[Clinical features of intracranial vessel involvement in Takayasu's arteritis]

Objective: To analyze clinical characteristics of intracranial vessel involvement in Takayasu's arteritis (TA). Methods: Retrospectively analyzed 135 hospitalized TA patients' clinical data in Beijing Anzhen Hospital from November 2012 to November 2018. Based on intracranial artery (IA) complicated or not, TA patients were divided into two groups:32 patients within involvement and 103 patients without involvement. The difference in comparison of imaging types, basic data and laboratory test were analyzed. Results: The proportion of TA patients with intracranial vascular involvement was 23.7% (32/135) and the most common site was internal carotid artery (intracranial segment) (59.4%, 19/32). The incidences of hypertension and coronary heart disease were significantly higher in TA patients with intracranial vascular involvement compared with the patients without intracranial involvement (46.9% vs 26.2%, 21.9% vs 6.8%, χ(2)=4.863, 4.460, all P<0.05). The rate of tocilizumab treatment in the intracranial vascular involved group was higher than that in the group without intracranial vascular involvement (40.6% vs 19.4%, χ(2)=5.945, P<0.05). The platelet count in patients with intracranial involvement group was significantly lower than that in patients without intracranial involvement group [(218±55)×10(9)/L vs (272±71)×10(9)/L, t=-3.570, P<0.01], while the hemoglobin [(130±17) vs (121±18) g/L, t=2.363, P<0.05] and triglyceride [1.22(0.75, 1.64) vs 0.92(0.63, 1.21) mmol/L, U=1 017.000, P<0.01] were significantly higher than those without intracranial vascular involvement. Moreover, coronary artery involvement presented more frequently in the intracranial vascular involved group than the group without intracranial vascular involvement (43.8% vs 14.6%, χ(2)=12.331, P<0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that the incidence of intracranial vascular disease in TA patients with coronary artery involvement was 4 times higher than that in patients without coronary artery lesions (OR=3.965, 95%CI:1.584-9.926, P=0.003). Conclusion: The proportion of intracranial vascular involvement in TA is not rare, TA patients with cardiovascular risk factors should be considered to strengthen imaging examination of intracranial vessels.

Short- and mid-term outcomes of robotic versus thoraco-laparoscopic McKeown esophagectomy for squamous cell esophageal cancer: a propensity score-matched study

Controversy exists on the advantages of robotic McKeown esophagectomy (RME) versus thoraco-laparoscopic McKeown esophagectomy (TLME). The aim was to evaluate the short- and mid-term outcomes of RME and TLME in the treatment of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). A consecutive series of 652 patients, 280 in RME and 372 in TLME, who underwent minimally invasive McKeown esophagectomy for ESCC at our department from November 2015 to June 2018 was analyzed. A propensity score-matched comparison with clinicopathological covariates was performed between the two groups. Complications were categorized based on the Esophagectomy Complications Consensus Group (ECCG) recommendation. To identify the recurrence, all patients with R0 resection were followed with a median follow-up period of 20.2 months (range 1-33 months). After propensity score matching, 271 patients were identified for each cohort. In the matched cohorts, two patients died within 90 days in TLME, whereas no patients died in RME. RME was associated with similar intraoperative blood loss (P = 0.895), but with shorter surgical duration (244.5 vs. 276.0 min, P < 0.001), shorter thoracic duration (85.0 vs. 102.9 min, P < 0.001) and lower thoracic conversions (0.7% vs. 5.9%, P = 0.001). In spite of the similar results on total and thoracic lymph nodes dissection, RME yielded more lymph nodes along recurrent laryngeal nerve (4.8 vs. 4.1, P = 0.012), as well as the higher incidence of recurrent nerve injury (29.2% vs. 15.1%, P < 0.001) when compared to TLME. Tumor recurrence occurred in 30 patients and was locoregional only in 9 (3.5%) patients, systemic only in 17 (6.7%) patients, and combined in 4 (1.6%) patients in RME, while in 26 patients and was locoregional only in 10 (10.6%) patients, systemic only in 7 (2.8%) patients, and combined in 9 (3.6%) patients in TLME. RME was associated with a lower rate of mediastinal lymph nodes recurrence (2.0% vs. 5.3%, P = 0.044). Overall and disease-free survival was not different between the two cohorts (P = 0.097 and P = 0.248, respectively). RME was shown to be a safe and oncologically effective approach with favorable short- and mid-term outcomes in the treatment of patients with ESCC.

Subchronic oral mercury caused intestinal injury and changed gut microbiota in mice

Mercury is a key global pollutant, yet the mechanism by which mercury-exposure causes intestinal injury is not clear, we aimed to investigate the mechanism of intestinal injury and gut microbiota changes caused by mercury-exposure. Twelve Kunming mice were divided into two groups (n = 6), and the two groups were treated with 0 mg/L and 80 mg/L HgCl₂ in drinking water for 90 days respectively. Our results showed that mercury-exposure prominently effected body weight gain and glucose levels. The mercury-exposed mice showed intestinal injury, which was diagnosed by Histopathological Examination and Transmission Electron Microscopy. Meanwhile, RT-PCR indicated that mercury-exposure significantly increased the expression of pro-apoptotic genes including Bax, JNK, ASK1, caspase3 and TNF-α, and significantly decreased the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2. Furthermore, high-throughput sequencing analysis showed that at the genus level some microbial populations including Coprococcus, Oscillospira and Helicobacter were significantly increased whereas some microbial populations including Lgnatzschineria, Salinicoccus and Bacillus were significantly decreased. Moreover, PICRUSt analysis revealed potential metabolic changes. Correlation analysis indicated that microorganisms were significantly correlated with apoptotic gene expression. In summary, our results indicated that mercury-exposure affected the growth and development of mice, induced intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and metabolic disorder, and aggravated apoptosis in mice.

Correlation between the hemoporfin-mediated photodynamic treatment response and the dermoscopy vascular pattern in patients with a port-wine stain: a prospective study

BACKGROUND

Vascular targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a novel and promising therapy for the treatment of port-wine stains (PWS). There has been little prior exploration to our knowledge of how the dermatological vascular pattern may predict the response to PDT.

