251
|
Abstract
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and tryptic peptide fingerprint analysis of the proteins made in a cell-free system derived from L-cells and immunoprecipitated with simian virus 40 (SV40) anti-T serum demonstrated that both SV40 large-T and small-T antigens are synthesized in vitro in response to mRNA isolated from productively infected CV1 CELLS. Sucrose density centrifugation in gradients containing 85% formamide showed that the mRNA's for both forms of T-antigen sediment at about 17.5S, with the mRNA for small-t sedimenting marginally, but reproducibly, ahead of the mRNA for large-T. Hybridization experiments using restriction endonuclease fragments Hae III-E and Hind II/III-B showed that all fractions active in the cell-free synthesis of both forms of T-antigen hybridized equally to both fragments. This suggests that the mRNA's for SV40 T-antigens are at least partly virus coded and that the bulk of the early SV40 mRNA contains sequence information from both ends of the early region. The data are consistent with the suggestion that the large-T mRNA is spliced. SV40 complementary RNA (the product of transcription of SV40 DNA using Escherichia coli RNA polymerase) was also translated in the L-cell system and gave two families of polypeptides which specifically immunoprecipitate with anti-T serum. One family (the small-t family) includes a polypeptide indistinguishable by gel electrophoresis and tryptic peptide fingerprinting from small-t isolated from cells. The other family (the 60K family) has a major component with molecular weight approximately 60,000 and includes other polypeptides with molecular weights ranging from approximately 14,000 to about 70,000. The 60K family has petides in common with large-T but not with small-T. Together, the peptides of the small-t and 60K families account for virtually all of the methionine peptides of SV40 large-T. We conclude from these results (i) that small-t is probably entirely, and large-T at least predominantly, virus coded; (ii) that the small-t and 60K families represent the translation products of two different portions of the early region of SV40 DNA (approximately 0.65 to 0.55 map units and 0.54 to 0.17 map units); and (iii) that although most, if not all, of the large-T and small-t peptides are present in the cell-free product, some feature of sequence arrangement of SV40 complementary RNA prevents the translation of full-length large-T and results instead in the synthesis of fragments. We suggest that the absence of a splice in the complementary RNA is responsible for this result.
Collapse
|
252
|
Smith AE, Smith R, Paucha E. Extraction and fingerprint analysis of simian virus 40 large and small T-antigens. J Virol 1978; 28:140-53. [PMID: 212599 PMCID: PMC354254 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.28.1.140-153.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A study of simian virus 40 (SV40) T-antigens isolated from productively infected CV1 cells using a variety of different extraction procedures showed that under some conditions the highest molecular weight form of T-Ag (large-T) isolated comigrated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with large-T from SV40-transformed H65-90B cells. Other faster-migrating forms of large-T are probably generated during the extraction procedure by a protease which is active at low pH, and such forms are probably experimental artifacts. After extraction under conditions which minimize proteolytic degradation of large-T, a further form of T-antigen was isolated; this has an apparent molecular weight in the range 15,000 to 20,000 and is referred to as small-t. Fingerprint analysis of [35S]methionine-labeled SV40 proteins showed that small-t has 10 to 12 methionine peptides whereas large-T has 15 to 18 methionine peptides. All but two of the methionine tryptic peptides present in small-t are also present in large-T. The fingerprint data also showed that T-antigens have no peptides in common with SV40 VP1. Experiments using reagents which inhibit posttranslational cleavage of encephalomyocarditis virus polyproteins showed that these reagents do not affect the synthesis of small-t and suggest that it is not made by proteolytic cleavage of large-T in vivo. An alternative model, which proposes that large-T and small-t are synthesized independently, is discussed in terms of the fingerprint data and the number of methionine tryptic peptides predicted from the primary sequence of SV40 DNA.
