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Uglem M, Omland PM, Stjern M, Gravdahl GB, Sand T. Habituation of laser-evoked potentials by migraine phase: a blinded longitudinal study. J Headache Pain 2017; 18:100. [PMID: 28971336 PMCID: PMC5624861 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-017-0810-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Migraineurs seem to have cyclic variations in cortical excitability in several neurophysiological modalities. Laser-evoked potentials (LEP) are of particular interest in migraine because LEP specifically targets pain pathways, and studies have reported different LEP-changes both between and during headaches. Our primary aim was to explore potential cyclic variations in LEP amplitude and habituation in more detail with a blinded longitudinal study design. Methods We compared N1 and N2P2 amplitudes and habituation between two blocks of laser stimulations to the dorsal hand, obtained from 49 migraineurs with four sessions each. We used migraine diaries to categorize sessions as interictal (> one day from previous and to next attack), preictal (< one day before the attack), ictal or postictal (< one day after the attack). Also, we compared 29 interictal recordings from the first session to 30 controls. Results N1 and N2P2 amplitudes and habituation did not differ between preictal, interictal and postictal phase sessions, except for a post hoc contrast that showed deficient ictal habituation of N1. Habituation is present and similar in migraineurs in the interictal phase and controls. Conclusions Hand-evoked LEP amplitudes and habituation were mainly invariable between migraine phases, but this matter needs further study. Because hand-evoked LEP-habituation was similar in migraineurs and controls, the present findings contradict several previous LEP studies. Pain-evoked cerebral responses are normal and show normal habituation in migraine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s10194-017-0810-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Uglem
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. .,NTNU, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, P.B. 8905, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Petter Moe Omland
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marit Stjern
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Trond Sand
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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202
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Tomalski P, Marczuk K, Pisula E, Malinowska A, Kawa R, Niedźwiecka A. Chaotic home environment is associated with reduced infant processing speed under high task demands. Infant Behav Dev 2017; 48:124-133. [PMID: 28558876 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Early adversity has profound long-term consequences for child development across domains. The effects of early adversity on structural and functional brain development were shown for infants under 12 months of life. However, the causal mechanisms of these effects remain relatively unexplored. Using a visual habituation task we investigated whether chaotic home environment may affect processing speed in 5.5 month-old infants (n=71). We found detrimental effects of chaos on processing speed for complex but not for simple visual stimuli. No effects of socio-economic status on infant processing speed were found although the sample was predominantly middle class. Our results indicate that chaotic early environment may adversely affect processing speed in early infancy, but only when greater cognitive resources need to be deployed. The study highlights an attractive avenue for research on the mechanisms linking home environment with the development of attention control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Tomalski
- Neurocognitive Development Lab, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Karolina Marczuk
- Neurocognitive Development Lab, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Pisula
- Rehabilitation Psychology Unit, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Malinowska
- Neurocognitive Development Lab, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Kawa
- Rehabilitation Psychology Unit, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Niedźwiecka
- Neurocognitive Development Lab, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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203
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McDiarmid TA, Bernardos AC, Rankin CH. Habituation is altered in neuropsychiatric disorders-A comprehensive review with recommendations for experimental design and analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:286-305. [PMID: 28579490 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities in the simplest form of learning, habituation, have been reported in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders as etiologically diverse as Autism Spectrum Disorder, Fragile X syndrome, Schizophrenia, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Tourette's Syndrome, and Migraine. Here we provide the first comprehensive review of what is known about alterations in this form of non-associative learning in each disorder. Across several disorders, abnormal habituation is predictive of symptom severity, highlighting the clinical significance of habituation and its importance to normal cognitive function. Abnormal habituation is discussed within the greater framework of learning theory and how it may relate to disease phenotype either as a cause, symptom, or therapy. Important considerations for the design and interpretation of habituation experiments are outlined with the hope that these will aid both clinicians and basic researchers investigating how this simple form of learning is altered in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy A McDiarmid
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Rm F221, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Aram C Bernardos
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Rm F221, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Catharine H Rankin
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Rm F221, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2B5, Canada.
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204
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Perez-Rodriguez MM, New AS, Goldstein KE, Rosell D, Yuan Q, Zhou Z, Hodgkinson C, Goldman D, Siever LJ, Hazlett EA. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met genotype modulates amygdala habituation. Psychiatry Res 2017; 263:85-92. [PMID: 28371657 PMCID: PMC5856456 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A deficit in amygdala habituation to repeated emotional stimuli may be an endophenotype of disorders characterized by emotion dysregulation, such as borderline personality disorder (BPD). Amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli is genetically modulated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) variants. Whether amygdala habituation itself is also modulated by BDNF genotypes remains unknown. We used imaging-genetics to examine the effect of BDNF Val66Met genotypes on amygdala habituation to repeated emotional stimuli. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 57 subjects (19 BPD patients, 18 patients with schizotypal personality disorder [SPD] and 20 healthy controls [HC]) during a task involving viewing of unpleasant, neutral, and pleasant pictures, each presented twice to measure habituation. Amygdala responses across genotypes (Val66Met SNP Met allele-carriers vs. Non-Met carriers) and diagnoses (HC, BPD, SPD) were examined with ANOVA. The BDNF 66Met allele was significantly associated with a deficit in amygdala habituation, particularly for emotional pictures. The association of the 66Met allele with a deficit in habituation to unpleasant emotional pictures remained significant in the subsample of BPD patients. Using imaging-genetics, we found preliminary evidence that deficient amygdala habituation may be modulated by BDNF genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mercedes Perez-Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; CIBERSAM, Autonoma University, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz and Ramon y Cajal Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonia S New
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Kim E Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Daniel Rosell
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Qiaoping Yuan
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9412, USA
| | - Zhifeng Zhou
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9412, USA
| | - Colin Hodgkinson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9412, USA
| | - David Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9412, USA
| | - Larry J Siever
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Erin A Hazlett
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
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205
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Sinclair D, Oranje B, Razak KA, Siegel SJ, Schmid S. Sensory processing in autism spectrum disorders and Fragile X syndrome-From the clinic to animal models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:235-253. [PMID: 27235081 PMCID: PMC5465967 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Brains are constantly flooded with sensory information that needs to be filtered at the pre-attentional level and integrated into endogenous activity in order to allow for detection of salient information and an appropriate behavioral response. People with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) are often over- or under-reactive to stimulation, leading to a wide range of behavioral symptoms. This altered sensitivity may be caused by disrupted sensory processing, signal integration and/or gating, and is often being neglected. Here, we review translational experimental approaches that are used to investigate sensory processing in humans with ASD and FXS, and in relevant rodent models. This includes electroencephalographic measurement of event related potentials, neural oscillations and mismatch negativity, as well as habituation and pre-pulse inhibition of startle. We outline robust evidence of disrupted sensory processing in individuals with ASD and FXS, and in respective animal models, focusing on the auditory sensory domain. Animal models provide an excellent opportunity to examine common mechanisms of sensory pathophysiology in order to develop therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sinclair
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 125 S 31st St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - B Oranje
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, HP A 01.126 Heidelberglaan 100, CX Utrecht, 3584, The Netherlands; Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center Glostrup, Ndr. Ringvej 29-67, Glostrup, 2600, Denmark; Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Sensory Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K A Razak
- Psychology Department, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - S J Siegel
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 125 S 31st St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - S Schmid
- Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, MSB 470, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
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206
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Grafe LA, Cornfeld A, Luz S, Valentino R, Bhatnagar S. Orexins Mediate Sex Differences in the Stress Response and in Cognitive Flexibility. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:683-692. [PMID: 27955897 PMCID: PMC5359079 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women are twice as likely as men to experience stress-related psychiatric disorders. The biological basis of these sex differences is poorly understood. Orexins are altered in anxious and depressed patients. Using a rat model of repeated stress, we examined whether orexins contribute to sex differences in outcomes relevant to stress-related psychiatric diseases. METHODS Behavioral, neural, and endocrine habituation to repeated restraint stress and subsequent cognitive flexibility was examined in adult male and female rats. In parallel, orexin expression and activation were determined in both sexes, and chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to determine transcription factors acting at the orexin promoter. Designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs were used to inhibit orexin activation throughout repeated restraint to determine if the stress-related impairments in female rats could be reduced. RESULTS Female rats exhibited impaired habituation to repeated restraint with subsequent deficits in cognitive flexibility compared with male rats. Increased orexin expression and activation were observed in female rats compared with male rats. The higher expression of orexin messenger RNA in female rats was due to actions of glucocorticoid receptors on the orexin promoter, as determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Inhibition of orexins using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs in female rats throughout repeated restraint abolished their heightened hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responsivity and reduced stress-induced cognitive impairments. CONCLUSIONS Orexins mediate the impairments in adaptations to repeated stress and in subsequent cognitive flexibility exhibited by female rats and provide evidence for a broader role for orexins in mediating functions relevant to stress-related psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Grafe
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
| | - Amanda Cornfeld
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
| | - Sandra Luz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
| | - Rita Valentino
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104,University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
| | - Seema Bhatnagar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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207
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Abram PK, Cusumano A, Abram K, Colazza S, Peri E. Testing the habituation assumption underlying models of parasitoid foraging behavior. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3097. [PMID: 28321365 PMCID: PMC5357337 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Habituation, a form of non-associative learning, has several well-defined characteristics that apply to a wide range of physiological and behavioral responses in many organisms. In classic patch time allocation models, habituation is considered to be a major mechanistic component of parasitoid behavioral strategies. However, parasitoid behavioral responses to host cues have not previously been tested for the known, specific characteristics of habituation. METHODS In the laboratory, we tested whether the foraging behavior of the egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis shows specific characteristics of habituation in response to consecutive encounters with patches of host (Nezara viridula) chemical contact cues (footprints), in particular: (i) a training interval-dependent decline in response intensity, and (ii) a training interval-dependent recovery of the response. RESULTS As would be expected of a habituated response, wasps trained at higher frequencies decreased their behavioral response to host footprints more quickly and to a greater degree than those trained at low frequencies, and subsequently showed a more rapid, although partial, recovery of their behavioral response to host footprints. This putative habituation learning could not be blocked by cold anesthesia, ingestion of an ATPase inhibitor, or ingestion of a protein synthesis inhibitor. DISCUSSION Our study provides support for the assumption that diminishing responses of parasitoids to chemical indicators of host presence constitutes habituation as opposed to sensory fatigue, and provides a preliminary basis for exploring the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K Abram
- Université de Montréal, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Montréal, Canada
| | - Antonino Cusumano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katrina Abram
- Université de Montréal, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Montréal, Canada
| | - Stefano Colazza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ezio Peri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Matsuo J, Ota M, Hidese S, Hori H, Teraishi T, Ishida I, Hiraishi M, Kunugi H. Sexually dimorphic deficits of prepulse inhibition in patients with major depressive disorder and their relationship to symptoms: A large single ethnicity study. J Affect Disord 2017; 211:75-82. [PMID: 28103521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensorimotor gating deficits as measured by prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle reflex have been repeatedly observed in patients with schizophrenia. However, studies investigating PPI in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) are scarce, and this issue remains to be elucidated. METHODS Subjects were 221 patients with MDD and 250 age-matched healthy comparison subjects. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the 21-item version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D21), and the scores were divided into six factors. Thirty-five trials of startle reflex to pulse alone and pulse with prepulse were measured by electromyography. Startle magnitude, habituation, and PPI were compared between patients and comparisons stratified by sex. Relationships of startle measures to symptoms and antidepressant medication were assessed. RESULTS Male patients showed significantly reduced PPI compared to male comparisons, while no significant PPI difference was found between female patients and comparisons. HAM-D21 total score and several subscales were significantly correlated with PPI only in male patients. The effect of antidepressant medication was not significant for either male or female patients. LIMITATIONS Possible effects of the menstrual cycle could not be excluded among female subjects. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that male patients with MDD show sensorimotor gating deficits in a state-dependent manner. However, we obtained no evidence for such abnormalities in female patients with MDD.
