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Chen J, Pan H, Lanza GM, Wickline SA. Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles for physiological and molecular imaging and therapy. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2013; 20:466-78. [PMID: 24206599 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we review the use of non-nephrotoxic perfluorocarbon nanoparticles (PFC NPs) for noninvasive detection and therapy of kidney diseases, and we provide a synopsis of other related literature pertinent to their anticipated clinical application. Recent reports indicate that PFC NPs allow for quantitative mapping of kidney perfusion and oxygenation after ischemia-reperfusion injury with the use of a novel multinuclear (1)H/(19)F magnetic resonance imaging approach. Furthermore, when conjugated with targeting ligands, the functionalized PFC NPs offer unique and quantitative capabilities for imaging inflammation in the kidney of atherosclerotic ApoE-null mice. In addition, PFC NPs can facilitate drug delivery for treatment of inflammation, thrombosis, and angiogenesis in selected conditions that are comorbidities for kidney failure. The excellent safety profile of PFC NPs with respect to kidney injury positions these nanomedicine approaches as promising diagnostic and therapeutic candidates for treating and following acute and chronic kidney diseases.
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Hou KK, Pan H, Ratner L, Schlesinger PH, Wickline SA. Mechanisms of nanoparticle-mediated siRNA transfection by melittin-derived peptides. ACS NANO 2013; 7:8605-15. [PMID: 24053333 PMCID: PMC4013830 DOI: 10.1021/nn403311c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditional peptide-mediated siRNA transfection via peptide transduction domains exhibits limited cytoplasmic delivery of siRNA due to endosomal entrapment. This work overcomes these limitations with the use of membrane-destabilizing peptides derived from melittin for the knockdown of NFkB signaling in a model of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. While the mechanism of siRNA delivery into the cytoplasmic compartment by peptide transduction domains has not been well studied, our analysis of melittin derivatives indicates that concurrent nanocomplex disassembly and peptide-mediated endosomolysis are crucial to siRNA transfection. Importantly, in the case of the most active derivative, p5RHH, this process is initiated by acidic pH, indicating that endosomal acidification after macropinocytosis can trigger siRNA release into the cytoplasm. These data provide general principles regarding nanocomplex response to endocytosis, which may guide the development of peptide/siRNA nanocomplex-based transfection.
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Palekar RU, Myerson JW, Schlesinger PH, Sadler JE, Pan H, Wickline SA. Thrombin-targeted liposomes establish a sustained localized anticlotting barrier against acute thrombosis. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:4168-75. [PMID: 24063304 DOI: 10.1021/mp400210q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present work was to design and test an acute-use nanoparticle-based antithrombotic agent that exhibits sustained local inhibition of thrombin without requiring a systemic anticoagulant effect to function against acute arterial thrombosis. To demonstrate proof of concept, we functionalized the surface of liposomes with multiple copies of the direct thrombin inhibitor, d-phenylalanyl-l-prolyl-l-arginyl-chloromethyl ketone (PPACK), which exhibits high affinity for thrombin as a free agent but manifests too rapid clearance in vivo to be effective alone. The PPACK-liposomes were formulated as single unilamellar vesicles, with a diameter of 170.78 ± 10.59 nm and a near neutral charge. In vitro models confirmed the inhibitory activity of PPACK-liposomes, demonstrating a KI' of 172.6 nM. In experimental clots in vitro, treatment of formed clots completely abrogated any further clotting upon exposure to human plasma. The liposomes were evaluated in vivo in a model of photochemical-induced carotid artery injury, resulting in significantly prolonged arterial occlusion time over that of controls (69.06 ± 5.65 min for saline treatment, N = 6, 71.33 ± 9.46 min for free PPACK treated; N = 4, 85.75 ± 18.24 min for precursor liposomes; N = 4, 139.75 ± 20.46 min for PPACK-liposomes; P = 0.0049, N = 6). Systemic anticoagulant profiles revealed a rapid return to control levels within 50 min, while still maintaining antithrombin activity at the injury site. The establishment of a potent and long-acting anticoagulant surface over a newly forming clot with the use of thrombin targeted nanoparticles that do not require systemic anticoagulation to be effective offers an alternative site-targeted approach to the management of acute thrombosis.