OBJECTIVES

To analyse whether the vascular pattern classifications of PWS by dermoscopy can predict the efficacy of PDT.

METHODS

This prospective cohort study included 163 patients with a clinical diagnosis of PWS who were treated twice with hemoporfin-mediated photodynamic therapy (HMME-PDT) at two-month intervals and followed up for 6 months. The vascular manifestations of dermoscopy with PWS were independently classified into 8 categories by 3 dermatologists. Images of the lesions were taken using VISIA, and the vascular patterns were imaged by dermoscopy by the same investigator. Images were captured before and after each treatment. The efficacy was evaluated with pre- and post-treatment VISIA images, and correlations between efficacy and vascular patterns were analysed by four dermatologists in a blinded and independent manner, between 10 January 2019 and 11 December 2019.

RESULTS

In the dermoscopy images for the whole cohort, dotted and globular vessels (15.3%), short clubbed vessels (18.4%) and curved vessels (12.9%) were highly associated with cure and beneficial treatment effects. Pale halos surrounding brown dots (8.0%) and arborizing vessels (9.8%) were mainly correlated with skin lesion alleviation. Mixed vessels (12.9%), a grey-whitish veil (11.7%) and reticular patterns (11.0%) were mainly associated with no effect. The differences between each subgroup were statistically significant (P = 0.000).

CONCLUSIONS

There is a clear correlation between the efficacy of PDT and the dermoscopy pattern in patients with PWS. Dermoscopy may therefore provide very useful clinical information prior to treatment in these cases. In addition, the vascular manifestations of PWS determined by dermoscopy help to predict response to PDT and manage patient expectations.

Acupuncture for recurrent urinary tract infection in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Increasing antibiotic resistance has motivated interest in non-antibiotic prophylaxis of recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTI).

OBJECTIVES

To conduct a systematic review of the current state of evidence of acupuncture for uncomplicated rUTI in women.

SEARCH STRATEGY

Nine databases (PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, CINAHL, AMED, CBM, CNKI, CQVIP, Wanfang) were searched from inception to February 2019.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of acupuncture and related therapies for prophylaxis or treatment of uncomplicated rUTI in women were included.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Risk of bias was assessed, and the quality and strength of evidence evaluated using the GRADE framework. Results were reported as risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous outcomes or mean differences (MD) for continuous outcomes, with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

MAIN RESULTS

Five RCTs involving 341 participants were included. Methodological quality of studies and strength of the evidence were low to moderate. The chance of achieving a composite cure with acupuncture therapies was greater than that with antibiotics (three studies, 170 participants, RR 1.92, 95% CI 1.31-2.81, I²  = 38%). The risk of UTI recurrence was lower with acupuncture than with no treatment (two studies, 135 participants, RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.26-0.58, I²  = 0%) and sham acupuncture (one study, 53 participants, RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.22-0.92).

CONCLUSIONS

Acupuncture appeared to be beneficial for treatment and prophylaxis of rUTIs, noting the limitations of the current evidence. Given the growing challenge of antibiotic resistance, there is a need for high-quality RCTs of non-pharmacological interventions such as acupuncture.

TWEETABLE ABSTRACT

This review found that acupuncture may improve treatment and prevent recurrence of urinary tract infection in women.

Investigation of the effects of dichlorvos poisoning on AMPK signaling pathway in chicken brain tissues

Dichlorvos is a common crop insecticide widely used by people which causes extensive and serious environmental pollution. However, it has been shown that organophosphorus poisoning causes energy metabolism and neural disorders. The overall purpose of this study was to investigate the damage to brain tissue and the changes in AMPK signaling pathway-related gene expression after dichlorvos poisoning in chickens. White-feathered broiler chickens, as the research subjects of this experiment, were divided into three groups: control group, low-dose group (77.5% dichlorvos at 1.13 mg/kg dose) and high-dose group (77.5% dichlorvos at 10.2 mg/kg dose). Clinical symptoms were observed after modeling, and an integrative analysis was conducted using HE staining microscopy, immune-histochemical microscopy, electron microscopy and PCR arrays. The results showed that the high-dose group had more obvious dyspnea, salivation, convulsion and other neurological phenomena. Pathological sections showed that nuclear disintegration of neurons was most obvious in the low-dose group, and apoptosis of brain cells was most obvious in the high-dose group, and the mitochondrial structure was destroyed in the two poisoned group, i.e. low-dose group and high-dose group. PCR arrays showed that AMPK signaling pathway was inhibited and the expressions of genes involved in energy metabolism (ACACA and PRKAA1) were significantly changed. Furthermore, genes associated with protein synthesis (EIF4EBP1) were significantly upregulated. FASN and HMGCR expressions were significantly increased. There were significant changes in the expressions of cell cycle-related genes (STK11, TP53 and FOXO3). Organophosphate poisoning can cause a lot of nuclear disintegration of brain neurons, increases cell apoptosis, disrupts the energy metabolism of mitochondrial structure, and inhibits the AMPK signaling pathway. These results provide a certain idea and basis for studying the mechanism of AMPK signaling after organophosphorus poisoning and provide a research basis for the prevention and treatment of organophosphorus poisoning.

Pro-inflammatory immunological effects of adipose tissue and risk of food allergy in obesity: Focus on immunological mechanisms

Over the past three decades, the number of obese people has risen steadily. The chronic low-grade inflammatory state and the non-specific activation of the immune system have contributed greatly to the development of obesity-related immunology. Food allergy as a kind of inflammatory disease with abnormal immune response may be associated with obesity. This review begins with the pro-inflammatory immunological effects of adipose tissue in obesity, and explains the possible effects of obesity on food allergy. In short, obesity not only directly causes imbalance of allergic-related immune cells in adipose tissue, but also indirectly causes this consequence through affecting expression of adipocytokines and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in adipose tissue. As a result, circulating levels of pro-inflammatory factors which are partly derived from adipose tissue increase, which might cause intestinal barrier injury. Therefore, obesity may increase the risk of food allergy.

Economic growth and suicide rate changes: A case in China from 1982 to 2005

Objectives

It is to estimate the trend of suicide rate changes during the past three decades in China and try to identify its social and economic correlates.