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209
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Olatunji BO, Tomarken A, Wentworth B, Fritzsche L. Effects of exposure in single and multiple contexts on fear renewal: The moderating role of threat-specific and nonspecific emotionality. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2017; 54:270-277. [PMID: 27723486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The current study examines effects of exposure in multiple contexts on fear reduction and renewal and the moderating effect of baseline threat-specific and nonspecific emotionality. METHODS Snake-fearful participants received a negative or neutral emotion induction and were randomized to video exposure to a snake in a single context, multiple context, or a no exposure control group. RESULTS Anxiety in response to video presentations of a snake was significantly reduced in the two exposure groups compared to the control group, especially among those with heightened baseline threat-specific emotionality as indicated by snake anxiety ratings at baseline. Although the two exposure groups did not differ in responding when confronted with a novel snake, both exposure groups reported significantly lower snake anxiety and arousal than the control group. Subsequent analysis did show that compared to controls, the single context group demonstrated greater increase in anxiety and arousal from post-exposure to exposure to the novel snake among those with heightened snake anxiety at baseline. Furthermore, the multiple context group was less avoidant and less fearful than the single context group on a post-exposure behavioral test. LIMITATIONS The study used an analogue exposure paradigm with an analogue sample and findings may not be generalizable to a clinical population. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that baseline threat-specific emotionality influences fear reduction and renewal. The benefits of exposure in multiple contexts are discussed in relation to a distinct pattern of symptom change that is in line with an inhibitory learning approach.
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210
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Matthews AJ, Mackintosh C, Williams S, Williams M, Kirkby KC. Habituation of self-reported anxiety and cortical hyper-vigilance during image-based exposure to spiders. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2017; 54:150-157. [PMID: 27497062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to examine habituation of subjective anxiety and electrophysiological correlates of cortical hyper-vigilance during exposure to spider images among high (n = 12) and low (n = 11) spider fear groups. METHODS Participants viewed a six-stage hierarchy of spider images. The images used at stage 1 and stage 6 were the same. Subjective anxiety was rated at four intervals during each three-minute exposure stage (0, 60, 120, and 180 s) and event-related potentials (ERPs) were averaged across these epochs (0-60, 60-120, 120-180). RESULTS High spider fearfuls demonstrated greater habituation of self-reported anxiety within and between exposure stages compared to low fearfuls. Consistent with attentional hyper-vigilance, the high-fear group also demonstrated greater P1 amplitude in response to spider images. In both groups, habituation of P1 amplitude was found at later relative to earlier stages, but increased at stage six when the stage 1 image was re-presented, despite low subjective anxiety. LIMITATIONS While the passive viewing paradigm mirrored image-based exposure, it was not possible to determine whether participants engaged in avoidance strategies. In addition, further research is needed to assess the relevance of habituation and reinstatement of P1 amplitude to therapeutic outcome. CONCLUSIONS Habituation of subjective anxiety during image-based exposure is not necessarily accompanied by a reduction in measures of cortical hyper-vigilance. The reinstatement of the P1 response may indicate either re-activation of previous associations, less avoidance, or a more generalised dishabituation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Matthews
- School of Medicine, Division of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia.
| | - Carolyn Mackintosh
- School of Medicine, Division of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Sarah Williams
- School of Medicine, Division of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Monique Williams
- School of Medicine, Division of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Kenneth C Kirkby
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 27, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
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211
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Dudas RB, Mole TB, Morris LS, Denman C, Hill E, Szalma B, Evans D, Dunn B, Fletcher P, Voon V. Amygdala and dlPFC abnormalities, with aberrant connectivity and habituation in response to emotional stimuli in females with BPD. J Affect Disord 2017; 208:460-466. [PMID: 27838143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the frontolimbic abnormalities thought to underlie borderline personality disorder (BPD). We endeavoured to study regional responses, as well as their connectivity and habituation during emotion processing. METHODS 14 BPD patients and 14 normal female controls (NC) controlled for menstrual phase underwent emotion-induction during an fMRI task using standardised images in a block design. We then performed psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis to investigate functional connectivity. RESULTS BPD patients reported more disgust in questionnaires compared to controls. Relative to NC, they showed reduced left amygdala and increased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) activation to all emotions collapsed versus neutral. Habituation of ventral striatal activity to repeated emotional stimuli was observed in controls but not in BPD. Finally, in the context of disgust (but not other emotions) versus neutral, BPD patients displayed enhanced left amygdala coupling with the dlPFC and ventral striatum. LIMITATIONS Strict inclusion criteria reduced the sample size. CONCLUSIONS In summary, BPD showed abnormal patterns of activation, habituation and connectivity in regions linked to emotion regulation. Amygdala deactivation may be mediated by abnormal top-down regulatory control from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Aberrant emotion processing may play a unique role in the pathophysiology of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Dudas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Complex Cases Service, Cambridge shire and Peterborough Foundation NHS Trust, UK; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; Psychiatric Liaison Service, Ipswich Hospital, Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, UK.
| | - Tom B Mole
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laurel S Morris
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chess Denman
- Complex Cases Service, Cambridge shire and Peterborough Foundation NHS Trust, UK
| | - Emma Hill
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Complex Cases Service, Cambridge shire and Peterborough Foundation NHS Trust, UK
| | - Bence Szalma
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Davy Evans
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK; Dudley and Walsall Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust, UK
| | | | - Paul Fletcher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Valerie Voon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
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McCarty R. Optimizing laboratory animal stress paradigms: The H-H* experimental design. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 75:5-14. [PMID: 27768983 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Major advances in behavioral neuroscience have been facilitated by the development of consistent and highly reproducible experimental paradigms that have been widely adopted. In contrast, many different experimental approaches have been employed to expose laboratory mice and rats to acute versus chronic intermittent stress. An argument is advanced in this review that more consistent approaches to the design of chronic intermittent stress experiments would provide greater reproducibility of results across laboratories and greater reliability relating to various neural, endocrine, immune, genetic, and behavioral adaptations. As an example, the H-H* experimental design incorporates control, homotypic (H), and heterotypic (H*) groups and allows for comparisons across groups, where each animal is exposed to the same stressor, but that stressor has vastly different biological and behavioral effects depending upon each animal's prior stress history. Implementation of the H-H* experimental paradigm makes possible a delineation of transcriptional changes and neural, endocrine, and immune pathways that are activated in precisely defined stressor contexts.
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Gavgani AM, Nesbitt KV, Blackmore KL, Nalivaiko E. Profiling subjective symptoms and autonomic changes associated with cybersickness. Auton Neurosci 2016; 203:41-50. [PMID: 28010995 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to expand knowledge of cybersickness - a subtype of motion sickness provoked by immersion into a moving computer-generated virtual reality. Fourteen healthy subjects experienced a 15-min rollercoaster ride presented via a head-mounted display (Oculus Rift), for 3 consecutive days. Heart rate, respiration, finger and forehead skin conductance were measured during the experiment; this was complemented by a subjective nausea rating during the ride and by Motion Sickness Assessment Questionnaire before, immediately after and then 1, 2 and 3h post-ride. Physiological measurements were analysed in three dimensions: ride time, association with subjective nausea rating and experimental day. Forehead, and to a lesser extent finger phasic skin conductance activity showed a correlation with the reported nausea ratings, while alteration in other measured parameters were mostly related to autonomic arousal during the virtual ride onset. A significant habituation was observed in subjective symptom scores and in the duration of tolerated provocation. The latter increased from 7.0±1.3min on the first day to 12.0±2.5min on the third day (p<0.05); this was associated with a reduced slope of nausea rise from 1.3±0.3units/min on the first to 0.7±0.1units/min on the third day (p<0.01). Furthermore, habituation with repetitive exposure was also determined in the total symptom score post-ride: it fell from 1.6±0.1 on the first day to 1.2±0.1 on the third (p<0.001). We conclude that phasic changes of skin conductance on the forehead could be used to objectively quantify nausea; and that repetitive exposure to provocative VR content results in habituation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Mazloumi Gavgani
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2300, Australia
| | - Keith V Nesbitt
- School of Design Communication and IT, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2300, Australia
| | - Karen L Blackmore
- School of Design Communication and IT, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2300, Australia
| | - Eugene Nalivaiko
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2300, Australia.