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Hu L, Chen J, Yang X, Senpan A, Allen JS, Yanaba N, Caruthers SD, Lanza GM, Hammerman MR, Wickline SA. Assessing intrarenal nonperfusion and vascular leakage in acute kidney injury with multinuclear (1) H/(19) F MRI and perfluorocarbon nanoparticles. Magn Reson Med 2013; 71:2186-96. [PMID: 23929727 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to develop a unique sensor-reporter approach for functional kidney imaging that employs circulating perfluorocarbon nanoparticles and multinuclear (1) H/(19) F MRI. METHODS (19) F spin density weighted and T1 weighted images were used to generate quantitative functional mappings of both healthy and ischemia-reperfusion (acute kidney injury) injured mouse kidneys. (1) H blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) MRI was also employed as a supplementary approach to facilitate the comprehensive analysis of renal circulation and its pathological changes in acute kidney injury. RESULTS Heterogeneous blood volume distributions and intrarenal oxygenation gradients were confirmed in healthy kidneys by (19) F MRI. In a mouse model of acute kidney injury, (19) F MRI, in conjunction with blood-oxygenation-level-dependent MRI, sensitively delineated renal vascular damage and recovery. In the cortico-medullary junction region, we observed 25% lower (19) F signal (P < 0.05) and 70% longer (1) H T2* (P < 0.01) in injured kidneys compared with contralateral kidneys at 24 h after initial ischemia-reperfusion injury. We also detected 71% higher (19) F signal (P < 0.01) and 40% lower (1) H T2* (P < 0.05) in the renal medulla region of injured kidneys compared with contralateral uninjured kidneys. CONCLUSION Integrated (1) H/(19) F MRI using perfluorocarbon nanoparticles provides a multiparametric readout of regional perfusion defects in acutely injured kidneys.
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Schmieder AH, Wang K, Zhang H, Senpan A, Pan D, Keupp J, Caruthers SD, Wickline SA, Shen B, Wagner EM, Lanza GM. Characterization of early neovascular response to acute lung ischemia using simultaneous (19)F/ (1)H MR molecular imaging. Angiogenesis 2013; 17:51-60. [PMID: 23918207 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-013-9377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an important constituent of many inflammatory pulmonary diseases, which has been unappreciated until recently. Early neovascular expansion in the lungs in preclinical models and patients is very difficult to assess noninvasively, particularly quantitatively. The present study demonstrated that (19)F/(1)H MR molecular imaging with αvβ3-targeted perfluorocarbon nanoparticles can be used to directly measure neovascularity in a rat left pulmonary artery ligation (LPAL) model, which was employed to create pulmonary ischemia and induce angiogenesis. In rats 3 days after LPAL, simultaneous (19)F/(1)H MR imaging at 3T revealed a marked (19)F signal in animals 2 h following αvβ3-targeted perfluorocarbon nanoparticles [(19)F signal (normalized to background) = 0.80 ± 0.2] that was greater (p = 0.007) than the non-targeted (0.30 ± 0.04) and the sham-operated (0.07 ± 0.09) control groups. Almost no (19)F signal was found in control right lung with any treatment. Competitive blockade of the integrin-targeted particles greatly decreased the (19)F signal (p = 0.002) and was equivalent to the non-targeted control group. Fluorescent and light microscopy illustrated heavy decorating of vessel walls in and around large bronchi and large pulmonary vessels. Focal segmental regions of neovessel expansion were also noted in the lung periphery. Our results demonstrate that (19)F/(1)H MR molecular imaging with αvβ3-targeted perfluorocarbon nanoparticles provides a means to assess the extent of systemic neovascularization in the lung.