Methods

Official data of suicide rates and economic indexes during 1982–2005 from Shandong Province of China were analyzed. The suicide data were categorized for the rural / urban location and gender, and the economic indexes include GDP, GDP per capita, rural income, and urban income, all adjusted for inflation.

Results

We found a significant increase of economic development and decrease of suicide rates over the past decades under study. The suicide rate decrease is correlated with the tremendous growth of economy.

Conclusion

The unusual decrease of Chinese suicide rates in the past decades is accounted for within the Chinese cultural contexts and maybe by the Strain Theory of Suicide.

[The surgical effect of secondary esotropia with diplopia after orbital decompression for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy]

Objective: To evaluate the effect of extraocular muscle surgery in treating secondary esotropia with diplopia after orbital decompression for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). Methods: Retrospective case series study. Eleven secondary esotropic patients with diplopia after orbital decompression for TAO who underwent extraocular muscle surgery during March 2016 and October 2018 in Tianjin Eye Hospital were included. All patients had new onset esotropia after decompression surgery and underwent strabismus surgery. Deviation angle, diplopia, and ocular movement were observed preoperatively and postoperatively. Surgeries were carried out under the monitored anesthesia care combined with local anesthesia, and the eye alignment was adjusted to orthotropia with no diplopia in the operation with the technique of intraoperative adjustable suture and forced duction test results. All the patients were followed up. Results: The ages of the patients were from 26 to 42 years (1 male and 10 females). The deviation angles were 10-98 prism diopter. Orbital CT scan showed that the horizontal rectus thickness was increased at different levels, and the thickness of the medial rectus was increased more than that of the lateral rectus. Two patients had monocular medial rectus recession only, 2 had bilateral medial rectus recession only, 2 had monocular medial rectus recession combined with lateral rectus resection, and the other 5 had bilateral medial rectus recession with monocular lateral rectus resection. The recession of medial rectus muscle was 3.5 to 7.5 mm in 11 patients and 2.0 to 6.0 mm in 7 patients with the resection of lateral rectus muscle. Diplopia of the 11 patients disappeared with orthotropia at primary gaze position after the extraocular muscle surgery. The limitation of abduction changed from preoperative (-1.91±1.04) to postoperative (-0.64±0.81). All the patients were satisfied with the surgical results. At the end of the follow-up (6 to 24 months), the results of the patients were stable, and no over-correction was found. Conclusion: Extraocular muscle surgery with intraoperative adjustable suture technique can effectively treat TAO patients with secondary esotropia with diplopia after orbital decompression. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2020, 56: 183-188).

[Prognostic value of Montreal Cognitive Assessment in heart failure patients]

Objective: To explore the occurrence of cognitive impairment in Chinese heart failure (HF) patients and it's impact on prognosis. Methods: In this prospective observational study, a total of 990 HF patients were enrolled from 24 hospitals in China during December 2012 to November 2014. All patients were administrated with the interview-format Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), according to which they were divided into MoCA<26 (with cognitive impairment) group and MoCA≥26 (without cognitive impairment) group. Baseline data were collected and a 1-year follow up was carried out. Univariate and multivariate logistic or Cox regression were performed for 1-year outcomes. Results: Cognitive impairment was evidenced in 628 patients (63.4%) and they were more likely to be older, female, and with higher proportion of New York Heart Association(NYHA) class Ⅲ-Ⅳ, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), ischemic heart disease, while body mass index (BMI), education level, and medical insurance rate were lower (all P<0.05) as compared to patients in MoCA≥26 group. The rate of percutaneous intervention, device implantation, cardiac surgery and evidence-based medications were significantly lower in MoCA<26 group than in MoCA≥26 group (all P<0.05). During the 1-year follow up, patients in the MoCA<26 group had higher all-cause mortality (10.2%(64/628) vs. 2.2%(8/362), P<0.01), cardiovascular mortality (5.9%(37/628) vs. 0.8%(3/362), P<0.01) and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) (9.6%(60/628) vs. 2.5%(8/362), P<0.01) than patients in the MoCA≥26 group. In univariate regression, MoCA<26 was associated with increased all-cause mortality (HR(95%CI):4.739(2.272-9.885), P<0.01), cardiovascular mortality (HR(95%CI):7.258(2.237-23.548), P=0.001) and MACCE (OR(95%CI):4.143(2.031-8.453), P<0.01). After adjustment by multivariate regression, MoCA<26 was indicated as an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality (HR(95%CI): 6.387(2.533-16.104), P<0.01), cardiovascular mortality (HR(95%CI): 10.848(2.586-45.506), P=0.001) and MACCE (OR(95%CI): 4.081(1.299-12.816), P=0.016), while not for re-hospitalization for HF (OR(95%CI):1.010(0.700-1.457), P=0.957). Conclusions: Cognitive impairment is common in HF patients,and it is an independent prognostic factor for 1-year outcomes. Routine cognitive function assessment and active intervention are thus recommended for HF patients.

[Surgical selection and metastatic warning of splenic lymph node dissection in advanced gastric cancer radical surgery: a prospective, single-center, randomized controlled trial]