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214
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Geisel O, Behnke J, Schneider M, Wernecke KD, Müller CA. Effects of repetitive imagination of alcohol consumption on craving in alcohol-dependent patients: A pilot study. Addict Behav Rep 2016; 4:51-57. [PMID: 29511724 PMCID: PMC5835979 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the majority of patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD), the clinical course is characterized by multiple relapses to drinking, frequently preceded by intense craving for alcohol. The present pilot study aimed to assess the effects of a repetitive imaginary cue-exposure protocol in reducing craving in recently abstinent alcohol-dependent patients. METHODS Sixty-four patients were randomly assigned to six intervention groups and were instructed to repetitively imagine: i) drinking a glass of their preferred alcoholic drink (low vs. high number of repetitions); or ii) drinking a glass of water (low vs. high number of repetitions); or iii) performing an analogous movement or performed no imagination. Additionally, 10 healthy controls were instructed to repetitively imagine drinking a glass of their preferred alcoholic drink (high number of repetitions). The levels of craving before and after intervention were measured using the Alcohol Urge Questionnaire (AUQ) and the Visual Analogue Scale for Craving (VASC). RESULTS Repetitive imagination of alcohol consumption did not lead to a significant decrease in craving in alcohol-dependent patients as measured by the AUQ and VASC. In contrast, healthy controls showed a nearly significant decrease of the urge to drink alcohol after applying the protocol with a high number of repetitions. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this pilot study might indicate an aberrant ability to habituate to alcohol-related stimuli in patients with AUD compared to healthy subjects. Future studies in larger samples are needed to further explore the effectiveness of imaginary cue-exposure interventions in alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Geisel
- Department of Psychiatry, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Behnke
- Department of Psychiatry, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Christian A. Müller
- Department of Psychiatry, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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215
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Janssens T, Steele AM, Rosenfield D, Ritz T. Airway reactivity in response to repeated emotional film clip presentation in asthma. Biol Psychol 2017; 123:1-7. [PMID: 27856329 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Emotional stimuli elicit airway constriction in individuals with asthma and in healthy individuals, but little is known about effects of repeated stimulation. We therefore explored the effect of repeated emotion induction on respiratory resistance (Rrs) using unpleasant, high-arousal surgery films and investigated effects of respiration and emotional reactivity. Twenty-six participants (13 with asthma) watched a series of 12 short, 45-s surgery films followed by 2-min recovery periods. Rrs assessed with impulse oscillometry was significantly elevated during films in both groups compared to baseline and recovered quickly after that. No habituation of airway responses occurred. Rrs was higher in participants who felt more aroused and less in control when watching the films. Changes in Rrs remained significant when controlling for changes in respiration or emotional experience. Thus, although unpleasant stimuli lead to elevated Rrs, airway obstruction is not exacerbated with repeated stimulation due to a fast return to baseline after stimulation.
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216
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Bushnell M, Umino Y, Solessio E. A system to measure the pupil response to steady lights in freely behaving mice. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 273:74-85. [PMID: 27494989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transgenic mice are widely used for the study of basic visual function and retinal disease, including in psychophysical tests. Mice have a robust pupillary light reflex that controls the amount of light that enters the eye, and the attenuating effects of the pupil must be considered during such tests. Measurement of the size of pupils at various luminance levels requires that mice remain stable over prolonged periods of time; however, sedation of mice with anesthesia and/or manual restraint can influence the size of their pupils. NEW METHOD We present a system to measure the pupillary light response to steady lights of freely behaving mice using a custom-built, portable device that automatically acquires close-up images of their eyes. The device takes advantage of the intrinsic nature of mice to inspect objects of interest and can be used to measure pupillary responses in optomotor or operant behavior testing chambers. RESULTS The size of the pupils in freely behaving mice decreased gradually with luminance from a maximal area in the dark of 3.8mm2 down to a minimum 0.14mm2 at 80 scotopic cd/m2. The data was well fit with a Hill equation with Lo equal to 0.21cd/m2 and coefficient h=0.48. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS These values agree with prior measurements of the pupillary response of unrestrained mice that use more laborious and time consuming approaches. CONCLUSIONS Our new method facilitates practical, straightforward and accurate measurements of pupillary responses made under the same experimental conditions as those used during psychophysical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bushnell
- Center for Vision Research and SUNY Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams St., Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Yumiko Umino
- Center for Vision Research and SUNY Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams St., Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Eduardo Solessio
- Center for Vision Research and SUNY Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams St., Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
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217
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Matsuo J, Ota M, Hori H, Hidese S, Teraishi T, Ishida I, Hiraishi M, Kunugi H. A large single ethnicity study of prepulse inhibition in schizophrenia: Separate analysis by sex focusing on effect of symptoms. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 82:155-62. [PMID: 27505440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in sensorimotor gating, as measured with prepulse inhibition (PPI), have been considered an endophenotype of schizophrenia. However, the question remains whether these deficits are related to current symptoms. This single site study aimed to explore clinical features related to the modulation of startle reflex in a large sample of Japanese patients with schizophrenia (DSM-IV). The subjects comprised 181 patients and 250 healthy controls matched for age and sex. Schizophrenia symptoms were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Startle reflex to acoustic stimuli was recorded using a startle stimulus of 115 dB and a prepulse of four different conditions (intensity: 86 dB or 90 dB; lead interval: 60 ms or 120 ms). Patients exhibited significantly reduced startle magnitude (p < 0.001), habituation (p = 0.001), and PPI (90 dB, 60 ms, p = 0.016; 90 dB, 120 ms, p = 0.001) compared with controls. Patients of both sexes exhibited significantly lower habituation and PPI (90 dB, 120 ms) compared with the same sex controls. We could not detect a significant correlation with any clinical variable in the entire patients, however, when men and women were examined separately, there was a negative correlation with the PANSS cognitive domain (ρ = -0.33, p = 0.008) in men, but not in women. Moreover, when patients were subdivided into four clusters, two clusters with high positive symptoms showed significant PPI deficits in men. Our results suggest that sensorimotor gating is impaired in schizophrenia of both sexes, and PPI deficits may be related to thought disturbance and disorganization in male patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Matsuo
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Ota
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hori
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Hidese
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiya Teraishi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikki Ishida
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moeko Hiraishi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.
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218
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Yoshida K, Mimura Y, Ishihara R, Nishida H, Komaki Y, Minakuchi T, Tsurugizawa T, Mimura M, Okano H, Tanaka KF, Takata N. Physiological effects of a habituation procedure for functional MRI in awake mice using a cryogenic radiofrequency probe. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 274:38-48. [PMID: 27702586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in mice is typically performed under anesthesia due to difficulties in holding the head of awake mice stably with a conventional three-point fixation method that uses a tooth-bar and earplugs. Although some studies have succeeded in fMRI in awake mice by attaching a head-post on the skull, this cannot be applied to fMRI using a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) cryogenic MRI-detector, CryoProbe, because it covers the head of a mouse closely. NEW METHOD We developed head-fixation implements for awake mice that are applicable to fMRI using CryoProbe. RESULTS A head-bar was surgically attached to the skull of a mouse that was then habituated to a mock fMRI-environment, two hours/day for eight days with physiological examinations of body-weight, fecal weight, electromyogram (EMG), and electrocardiogram. EMG power decreased with just one day of habituation, whereas heart rate decreased after at least seven days of habituation. Estimated head motions of awake mice during fMRI were significantly smaller than a voxel size. Unexpectedly, temporal SNR of fMRI signals for awake mice was higher than that for anesthetized mice held by a conventional method. Functional connectivity in the brain of both anesthetized and awake mice showed bilateral and unilateral networks. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S): fMRI using CryoProbe had been performed on anesthetized mice previously. Our method does not use anesthetics during habituation or fMRI. CONCLUSION Our method would be beneficial for translational research using fMRI in mice and humans because human fMRI is typically performed without anesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Yoshida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yu Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ishihara
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuji Komaki
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Tomohito Minakuchi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Tsurugizawa
- NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kenji F Tanaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Norio Takata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
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219
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Dutton CE, Badour CL, Jones AC, Mischel ER, Feldner MT. Affective lability predicts decreased habituation in posttraumatic stress symptom responding during a single laboratory session of imaginal exposure. J Anxiety Disord 2016; 43:52-57. [PMID: 27517669 PMCID: PMC5056138 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Affective lability, or the instability of emotional states, is associated with heightened levels of trauma-related emotional responding and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, the impact of affective lability, specifically on habituation to idiographic trauma cues, has yet to be examined among trauma-exposed individuals. The current study examined differential response trajectories to trauma-related imaginal exposure as a function of affective lability. Specifically, 72 women with a history of sexual victimization participated in a laboratory-based study involving a single session of repeated imaginal exposures to idiographic traumatic event cues. As hypothesized, participants higher in affective lability reported less reduction in trauma-cue elicited posttraumatic stress symptoms across exposure trials. Given these results, it will be important to continue to extend these laboratory findings to better understand how elevated affective lability is related to response to trauma-focused exposure therapy among individuals with PTSD or other trauma-related psychopathology (e.g., borderline personality disorder).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Matthew T. Feldner
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas,Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma
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220
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Takahashi H, Komatsu S, Nakahachi T, Ogino K, Kamio Y. Relationship of the Acoustic Startle Response and Its Modulation to Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Typical Development Children and Those with Autism Spectrum Disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 46:534-43. [PMID: 26362152 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2593-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Auditory hyper-reactivity is a common sensory-perceptual abnormality in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), which interrupts behavioral adaptation. We investigated acoustic startle response (ASR) modulations in 17 children with ASD and 27 with typical development (TD). Compared to TD, children with ASD had larger ASR magnitude to weak stimuli and more prolonged peak startle-latency. We could not find significant difference of prepulse inhibition (PPI) or habituation in ASD children compared to TD. However, habituation and PPI at 70-dB prepulses were negatively related to several subscales of Social Responsiveness Scale and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, when considering all children. Comprehensive investigation of ASR and its modulation might increase understanding of the neurophysiological impairments underlying ASD and other mental health problems in children.
