Interaction between FtsZ and inhibitors of cell division

The interaction between inhibitors of cell division and FtsZ were assessed by using the yeast two-hybrid system. An interaction was observed between FtsZ and SulA, a component of the SOS response, and the interacting regions were mapped to their conserved domains. This interaction was reduced by mutations in sulA and by most mutations in ftsZ that make cell refractory to sulA. No interaction was detected between FtsZ and MinCD, an inhibitory component of the site selection system. However, interactions were observed among various members of the Min system, and MinE was found to reduce the interaction between MinC and MinD. The implications of these findings for cell division are discussed.

[Tropisetron for the prevention of nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy: multicenter clinical study]

The antiemetic effect of tropisetron was studied in 97 cancer patients (67 men, 30 women) receiving cisplatin in doses of 75 mg/m2 or higher. On 279 chemotherapy cycles studied (max 6 per patient) 5 mg of tropisetron was administered once a day i.v on day 1 and p.o. on days 2 to 6. Efficacy preventing vomiting and nausea was measured in 24 hour period as: complete control O episodes, major control 1 to 2 episodes, minor control 3 to 4 episodes and no control 5 or more episodes. Satisfactory vomiting control (complete and major) was 69%, 63%, 82%, 88%, 96% and 96% in days 1 to 6 of cycle 1. Satisfactory nausea control (complete and major) for the same days was 70%, 66%, 72%, 85%, 92% and 97%. Similar data was obtained for the subsequent cycles. Complete vomiting control was obtained in 47%, 35%, 56%, 72%, 81% and 84% and for nausea in 42%, 39%, 48%, 64%, 81% and 87%. 19 patients presented adverse effects (19.6%). Only 2 headache episodes had a definite relation with the antiemetic drug. 12 patients discontinued the medication; 6 due to drug inefficacy, 2 to illness unrelated to the drug, 1 to lack of collaboration, and 3 due to other reasons. We conclude that tropisetron allows satisfactory control of acute and delayed vomiting in a high percentage of patients treated with high doses of cisplatin. The drug does not have significant secondary effects. Tropisetron administration in only one daily dose implies an evident advantage and a treatment cost reduction.

Diagnosis of hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection by antigen-capturing ELISA

BACKGROUND

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of non-A non-B hepatitis. Detection of circulating antibodies against HCV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has provided the main approach for the diagnosis of HCV infection. Most ELISA kits use a mixture of core, NS3, NS4 and NS5 antigen as capture antigens and enzyme-labeled goat anti-human IgG as conjugate.

OBJECTIVES

To establish an ELISA system based on the antigen-capturing principle, using a recombinant chimeric polyprotein containing four HCV antigenic components as antigen.

STUDY DESIGN

HCV antigens were expressed in Escherichia coli as chimeric polyprotein either in inclusion bodies or in soluble form. Protein expressed in inclusion bodies was used as solid-phase antigen, and the antigen expressed in a soluble form was used as enzyme conjugate after being labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP).

RESULTS

Genes coding HCV antigens were cloned and sequenced, chimeric polyproteins containing four immunodominant components (core, NS3, NS4 and NS5) were expressed in E. coli both in soluble and in inclusion body form. These two chimeric proteins retained the antigenicity of HCV antigens. Antibody-capturing ELISA using the chimeric antigens showed a sensitivity of 97% (97/100) and a specificity of 98% (97/99) using the reference panel from the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutic and Biological Products of China (NICPBC); the same assay showed a sensitivity of 97.9% (48/49) and a specificity of 100% (43/43) using the self-established reference panel. Antigen-capturing ELISA was set up using the antigen labeled with horseradish peroxidase as conjugate, and was shown to be as sensitive as (97.9%) and more specific than (100%) antibody-capturing ELISA using the reference panel in this work. The antigen-capturing ELISA also showed a high accordance (98.9%) with UBI HCV enzyme immunoassay (EIA) 4.0 kits (United Biomedical Inc. USA).

CONCLUSION

Antigen-capturing ELISA provided a convenient, sensitive and more specific approach for the diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection.

[Experimental study on uptake of fluoride by dentin after pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradiation]

The purpose of this study was to determine the uptake of fluoride by dentin after pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradiation. Under SEM examination dentin lased by pulsed Nd:YAG laser appeared to be melted; there were no changes of calcium and phosphorus levels. Dentin irradiated by pulsed Nd:YAG laser and treated with 38% Ag(NH3)2F showed greater uptake and deep penetration of fluoride than topical application of fluoride alone, SEM examination revealed that CaF2-like and Ag3PO4-like deposits were formed on the dentin surface. These results suggested that pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradition could improve the absorption of fluoride in dentin.