Objective: To investigate the surgical options for splenic lymph node dissection in patients with advanced gastric cancer undergoing radical total gastrectomy, and to evaluate the sentinel effect of No. 4s lymph node on splenic lymph node metastasis. Methods: A prospective, single-center, randomized and controlled study was carried out (Trial registration, No.NCT02980861). Enrollment criteria: (1) >18 years old and <65 years old; (2) gastric adenocarcinoma locating in the proximal or corpus; (3) preoperative clinical staging as cT2-4aN0-3M0; (4) D2 radical total gastrectomy feasible judged before operation; (5) physical ability score 0 to 1; (6) I to III of ASA classification. Pregnant or lactating women, patients with severe mental illness or previous history of upper abdominal surgery, those suffered from other malignant tumors in the past 5 years, or heart and lung system diseases judged to affect surgery before operation, those receiving preoperative chemotherapy, radiotherapy or targeted therapies, and distant metastases being found during surgery were excluded. According to above criteria, 222 patients at The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from December 2016 to December 2017 were enrolled prospectively and were randomly divided into the laparoscopic splenic hilar lymph node dissection group (laparoscopic group, n=114) and the open splenic hilar lymph node dissection group (open group, n=108). The result of rapid frozen immunohistochemistry of harvested No.4s lymph nodes was used to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of sentinel effect on splenic hilar lymph node metastasis. The surgical parameters, postoperative recovery parameters, and complication rates were compared between the two groups. Results: There were 80 males and 34 females in the lapascopic group with a mean age of (56.1±10.2) years, and 69 males and 39 females in the open group with a mean age of (58.4±10.9) years. There were no significant differences in baseline data between the two groups (all P>0.05). Total blood loss was less in the laparoscopic group [(96.3±82.4) ml vs. (116.6±101.9) ml, t=1.124, P<0.001], and the amount of bleeding from the splenic hilar lymph nodes dissected was also less than that in the open group [(25.3±17.8) ml vs. (59.5±36.4) ml, t=1.172, P<0.001]. However, the operation time, the time of splenic hilar lymph node, the number of lymph node dissected and number of splenic hilar lymph node dissected were not significantly different between the two groups (all P>0.05). As compared to the open group, the laparoscopic group had shorter time to the first flatus [(1.3±1.2) days vs. (1.6±1.5) days, t=1.665, P=0.021], shorter time to fluid diet [(4.6±1.4) days vs. (4.9 ± 1.6) days, t=1.436, P=0.007], shorter time to remove nasogastric tube [(3.9±2.6) days vs. (4.3±2.4) days, t=0.687, P<0.001] and shorter hospital stay [(10.3±6.6) days vs. (12.1±7.2) days, t=0.697, P<0.001]. Complication rate was 14.0% (16/114) and (12.0%) ((1)3/108) in the laparoscopic group and the open group, respectively, without significant difference (χ(2)=6.723, P=0.331). The sensitivity of the No. 4s lymph node for the prediction of splenic hilar lymph node metastasis reached 89.5%, and the specificity reached 99.6%. Conclusions: Laparoscopic technique is safe and feasible in the treatment of splenic hilar lymph node dissection in advanced gastric cancer. The No.4s lymph node examination has good sentinel effect on predicting the metastasis of splenic hilar lymph nodes.

Copper Changes Intestinal Microbiota of the Cecum and Rectum in Female Mice by 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of high concentrations of copper (Cu) on the cecum and rectum of intestinal microbiota in female mice. Twenty-four Kunming mice were weighed and randomly divided into two groups (n = 12 per group) including the control group and Cu group. Cu group was given drinking water with 5 mg/kg-bw copper chloride (CuCl₂), while the control group was treated with drinking water without CuCl₂. At the 90th day, results showed that compared with the control group, mice in the treatment group had a lower body weight, and the feces turned yellow and had a lower pH value. Histopathological lesions showed that the intestinal tissue from the treatment group had increased thickness of outer muscularis and smoothed muscle fiber, widened submucosa, decreased goblet cells, and showed blunting of intestinal villi and severe atrophy of central lacteal. In addition, at the genus level, 16S rRNA gene sequencing from the Cu group showed that Corynebacterium were significantly increased whereas Staphylococcaceae, Odoribacter, Rikenella, and Jeotgalicoccus were significantly decreased in the cecum. Dehalobacterium, Coprococcus, and Spirochaetales increased significantly whereas Salinicoccus, Bacillales, Staphylococcus, and Lactobacillales decreased sharply in the rectum. This study demonstrated that high concentrations of Cu could induce tissue injury and interrupt the homeostasis of microbiota.

Effects of subchronic exposure of mercuric chloride on intestinal histology and microbiota in the cecum of chicken

This study aimed to investigate the influences of mercuric chloride (HgCl₂, 250 ppm, drink water) on the growth performance, cecal morphology and microbiota of chickens (n = 60) after 30, 60, and 90 days of exposure. A control group of sixty chickens received water free of HgCl₂. Our results suggested that mercury exposure reduced the body weight and changed the cecal morphology of chickens after the 90-day treatment. Furthermore, sequence analysis of 16 S rRNA gene revealed that the diversity and composition of cecal microbiota in chickens differed between the control and exposure group. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria and Tenericutes phyla both significantly increased in mercury exposure groups on day 30 while only Tenericutes phyla significantly increased on day 60. At the genus level, we observed that the change in microbial populations are most dramatic on day 30. Besides, compared with the control group, the genus Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 significantly increased in exposure group on day 30 but showed no significant difference on day 60, whereas there was a significant decrease on day 90. PICRUSt analysis revealed potential metabolic changes, such as Bacterial invasion of epithelial cells and Metabolism of xenobiotics, associated with mercury exposure in chickens. Taken together, the data show that subchronic exposure to mercury not only affected the growth and development but also caused the dysbiosis of gut microbiota, which may further induced metabolic disorders in chickens.

Multifunctional phototheranostic nanomedicine for cancer imaging and treatment

Cancer, as one of the most life-threatening diseases, shows a high fatality rate around the world. When improving the therapeutic efficacy of conventional cancer treatments, researchers also conduct extensive studies into alternative therapeutic approaches, which are safe, valid, and economical. Phototherapies, including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), are tumor-ablative and function-reserving oncologic interventions, showing strong potential in clinical cancer treatment. During phototherapies, the non-toxic phototherapeutic agents can be activated upon light irradiation to induce cell death without causing much damage to normal tissues. Besides, with the rapid development of nanotechnology in the past decades, phototheranostic nanomedicine also has attracted tremendous interests aiming to continuously refine their performance. Herein, we reviewed the recent progress of phototheranostic nanomedicine for improved cancer therapy. After a brief introduction of the therapeutic principles and related phototherapeutic agents for PDT and PTT, the existing works on developing of phototheranostic nanomedicine by mainly focusing on their categories and applications, particularly on phototherapy-synergized cancer immunotherapy, are comprehensively reviewed. More importantly, a brief conclusion and future challenges of phototheranostic nanomedicine from our point of view are delivered in the last part of this article.