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221
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Anderson JR, Hubert-Brierre X, McGrew WC. Reflections in the rainforest: full-length mirrors facilitate behavioral observations of unhabituated, wild chimpanzees. Primates 2016; 58:51-61. [PMID: 27629110 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-016-0574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We describe behaviors of unhabituated wild chimpanzees in Gabon during repeated encounters with large mirrors installed permanently in their home range. Movement in proximity to the mirrors triggered video cameras that recorded the scene. Data are presented for 51 mirror encounters spanning a 3-year period. After initial wariness, mirror-directed aggressive behaviors were common, especially in adult males, but aggression gradually diminished and eventually almost completely ceased. Focusing on the two mirrors that elicited most reactions, the percentage of chimpanzees showing tension or anxiety also decreased across encounters. These mirrors elicited a range of socio-sexual behaviors interpreted as having a reassurance function, especially when group-level tension appeared high. Chimpanzees also occasionally directed these behaviors towards their own reflection. Despite increasing habituation and positive attraction to the mirrors, none of the chimpanzees displayed signs of self-recognition. We conclude that a combination of large mirrors and video traps can provide valuable information about unhabituated, semi-terrestrial primates in their natural habitat, by inducing the primates to stay in one place for longer than they might otherwise do.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Letters, Yoshida-honmachi, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | | | - William C McGrew
- Division of Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge, CB2 1QH, UK
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222
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Austen JM, Strickland JA, Sanderson DJ. Memory-dependent effects on palatability in mice. Physiol Behav 2016; 167:92-99. [PMID: 27614065 PMCID: PMC5105885 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
While palatability depends on the properties of particular foods, it is also determined by prior experience, suggesting that memory affects the hedonic value of a substance. Here, we report two procedures that affect palatability in mice: negative contrast and flavour habituation. A microstructure analysis of licking behaviour was employed, with the lick cluster size (the number of licks made in quick succession before a pause) used as a measure of palatability. It was first confirmed that lick cluster size increased monotonically as a function of sucrose concentration, whereas consumption followed an inverted U-shaped function. In a successive negative contrast procedure it was found that when shifted from a high sucrose concentration (32%) to a low sucrose concentration (4%), mice made smaller lick clusters than a group that only received the low concentration. Mice exposed to flavours (cherry or grape Kool Aid) mixed with sucrose (16%) made larger lick clusters for familiar flavours compared to novel flavours. This habituation effect was evident after short (5 min) and long (24 h) test intervals. Both successive negative contrast and flavour habituation failed to affect levels of consumption. Collectively, the results show that prior experience can have effects on lick cluster size that are equivalent to increasing or decreasing the sweetness of a solution. Thus, palatability is not a fixed property of a substance but is dependent on expectation or familiarity that occurs as a result of memory. Consumption in mice is maximal with intermediate concentrations of sucrose. Lick cluster size increases monotonically as a function of sucrose concentration. A successive negative contrast procedure reduced lick cluster size. Flavour habituation led to an increase in lick cluster size. Memory has effects on palatability similar to altering the sweetness of a solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Austen
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Science Site, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Jasmin A Strickland
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Science Site, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - David J Sanderson
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Science Site, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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223
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Nedelec SL, Mills SC, Lecchini D, Nedelec B, Simpson SD, Radford AN. Repeated exposure to noise increases tolerance in a coral reef fish. Environ Pollut 2016; 216:428-436. [PMID: 27325546 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Some anthropogenic noise is now considered pollution, with evidence building that noise from human activities such as transportation, construction and exploration can impact behaviour and physiology in a broad range of taxa. However, relatively little research has considered the effects of repeated or chronic noise; extended exposures may result in habituation or sensitisation, and thus changes in response. We conducted a field-based experiment at Moorea Island to investigate how repeated exposure to playback of motorboat noise affected a coral reef fish (Dascyllus trimaculatus). We found that juvenile D. trimaculatus increased hiding behaviour during motorboat noise after two days of repeated exposure, but no longer did so after one and two weeks of exposure. We also found that naïve individuals responded to playback of motorboat noise with elevated ventilation rates, but that this response was diminished after one and two weeks of repeated exposure. We found no strong evidence that baseline blood cortisol levels, growth or body condition were affected by three weeks of repeated motorboat-noise playback. Our study reveals the importance of considering how tolerance levels may change over time, rather than simply extrapolating from results of short-term studies, if we are to make decisions about regulation and mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L Nedelec
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK; USR 3278 CRIOBE CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, CRIOBE, BP 1013, Moorea, 98729, French Polynesia.
| | - Suzanne C Mills
- USR 3278 CRIOBE CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, CRIOBE, BP 1013, Moorea, 98729, French Polynesia; Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", French Polynesia
| | - David Lecchini
- USR 3278 CRIOBE CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, CRIOBE, BP 1013, Moorea, 98729, French Polynesia; Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", French Polynesia
| | - Brendan Nedelec
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Stephen D Simpson
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Andrew N Radford
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
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Demers CH, Drabant Conley E, Bogdan R, Hariri AR. Interactions Between Anandamide and Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Signaling Modulate Human Amygdala Function and Risk for Anxiety Disorders: An Imaging Genetics Strategy for Modeling Molecular Interactions. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:356-62. [PMID: 26923505 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical models reveal that stress-induced amygdala activity and impairment in fear extinction reflect reductions in anandamide driven by corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 1 (CRF1) potentiation of the anandamide catabolic enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase. METHODS Here, we provide clinical translation for the importance of these molecular interactions using an imaging genetics strategy to examine whether interactions between genetic polymorphisms associated with differential anandamide (FAAH rs324420) and CRF1 (CRHR1 rs110402) signaling modulate amygdala function and anxiety disorder diagnosis. RESULTS Analyses revealed that individuals with a genetic background predicting relatively high anandamide and CRF1 signaling exhibited blunted basolateral amygdala habituation, which further mediated increased risk for anxiety disorders among these same individuals. CONCLUSIONS The convergence of preclinical and clinical data suggests that interactions between anandamide and CRF1 represent a fundamental molecular mechanism regulating amygdala function and anxiety. Our results further highlight the potential of imaging genetics to powerfully translate complex preclinical findings to clinically meaningful human phenotypes.
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Hartkopf J, Schleger F, Weiss M, Hertrich I, Kiefer-Schmidt I, Preissl H, Muenssinger J. Neuromagnetic signatures of syllable processing in fetuses and infants provide no evidence for habituation. Early Hum Dev 2016; 100:61-6. [PMID: 27423115 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Habituation, as a basic form of learning, is characterized by decreasing amplitudes of neuronal reaction following repeated stimuli. Recent studies indicate that habituation to pure tones of different frequencies occurs in fetuses and infants. AIMS Neural processing of different syllables in fetuses and infants was investigated. STUDY DESIGN An auditory habituation paradigm including two different sequences of syllables was presented to each subject. Each sequence consisted of eight syllables (sequence /ba/: 5× /ba/, 1× /bi/ (dishabituator), 2× /ba/; sequence /bi/: 5× /bi/, 1× /ba/ (dishabituator), 2× /bi/). Each subject was stimulated with 140 sequences. Neuromagnetic signatures of auditory-evoked responses (AER) were recorded by fetal magnetoencephalography (fMEG). SUBJECTS Magnetic brain signals of N=30 fetuses (age: 28-39weeks of gestation) and N=28 infants (age: 0-3months) were recorded. Forty-two of the 60 fetal recordings and 29 of the 58 infant recordings were included in the final analysis. OUTCOME MEASURES AERs were recorded and amplitudes were normalized to the amplitude of the first stimulus. RESULTS In both fetuses and infants, the amplitudes of AERs were found not to decrease with repeated stimulation. In infants, however, amplitude of syllable 6 (dishabituator) was significantly increased compared to syllable 5 (p=0.026). CONCLUSIONS Fetuses and infants showed AERs to syllables. Unlike fetuses, infants showed a discriminative neural response to syllables. Habituation was not observed in either fetuses or infants. These findings could be important for the investigation of early cognitive competencies and may help to gain a better understanding of language acquisition during child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hartkopf
- fMEG Center, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Franziska Schleger
- fMEG Center, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tuebingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Magdalene Weiss
- fMEG Center, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ingo Hertrich
- Hertie Center for Neurology, Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Isabelle Kiefer-Schmidt
- fMEG Center, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hubert Preissl
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tuebingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jana Muenssinger
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Bayreuth GmbH, Bayreuth, Germany
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Rupp C, Doebler P, Ehring T, Vossbeck-Elsebusch AN. Emotional Processing Theory Put to Test: A Meta-Analysis on the Association Between Process and Outcome Measures in Exposure Therapy. Clin Psychol Psychother 2016; 24:697-711. [PMID: 27561691 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In order to test the predictions derived from emotional processing theory (EPT), this meta-analysis examined correlations between outcome of exposure therapy and three process variables: initial fear activation (IFA), within-session habituation (WSH) and between-session habituation (BSH). Literature search comprised a keyword-based search in databases, a reverse search and the examination of reference lists. Of the 21 studies included in the analyses, 17 provided data concerning IFA (57 endpoints, total N = 490), five concerning WSH (7 endpoints, total N = 116) and eight concerning BSH (22 endpoints, total N = 304). Owing to this data structure, analyses were performed using robust variance estimation with random-effects models being assumed a priori. Results indicated that WSH and BSH are positively related to treatment outcome. By contrast, the statistical association between IFA and outcome of exposure was not confirmed, whereas our moderator analysis suggested that physiological process measures lead to higher correlations than non-physiological ones. The results for IFA and BSH were affected by selective reporting. In sum, our results do not specifically strengthen EPT while matching other theoretical perspectives such as inhibitory learning and reality testing. Further research is needed to provide recommendations concerning the best way of delivering exposure therapy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEY PRACTITIONER MESSAGE This meta-analysis examined three variables of emotional processing theory (EPT). Initial fear activation was not linearly related to outcomes of exposure therapy. Habituation within and between sessions were shown to correlate with outcome. Outcome reporting bias was shown to play a crucial role in this meta-analysis. Results do not specifically support EPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rupp
- Institute of Psychology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Philipp Doebler
- Institute of Psychology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Ehring
- Department of Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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van den Bulk BG, Somerville LH, van Hoof MJ, van Lang NDJ, van der Wee NJA, Crone EA, Vermeiren RRJM. Amygdala habituation to emotional faces in adolescents with internalizing disorders, adolescents with childhood sexual abuse related PTSD and healthy adolescents. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2016; 21:15-25. [PMID: 27591712 PMCID: PMC6987649 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A study investigating habituation patterns in the amygdala. Compares adolescents with internalizing disorders and adolescents with CSA-related PTSD. Initial heightened response and fast habituation in amygdala for the PTSD group. No habituation of amygdala response in the internalizing group. Possible difference in underlying neurobiological mechanisms for emotional face processing.