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Schmieder AH, Winter PM, Williams TA, Allen JS, Hu G, Zhang H, Caruthers SD, Wickline SA, Lanza GM. Molecular MR imaging of neovascular progression in the Vx2 tumor with αvβ3-targeted paramagnetic nanoparticles. Radiology 2013; 268:470-80. [PMID: 23771914 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.13120789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the dependence of neovascular molecular magnetic resonance (MR) imaging on relaxivity (r1) of αvβ3-targeted paramagnetic perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoparticles and to delineate the temporal-spatial consistency of angiogenesis assessments for individual animals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animal protocols were approved by the Washington University Animal Studies Committee. Proton longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates of αvβ3-targeted and nontargeted PFC nanoparticles incorporating gadolinium diethylenetrianime pentaacedic acid (Gd-DTPA) bisoleate (BOA) or gadolinium tetraazacyclododecane tetraacetic acid (Gd-DOTA) phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) into the surfactant were measured at 3.0 T. These paramagnetic nanoparticles were compared in 30 New Zealand White rabbits (four to six rabbits per group) 14 days after implantation of a Vx2 tumor. Subsequently, serial MR (3.0 T) neovascular maps were developed 8, 14, and 16 days after tumor implantation by using αvβ3-targeted Gd-DOTA-PE nanoparticles (n = 4) or nontargeted Gd-DOTA-PE nanoparticles (n = 4). Data were analyzed with analysis of variance and nonparametric statistics. RESULTS At 3.0 T, Gd-DTPA-BOA nanoparticles had an ionic r1 of 10.3 L · mmol(-1) · sec(-1) and a particulate r1 of 927000 L · mmol(-1) · sec(-1). Gd-DOTA-PE nanoparticles had an ionic r1 of 13.3 L · mmol(-1) · sec(-1) and a particulate r1 of 1 197000 L · mmol(-1) · sec(-1). Neovascular contrast enhancement in Vx2 tumors (at 14 days) was 5.4% ± 1.06 of the surface volume with αvβ3-targeted Gd-DOTA-PE nanoparticles and 3.0% ± 0.3 with αvβ3-targeted Gd-DTPA-BOA nanoparticles (P = .03). MR neovascular contrast maps of tumors 8, 14, and 16 days after implantation revealed temporally consistent and progressive surface enhancement (1.0% ± 0.3, 4.5% ± 0.9, and 9.3% ± 1.4, respectively; P = .0008), with similar time-dependent changes observed among individual animals. CONCLUSION Temporal-spatial patterns of angiogenesis for individual animals were followed to monitor longitudinal tumor progression. Neovasculature enhancement was dependent on the relaxivity of the targeted agent.
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Cheng Y, Chen J, Caruthers SD, Wickline SA. Age‐Dependent Myocardial Sheet Dysfunction from 3 to 16 months in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Mice (mdx) Defined by Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DTI). FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.528.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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83
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Hou KK, Pan H, Lanza GM, Wickline SA. Melittin derived peptides for nanoparticle based siRNA transfection. Biomaterials 2013; 34:3110-9. [PMID: 23380356 PMCID: PMC3578292 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Traditional transfection agents including cationic lipids and polymers have high efficiency but cause cytotoxicity. While cell penetrating peptide based transfection agents exhibit improved cytotoxicity profiles, they do not have the efficiency of existing lipidic agents due to endosomal trapping. As a consequence, we propose an alternative method to efficient peptide based siRNA transfection by starting with melittin, a known pore-forming peptide. By incorporating modifications to decrease cytotoxicity and improve siRNA binding, we have developed p5RHH, which can complex siRNA to form nanoparticles of 190 nm in diameter. p5RHH exhibits high efficiency with GFP knockdown at concentrations as low as 5 nM, with negligible cytotoxicity. To date, p5RHH has shown the ability to transfect B16 cells, Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells, and RAW264.7 cells with high efficiency. These in vitro models demonstrate that p5RHH mediated transfection can block cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and foam cell formation. Moreover, p5RHH/siRNA nanoparticles maintain their size and transfection efficiency in the presence of serum proteins suggesting the potential for use of p5RHH in vivo. These data suggest that our strategy for development of siRNA transfecting peptides can provide an avenue to safe and effective siRNA therapeutics.