CKB1 regulates expression of ribosomal protein L10 family gene and plays a role in UV-B response

Plastid casein kinase 2 (CK2), which is a major Ser/Thr-specific enzyme in higher organisms, plays an essential role in plant development and diverse abiotic stresses. CKB1 is a regulatory subunit beta of CK2. To expand our understand of functions of the CKB1 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana, protein changes among wild-type (WT) and CKB1 gain- and loss-of-function mutants were compared. Proteins extracted from the CKB1 knockout mutant and overexpressing mutant were compared with Col-0 plants using 2D-PAGE. Proteins regulated by CKB1 were identified with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF), and its transcript was verified by qRT-PCR. Bioinformatics analysis, including gene ontology and protein-protein interaction analysis, were employed. The results of mass spectra and bioinformatics analysis suggest that CKB1 may have functions in regulation of the ribosomal protein L10 (RPL10) family and is involved in ultraviolet-B (UV-B) response. Furthermore, qRT-PCR verification showed CKB1 expression was up-regulated by UV-B stress. The expression levels of five genes in the RPL10 family were reduced in the ckb1 T-DNA insertion mutants, whereas they increased in the CKB1 overexpressing mutants under both normal conditions and UV-B treatment. In conclusion, CKB1 has important functions in UV-B radiation stress. Our study implies that CKB1 positively regulates UV-B radiation stress signalling, possibly through modulating expression of the RPL10 family.

Compact, low-threshold squeezed light source

Strongly squeezed light finds many important applications within the fields of quantum metrology, quantum communication and quantum computation. However, due to the bulkiness and complexity of most squeezed light sources of today, they are still not a standard tool in quantum optics labs. We have taken the first steps in realizing a compact, high-performance 1550 nm squeezing source based on commercially available fiber components combined with a free-space double-resonant parametric down-conversion source. The whole setup, including single-pass second-harmonic generation in a waveguide, fits on a 30 cm×45 cm breadboard and produces 9.3 dB of squeezing at a 5 MHz sideband-frequency. The setup is currently limited by phase noise, but further optimization and development should allow for a 19" sized turn-key squeezing source capable of delivering more than 10 dB of squeezing.

Search for Lepton-Flavor Violating Decays B^{+}→K^{+}μ^{±}e^{∓}

A search for the lepton-flavor violating decays B^{+}→K^{+}μ^{±}e^{∓} is performed using a sample of proton-proton collision data, collected with the LHCb experiment at center-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3  fb^{-1}. No significant signal is observed, and upper limits on the branching fractions are set as B(B^{+}→K^{+}μ^{-}e^{+})<7.0(9.5)×10^{-9} and B(B^{+}→K^{+}μ^{+}e^{-})<6.4(8.8)×10^{-9} at 90% (95)% confidence level. The results improve the current best limits on these decays by more than one order of magnitude.

Genome-wide meta-analysis of variant-by-diuretic interactions as modulators of lipid traits in persons of European and African ancestry

Hypertension (HTN) is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Metabolic abnormalities, including adverse cholesterol and triglycerides (TG) profiles, are frequent comorbid findings with HTN and contribute to cardiovascular disease. Diuretics, which are used to treat HTN and heart failure, have been associated with worsening of fasting lipid concentrations. Genome-wide meta-analyses with 39,710 European-ancestry (EA) individuals and 9,925 African-ancestry (AA) individuals were performed to identify genetic variants that modify the effect of loop or thiazide diuretic use on blood lipid concentrations. Both longitudinal and cross-sectional data were used to compute cohort-specific interaction results, which were then combined through meta-analysis in each ancestry. These ancestry-specific results were further combined through trans-ancestry meta-analysis. Analysis of EA data identified two genome-wide significant (p < 5×10⁻⁸) loci with single nucleotide variant (SNV)-loop diuretic interaction on TG concentrations (including COL11A1). Analysis of AA data identified one genome-wide significant locus adjacent to BMP2 with SNV-loop diuretic interaction on TG concentrations. Trans-ancestry analysis strengthened evidence of association for SNV-loop diuretic interaction at two loci (KIAA1217 and BAALC). There were few significant SNV-thiazide diuretic interaction associations on TG concentrations and for either diuretic on cholesterol concentrations. Several promising loci were identified that may implicate biologic pathways that contribute to adverse metabolic side effects from diuretic therapy.

A Multi-Omics Study of Chicken Infected by Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus

Chicken gout resulting from nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (NIBV) has become a serious kidney disease problem in chicken worldwide with alterations of the metabolic phenotypes in multiple metabolic pathways. To investigate the mechanisms in chicken responding to NIBV infection, we examined the global transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles of the chicken’s kidney using RNA-seq and GC–TOF/MS, respectively. Furthermore, we analyzed the alterations in cecal microorganism composition in chickens using 16S rRNA-seq. Integrated analysis of these three phenotypic datasets further managed to create correlations between the altered kidney transcriptomes and metabolome, and between kidney metabolome and gut microbiome. We found that 2868 genes and 160 metabolites were deferentially expressed or accumulated in the kidney during NIBV infection processes. These genes and metabolites were linked to NIBV-infection related processes, including immune response, signal transduction, peroxisome, purine, and amino acid metabolism. In addition, the comprehensive correlations between the kidney metabolome and cecal microbial community showed contributions of gut microbiota in the progression of NIBV-infection. Taken together, our research comprehensively describes the host responses during NIBV infection and provides new clues for further dissection of specific gene functions, metabolite affections, and the role of gut microbiota during chicken gout.

Integrating transcriptome-wide association study and mRNA expression profiling identified candidate genes and pathways associated with osteomyelitis

Objective: Osteomyelitis (OM) is an acute or chronic inflammatory process, characterized by severe inflammation and progressive bone destruction. Limited efforts have been made to explore the genetic basis of OM.Method: The genome-wide association study data set of OM was obtained from the UK Biobank. A transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) of OM was conducted by the FUSION tool using the gene expression reference weights of lymphocytes and blood. The OM-associated genes identified by TWAS were subjected to gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis to explore OM-related gene sets. The TWAS results of OM were finally compared with a genome-wide mRNA expression profiling of OM to detect common genes and gene sets.Results: TWAS of OM detected 86 genes for lymphocytes and 387 genes for blood. Comparing the genes identified by TWAS and mRNA expression profiling detected eight common genes for OM, including VWF (p_TWAS = 0.0030, p_mRNA = 3.44 × 10^-9), CCDC50 (p_TWAS = 0.0130, p_mRNA = 0.0003), and TPD52 (p_TWAS = 0.0180, p_mRNA = 1 × 10^-6). GO analysis of the genes identified by TWAS detected multiple OM-associated GO terms, e.g. peroxisomal matrix (p_TWAS = 0.0082), extracellular exosome (p_TWAS = 0.0248), and monooxygenase activity (p_TWAS = 0.0040). Further comparing the GO results of TWAS and mRNA expression profiling detected one common GO term, named extracellular exosome (p_TWAS = 0.0248, p_mRNA = 0.0027).Conclusion: This integrative study of TWAS and mRNA expression profiling detected multiple candidate genes and GO terms for OM. Our results provide novel clues for understanding the pathogenesis of OM.