Adolescents with internalizing disorders and adolescents with childhood sexual abuse related post-traumatic stress disorder (CSA-related PTSD) show a large overlap in symptomatology. In addition, brain research indicated hyper-responsiveness and sustained activation instead of habituation of amygdala activation to emotional faces in both groups. Little is known, however, about whether the same patterns of amygdala habituation are present in these two groups. The current study examined habituation patterns of amygdala activity to emotional faces (fearful, happy and neutral) in adolescents with a DSM-IV depressive and/or anxiety disorder (N = 25), adolescents with CSA-related PTSD (N = 19) and healthy controls (N = 26). Behaviourally, the adolescents from the internalizing and CSA-related PTSD group reported more anxiety to fearful and neutral faces than adolescents from the control group and adolescents from the CSA-related PTSD group reacted slower compared to the internalizing group. At the whole brain level, there was a significant interaction between time and group within the left amygdala. Follow-up ROI analysis showed elevated initial activity in the amygdala and rapid habituation in the CSA-related PTSD group compared to the internalizing group. These findings suggest that habituation patterns of amygdala activation provide additional information on problems with emotional face processing. Furthermore, the results suggest there are differences in the underlying neurobiological mechanisms related to emotional face processing for adolescents with internalizing disorders and adolescents with CSA-related PTSD. Possibly CSA-related PTSD is characterized by a stronger primary emotional response driven by the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca G van den Bulk
- Curium-LUMC, Department of Child Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Consortium on Individual Development, Department of Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, P.O. box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute of Psychology, Brain and Development Lab, Leiden University, P.O. box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Leah H Somerville
- Department of Psychology, Affective Neuroscience and Development Lab, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Marie-José van Hoof
- Curium-LUMC, Department of Child Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; GGZ Rivierduinen, Psychotraumacenter and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, P.O. box 2211, 2301 CE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Natasja D J van Lang
- Curium-LUMC, Department of Child Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nic J A van der Wee
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre. P.O. box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eveline A Crone
- Institute of Psychology, Brain and Development Lab, Leiden University, P.O. box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Robert R J M Vermeiren
- Curium-LUMC, Department of Child Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Centre, P.O. box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Child Psychiatry, VU University Medical Centre, P.O. box 303, 1115 ZG Duivendrecht, the Netherlands
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Roberts AC, Pearce KC, Choe RC, Alzagatiti JB, Yeung AK, Bill BR, Glanzman DL. Long-term habituation of the C-start escape response in zebrafish larvae. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 134 Pt B:360-8. [PMID: 27555232 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The cellular and molecular basis of long-term memory in vertebrates remains poorly understood. Knowledge regarding long-term memory has been impeded by the enormous complexity of the vertebrate brain, particularly the mammalian brain, as well as by the relative complexity of the behavioral alterations examined in most studies of long-term memory in vertebrates. Here, we demonstrate a long-term form of nonassociative learning-specifically, long-term habituation (LTH)-of a simple reflexive escape response, the C-start, in zebrafish larvae. The C-start is triggered by the activation of one of a pair of giant neurons in the zebrafish's hindbrain, the Mauthner cells. We show that LTH of the C-start requires the activity of NMDA receptors and involves macromolecular synthesis. We further show that the long-term habituated reflex can by rapidly dishabituated by a brief tactile stimulus. Our results set the stage for rigorous, mechanistic investigations of the long-term memory for habituation of a reflexive behavioral response, one that is mediated by a relatively simple, neurobiologically tractable, neural circuit. Moreover, the demonstration of NMDAR and transcriptionally dependent LTH in a translucent vertebrate organism should facilitate the use of optical recording, and optogenetic manipulation, of neuronal activity to elucidate the cellular basis of a long-term vertebrate memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Roberts
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kaycey C Pearce
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ronny C Choe
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Joseph B Alzagatiti
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anthony K Yeung
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Brent R Bill
- Center for Autism Research and Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Biology, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - David L Glanzman
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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229
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Kleinhans NM, Richards T, Greenson J, Dawson G, Aylward E. Altered Dynamics of the fMRI Response to Faces in Individuals with Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 46:232-41. [PMID: 26340957 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2565-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal fMRI habituation in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) has been proposed as a critical component in social impairment. This study investigated habituation to fearful faces and houses in ASD and whether fMRI measures of brain activity discriminate between ASD and typically developing (TD) controls. Two identical fMRI runs presenting masked fearful faces, houses, and scrambled images were collected. We found significantly slower fMRI responses to fearful faces but not houses in ASD. In addition, the pattern of slow to emerge amygdala activation to faces had robust discriminability [ASD vs. TD; area under the curve (AUC) = .852, p < .001]. In contrast, habituation to houses had no predictive value (AUC = .573, p = .365). Amygdala habituation to emotional faces may be useful for quantifying risk in ASD.
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230
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Frost RO, Ong C, Steketee G, Tolin DF. Behavioral and emotional consequences of thought listing versus cognitive restructuring during discarding decisions in hoarding disorder. Behav Res Ther 2016; 85:13-22. [PMID: 27537707 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An essential criterion for hoarding disorder (HD) is difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, yet few studies have examined reactions to actual discarding behaviors. The present study examined whether individuals with HD differed from non-hoarding community controls (CC) in discarding behavior and emotional reactions to discarding. A second purpose was to examine the course of experienced distress following discarding. A third purpose was to determine whether HD participants responded differently to a simple thought listing (TL) instruction or to a cognitive restructuring (CR) protocol. Participants were asked to decide whether to keep or discard (a) a personal possession and (b) a newly acquired object (magazine). HD participants anticipated more and longer distress and reported stronger attachment motives than community controls, but they did not differ significantly from community controls in actual discarding behavior. TL was somewhat more effective than CR in improving discarding behavior and reducing negative emotions and attachments to discarded objects among HD participants. Reductions in distress were observed for both HD-TL and HD-CR groups. Thought listing may have reduced avoidance of decision-making about discarding or perhaps CR, but not TL, provoked therapeutic reactance. Discarding was not related to reductions in distress or hoarding-related beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy O Frost
- Department of Psychology, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, USA.
| | - Clarissa Ong
- Department of Psychology, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, USA
| | - Gail Steketee
- Boston University School of Social Work, 264 Bay State Rd., Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David F Tolin
- Anxiety Disorders Center, Institute of Living, 200 Retreat Ave., Hartford, CT 06106, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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231
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Thain PK, Hughes GT, Mitchell AC. The effect of repetitive ankle perturbations on muscle reaction time and muscle activity. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2016; 30:184-90. [PMID: 27471780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of a tilt platform to simulate a lateral ankle sprain and record muscle reaction time is a well-established procedure. However, a potential caveat is that repetitive ankle perturbation may cause a natural attenuation of the reflex latency and amplitude. This is an important area to investigate as many researchers examine the effect of an intervention on muscle reaction time. Muscle reaction time, peak and average amplitude of the peroneus longus and tibialis anterior in response to a simulated lateral ankle sprain (combined inversion and plantar flexion movement) were calculated in twenty-two physically active participants. The 40 perturbations were divided into 4 even groups of 10 dominant limb perturbations. Within-participants repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were conducted to assess the effect of habituation over time for each variable. There was a significant reduction in the peroneus longus average amplitude between the aggregated first and last 10 consecutive ankle perturbations (F2.15,45.09=3.90, P=0.03, ɳp(2)=0.16). Authors should implement no more than a maximum of 30 consecutive ankle perturbations (inclusive of practice perturbations) in future protocols simulating a lateral ankle sprain in an effort to avoid significant attenuation of muscle activity.
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232
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Raynor HA, Cardoso C, Bond DS. Effect of exposure to greater active videogame variety on time spent in moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity. Physiol Behav 2016; 161:99-103. [PMID: 27090231 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This investigation examined whether exposure to greater active videogame variety increases moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA). METHODS Twenty-three participants (age=22.7±4.2yrs; body mass index=23.5±3.0kg/m(2); self-reported MVPA=298.7±116.7min/wk; 62.2% female; 73.9% Caucasian) participated in VARIETY (4 different active videogames during 4, 15-min bouts) and NON-VARIETY (only 1 active videogame during 4, 15-min bouts) counterbalanced sessions. VARIETY provided a different active videogame in each bout. NON-VARIETY provided participants their most highly liked active videogame in each bout. The Sensewear Mini Armband objectively assessed MVPA. RESULTS For MVPA minutes, a session×bout (p<0.05) interaction occurred. In NON-VARIETY, bouts 2, 3, and 4 had significantly (p<0.05) fewer minutes than bout 1, with no decrease occurring in VARIETY. In bout 4, VARIETY had significantly (p<0.05) more minutes than NON-VARIETY. A main effect of session (p<0.05) occurred for MVPA minutes and energy expenditure, with VARIETY achieving greater amounts (31.8±14.3min vs. 27.6±16.9min; 186.1±96.8kcal vs. 171.2±102.8kcal). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to greater activity variety within a session increased MVPA. Future research should examine exposure to a variety of activities over a longer time frame with participants of differing lifestyles in free-living environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollie A Raynor
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, JHB 341, Knoxville, TN 37996-1920, USA.
| | - Chelsi Cardoso
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Avenue, JHB 341, Knoxville, TN 37996-1920, USA.