[Clinical evaluation of force-sensitive probe in the examination of tooth sensitivity]

Two methods were tested for measuring the sensitivity of dentin to mechanical (force-sensitive probe) and cold air stimuli. Of the 212 sensitive teeth in 71 patients, 94.8% were sensitive to probe, with a mean threshold of 22.79g; 89.6% were sensitive to cold air. These two methods were significantly correlated (P < 0.001). The occlusal sites were less sensitive than the buccal sites measured by probe and cold air. It suggests that force-sensitive probe is a simple, quantitative method of measuring tooth hypersensitivity.

Induction by lipopolysaccharide of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA in rat brain; its possible role in the febrile response

Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is a newly discovered isoform of cyclooxygenase that is inducible by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or cytokines. This enzyme is considered to play a major role in inflammatory processes by catalyzing the production of prostaglandins. In the present study, induction of COX-2 mRNA in the rat brain by intraperitoneal injection of LPS was studied by the in situ hybridization technique with special attention paid to timing and sites of induction along with the time course of fever. In situ hybridization was carried out on sections of rat brain, 1 h (latent phase), 2.5 h (maximally febrile phase), 4 h (plateau phase), and 7 h (recovery phase) after the LPS injection, as well as on those from the brains of untreated and saline-injected rats. Injection of LPS induced COX-2 mRNA in the brain in two different constituents: neuronal cells and non-parenchymal cells of the blood vessels and leptomeninges. Induction in the neuronal cells was restricted to some telencephalic areas where the COX-2 mRNA signal was also detected in control animals. The signal was maximally enhanced by 50 to 80% over the basal level 1 h after LPS injection. The COX-2 mRNA signal was hardly detectable in neuronal and glial cells in other brain regions, including the preoptic area, either in control or LPS-injected rats. Strong COX-2 mRNA signals, however, appeared in the inner surface of blood vessels and the leptomeninges over the entire brain, including the preoptic area and its vicinity. The signals were not detectable in the brains of control rats and were most intense in the brains of rats treated with LPS for 2.5 h or 4 h. These results demonstrate that two major cell groups in the brain, neuronal cells and non-parenchymal cells, are responsible for the enhanced production of prostaglandins after systemic LPS treatment. Considering the site and timing of induction, we propose a possible role for blood vessels and leptomeninges as the source of prostaglandin E2 in the genesis of fever.

[Alkaline phosphatase levels in gingival crevicular fluid of periodontitis before and after periodontal treatment]

Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were collected from 204 teeth from 35 subjects, including 8 rapidly progressive periodontitis (RPP), 14 chronic adult periodontitis (CAP), 7 marginal gingivitis (MG) and 6 healthy subjects (H). The results of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) examination indicated that the ALP levels from CAP and RPP patients were significantly higher than those from H subjects and MG patients. The ALP levels were closely related to the amount of GCF flow and various clinical periodontal parameters, especially to probing depth and attachment loss. The ALP levels and the various clinical parameters decreased significantly after periodontal therapy. The present study suggests that the measurement of GCF--ALP could be an useful adjuctive criterion for detection of periodontal inflammatory status and extent of tissue destruction.

Gene fusion of cholera toxin B subunit and HBV PreS2 epitope and the antigenicity of fusion protein

A unique EcoRI site was introduced at the 3' end of cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) gene by site-directed mutagenesis, polynucleotides encoding 120-145aa epitope of HBV PreS2 were chemically synthesized and fused to the 3' end of cholera toxin B subunit gene. The fused gene was over-expressed (about 30 micrograms ml-1) in E. coli, and more than 95% of the fusion protein was secreted into the medium. The fusion protein expressed was purified by affinity chromatography. The chimera protein obtained bound to ganglioside GM1, and had the antigenicity of both cholera toxin B subunit and HBV PreS2 as confirmed by ELISA. After mice were immunized intramuscularly with the fusion protein, anti-CTB antibody and anti-PreS2 antibody were produced. These results indicated that the fusion protein retained not only the biological function of CTB but also the antigenicity and the immunogenicity of cholera toxin B subunit and HBV PreS2 epitope. This work provided a sound basis for further studies on the construction of engineered peptide vaccine.

[Inhibitory effect of anti-motoneuron serum on the neurite outgrowth of spinal cord explants (in vitro) and the cross-reactivity of serum to human and rat motoneurons]

The effects of rabbit anti-swine motoneuron serum (RAS), normal rabbit serum (NRS), skeletal muscle extracts (MET, 50 and 100 micrograms/ml) and brain extracts (BET, 50 and 100 micrograms/ml) on neurite outgrowth of neonatal rat spinal cord explants (in vitro) were studied after 5 days of treatment. In comparison with NRS (explants possessing neurite outgrowth accounted for 36.7%, n = 30), the neurite outgrowth of spinal cord explants was significantly accelerated by MET (96.7% of explants had neurite outgrowth), but inhibited by RAS (only 13.3% of the explants had neurite outgrowth). The cross-reactivity of RAS to the spinal motoneuron of swine, humans and rats were also demonstrated by immunocytochemical techniques.