Collapse
|
253
|
Kamen RI, Wheeler T, Smith AE. Polyoma virus high molecular weight nuclear RNA codes for capsid protein VP2 in vitro. Virology 1978; 89:461-74. [PMID: 213877 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90188-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
254
|
Abstract
Polyoma virus mRNA, isolated from the cytoplasm of 3T6 cells late after infection and purified by hybridization to HpaII fragment 3 of polyoma virus DNA, was separated on 50% formamide-containing sucrose density gradients, and the fractionated RNA was recovered and translated in vitro. Analysis of the cell-free products showed that the minor virion protein VP3 was synthesized from an mRNA sedimenting at approximately 18S betweeen the 19S VP2 mRN and the 16S VP1 mRNA. Other experiments showed that the VP2 and VP3 can be labeled with formyl methionine from initiator tRNA. We conclude that there are three late polyoma virus mRNA's, each directing the synthesis of only one viral capsid protein.
Collapse
|
255
|
Glanville N, Lachmi BE, Smith AE, Kääriäinen L. Tryptic peptide mapping of the nonstructural proteins of Semliki Forest virus and their precursors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 518:497-506. [PMID: 656430 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(78)90167-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
256
|
Paucha E, Mellor A, Harvey R, Smith AE, Hewick RM, Waterfield MD. Large and small tumor antigens from simian virus 40 have identical amino termini mapping at 0.65 map units. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1978; 75:2165-9. [PMID: 209456 PMCID: PMC392512 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.75.5.2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Large and small tumor (T)antigens of simian virus 40 were synthesized in vitro with L-cell extracts that had been treated by the method of Palmiter to prevent amino-terminal acetylation of nascent proteins. Partial amino-terminal amino acid sequences of both forms of T-antigen were determined and found to be identical. Methionine residues were located at positions 1 and 14, a lysine residue at position 3, and leucine residues at positions 5, 11, 13,16, 17, and 19. These amino acid sequence data match perfectly the amino acid sequence predicted from a sequence of nucleotides in the E strand of simian virus 40 DNA which begins near the junction between HindII/III fragments A and C at about 0.65 map units. This strongly suggests that the sequence coding for the amino terminus of both proteins is located at this position. Furthermore, the data are consistent with a model for the synthesis of both forms of T-antigen that predicts that (i) small T-antigen is coded for by a sequence of nucleotides from the 5' end of the early region and (ii) large T-antigen is coded for by nucleotide sequences from two noncontiguous regions of simian virus 40 DNA.
Collapse
|
257
|
Melero JA, Smith AE. Possible transcriptional control of three polypeptides which accumulate in a temperature-sensitive mammalian cell line. Nature 1978; 272:725-7. [PMID: 643066 DOI: 10.1038/272725a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
258
|
Mangel WF, Hewick RM, Bayley ST, Wheeler T, Harvey R, Waterfield MD, Smith AE. Polyoma virus complementary RNA directs the in vitro synthesis of capsid proteins VP1 and VP2. J Virol 1978; 25:570-8. [PMID: 203720 PMCID: PMC353970 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.25.2.570-578.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyoma virus complementary RNA, synthesized in vitro by using highly purified Escherichia coli RNA polymerase and nondefective form I polyoma DNA, was translated in a wheat germ cell-free system. Polypeptides were synthesized that comigrated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels with the polyoma capsid proteins VP1 and VP2, although most of the cell-free products were of smaller molecular weights. The VP1-size protein specifically immunoprecipitated with anti-polyoma virus serum, and upon digestion by trypsin yielded [35S]methionine-labeled tryptic peptides that co-chromatographed with the [3H]methionine-labeled tryptic peptides of virion-derived VP1 on both cation-exchange and anion-exchange resins. The VP2-size in vitro product contained all the virion VP2 methionine-labeled tryptic peptides, as shown by cation- and anion-exchange chromatography and two-dimensional fingerprinting on cellulose. We conclude that full-length polyoma VP1 and VP2 are synthesized in response to complementary RNA and consequently that the viral capsid proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3 are entirely virus coded.