| | - Dale S Bond
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, The Miriam Hospital/Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, 196 Richmond St., Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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Zakharova I, Kohlmeyer JC, Kornhuber ME. Facilitation dynamics of late somatosensory evoked potentials after sural nerve stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:2545-50. [PMID: 27291872 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) could be suitable for elucidating the properties of synaptic potentials (SPs). Two experiments were designed for this purpose. METHODS 1st experiment: the sural nerve was stimulated in 13 subjects with single or trains of 3 stimuli (1Hz or 0.4Hz), the within train interstimulus interval (ISI) was stepwise extended from 2 to 10ms. Cz' against Fz, time interval 500ms. 2nd experiment: Gating was investigated in a paired stimulus paradigm with intervals of 0.7, 1, 2, 5s in 15 subjects after single and train stimuli (ISI 3ms) with equal stimulus and recording positions. RESULTS 1st experiment: N1-P1, P1-N2a, and P2-N2b but not N37-P40 displayed a significant gain in amplitude following train stimuli compared with single stimuli. Significantly larger N1-P1 amplitude values were observed with 0.4Hz stimulus repetition compared with 1.0Hz. Short ISIs of 2-4ms led to higher N1-P1 amplitudes than obtained with longer ISIs of 7-10ms. 2nd experiment: recovery of the habituated N1-P1 amplitude was complete when the 2nd of 2 stimuli followed after 2s. CONCLUSIONS SSEP vertex potential amplitudes (especially N1-P1) recorded after train stimuli presumably reflect the decay dynamics of excitatory postsynaptic potentials. Recovery of the habituated N1 (2nd experiment) was complete within 2s. SIGNIFICANCE Our study may be relevant to study properties of excitatory synaptic potentials in diseases of the central nervous system such as e.g. epilepsy or migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Zakharova
- Dept. of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - J C Kohlmeyer
- Dept. of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - M E Kornhuber
- Dept. of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Di Lorenzo C, Coppola G, Bracaglia M, Di Lenola D, Evangelista M, Sirianni G, Rossi P, Di Lorenzo G, Serrao M, Parisi V, Pierelli F. Cortical functional correlates of responsiveness to short-lasting preventive intervention with ketogenic diet in migraine: a multimodal evoked potentials study. J Headache Pain 2016; 17:58. [PMID: 27245682 PMCID: PMC4887398 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-016-0650-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Here, we aim to identify cortical electrofunctional correlates of responsiveness to short-lasting preventiveintervention with ketogenic diet (KD) in migraine. METHODS Eighteen interictal migraineurs underwent visual (VEPs) and median nerve somatosensory (SSEPs) evokedpotentials before and after 1 month of KD during ketogenesis. We measured VEPs N1-P1 and SSEPs N20-P25 amplitudes respectively in six and in two sequential blocks of 100 sweeps as well as habituation as theslope of the linear regression between block 1 to 6 for VEPs or between 1 to 2 for SSEPs. RESULTS After 1-month of KD, a significant reduction in the mean attack frequency and duration was observed (all P< 0.001). The KD did not change the 1st SSEP and VEP block of responses, but significantly inducednormalization of the interictally reduced VEPs and SSEPs (all p < 0.01) habituation during the subsequentblocks. CONCLUSIONS KD could restore normal EPs habituation curves during stimulus repetition without significantly changing theearly amplitude responses. Thus, we hypothesize that KD acts on habituation regulating the balancebetween excitation and inhibition at the cortical level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gianluca Coppola
- Department of Neurophysiology of Vision and Neurophthalmology, G. B. Bietti Foundation-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Bracaglia
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
| | - Davide Di Lenola
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
| | - Maurizio Evangelista
- Istituto di Anestesiologia, Rianimazione e Terapia del Dolore, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore/CIC, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Sirianni
- Delle Medical Center, Wellness and Dietary Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Rossi
- INI, Headache Clinic, Grottaferrata, (RM), Italy
| | - Giorgio Di Lorenzo
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariano Serrao
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Parisi
- Department of Neurophysiology of Vision and Neurophthalmology, G. B. Bietti Foundation-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Pierelli
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy.,INM Neuromed IRCCS, Pozzilli, (IS), Italy
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Snowden RJ, O'Farrell KR, Burley D, Erichsen JT, Newton NV, Gray NS. The pupil's response to affective pictures: Role of image duration, habituation, and viewing mode. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:1217-23. [PMID: 27172997 PMCID: PMC5031225 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pupil has been shown to be sensitive to the emotional content of stimuli. We examined this phenomenon by comparing fearful and neutral images carefully matched in the domains of luminance, image contrast, image color, and complexity of content. The pupil was more dilated after viewing affective pictures, and this effect was (a) shown to be independent of the presentation time of the images (from 100–3,000 ms), (b) not diminished by repeated presentations of the images, and (c) not affected by actively naming the emotion of the stimuli in comparison to passive viewing. Our results show that the emotional modulation of the pupil is present over a range of variables that typically vary from study to study (image duration, number of trials, free viewing vs. task), and encourages the use of pupillometry as a measure of emotional processing in populations where alternative techniques may not be appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Burley
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Abstract
Sensory specific satiety (SSS) describes the decline in pleasantness associated with a food as it is eaten relative to a food that has not been eaten (the ‘eaten’ and ‘uneaten’ foods, respectively). The prevailing view is that SSS is governed by habituation. Nevertheless, the extent to which SSS results solely from this ‘low-level’ process remains unclear. Three experiments were conducted to explore the hypothesis that ‘top-down’ cognitive activity affects the expression of SSS; specifically, we manipulated participants' expectations about whether or not they would have access to alternative test foods (uneaten foods) after consuming a test meal (eaten food). This manipulation was motivated by ‘Commodity Theory,’ which describes the relative increase in value of a commodity when it becomes unavailable. We tested the hypothesis that a decline in the pleasantness and desire to eat the eaten food is exaggerated when uneaten foods are unavailable to participants. None of our findings supported this proposition – we found no evidence that SSS is dependent on top-down processes associated with the availability of other uneaten test foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Wilkinson
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Jeffrey M Brunstrom
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TU, UK
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237
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Tjernström F, Zur O, Jahn K. Current concepts and future approaches to vestibular rehabilitation. J Neurol 2016; 263 Suppl 1:S65-70. [PMID: 27083886 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-015-7914-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades methods of vestibular rehabilitation to enhance adaptation to vestibular loss, habituation to changing sensory conditions, and sensory reweighting in the compensation process have been developed. However, the use of these techniques still depends to a large part on the educational background of the therapist. Individualized assessment of deficits and specific therapeutic programs for different disorders are sparse. Currently, vestibular rehabilitation is often used in an unspecific way in dizzy patients irrespective of the clinical findings. When predicting the future of vestibular rehabilitation, it is tempting to foretell advances in technology for assessment and treatment only, but the current intense exchange between clinicians and basic scientists also predicts advances in truly understanding the complex interactions between the peripheral senses and central adaptation mechanisms. More research is needed to develop reliable techniques to measure sensory dependence and to learn how this knowledge can be best used--by playing off the patient's sensory strength or working on the weakness. To be able using the emerging concepts, the neuro-otological community must strive to educate physicians, physiotherapists and nurses to perform the correct examinations for assessment of individual deficits and to look for factors that might impede rehabilitation.
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238
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Jones EJH, Venema K, Earl R, Lowy R, Barnes K, Estes A, Dawson G, Webb SJ. Reduced engagement with social stimuli in 6-month-old infants with later autism spectrum disorder: a longitudinal prospective study of infants at high familial risk. J Neurodev Disord 2016; 8:7. [PMID: 26981158 PMCID: PMC4791854 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-016-9139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects more than 1 % of the population and close to 20 % of prospectively studied infants with an older sibling with ASD. Although significant progress has been made in characterizing the emergence of behavioral symptoms of ASD, far less is known about the underlying disruptions to early learning. Recent models suggest that core aspects of the causal path to ASD may only be apparent in early infancy. Here, we investigated social attention in 6- and 12-month-old infants who did and did not meet criteria for ASD at 24 months using both cognitive and electrophysiological methods. We hypothesized that a reduction in attention engagement to faces would be associated with later ASD. Methods In a prospective longitudinal design, we used measures of both visual attention (habituation) and brain function (event-related potentials to faces and objects) at 6 and 12 months and investigated the relationship to ASD outcome at 24 months. Results High-risk infants who met criteria for ASD at 24 months showed shorter epochs of visual attention, faster but less prolonged neural activation to faces, and delayed sensitization responses (increases in looking) to faces at 6 months; these differences were less apparent at 12 months. These findings are consistent with disrupted engagement of sustained attention to social stimuli. Conclusions These findings suggest that there may be fundamental early disruptions to attention engagement that may have cascading consequences for later social functioning. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s11689-016-9139-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J H Jones
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, UK
| | - K Venema
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - R Earl
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - R Lowy
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA ; Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - K Barnes
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA USA
| | - A Estes
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA ; Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - G Dawson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - S J Webb
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA ; Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
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239
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Bhangal S, Allen AK, Geisler MW, Morsella E. Conscious contents as reflexive processes: Evidence from the habituation of high-level cognitions. Conscious Cogn 2016; 41:177-88. [PMID: 26946295 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Reflexes are often insuppressible, predictable, and susceptible to external control. In contrast, conscious thoughts have been regarded as whimsical, 'offline,' and shielded from external control. Recent advances suggest that conscious thoughts are more reflex-like and susceptible to external control than previously thought. In one paradigm, high-level conscious thoughts (subvocalizations) are triggered by external control, as a function of external stimuli and experimenter-induced action sets. It has been hypothesized that these conscious contents are activated involuntarily and in a reflex-like manner. If such is the case, then these activations should possess a well-known property of the reflex: habituation. Accordingly, we found that involuntary high-level cognitions (subvocalizations) habituated (i.e., were less likely to arise) after repeated stimulation. As in the case of the habituation of a reflex, this novel effect was stimulus-specific. We discuss the implications of this finding for theories about consciousness and about psychopathological phenomena involving undesired, involuntary cognitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Bhangal
- Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, United States
| | - Allison K Allen
- Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, United States
| | - Mark W Geisler
- Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, United States
| | - Ezequiel Morsella
- Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, United States; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, United States.