Accelerated diversification correlated with functional traits shapes extant diversity of the early divergent angiosperm family Annonaceae

A major goal of phylogenetic systematics is to understand both the patterns of diversification and the processes by which these patterns are formed. Few studies have focused on the ancient, species-rich Magnoliales clade and its diversification pattern. Within Magnoliales, the pantropically distributed Annonaceae are by far the most genus-rich and species-rich family-level clade, with c. 110 genera and c. 2,400 species. We investigated the diversification patterns across Annonaceae and identified traits that show varied associations with diversification rates using a time-calibrated phylogeny of 835 species (34.6% sampling) and 11,211 aligned bases from eight regions of the plastid genome (rbcL, matK, ndhF, psbA-trnH, trnL-F, atpB-rbcL, trnS-G, and ycf1). Twelve rate shifts were identified using BAMM: in Annona, Artabotrys, Asimina, Drepananthus, Duguetia, Goniothalamus, Guatteria, Uvaria, Xylopia, the tribes Miliuseae and Malmeeae, and the Desmos-Dasymaschalon-Friesodielsia-Monanthotaxis clade. TurboMEDUSA and method-of-moments estimator analyses showed largely congruent results. A positive relationship between species richness and diversification rate is revealed using PGLS. Our results show that the high species richness in Annonaceae is likely the result of recent increased diversification rather than the steady accumulation of species via the 'museum model'. We further explore the possible role of selected traits (habit, pollinator trapping, floral sex expression, pollen dispersal unit, anther septation, and seed dispersal unit) in shaping diversification patterns, based on inferences of BiSSE, MuSSE, HiSSE, and FiSSE analyses. Our results suggest that the liana habit, the presence of circadian pollinator trapping, androdioecy, and the dispersal of seeds as single-seeded monocarp fragments are closely correlated with higher diversification rates; pollen aggregation and anther septation, in contrast, are associated with lower diversification rates.

Preparation and immunological characterization of an inactivated canine Clostridium perfringens type A vaccine

Clostridium perfringens is the main cause of sudden death in dogs and currently there is no vaccine to prevent it. In this study, a canine C. perfringens type A strain was used to prepare a vaccine. C. perfringens was inactivated by formaldehyde and adjuvants were added. The safety and immunological characteristics of the inactivated C. perfringens vaccine were evaluated in mice and dogs. The results showed that the C. perfringens vaccine was safe and had immunoprotective activity. The serum antibody titre of immunized mice reached up to 6·25 × 10⁴ . Both single immunization of 4 ml and dual immunizations of 2 ml each provided good immune protection, with five of five immunized dogs surviving. This study also studied a detoxified crude α-toxin extract vaccine. The results showed that a single immunization with 0·5 ml of the detoxified crude α-toxin extract vaccine provided immune protection, with five of five immunized dogs surviving. The inactivated C. perfringens type A vaccine can be used to prevent canine C. perfringens infections. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Clostridium perfringens is the main cause of sudden death in dogs and currently there is no vaccine to prevent it. In this study, an inactivated canine C. perfringens vaccine and a detoxified crude α-toxin vaccine were prepared. The safety and protective effects of these vaccines were evaluated using mouse and dog models. The vaccines were shown to be safe and to provide immune protection effects that can be used to prevent canine C. perfringens infection.

[Clinical characteristics and next generation sequencing of three cases of Listeria monocytogenes meningitis with complications]

Objective: To summarize the clinical characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes meningitis (LMM) with complications, and analyze the outcomes of next generation sequencing. Methods: Clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, imaging features, antibiotics treatment, and next generation sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid were analyzed in 3 LMM patients who were hospitalized in the Department of Infectious Diseases of Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from July 2015 to November 2017. Results: The three patients were 1-year-old girl, 2-year-old girl, and 9-year-old boy, with normal immune function. They had eaten refrigerated food, milk or dairy products before onset. Symptoms included fever, headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and convulsions, etc. The complications of two cases (case 2 and 3) were appendicitis and Meckel's diverticulitis. The other one (case 1) was with sepsis and pneumonia. Leukocyte counts in cerebrospinal fluid were elevated in all the three cases, and cranial magnetic resonance imaging showed meningeal or periventricular involvement. All the children were diagnosed with LMM by positive CSF culture. CSF for next generation sequencing was sent after carbapenem antibiotics using, yet all the results were positive. The positive results were returned 2, 9, and 9 days earlier than culture results, respectively. The gene coverage was 5.00%, 7.00%, 0.04%, and the reads was 2 561, 1 011 and 8, respectively. All the three children had recurrent fever despite using cephalosporin. Levels of leukocytes in the blood and CSF further elevated. After using carbapenem antibiotics, patients improved eventually and were discharged from hospital. Conclusions: LMM can occur in children with normal immune function and is usually associated with digestive system symptoms. Listeria monocytogenes can be detected quickly and accurately by the next generation sequencing technology, without being limited to sampling time and antibiotics application.

Effects of zoledronic acid on bone mineral density around prostheses and bone metabolism markers after primary total hip arthroplasty in females with postmenopausal osteoporosis

INTRODUCTION

To investigate the effect of zoledronic acid on periprosthetic bone mineral density (BMD) and bone metabolism markers after primary total hip arthroplasty in females with postmenopausal osteoporosis.