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Pan H, Allen JS, Yanaba N, Schlesinger PH, Wickline SA. Multifunctional nanoparticles for detection, quantification, and treatment of endothelial erosions in experimental atherosclerosis. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.888.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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85
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Palekar RU, Myerson JW, Schlesinger PH, Pan H, Wickline SA. Thrombin‐inhibiting liposomes as a targeted therapeutic for the treatment of acute thrombosis. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.893.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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86
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Hughes MS, McCarthy JE, Marsh JN, Wickline SA. Joint entropy of continuously differentiable ultrasonic waveforms. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2013; 133:283-300. [PMID: 23297902 PMCID: PMC3548839 DOI: 10.1121/1.4770245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study is based on an extension of the concept of joint entropy of two random variables to continuous functions, such as backscattered ultrasound. For two continuous random variables, X and Y, the joint probability density p(x,y) is ordinarily a continuous function of x and y that takes on values in a two dimensional region of the real plane. However, in the case where X=f(t) and Y=g(t) are both continuously differentiable functions, X and Y are concentrated exclusively on a curve, γ(t)=(f(t),g(t)), in the x,y plane. This concentration can only be represented using a mathematically "singular" object such as a (Schwartz) distribution. Its use for imaging requires a coarse-graining operation, which is described in this study. Subsequently, removal of the coarse-graining parameter is accomplished using the ergodic theorem. The resulting expression for joint entropy is applied to several data sets, showing the utility of the concept for both materials characterization and detection of targeted liquid nanoparticle ultrasonic contrast agents. In all cases, the sensitivity of these techniques matches or exceeds, sometimes by a factor of two, that demonstrated in previous studies that employed signal energy or alternate entropic quantities.
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Goette MJ, Schmieder AH, Williams TA, Allen JS, Keupp J, Lanza GM, Wickline SA, Caruthers SD. Quantitative molecular imaging of angiogenesis-targeted fluorinated nanoparticles: new approaches for B1-mapping compensation for 19F-MRI. JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2013. [PMCID: PMC3559643 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-15-s1-o83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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88
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Watkins MP, Williams TA, Caruthers SD, Wickline SA. Cardiovascular MR function and coronaries: CMR 15 minute express. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013. [PMCID: PMC3560018 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-15-s1-t11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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89
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Caruthers SD, Madani MH, Wickline SA, Canter CE. Could contrast-enhanced cardiovascular MRI potentially be used to screen pediatric cardiac transplant patients for transplant coronary artery disease? Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2012; 10:1459-61. [PMID: 23253269 DOI: 10.1586/erc.12.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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90
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Myerson JW, Allen JS, Williams TA, He L, Tollefsen DM, Lanza G, Caruthers SD, Wickline SA. PPACK and Bivalirudin nanoparticles enable simultaneous imaging and potent inhibition of acute clotting. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2012. [PMCID: PMC3304862 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-14-s1-o41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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91
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Wang K, Pan D, Schmieder AH, Zhang H, SenPan A, Williams TA, Hu G, Caruthers SD, Wickline SA, Shen B, Lanza G. Probing atherosclerotic angiogenesis with new manganese-based nanocolloid for T1-weighted MRI. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2012. [PMCID: PMC3304926 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-14-s1-o11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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92
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Pan D, Caruthers SD, SenPan A, Scott MJ, Schmieder AH, Gaffney PJ, Wickline SA, Lanza G. Copper nanocolloids: a new thrombus molecular imaging approach to ruptured plaque. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2012. [PMCID: PMC3305254 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-14-s1-o42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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93
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Goette MJ, Schmieder AH, Williams TA, Allen JS, Keupp J, Lanza G, Wickline SA, Caruthers SD. In Vivo quantitative imaging of angiogenesis-targeted PFOB nanoparticles in a hypercholesterol rabbit model using 19F-MRI with ultra-short echo time balanced SSFP. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2012. [PMCID: PMC3305209 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-14-s1-m8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Cheng YJ, Lang D, Caruthers SD, Lanza G, Efimov I, Chen J, Wickline SA. Regional expression of myocardial sheet dysfunction in dystrophin-deficient cardiomyopathy elucidated with diffusion tensor MRI and optical calcium mapping. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2012. [PMCID: PMC3304789 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-14-s1-o31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Zhang L, Allen J, Hu L, Caruthers SD, Wickline SA, Chen J. Cardiomyocyte architectural plasticity in fetal, neonatal, and adult pig hearts delineated with diffusion tensor MRI. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 304:H246-52. [PMID: 23161881 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00129.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte organization is a critical determinant of coordinated cardiac contractile function. Because of the acute opening of the pulmonary circulation, the relative workload of the left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle (RV) changes substantially immediately after birth. We hypothesized that three-dimensional cardiomyocyte architecture might be required to adapt rapidly to accommodate programmed perinatal changes of cardiac function. Isolated fixed hearts from pig fetuses or pigs at midgestation, preborn, postnatal day 1 (P1), postnatal day 5, postnatal day 14 (P14), and adulthood (n = 5 for each group) were acquired for diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Cardiomyocyte architecture was visualized by three-dimensional fiber tracking and was quantitatively evaluated by the measured helix angle (α(h)). Upon the completion of MRI, hearts were sectioned and stained with hematoxylin/eosin (H&E) to evaluate cardiomyocyte alignment, with picrosirius red to evaluate collagen content, and with anti-Ki67 to evaluate postnatal cell proliferation. The helical architecture of cardiomyocyte was observed as early as the midgestational period. Postnatal changes of cardiomyocyte architecture were observed from P1 to P14, which primary occurred in the septum and RV free wall (RVFW). In the septum, the volume ratio of LV- vs. RV-associated cardiomyocytes rapidly changed from RV-LV balanced pattern at birth to LV dominant pattern by P14. In the RVFW, subendocardial α(h) decreased by ~30° from P1 to P14. These findings indicate that the helical architecture of cardiomyocyte is developed as early as the midgestation period. Substantial and rapid adaptive changes in cardiac microarchitecture suggested considerable developmental plasticity of cardiomyocyte form and function in the postnatal period in response to altered cardiac mechanical function.