Collapse
|
259
|
Crawford LV, Cole CN, Smith AE, Paucha E, Tegtmeyer P, Rundell K, Berg P. Organization and expression of early genes of simian virus 40. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1978; 75:117-21. [PMID: 203926 PMCID: PMC411195 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.75.1.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The early region of simian virus 40 codes for at least two immunologically related polypeptides: large-T and small-t, with apparent molecular weights of 90,000-100,000 and 15,000-20,000, respectively. Because small-t shares methionine-containing tryptic peptides with large-T, the two polypeptides are probably coded, in part, by a common nucleotide sequence. To locate the coding sequences for large-T and small-t in the DNA, the production of these proteins was examined after infection of CV-1 cells with wild-type and deletion mutants of simian virus 40. We found that a deletion at the distal portion of the early region alters the structure of large-T but not of small-t; but deletions within the region between map coordinates 0.59 and 0.55 result in an alteration or absence of small-t and a normal large-T. These findings have been rationalized by a model that proposes the existence of two early mRNAs, one coding for large-T and the other for small-t. Both mRNAs span virtually the entire early region; but the mRNA coding for large-T lacks the nucleotide sequence between map coordinates 0.59 and 0.54. We suggest that small-t is translated from the larger of the two mRNAs, beginning at or near its 5' end and terminating at a termination codon at about map coordinate 0.54. Larger-T, on the other hand, is translated from the shorter mRNA, beginning at the same initiator codon, and, because of the deletion of the terminator codon at 0.54, translation proceeds to the terminator codon at or near map position 0.18.
Collapse
|
260
|
Abstract
Four cases of osteomalacia associated with the long term consumption of phenytoin (Dilantin) were admitted to a geriatric unit in a two-month period. No other cause for their disease was found. The diagnosis was made on biochemical data and no bone biopsy was obtained. Radiographic evidence was found in two cases only.
Collapse
|
261
|
Pawson T, Harvey R, Smith AE. The size of Rous sarcoma virus mRNAs active in cell-free translation. Nature 1977; 268:416-20. [PMID: 197417 DOI: 10.1038/268416a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
262
|
Wilkinson RE, Smith AE. Alteration of soybean complex lipid biosynthesis by s-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1977; 60:86-8. [PMID: 16660050 PMCID: PMC542553 DOI: 10.1104/pp.60.1.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr. var. Glabrous D62-7812) plants were grown in aerated Hoagland and Arnon mineral nutrient solution containing 0 or 2.6 mum S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) in a growth chamber. After 19 days exposure to EPTC, total leaf fresh weight was reduced 18% by 2.6 mum EPTC while total leaf fatty acid content was reduced 63%. Galactolipid content decreased while phospholipid content increased. Linolenic acid content decreased from 67.5% of the leaf total fatty acid content to 31.5% with 2.6 mum EPTC treatment. Equivalent increases were observed in palmitic (+6.3%), stearic (+1.1%), oleic (14.4%), and linoleic (+13.9%) acids.
Collapse
|
263
|
Wheeler T, Bayley ST, Harvey R, Crawford LV, Smith AE. Cell-free synthesis of polyoma virus capsid proteins VP1 and VP2. J Virol 1977; 21:215-24. [PMID: 189065 PMCID: PMC353807 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.21.1.215-224.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyadenylated RNA isolated from the cytoplasm of mouse 3T6 cells 28 h after infection with polyoma virus has been isolated and translated in vitro. Polyoma capsid proteins VP1 and VP2 have been identified in the cell-free product by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, specific immunoprecipitation, and tryptic peptide fingerprinting. Polyoma mRNA species have been isolated by preparative hybridization to purified viral DNA immobilized on cellulose nitrate filters and shown to code for both VP1 and VP2. These experiments establish conditions for the isolation of late polyoma mRNA and the cell-free synthesis of polyoma capsid proteins and indicate that the active mRNA species are at least partially virus coded.