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240
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Yang A, Daya T, Carlton K, Yan JH, Schmid S. Differential effect of clomipramine on habituation and prepulse inhibition in dominant versus subordinate rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:591-601. [PMID: 26754403 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many patients with depression have comorbidities associated with an impairment of sensorimotor gating, such as e.g. schizophrenia, Parkinson Disease, or Alzheimer disease. Anti-depressants like clomipramine that modulate serotonergic or norepinephrinergic neurotransmission have been shown to impact sensorimotor gating, it is therefore important to study potential effects of clomipramine in order to rule out an exacerbation of sensorimotor gating impairment. Prior studies in animals and humans have been inconclusive. Since serotonin and norepinephrine levels are closely related to anxiety and stress levels and therefore to the social status of an animal, we tested the hypothesis that acute and chronic effects of clomipramine on sensorimotor gating are different in dominant versus subordinate rats, which might be responsible for conflicting results in past animal studies. We used habituation and prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response as operational measures of sensorimotor gating. After establishing the dominant animal in pair-housed male rats, we injected clomipramine for two weeks and measured acute effects on baseline startle, habituation and PPI after the first injection and chronic effects at the end of the two weeks. Chronic treatment with clomipramine significantly increased habituation in subordinate rats, but had no effect on habituation in dominant animals. Furthermore, PPI was slightly enhanced in subordinate rats upon chronic treatment while no changes occurred in dominant animals. We conclude that the social status of an animal, and therefore the basic anxiety/stress level determines whether or not clomipramine has a beneficial effect on sensorimotor gating and discuss possible underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Yang
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Tahira Daya
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Karen Carlton
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jin Hui Yan
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Susanne Schmid
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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241
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Sanguedo FV, Dias CVB, Dias FRC, Samuels RI, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. Reciprocal activation/inactivation of ERK in the amygdala and frontal cortex is correlated with the degree of novelty of an open-field environment. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:841-50. [PMID: 26685992 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) has been used to identify brain areas activated by exogenous stimuli including psychostimulant drugs. OBJECTIVE Assess the role of the amygdala in emotional responses. METHODS Experimental manipulations were performed in which environmental familiarity was the variable. To provide the maximal degree of familiarity, ERK was measured after removal from the home cage and re-placement back into the same cage. To maximize exposure to an unfamiliar environment, ERK was measured following placement into a novel open field. To assess whether familiarity was the critical variable in the ERK response to the novel open field, ERK was also measured after either four or eight placements into the same environment. ERK quantification was carried out in the amygdala, frontal cortex, and the nucleus accumbens. RESULTS After home cage re-placement, ERK activation was found in the frontal cortex and nucleus accumbens but was absent in the amygdala. Following placement in a novel environment, ERK activation was more prominent in the amygdala than the frontal cortex or nucleus accumbens. In contrast, with habituation to the novel environment, ERK phosphors declined markedly in the amygdala but increased in the frontal cortex and nucleus accumbens to the level observed following home cage re-placement. CONCLUSIONS The differential responsiveness of the amygdala versus the frontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens to a novel versus a habituated environment is consistent with a reciprocal interaction between these neural systems and points to their important role in the mediation of behavioral activation to novelty and behavioral inactivation with habituation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Velasco Sanguedo
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-600, RJ, Brazil
| | - Caio Vitor Bueno Dias
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-600, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flavia Regina Cruz Dias
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-600, RJ, Brazil
| | - Richard Ian Samuels
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Robert J Carey
- Research and Development (151), VA Medical Center and SUNY Upstate Medical University, 800 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Marinete Pinheiro Carrera
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-600, RJ, Brazil.
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242
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Avery SN, VanDerKlok RM, Heckers S, Blackford JU. Impaired face recognition is associated with social inhibition. Psychiatry Res 2016; 236:53-7. [PMID: 26776300 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Face recognition is fundamental to successful social interaction. Individuals with deficits in face recognition are likely to have social functioning impairments that may lead to heightened risk for social anxiety. A critical component of social interaction is how quickly a face is learned during initial exposure to a new individual. Here, we used a novel Repeated Faces task to assess how quickly memory for faces is established. Face recognition was measured over multiple exposures in 52 young adults ranging from low to high in social inhibition, a core dimension of social anxiety. High social inhibition was associated with a smaller slope of change in recognition memory over repeated face exposure, indicating participants with higher social inhibition showed smaller improvements in recognition memory after seeing faces multiple times. We propose that impaired face learning is an important mechanism underlying social inhibition and may contribute to, or maintain, social anxiety.
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243
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Ono S, Okanoya K, Seki Y. Hierarchical emergence of sequence sensitivity in the songbird auditory forebrain. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2016; 202:163-83. [PMID: 26864094 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-016-1070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bengalese finches (Lonchura striata var. domestica) generate more complex sequences in their songs than zebra finches. Because of this, we chose this species to explore the signal processing of sound sequence in the primary auditory forebrain area, field L, and in a secondary area, the caudomedial nidopallium (NCM). We simultaneously recorded activity from multiple single units in urethane-anesthetized birds. We successfully replicated the results of a previous study in awake zebra finches examining stimulus-specific habituation of NCM neurons to conspecific songs. Then, we used an oddball paradigm and compared the neural response to deviant sounds that were presented infrequently, with the response to standard sounds, which were presented frequently. In a single sound oddball task, two different song elements were assigned for the deviant and standard sounds. The response bias to deviant elements was larger in NCM than in field L. In a triplet sequence oddball task, two triplet sequences containing elements ABC and ACB were assigned as the deviant and standard. Only neurons in NCM that displayed broad-shaped spike waveforms had sensitivity to the difference in element order. Our results suggest the hierarchical processing of complex sound sequences in the songbird auditory forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Ono
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.,ERATO, Okanoya Emotional Information Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Emotional Information Joint Research Laboratory, RIKEN BSI, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuo Okanoya
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.,ERATO, Okanoya Emotional Information Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Emotional Information Joint Research Laboratory, RIKEN BSI, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Seki
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan. .,ERATO, Okanoya Emotional Information Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan. .,Emotional Information Joint Research Laboratory, RIKEN BSI, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan. .,Faculty of Letters, Aichi University, 1-1 Machihata, Machihata-cho, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8522, Japan.
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244
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Taylor L, Mumford P, Roberts M, Hayward S, Mullins J, Urbina S, Wilborn C. Safety of TeaCrine®, a non-habituating, naturally-occurring purine alkaloid over eight weeks of continuous use. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2016; 13:2. [PMID: 26766930 PMCID: PMC4711067 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-016-0113-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theacrine (1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid) is a purine alkaloid found in certain coffee (Coffea) species, fruits (Cupuacu [Theobroma grandiflorum]), and tea (Camellia assamica, var. kucha) that has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and neuro-locomotor properties. Recent preliminary research has also reported increased feelings of energy, reduced fatigue, and strong effects on improving focus, concentration, and motivation to exercise. The purpose of this study was to examine the safety and non-habituating effects of TeaCrine®, a nature-identical, chemically equivalent bioactive version of theacrine. METHODS Sixty healthy men (mean ± SD age, height, weight: 22.9 ± 4.7 years, 183.5 ± 9.2 cm, 86.5 ± 13.7 kg) and women (22.3 ± 4.5 years, 165.2 ± 12.3 cm, 69.0 ± 17.4 kg) were placed into one of three groups: placebo (PLA, n = 20), 200 mg TeaCrine® (LD, n = 19) or 300 mg Teacrine® (HD, n = 21) and ingested their respective supplement once daily for 8 weeks. Primary outcomes were fasting clinical safety markers (heart rate, blood pressure, lipid profiles, hematologic blood counts, biomarkers of liver/kidney/immune function) and energy, focus, concentration, anxiety, motivation to exercise, and POMS measured prior to daily dosing to ascertain potential tachyphylactic responses and habituation effects. Data were analyzed via two-way (group × time) ANOVAs and statistical significance was accepted at p < 0.05. RESULTS All values for clinical safety markers fell within normal limits and no group × time interactions were noted. No evidence of habituation was noted as baseline values for energy, focus, concentration, anxiety, motivation to exercise, and POMS remained stable in all groups across the 8-week study protocol. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the clinical safety and non-habituating neuro-energetic effects of TeaCrine® supplementation over 8 weeks of daily use (up to 300 mg/day). Moreover, there was no evidence of a tachyphylactic response that is typical of neuroactive agents such as caffeine and other stimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lem Taylor
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Human Performance Lab & Exercise Biochemistry Lab, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX USA
| | - Petey Mumford
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA
| | - Mike Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA
| | - Sara Hayward
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Human Performance Lab & Exercise Biochemistry Lab, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX USA
| | - Jacy Mullins
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Human Performance Lab & Exercise Biochemistry Lab, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX USA
| | - Stacie Urbina
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Human Performance Lab & Exercise Biochemistry Lab, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX USA
| | - Colin Wilborn
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Human Performance Lab & Exercise Biochemistry Lab, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX USA
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Boyle NB, Lawton C, Arkbåge K, West SG, Thorell L, Hofman D, Weeks A, Myrissa K, Croden F, Dye L. Stress responses to repeated exposure to a combined physical and social evaluative laboratory stressor in young healthy males. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 63:119-27. [PMID: 26441230 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to homotypic laboratory psychosocial stressors typically instigates rapid habituation in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis-mediated stress responses in humans. However, emerging evidence suggests the combination of physical stress and social evaluative threat may be sufficient to attenuate this response habituation. Neuroendocrine, cardiovascular and subjective stress responses following repeated exposure to a combined physical and social evaluative stress protocol were assessed to examine the habituation response dynamic in this context. The speech task of the Trier social stress test (TSST; Kirschbaum et al., 1993) and the socially evaluated cold pressor task (SECPT; Schwabe et al., 2008) were administered in a combined stressor protocol. Salivary cortisol, cardiovascular and subjective stress responses to a non-stress control and repeat stressor exposure separated by six weeks were examined in males (N=24) in a crossover manner. Stressor exposure resulted in significant elevations in all stress parameters. In contrast to the commonly reported habituation in cortisol response, a comparable post-stress response was demonstrated. Cortisol, heart rate and subjective stress responses were also characterised by a heightened response in anticipation to repeated stress exposure. Blood pressure responses were comparatively uniform across repeated exposures. Findings suggest a combined physical and social evaluative stressor is a potentially useful method for study designs that require repeated presentation of a homotypic stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Boyle
