seem to show that 7 micrograms/ml in urinary LMOX concentration is a significant figure for treatment of UTI. 99mTc-DMSA renal uptake and renal echogram were used to estimate the excretion rate of antibiotics into the urine.

Changes in glycolipid expression in human testicular tumor

Glycolipids were extracted from testicular tumor tissues of 13 patients, and their pattern of expression compared with that of normal testicular tissue. The most conspicuous and consistent change in the tumor extracts was marked accumulation of CTH (ceramide trihexoside). Structural analysis by enzyme cleavage showed that CTH which accumulated in the tumor tissue was Gb3 (Gal alpha 1-4Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-Cer). Immunohistochemistry using anti-Gb3 monoclonal antibody (MAb) (1A4) also indicated massive accumulation of Gb3 in the tumor tissue. Gb3 may be a new marker of testicular tumors, especially seminomas, for which useful markers are so far lacking.

[Prostate specific monoclonal antibody gained by glycolipid immunization]

Extraction of glycolipid component from hypertrophic and cancerous prostatic tissue were performed using chloroform-methanol solution and isopropanol-hexan-solution. The extract was separated into the "upper phase" and "lower phase" by Folchs fractionation technic. Each fraction was conjugated with acid treated salmonella minesota and than it was injected subcutaneously, intra-peritoneally and finally intravenously to BALB/c mice. Spleen cells from immunized mice were fused with P3X63, and antibody APG1 was obtained. APG1 shows a preferential reactivity towards prostatic tissue by the immunohistochemical analysis. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical analysis using enzyme and acid treated tissue and TLC immunostaining indicate that this monoclonal antibody specifically recognizes the sialylglycochain expressed in the prostatic tissue.