Collapse
|
264
|
Carrasco L, Smith AE. Sodium ions and the shut-off of host cell protein synthesis by picornaviruses. Nature 1976; 264:807-9. [PMID: 1012329 DOI: 10.1038/264807a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
265
|
Abstract
Using a 10% aqueous acetonitrile solution for extraction and an identical solvent clean-up procedure, soil-based residues of the herbicides alachlor, benzoyl-prop-ethyl, flufenprop-isopropyl, flufenprop-methyl, dichlorfop-methyl, nitrofen, and profluralin were recovered reproducibly from three prairie soils fortified at 0.5 and 0.1 ppm levels. The acidic herbicides benazolin, 2,4-D, and 2,4,5-T, together with the acids derived from benzoylprop-ethyl, dichlorfop-methyl, flufenprop-isopropyl, and flufenprop-methyl were reproducibly recovered from the three prairie soils fortified at 0.5 and 0.1 ppm levels using 30% aqueous acetonitrile containing 1% acetic acid after identical clean-up stages. All compounds were analysed by gas chromatographic means utilising an electron-capture detector. The two procedures described were developed for the routine extraction and analysis of neutral and acidic herbicide residues from field soil persistence studies.
Collapse
|
266
|
Smith AE, Kamen R, Mangel WF, Shure H, Wheeler T. Location of the sequences coding for capsid proteins VP1 and VP2 on polyoma virus DNA. Cell 1976; 9:481-7. [PMID: 186193 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(76)90093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The 19S and 16S polyoma virus late mRNAs have been separated on sucrose-formamide density gradients and translated in vitro. The 16S RNA codes only for polyoma capsid protein VP1, while the 19S RNA codes in addition for capsid protein VP2. Since the 19S and 16S species have been previously mapped on the viral genome, these results allow us to deduce the location of the sequences coding for VP1 and VP2. Comparison of the chain lengths of the capsid proteins with the size of the viral mRNAs coding for them suggests that VP1 and VP2 are entirely virus-coded. Purified polyoma 19S RNA directs the synthesis of very little VP1 in vitro, although it contains all the sequences required to code for the protein. The initiation site for VP1 synthesis which is located at an internal position on the messenger is probably inactive either because it is inaccessible or because it lacks an adjacent "capped" 5' terminus. Similar inactive internal initiation sites have been reported for other eucarotic viral mRNAs (for example, Semliki forest virus, Brome mosaic virus, and tobacco mosaic virus), suggesting that while eucaryotic mRNAs may have more than one initiation site for protein synthesis, only those sites nearer the 5' terminus of the mRNA are active.
Collapse
|
267
|
Pawson T, Martin GS, Smith AE. Cell-free translation of virion RNA from nondefective and transformation-defective Rous sarcoma viruses. J Virol 1976; 19:950-67. [PMID: 184305 PMCID: PMC354936 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.19.3.950-967.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nondefective and transformation-defective virion subunit RNAs from two strains of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) were translated in cell-free systems derived from Krebs IIA ascites cells, wheat germ, and L-cells. In each case the predominant viral-specific product was a polypeptide of molecular weight 76,000 that is related to the internal viral group-specific antigens, as judged by immunoprecipitation with monospecific antisera and tryptic peptide fingerprinting. No difference could be detected between the translation products of 35S RNA from nondefective and transformation-defective RSV virions, nor of 35S RNA from different strains of RSV. The 76,000-molecular-weight polypeptide synthesized in response to 35S RNA in vitro was labeled with formyl-methionine from initiator tRNA. Models for viral protein synthesis are discussed in the light of these results, and arguments positioning the group-specific antigen gene at the 5' end of the 35S RNA are presented.