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Pan H, Myerson JW, Hu L, Marsh JN, Hou K, Scott MJ, Allen JS, Hu G, San Roman S, Lanza GM, Schreiber RD, Schlesinger PH, Wickline SA. Programmable nanoparticle functionalization for in vivo targeting. FASEB J 2012; 27:255-64. [PMID: 23047896 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-218081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The emerging demand for programmable functionalization of existing base nanocarriers necessitates development of an efficient approach for cargo loading that avoids nanoparticle redesign for each individual application. Herein, we demonstrate in vivo a postformulation strategy for lipidic nanocarrier functionalization with the use of a linker peptide, which rapidly and stably integrates cargos into lipidic membranes of nanocarriers after simple mixing through a self-assembling process. We exemplified this strategy by generating a VCAM-1-targeted perfluorocarbon nanoparticle for in vivo targeting in atherosclerosis (ApoE-deficient) and breast cancer (STAT-1-deficient) models. In the atherosclerotic model, a 4.1-fold augmentation in binding to affected aortas was observed for targeted vs. nontargeted nanoparticles (P<0.0298). Likewise, in the breast cancer model, a 4.9-fold increase in the nanoparticle signal from tumor vasculature was observed for targeted vs. nontargeted nanoparticles (P<0.0216). In each case, the nanoparticle was registered with fluorine ((19)F) magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the nanoparticle perfluorocarbon core, yielding a quantitative estimate of the number of tissue-bound nanoparticles. Because other common nanocarriers with lipid coatings (e.g., liposomes, micelles, etc.) can employ this strategy, this peptide linker postformulation approach is applicable to more than half of the available nanosystems currently in clinical trials or clinical uses.
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Pan D, Sanyal N, Schmieder AH, Senpan A, Kim B, Yang X, Hu G, Allen JS, Gross RW, Wickline SA, Lanza GM. Antiangiogenic nanotherapy with lipase-labile Sn-2 fumagillin prodrug. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:1507-19. [PMID: 22709347 PMCID: PMC3498609 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chemical instability of antiangiogenic fumagillin, combined with its poor retention during intravascular transit, requires an innovative solution for clinical translation. We hypothesized that an Sn-2 lipase-labile fumagillin prodrug, in combination with a contact-facilitated drug delivery mechanism, could be used to address these problems. METHODS α(v)β(3)-targeted and nontargeted nanoparticles with and without fumagillin in the prodrug or native forms were evaluated in vitro and in vivo in the Matrigel™ (BD Biosciences, CA, USA) plug model of angiogenesis in mice. RESULTS In vitro experiments demonstrated that the new fumagillin prodrug decreased viability at least as efficacious as the parent compound, on an equimolar basis. In the Matrigel mouse angiogenesis model, α(v)β(3)-fumagillin prodrug decreased angiogenesis as measured by MRI (3T), while the neovasculature was unaffected with the control nanoparticles. CONCLUSION The present approach resolved the previously intractable problems of drug instability and premature release in transit to target sites.