METHODS

From November 2015 to April 2016, 40 female patients who met the inclusion criteria were randomized into two groups: a control group (calcium + calcitriol) and a zoledronic acid group (calcium + calcitriol + zoledronic acid). At 1 week and 3, 6, and 12 months after operation, BMD was obtained through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). At pre-operation and at 3, 6, and 12 months after the operation, levels of bone metabolism markers were obtained by serum examination.

RESULTS

Loss of BMD was significantly more pronounced in the control group than in the ZOL group in zones 1, 4, 6, and 7 at 6 months and in zones 1, 2, 4, 6, and 7 at 12 months after the operation. The levels of bone-resorption marker (β-CTX) were significantly lower in the ZOL group than in the control group at 3, 6, and 12 months after operation. The levels of bone-formation marker (TP1NP) performed statistically differences only at 12 months after the operation in these two groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Receiving an intravenous infusion of 5 mg zoledronic acid after THA can effectively reduce periprosthetic BMD loss and improve bone remodeling in females with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Zoledronic acid significantly inhibited bone mass loss in zones 1, 2, 4, 6, and 7 after THA and inhibited bone-resorption marker (β-CTX) to improve bone remodeling. Zoledronic acid treatment is potentially important for patients with osteoporosis after THA.

Insulin resistance and metabonomics analysis of fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome in laying hens induced by a high-energy low-protein diet

Fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) is a widespread metabolic disease in laying hens that causes a decrease in egg production and even death. Insulin resistance is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, the relationship between FLHS and the insulin resistance mechanisms underlying FLHS is not well elucidated. Therefore, we established an FLHS model induced by feeding a high-energy low-protein diet. In the current study, we found that the fasting glucose and insulin concentrations were elevated in the FLHS group compared with the control group during the experimental period. The results of the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and insulin sensitivity test (IST) showed a high level of insulin resistance in the FLHS model. InsR, 4EBP-1, Glut-1 and Glut-3 mRNA expression were decreased, and TOR, S6K1, and FOXO1 were elevated (P < 0.05). Metabolomic analysis with GC/MS identified 46 differentially expressed metabolites between these two groups, and of these, 14 kinds of metabolism molecules and 32 kinds of small metabolism molecules were decreased (P < 0.05). Further investigation showed that glucose, lipid and amino acid metabolism blocks in the progression of FLHS by GO functional and pathway analysis. Overall, these results suggest that insulin resistance participated in FLHS; comprehensively, metabolites participated in the dysregulated biological process.

Tests of General Relativity with GW170817

The recent discovery by Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo of a gravitational wave signal from a binary neutron star inspiral has enabled tests of general relativity (GR) with this new type of source. This source, for the first time, permits tests of strong-field dynamics of compact binaries in the presence of matter. In this Letter, we place constraints on the dipole radiation and possible deviations from GR in the post-Newtonian coefficients that govern the inspiral regime. Bounds on modified dispersion of gravitational waves are obtained; in combination with information from the observed electromagnetic counterpart we can also constrain effects due to large extra dimensions. Finally, the polarization content of the gravitational wave signal is studied. The results of all tests performed here show good agreement with GR.

Atrial fibrillation increases the risk of dementia amongst older adults even in the absence of stroke

BACKGROUND

Atrial fibrillation increases risk of stroke, and thus risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. Emerging evidence suggests an association also in the absence of stroke. We aimed to examine the association between atrial fibrillation and incident dementia, with and without exclusion of individuals with stroke, and if sex and genetic factors modify the possible association.

METHODS

In 2000-2001, a population-based sample of 70-year-olds (N = 561) underwent comprehensive somatic and neuropsychiatric examinations, as part of the Gothenburg H70 Birth Cohort Studies. Participants were followed up at age 75 and 79. Atrial fibrillation at baseline was identified through ECG, proxy-reports and the National Patient Register (NPR). Stroke at baseline and follow-up was identified through self-reports, proxy-reports and the NPR. Dementia at baseline and follow-up was diagnosed according to the DSM-III-R criteria based on neuropsychiatric examinations, proxy-reports and the NPR.

RESULTS

Individuals with atrial fibrillation had an almost threefold increased risk of dementia during 12-year follow-up (HR 2.8; 95% CI 1.3-5.7; P = 0.004), and this risk remained after excluding individuals with stroke at baseline and follow-up. After stratification for sex, the association was only found amongst men (HR 4.6; 95% CI 1.9-11.2; P < 0.001, interaction sex*atrial fibrillation; P = 0.047) and noncarriers of the APOE ε4 allele (HR 4.2; 95% CI 1.8-9.7; P < 0.001, interaction APOE*atrial fibrillation; P = 0.128). Population attributable risk for dementia resulting from atrial fibrillation was 13%.

CONCLUSION

The relevance for atrial fibrillation as an indicator of subclinical brain vascular risk needs to be further explored. In addition, patients with atrial fibrillation should be screened for cognitive symptoms.

Integrating transcriptome-wide association study and mRNA expression profiling identifies novel genes associated with bone mineral density

To scan novel candidate genes associated with osteoporosis, a two-stage transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) of bone mineral density (BMD) was conducted. The BMD-associated genes identified by TWAS were then compared with the gene expression profiling of BMD in bone cells, B cells, and mesenchymal stem cells. We identified multiple candidate genes and gene ontology (GO) terms associated with BMD.

INTRODUCTION

Osteoporosis (OP) is a metabolic bone disease characterized by decrease in BMD. Our objective is to scan novel candidate genes associated with OP.

METHODS

A transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) was performed by integrating the genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary of bone mineral density (BMD) with two pre-computed mRNA expression weights of peripheral blood and muscle skeleton. Then, another independent GWAS data of BMD was used to verify the discovery results. The BMD-associated genes identified between discovery and replicate TWAS were further subjected to gene ontology (GO) analysis implemented by DAVID. Finally, the BMD-associated genes and GO terms were further compared with the mRNA expression profiling results of BMD to detect the common genes and GO terms shared by both DNA-level TWAS and mRNA expression profile analysis.