Collapse
|
268
|
Glanville N, Ranki M, Morser J, Kääriäinen L, Smith AE. Initiation of translation directed by 42S and 26S RNAs from Semliki Forest virus in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976; 73:3059-63. [PMID: 1067601 PMCID: PMC430927 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.73.9.3059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteins synthesized in vitro in response to 42S and 26S RNAs from Semliki Forest virus were labeled with formyl-[35S]methionine from initiator tRNA. One protein which comigrated with viral capsid protein was labeled under the direction of 26S RNA, and only one labeled peptide was detected after digestion with trypsin. Further digestion with pronase gave rise to the dipeptide fMet-AsN. Several labeled polypeptides were found in the 42S RNA directed product and these had molecular weights of up to 150,000. However, tryptic digestion of the product yielded only one formylmethionyl-labeled peptide, which had a different mobility from that directed by the 26S RNA. Further digestion with pronase gave a single dipeptide, fMet-Ala. This indicates that nonstructural proteins as large as 150,000 daltons are probably synthesized from one initiation site on the 42S RNA. Translation starting from the internal initiation site on the 42S RNA, which is equivalent to that on the 26S RNA, could not be detected under the conditions used. Internal initiation sites which are similarly inactive have also been detected in other viral RNAs (e.g., brome mosaic virus, tobacco mosaic virus, and polyoma 19S RNA) and this suggests that, although eukaryotic mRNAs can contain more than one initiation site for protein synthesis, only the site nearer the 5' terminus is active in vitro.
Collapse
|
269
|
Carroll RB, Smith AE. Monomer molecular weight of T antigen from simian virus 40-infected and transformed cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976; 73:2254-8. [PMID: 181749 PMCID: PMC430518 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.73.7.2254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T-antigens from simian virus 40 (SV 40)-transformed and lytically infected cells have been isolated by immunoprecipitation and their molecular weights estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. T-antigen from SV40-transformed mouse and hamster cells has an apparent molecular weight of 94,000 whereas that from several lines of SV40-infected monkey cells is 84,000. In a wheat germ cell-free system, mRNA from either transformed or productively infected cells is translated into a 94,000 species. Experiments with the protease inhibitors L-l-(tosylamide-2-phenyl)ethylchloromethyl ketone HCl and N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysylchloromethyl ketone HCl suggest that the 84,000 species of T-antigen found in infected cells is derived from the larger species by proteolytic cleavage. Further, the cleavage pathway probably involves a two-step reaction with an 89,000 intermediate. The biological significance of the two molecular weight forms of T-antigen is unknown, but the possibility that they have different physiological activities is discussed.
Collapse
|
270
|
Smith AE, Lord KA. Method for determining trace quantities of the herbicide chlortoluron in soils by liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1975; 107:407-10. [PMID: 1137997 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(75)80020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
271
|
Smith AE, Wheeler T, Glanville N. Translation of Semliki-Forest-virus 42-S RNA in a mouse cell free system to give virus-coat proteins. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 49:101-10. [PMID: 4459136 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
272
|
Smith AE. A multi-residue extraction procedure for the gas chromatographic determination of the herbicides dichlobenil, dinitramine, triallate and trifluralin in soils. J Chromatogr A 1974; 97:103-6. [PMID: 4421917 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)97594-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
273
|
Baucum DG, Smith AE, Weisberg P. Elimination of disturbing naptime behaviors of preschool children through withdrawal and re-presentation of TV audio reception. Psychol Rep 1974; 35:51-6. [PMID: 4421277 DOI: 10.2466/pr0.1974.35.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Withdrawal of the audio portion of midday television programs was used to suppress the “disturbing” naptime behaviors of three preschool children. Conversely, the contingent reinstatement of the audio portion following the occurrence of nondisturbing behaviors served to establish and maintain appropriate naptime behaviors. Free access to the audio and visual components, however, did not diminish disruptive behaviors.
Collapse
|
274
|
Abstract
The in vitro degradation of the herbicide bromoxynil at the 25 ppm level by a flexibacterium, strain BR4, was investigated. The degradation was monitored using gas-chromatographic and spectrophotometric analytical procedures. Breakdown was rapid with only 5% of the original herbicide remaining after 5 weeks. No detectable degradation occurred in sterile medium.Thin-layer chromatographic techniques were used to isolate and identify 3, 5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzamide and 3, 5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid as degradation products. A third metabolite was isolated but not identified.
