Busulphan toxicity syndrome caused by chlorambucil

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Effective treatment for paraquat poisoning in rats and its relevance to treatment of paraquat poisoning in man

After oral administration of a lethal dose of paraquat to rats the plasma concentration remained relatively constant over four to 30 hours and was related to the paraquat content of the small intestine over the first 16 hours. During the first 30 hours the concentration of paraquat in the lung rose progressively above that of the plasma to levels which are known to cause pulmonary damage. A treatment has been devised which prevents the absorption of paraquat into the plasma and prevents accumulation of paraquat in the lung. This treatment consists of a stomach was followed by four administrations of bentonite plus purgatives at two- to three-hour intervals. Even when treatment was delayed until 10 hours after administration of paraquat 80% survival was obtained. The relevance of this treatment to paraquat poisoning in man is discussed in the light of the finding that slices of human lung accumulate paraquat in the same way as those of rat lung.

Biochemical effects of diquat and paraquat. Disturbance of the control of corticosteroid synthesis in rat adrenal and subsequent effects on the control of liver glycogen utilization

1. Administration of diquat (NN'-ethylene-2,2'-bipyridilium) or paraquat (NN'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridilium) prevents the normal depletion of liver glycogen in starved rats. 2. There is an increase in blood glucose, which returns to normal values after approx. 7h. 3. After administration of diquat or paraquat, plasma corticosteroids increase to very high concentrations and remain high for at least 24h, but plasma ACTH (adrenocorticotrophin) is only increased for 4h. 4. Adrenal cyclic AMP is considerably increased after administration of diquat and remains significantly higher than control values for at least 24h. 5. It is suggested that diquat and paraquat increase the response of the adrenal cortex to ACTH.

Disordered blood coagulation in burned children receiving high molecular weight dextran

Coagulation studies were performed on nine children with burns. Four of these children received treatment which included intravenous dextran; all four showed abnormalities of coagulation and two of them developed a bleeding state. No abnormalities of haemostasis were detected in the remaining five children who had comparable degrees of burns but whose treatment did not include intravenous dextran.

Oxidative phosphorylation. The effect of anions on the inhibition by triethyltin of various mitochondrial functions, and the relationship between this inhibition and binding of triethyltin

1. The binding of triethyltin to rat liver mitochondria is unaffected by the nature of the predominant anion in the incubation medium. 2. With chloride, bromide or iodide as the predominant anion, ATP synthesis linked to the oxidation of pyruvate or succinate and ATP hydrolysis stimulated by 2,4-dinitrophenol are much more sensitive to triethyltin than they are when nitrate or isethionate is the predominant anion. 3. When nitrate or isethionate is the predominant anion, oxygen uptake stimulated by 2,4-dinitrophenol is not inhibited by triethyltin. 4. In the presence of nitrate or isethionate anions, inhibition of ATP synthesis is directly related to the binding of triethyltin to mitochondria. 5. The relationship of the above effects to the anion-hydroxide ion exchange mediated by triethyltin and the relevance of this to published arrangements for coupling of electron transport to ATP synthesis are discussed.

Intrinsic-factor antibody and absorption of vtiamin B12 in pernicious anaemia

The mean urinary excretion in a vitamin-B(12) absorption (Schilling) test in control subjects was 19.2% and in pernicious anaemia when given with additional intrinsic factor was as follows: no intrinsic-factor antibodies demonstrable 19.3%, antibodies in serum only 14.4%, antibodies in gastric juice only 11.1%, and antibodies in both serum and gastric juice 8.4%. It is concluded that intrinsic-factor antibody exerts an adverse effect on vitamin-B(12) absorption in most patients with pernicious anaemia.

The interaction of triethyltin with a component of guinea-pig liver supernatant. Evidence for histidine in the binding sites

A protein fraction was isolated from guinea-pig liver that binds triethyltin with an affinity of approx. 2x10(6)m(-1) at pH8.0. It was shown that the protein responsible for binding 70% of the triethyltin found in guinea-pig liver after injection of radioactively labelled triethyltin is at most a few per cent of the total liver protein. Evidence is presented from the kinetics of loss of binding and loss of certain amino acids on photo-oxidation with either Methylene Blue or Rose Bengal that each binding site consists of two histidine residues.

Dissociation of intrinsic factor from its antibody: application to study of pernicious anaemia gastric juice specimens

Intrinsic factor antibody may sometimes be concealed in the gastric secretions of pernicious anaemia subjects, being complexed with residual amounts of intrinsic factor.A method is described for dissociating intrinsic factor from its antibody. Antibody to the vitamin-B(12)-binding site of intrinsic factor was identified in 16 (57%) out of 28 samples of pernicious anaemia gastric juice after dissociation but in only 10 before dissociation. There was no clear relationship between the incidence of antibody in the serum and in the gastric juice of these patients.

Evidence for histidine in the triethyltin-binding site of rat haemoglobin

One molecule of rat haemoglobin binds two molecules of triethyltin. The binding sites are located on the globin and there is co-operativity between the sites such that the intrinsic affinity constant at pH8.0 increases from 3.5x10(5)m(-1) for the binding of the first triethyltin molecule to 5.0x10(5)m(-1) for the binding of the second. Evidence is presented, from pH studies and the kinetics of inhibition due to photo-oxidation, that each binding site contains two histidine residues.

The interaction of triethyltin with components of animal tissues

1. The distribution of triethyl[(113)Sn]tin chloride in the rat, guinea pig and hamster is not uniform, the highest concentrations being in rat blood and the liver of all three species. 2. Subcellular fractionation of rat liver, brain and kidney shows that triethyltin binds to all fractions to different extents. In the liver of the rat and guinea pig the supernatant fraction contains the largest amount and the highest specific concentration; this triethyltin is bound to a non-diffusible component. 3. Rat haemoglobin is responsible for the binding of triethyltin in rat blood (2 moles of triethyltin/mole of haemoglobin). Haemoglobins from other species have much less affinity for triethyltin. 4. A variety of other proteins do not bind triethyltin.

Hodgkin's granuloma complicated by generalized cytomegalic inclusion disease and gastrointestinal moniliasis

A case is described in which Hodgkin's disease was complicated by inclusion disease and gastrointestinal moniliasis. This is one of several cases of malignant disease complicated by uncommon infections.