RESULTS

TWAS identified 95 common genes with permutation P value < 0.05 for peripheral blood and muscle skeleton, such as TMTC4 in muscle skeleton and DDX17 in peripheral blood. Further comparing the genes detected by discovery-replicate TWAS with the differentially expressed genes identified by mRNA expression profiling of OP patients found 18 overlapped genes, such as MUL1 in muscle skeleton and SPTBN1 in peripheral blood. GO analysis of the genes identified by discovery-replicate TWAS detected 12 BMD-associated GO terms, such as negative regulation of cell growth and regulation of glycogen catabolic process. Further comparing the GO results of discovery-replicate TWAS and mRNA expression profiles found 6 overlapped GO terms, such as membrane and cell adhesion.

CONCLUSION

Our study identified multiple candidate genes and GO terms for BMD, providing novel clues for understanding the genetic mechanism of OP.

Differential MicroRNA Expression Profiles as Potential Biomarkers for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a clinical challenge due to its poor prognosis. Therefore, the early diagnosis of PDAC is extremely important for achieving a cure. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) could serve as a potential biomarker for the early detection and prognosis of PDAC. In this work we analyzed plasma samples from healthy persons and PDAC patients to assess differential miRNA expression profiles by next generation sequencing technology and bioinformatics analysis. In this way, 165 mature miRNAs were found to be significantly deregulated in the patient group, of which 75 and 90 mature miRNAs were up- and down-regulated compared with healthy individuals, respectively. Furthermore, 1029 novel miRNAs were identified. In conclusion, plasma miRNA expression profiles are different between healthy individuals and patients with PDAC. These data provide a possibility for use of miRNA as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of PDAC.

Genetic parameters of the thick-to-thin albumen ratio and egg compositional traits in layer-type chickens

1. Generating a robust egg albumen is one of the major factors contributing to interior egg quality owing to its nutritive value and superior appearance. However, the genetic factors regulating the proportion of thick albumen are poorly understood. 2. In this study, 1330 eggs were collected from 450 Rhode Island White layers, aged 40 weeks, to measure egg compositional traits for three successive days. The restricted maximum likelihood method was applied to estimate genetic parameters for the thick-to-thin albumen ratio and other egg compositional traits. A univariate animal model was fitted to calculate heritability for each trait. 3. The heritabilities of egg weight, yolk weight, albumen height, Haugh units, percentages of yolk, thick albumen, thin albumen and the thick-to-thin albumen ratio were 0.32, 0.34, 0.28, 0.47, 0.61, 0.39, 0.31, and 0.45, respectively. The percentage of thick albumen was negatively correlated genetically with all traits, and percentage of thin albumen was negatively correlated genetically with all traits except for Haugh units. The thick-to-thin albumen ratio was positively correlated genetically with egg weight, albumen height and Haugh units, with correlations ranging from 0.21 to 0.54. 4. The results indicated that the percentage of thick albumen and the thick-to-thin albumen ratio were found to be moderately to highly heritable, and selection for the thick-to-thin albumen ratio could be conducive to the improvement of egg albumen quality.

Observation of an Excited B_{c}^{+} State

Using pp collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 8.5  fb^{-1} recorded by the LHCb experiment at center-of-mass energies of sqrt[s]=7, 8, and 13 TeV, the observation of an excited B_{c}^{+} state in the B_{c}^{+}π^{+}π^{-} invariant-mass spectrum is reported. The observed peak has a mass of 6841.2±0.6(stat)±0.1(syst)±0.8(B_{c}^{+})  MeV/c^{2}, where the last uncertainty is due to the limited knowledge of the B_{c}^{+} mass. It is consistent with expectations of the B_{c}^{*}(2^{3}S_{1})^{+} state reconstructed without the low-energy photon from the B_{c}^{*}(1^{3}S_{1})^{+}→B_{c}^{+}γ decay following B_{c}^{*}(2^{3}S_{1})^{+}→B_{c}^{*}(1^{3}S_{1})^{+}π^{+}π^{-}. A second state is seen with a global (local) statistical significance of 2.2σ (3.2σ) and a mass of 6872.1±1.3(stat)±0.1(syst)±0.8(B_{c}^{+})  MeV/c^{2}, and is consistent with the B_{c}(2^{1}S_{0})^{+} state. These mass measurements are the most precise to date.

Observation of a Narrow Pentaquark State, P_{c}(4312)^{+}, and of the Two-Peak Structure of the P_{c}(4450)^{+}

A narrow pentaquark state, P_{c}(4312)^{+}, decaying to J/ψp, is discovered with a statistical significance of 7.3σ in a data sample of Λ_{b}^{0}→J/ψpK^{-} decays, which is an order of magnitude larger than that previously analyzed by the LHCb Collaboration. The P_{c}(4450)^{+} pentaquark structure formerly reported by LHCb is confirmed and observed to consist of two narrow overlapping peaks, P_{c}(4440)^{+} and P_{c}(4457)^{+}, where the statistical significance of this two-peak interpretation is 5.4σ. The proximity of the Σ_{c}^{+}D[over ¯]^{0} and Σ_{c}^{+}D[over ¯]^{*0} thresholds to the observed narrow peaks suggests that they play an important role in the dynamics of these states.

Observation of CP Violation in Charm Decays

A search for charge-parity (CP) violation in D^{0}→K^{-}K^{+} and D^{0}→π^{-}π^{+} decays is reported, using pp collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.9  fb^{-1} collected at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV with the LHCb detector. The flavor of the charm meson is inferred from the charge of the pion in D^{*}(2010)^{+}→D^{0}π^{+} decays or from the charge of the muon in B[over ¯]→D^{0}μ^{-}ν[over ¯]_{μ}X decays. The difference between the CP asymmetries in D^{0}→K^{-}K^{+} and D^{0}→π^{-}π^{+} decays is measured to be ΔA_{CP}=[-18.2±3.2(stat)±0.9(syst)]×10^{-4} for π-tagged and ΔA_{CP}=[-9±8(stat)±5(syst)]×10^{-4} for μ-tagged D^{0} mesons. Combining these with previous LHCb results leads to ΔA_{CP}=(-15.4±2.9)×10^{-4}, where the uncertainty includes both statistical and systematic contributions. The measured value differs from zero by more than 5 standard deviations. This is the first observation of CP violation in the decay of charm hadrons.