Collapse
|
275
|
Smith AE. Letter: Hard cases and hard law. JAMA 1974; 228:25. [PMID: 4406134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
276
|
Mainwaring WI, Wilce PA, Smith AE. Studies on the form and synthesis of messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat ventral prostate gland, including its tissue-specific stimulation by androgens. Biochem J 1974; 137:513-24. [PMID: 4421176 PMCID: PMC1166151 DOI: 10.1042/bj1370513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
1. When prostate polyribosomes are labelled with radioactive precursors in vivo and subsequently dissociated with sodium dodecyl sulphate, a heterogeneous 6-15S RNA species may be identified that possesses all of the distinctive properties of mRNA. 2. Apart from the selective incorporation of 5'-fluoro-orotic acid into this 6-15S RNA component, it is bound by nitrocellulose filters under experimental conditions where only poly(A)-rich species of RNA are specifically retained. Most importantly, however, only the 6-15S RNA fraction is capable of promoting the incorporation of amino acids into peptide linkage in an mRNA-depleted cell-free system derived from ascites-tumour cells. 3. With the development of a simpler method for labelling the total RNA fraction of the prostate gland in vitro, the poly(A)-enriched RNA fraction may be readily isolated by adsorption and elution from oligo(dT)-cellulose. The synthesis of the poly(A)-enriched 6-15S RNA fraction is stringently controlled by androgens in a highly tissue- and steroid-specific manner. 4. From an analysis of the proteins synthesized in the ascites cell-free system in the presence of the poly(A)-rich RNA fraction, it appears that protein synthesis in the prostate gland is stimulated in a rather general way, even during the earliest phases of the androgenic response. This conclusion may require modification when more specific means of analysis are available than those used in the present investigation. 5. The implications of these findings to the mechanism of action of androgens are discussed.
Collapse
|
277
|
|
278
|
Elder KT, Smith AE. Methionine transfer ribonucleic acids of avian myeloblastosis virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1973; 70:2823-6. [PMID: 4355368 PMCID: PMC427117 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.70.10.2823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chick-embryo cells contain four isoaccepting species of methionine transfer RNA (I-IV). One species (I) is the initiator, tRNA(f) (Met), and the others (II, III, and IV) are the donors of internal methionyl residues (tRNA(m) (Met)). Over 85% of the tRNA(Met) in purified avian myeloblastosis virus consists of one tRNA(m) (Met) species, which resembles host-cell tRNA(Met) IV with respect to chromatographic properties on RPC-5, electrophoretic mobility of the terminal methionyl-oligonucleotide, and activity in cell-free protein synthesis in response to synthetic and natural messenger RNAs. Thus, tRNA(Met) IV of avian myeloblastosis virus is structurally indistinguishable from the corresponding host-cell species, and, although not involved in initiation of viral protein synthesis, is able to function in peptide-chain elongation.
Collapse
|
279
|
Phillips DV, Smith AE. A rapid method for gas chromatographic analysis of mono- and disaccharide mixtures. Anal Biochem 1973; 54:95-101. [PMID: 4725678 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(73)90251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
280
|
Smith AE, Wigle DT. A rapid assay for the initiation of protein synthesis in extracts of animal cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 35:566-73. [PMID: 4738396 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb02874.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
281
|
Reynolds GO, Smith AE. Experimental demonstration of coherence effects and linearity in microdensitometry. APPLIED OPTICS 1973; 12:1259-1270. [PMID: 20125508 DOI: 10.1364/ao.12.001259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Microdensitometer measurements of photographic film transmittance made at high spatial frequencies demonstrate that the basic instrument is nonlinear in that its response is a function of the spatial frequency and the mode of illumination. A method developed for measuring the spatial coherence, making use of a Wollaston prism shearing interferometer, has been applied to typical microdensitometers, documenting the existence of the partial coherence. The trace of a phase edge was found to be a graphical means of demonstrating one of the consequences of the partial coherence. Since partial coherence is present in all image-forming instruments, a linear instrument that avoids the imaging step and collects all the transmitted light has been developed. This linear instrument is limited in spatial frequency only by the size of the scanning spot. The system transfer function is the Fourier transform of the scanning spot irradiance. A linear microdensitometer was assembled on an optical bench using a cw laser source and standard microscope objectives, and it was used to trace a series of samples to test its response at high spatial frequencies. The linearity is demonstrated with both edge width measurements and flat response to a phase edge.