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - C Lawton
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - K Arkbåge
- Arla Strategic Innovation Centre, Arla Foods, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S G West
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, USA
| | - L Thorell
- Arla Strategic Innovation Centre, Arla Foods, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Hofman
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - A Weeks
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - K Myrissa
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - F Croden
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - L Dye
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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246
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Rispoli M, O'Reilly M, Lang R, Machalicek W, Kang S, Davis T, Neely L. An examination of within-session responding following access to reinforcing stimuli. Res Dev Disabil 2016; 48:25-34. [PMID: 26524727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has shown tangibly maintained challenging behavior can be temporarily decreased by providing presession access to the relevant tangible. However, the duration of this beneficial effect is unknown. We measured the subsequent duration of behavior reduction effects following presession access during extended classroom observation sessions by analyzing within-session patterns of responding in three children with autism. An alternating treatments design was used to analyze within- and across-session responding following presession access and presession restriction conditions. The cumulative frequency of challenging behavior was higher following the presession restriction condition for all participants and lower following presession access. Within-session analysis revealed the same basic pattern of responding across participants. Specifically, the first half of the sessions contained very little, if any, challenging behavior; however, after 60 min, the rate of challenging behavior began to increase rapidly for two of the three participants. Results are discussed in terms of implications for practitioners, satiation, habituation, and behavioral contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Rispoli
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
| | - Mark O'Reilly
- The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Russell Lang
- Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States
| | | | - Soyeon Kang
- The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | | | - Leslie Neely
- University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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Leljak-Levanić D, Mrvková M, Turečková V, Pěnčík A, Rolčík J, Strnad M, Mihaljević S. Hormonal and epigenetic regulation during embryogenic tissue habituation in Cucurbita pepo L. Plant Cell Rep 2016; 35:77-89. [PMID: 26403461 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1869-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Habituated embryogenic line of pumpkin contained more CKs and IAA, but less ABA than the non-habituated line. Pronounced hypomethylation correlated with the absence of 2,4-D, addition of 5-azaC, and the process of habituation. A comparative analysis between habituated and non-habituated embryogenic cultures of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) in relation to endogenous phytohormones, global DNA methylation, and developmental and regeneration capacities of the cultures was conducted. The analysis revealed more cytokinins (CKs) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), but less abscisic acid (ABA) in the habituated HEC line than in the non-habituated DEC line. Ribosides and ribotides were the most abundant CK forms in both HEC and DEC lines (75.9 and 57.6 %, respectively). HEC contained more free-base CKs (5.8 vs. 3.2 %), whereas DEC contained considerably more O-glycosides (39.1 vs. 18.3 %). Although prevalence of IAA was common for both lines, relative ratio of CKs and ABA differed between DEC and HEC lines. ABA was prevailing over CKs in DEC, while CKs prevailed over ABA in HEC line. Taking into account the importance of ABA for embryo maturation, the reduced endogenous ABA content in HEC line might be the reason for a 5-fold reduction in regeneration capacity compared to DEC. Both habituated and non-habituated embryogenic lines were highly methylated in the presence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Pronounced hypomethylation correlated with the absence of 2,4-D, addition of 5-azacytidine (5-azaC), but also with the process of habituation. The habituated line was resistant to the effect of hypomethylation drug 5-azaC and remained highly methylated even after the addition of 5-azaC. Also, 5-azaC did not change the developmental pattern in the habituated line, indicating the existence of separate mechanisms by which 2,4-D influences global DNA methylation in comparison to habituation-related global DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunja Leljak-Levanić
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mihaela Mrvková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Turečková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Rolčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Wagner A, Simmons AN, Oberndorfer TA, Frank GK, McCurdy-McKinnon D, Fudge JL, Yang TT, Paulus MP, Kaye WH. Altered sensitization patterns to sweet food stimuli in patients recovered from anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Psychiatry Res 2015; 234:305-13. [PMID: 26596520 PMCID: PMC6547368 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies show that higher-order appetitive neural circuitry may contribute to restricted eating in anorexia nervosa (AN) and overeating in bulimia nervosa (BN). The purpose of this study was to determine whether sensitization effects might underlie pathologic eating behavior when a taste stimulus is administered repeatedly. Recovered AN (RAN, n=14) and BN (RBN, n=15) subjects were studied in order to avoid the confounding effects of altered nutritional state. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measured higher-order brain response to repeated tastes of sucrose (caloric) and sucralose (non-caloric). To test sensitization, the neuronal response to the first and second administration was compared. RAN patients demonstrated a decreased sensitization to sucrose in contrast to RBN patients who displayed the opposite pattern, increased sensitization to sucrose. However, the latter was not as pronounced as in healthy control women (n=13). While both eating disorder subgroups showed increased sensitization to sucralose, the healthy controls revealed decreased sensitization. These findings could reflect on a neuronal level the high caloric intake of RBN during binges and the low energy intake for RAN. RAN seem to distinguish between high energy and low energy sweet stimuli while RBN do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Wagner
- University of California at San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA
| | - Alan N. Simmons
- University of California at San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Psychiatry Service, San Diego CA 92161, USA
| | - Tyson A. Oberndorfer
- University of California at San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA,University of Colorado Denver Health Sciences Center, Department of Internal Medicine, 12631 E. 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Guido K.W. Frank
- University of Colorado Denver Health Sciences Center, Department of Psychiatry, The Children’s Hospital, 13123 E. 16 Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Danyale McCurdy-McKinnon
- University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Psychiatry, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA
| | - Julie L. Fudge
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology and Anatomy, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642-8409, USA
| | - Tony T. Yang
- University of California at San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Martin P. Paulus
- University of California at San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Psychiatry Service, San Diego CA 92161, USA
| | - Walter H. Kaye
- University of California at San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA
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Glazer L, Hahn ME, Aluru N. Delayed effects of developmental exposure to low levels of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) on adult zebrafish behavior. Neurotoxicology 2015; 52:134-43. [PMID: 26616910 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. The most toxic PCBs are the non-ortho-substituted ("dioxin-like") congeners that act through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) pathway. In humans, perinatal exposure to dioxin-like PCBs is associated with neurodevelopmental toxicity in children. Yet, the full potential for later-life neurobehavioral effects that result from early-life low level exposure to dioxin-like PCBs is not well understood. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of developmental exposure to low levels of dioxin-like PCBs on early- and later-life behavioral phenotypes using zebrafish as a model system. We exposed zebrafish embryos to either vehicle (DMSO) or low concentrations of PCB126 (0.3, 0.6, 1.2nM) for 20h (4-24h post fertilization), and then reared them to adulthood in clean water. Locomotor activity was tested at two larval stages (7 and 14 days post fertilization). Adult fish were tested for anxiety-related behavior using the novel tank and shoaling assays. Adult behavioral assays were repeated several times on the same group of fish and effects on intra- and inter-trial habituation were determined. While there was no effect of PCB126 on larval locomotor activity in response to changes in light conditions, developmental exposure to PCB126 resulted in impaired short- and long-term habituation to a novel environment in adult zebrafish. Cyp1a induction was measured as an indicator for AHR activation. Despite high induction at early stages, cyp1a expression was not induced in the brains of developmentally exposed adult fish that showed altered behavior, suggesting that AHR was not activated at this stage. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of the zebrafish model in detecting subtle and delayed behavioral effects resulting from developmental exposure to an environmental contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilah Glazer
- Biology Department and Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| | - Mark E Hahn
- Biology Department and Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Neelakanteswar Aluru
- Biology Department and Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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250
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Coppola G, Bracaglia M, Di Lenola D, Di Lorenzo C, Serrao M, Parisi V, Di Renzo A, Martelli F, Fadda A, Schoenen J, Pierelli F. Visual evoked potentials in subgroups of migraine with aura patients. J Headache Pain 2015; 16:92. [PMID: 26527348 PMCID: PMC4630240 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-015-0577-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Patients suffering from migraine with aura can have either pure visual auras or complex auras with sensory disturbances and dysphasia, or both. Few studies have searched for possible pathophysiological differences between these two subgroups of patients. Methods Methods - Forty-seven migraine with aura patients were subdivided in a subgroup with exclusively visual auras (MA, N = 27) and another with complex neurological auras (MA+, N = 20). We recorded pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials (VEP: 15 min of arc cheques, 3.1 reversal per second, 600 sweeps) and measured amplitude and habituation (slope of the linear regression line of amplitude changes from the 1st to 6th block of 100 sweeps) for the N1-P1 and P1-N2 components in patients and, for comparison, in 30 healthy volunteers (HV) of similar age and gender distribution. Results VEP N1-P1 habituation, i.e. amplitude decrement between 1st and 6th block, which was obvious in most HV (mean slope −0.50), was deficient in both MA (slope +0.01, p = 0.0001) and MA+ (−0.0049, p = 0.001) patients. However, VEP N1-P1 amplitudes across blocks were normal in MA patients, while they were significantly greater in MA+ patients than in HVs. Conclusions Our findings suggest that in migraine with aura patients different aura phenotypes may be underpinned by different pathophysiological mechanisms. Pre-activation cortical excitability could be higher in patients with complex neurological auras than in those having pure visual auras or in healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Coppola
- G.B. Bietti Foundation-IRCCS, Department of Neurophysiology of Vision and Neurophthalmology, Via Livenza 3, 00198, Rome, Italy.
| | - Martina Bracaglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
| | - Davide Di Lenola
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
| | | | - Mariano Serrao
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Parisi
- G.B. Bietti Foundation-IRCCS, Department of Neurophysiology of Vision and Neurophthalmology, Via Livenza 3, 00198, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Renzo
- G.B. Bietti Foundation-IRCCS, Department of Neurophysiology of Vision and Neurophthalmology, Via Livenza 3, 00198, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Martelli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Tecnologie e Salute, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Fadda
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Tecnologie e Salute, Rome, Italy
| | - Jean Schoenen
- Headache Research Unit, Department of Neurology-CHR Citadelle, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Francesco Pierelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy.,IRCCS-Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
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