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Zhou HF, Yan H, Senpan A, Wickline SA, Pan D, Lanza GM, Pham CTN. Suppression of inflammation in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis using targeted lipase-labile fumagillin prodrug nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2012; 33:8632-40. [PMID: 22922023 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based therapeutics are emerging technologies that have the potential to greatly impact the treatment of many human diseases. However, drug instability and premature release from the nanoparticles during circulation currently preclude clinical translation. Herein, we use a lipase-labile (Sn 2) fumagillin prodrug platform coupled with a unique lipid surface-to-surface targeted delivery mechanism, termed contact-facilitated drug delivery, to counter the premature drug release and overcome the inherent photo-instability of fumagillin, an established anti-angiogenic agent. We show that α(v)β(3)-integrin targeted fumagillin prodrug nanoparticles, administered at 0.3 mg of fumagillin prodrug/kg of body weight suppress the clinical disease indices of KRN serum-mediated arthritis in a dose-dependent manner when compared to treatment with the control nanoparticles with no drug. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of this lipase-labile prodrug nanocarrier in a relevant preclinical model that approximates human rheumatoid arthritis. The lipase-labile prodrug paradigm offers a translatable approach that is broadly applicable to many targeted nanosystems and increases the translational potential of this platform for many diseases.
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Hu L, Chen J, Yang X, Caruthers SD, Lanza GM, Wickline SA. Rapid quantification of oxygen tension in blood flow with a fluorine nanoparticle reporter and a novel blood flow-enhanced-saturation-recovery sequence. Magn Reson Med 2012; 70:176-83. [PMID: 22915328 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel blood flow-enhanced-saturation-recovery (BESR) sequence, which allows rapid in vivo T1 measurement of blood for both (1)H and (19)F nuclei. BESR sequence is achieved by combining homogeneous spin preparation and time-of-flight image acquisition and therefore preserves high time efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio for (19)F imaging of circulating perfluorocarbon nanoparticles comprising a perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether core and a lipid monolayer (nominal size = 250 nm). The consistency and accuracy of the BESR sequence for measuring T1 of blood was validated experimentally. With a confirmed linear response feature of (19)F R1 with oxygen tension in both salt solution and blood sample, we demonstrated the feasibility of the BESR sequence to quantitatively determine the oxygen tension within mouse left and right ventricles under both normoxia and hyperoxia conditions. Thus, (19)F BESR MRI of circulating perfluorocarbon nanoparticles represents a new approach to noninvasively evaluate intravascular oxygen tension.
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Cheng YJ, Lang D, Caruthers SD, Efimov IR, Chen J, Wickline SA. Focal but reversible diastolic sheet dysfunction reflects regional calcium mishandling in dystrophic mdx mouse hearts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 303:H559-68. [PMID: 22777417 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00321.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac dysfunction is a primary cause of patient mortality in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, potentially related to elevated cytosolic calcium. However, the regional versus global functional consequences of cellular calcium mishandling have not been defined in the whole heart. Here we sought for the first time to elucidate potential regional dependencies between calcium mishandling and myocardial fiber/sheet function as a manifestation of dystrophin-deficient (mdx) cardiomyopathy. Isolated-perfused hearts from 16-mo-old mdx (N = 10) and wild-type (WT; N = 10) were arrested sequentially in diastole and systole for diffusion tensor MRI quantification of myocardial sheet architecture and function. When compared with WT hearts, mdx hearts exhibited normal systolic sheet architecture but a lower diastolic sheet angle magnitude (|β|) in the basal region. The regional diastolic sheet dysfunction was normalized by reducing perfusate calcium concentrations. Optical mapping of calcium transients in isolated hearts (3 mdx and 4 WT) revealed a stretch-inducible regional defect of intracellular calcium reuptake, reflected by a 25% increase of decay times (T(50)) and decay constants, at the base of mdx hearts. The basal region of mdx hearts also exhibited greater fibrosis than did the apex, which matched the regional sheet dysfunction. We conclude that myocardial diastolic sheet dysfunction is observed initially in basal segments along with calcium mishandling, ultimately culminating in increased fibrosis. The preservation of relatively normal calcium reuptake and diastolic/systolic sheet mechanics throughout the rest of the heart, together with the rapid reversibility of functional defects by reducing cytosolic calcium, points to the significance of regional mechanical factors in the progression of the disease.
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