Collapse
|
282
|
Marcker K, Smith AE, Strycharz WA, Ranki M, Wigle D. Translational control in higher organisms? HOPPE-SEYLER'S ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PHYSIOLOGISCHE CHEMIE 1973; 354:597-8. [PMID: 4803497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
283
|
Smith AE, Koobs DH. Warburg Theory of Carcinogenesis. Science 1973; 180:816. [PMID: 17789246 DOI: 10.1126/science.180.4088.816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
284
|
Smith AE, Roy R, Scott C, Waheed I. Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E); reduction of urethan-induced respiratory depression in mitochondria. EXPERIENTIA 1973; 29:601-2. [PMID: 4730303 DOI: 10.1007/bf01926690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
285
|
Wigle DT, Smith AE. Specificity in initiation of protein synthesis in a fractionated mammalian cell-free system. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1973; 242:136-40. [PMID: 4349564 DOI: 10.1038/newbio242136a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
286
|
Smith AE. The initiation of protein synthesis directed by the RNA from encephalomyocarditis virus. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 33:301-13. [PMID: 4348443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb02684.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
287
|
Smith AE, Kenyon DH. A unifying concept of carcinogenesis and its therapeutic implications. Oncology 1973; 27:459-79. [PMID: 4578174 DOI: 10.1159/000224754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
288
|
Smith AE, Kenyon DH. Acupuncture and A.T.P.: how they may be related. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 1973; 1:91-7. [PMID: 4774360 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x73000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
289
|
Dixon LM, Hess RJ, Smith AE. Meningococcal arthritis. Mil Med 1972; 137:425-7. [PMID: 4630118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
|
290
|
Smith AE, Kenyon DH. The origin of viruses from cellular genetic material. ENZYMOLOGIA 1972; 43:13-8. [PMID: 5050651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
291
|
Smith AE, Bloom B. Air Quality Standards. Science 1972; 176:581. [PMID: 17778149 DOI: 10.1126/science.176.4035.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
292
|
|
293
|
Smith AE, Yamada EW. Dihydrouracil dehydrogenase of rat liver. Separation of hydrogenase and dehydrogenase activities. J Biol Chem 1971; 246:3610-7. [PMID: 4397104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
294
|
Smith AE, Raab K, Ekpaha-Mensah JA. Origin of enzymic and photosynthetic activity in a prebiotic system. EXPERIENTIA 1971; 27:648-50. [PMID: 5556441 DOI: 10.1007/bf02136939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
295
|
Smith AE, Fitzpatrick A. A thin-layer chromatographic procedure for the detection in soils and waters of herbicide residues commonly used in Saskatchewan. J Chromatogr A 1971; 57:303-8. [PMID: 5575726 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(71)80044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
296
|
Baganz PC, Smith AE, Goldstein R, Pou NK. The YMCA as a halfway facility. HOSPITAL & COMMUNITY PSYCHIATRY 1971; 22:156-9. [PMID: 5565046 DOI: 10.1176/ps.22.5.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
297
|
Smith DM, Smith AE. Uptake and incorporation of amino acids by cultured mouse embryos: estrogen stimulation. Biol Reprod 1971; 4:66-73. [PMID: 5110901 DOI: 10.1093/biolreprod/4.1.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
|
298
|
|
299
|
|
300
|
Smith AE, Marcker KA, Mathews MB. Translation of RNA from encephalomyocarditis virus in a mammalian cell-free system. Nature 1970; 225:184-7. [PMID: 4311932 DOI: 10.1038/225184a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|