[Relationship between levels of aspartate aminotransferase in gingival crevicular fluid and periodontal disease activity]

This paper describes a longitudinal study in which clinical parameters and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were monitored bimonthly over a 6-12 months period in 970 sites from 7 treated periodontitis patients. In this study, 21 out of 970 sites exhibited new attachment loss (AL) of at least 2mm between two consecutive visits. The GCF-AST levels and clinical parameters at sites with active tissue destruction (> or = 2mm AL within two months) were significantly higher than those at control sites on the same tooth. The GCF-AST levels and clinical parameters at sites with active tissue destruction decreased significantly after re-treatment. The measurement of GCF-AST could be an useful adjunctive criterion for detection of disease activity. However, it seems to be unsatisfactory in predicting disease activity.

Specific detection of a verotoxin 2 variant, VT2vp1, by a bead-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

A bead-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to specifically detect a Verotoxin 2 variant, VT2vp1, was developed. The sensitivity of the bead-ELISA was 200 pg/ml of the purified VT2vp1 and it did not react with 20 ng/ml of the purified VT2. The specificity of the bead-ELISA was examined with 107 strains of Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli that include VT1-, VT2-, VT2vha-, VT2vhb- and VT2vp1-producing E. coli, and only VT2vp1-producing E. coli that were confirmed by VT2vp1-specific polymerase chain reaction gave positive results. It was noted that all 58 VT2vp1-producing E. coli strains were from pigs, but not from cows and humans.

Construction of mutant genes for a non-toxic verotoxin 2 variant (VT2vp1) of Escherichia coli and characterization of purified mutant toxins

The gene encoding a Verotoxin 2 variant, VTvp1, was mutated by oligonucleotide-directed site-specific mutagenesis. Among 6 mutant toxins encoded by the mutated genes, E167Q-R170L (glutamic acid at position 167 and arginine at position 170 from N-terminus of the A subunit were replaced by glutamine and leucine, respectively) was found to have markedly decreased activities; inhibition of protein synthesis, Vero cell cytotoxicity and mouse lethality of the purified E167Q-R170L were 1/1,900, 1/125,000 and 1/2,000, respectively, of those of the purified wild-type VT2vp1. Since the antigenic property of the E167Q-R170L was demonstrated to be similar to that of the wild-type VT2vp1 by Ouchterlony double gel diffusion test and by neutralization test of Vero cell cytotoxicity of the VT2vp1, a possibility to use the mutant VT2vp1, E167Q-R170L, as a toxoid is discussed.

[The upstream sequence of cholera toxin B subunit gene: effect on CTB expression]

In this work, we have studied the effect of cholera toxin A structure gene on the expression of the distal ctxB gene by the methods of deletion and frame-shift mutation. The results showed that: The expression level of Plasmid pUC19CTB, which was constructed by cloning the XbaI-EcoRI restriction fragment into pUC19 and ctxA gene was out-frame with lacZ' gene, is about 30 micrograms/ml; If a frame shift mutation was introduced at XbaI site of pUC19CTB so that the cholera toxin A gene was inframe with lacZ' and could be translated, the expression level of ctxB was decreased to 12 micrograms/ml; When A further deletion from XbaI to ClaI of cholera toxin A gene (about 550bp) was made and ctxA was outframe with LacZ', ctxB expression was decreased two fold compared to pUC19CTB; If the ctxA was inframe with LacZ' so ctxA gene could be translated, the expression level of CTB is much lower than the plasmid outframe with lacZ'. These observations could not be explained by the current knowledge about genetical regulation of cholera toxin operon. The promoter we found located in the cholera toxin A subunit gene, which is responsible for the expression of cholera toxin B subunit, may answer the question why the 550bp non-coding sequence could enhance the expression of cholera toxin B subunit.

Purification and some properties of a Vero toxin 2 (Shiga-like toxin II) variant (SLT-IIva) of Escherichia coli isolated from infantile diarrhea

A variant of Vero toxin 2 (VT2), or Shiga-like toxin II (SLT-II) was purified from a cloned strain of Escherichia coli carrying a gene that encodes SLT-IIva, which is most closely related to SLT-IIv (VT2vp, VTe) in its nucleotide sequence. The purified SLT-IIva showed a slight difference from the purified SLT-IIv (VT2vp) in mobility on polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis and SDS-polyacrylamide gel slab electrophoresis and in pI, but both showed a similar potency in biological activities. Ouchterlony double diffusion test revealed that the purified SLT-IIva and SLT-IIv (VT2vp) formed a spur against anti-SLT-IIva and anti-SLT-IIv (VT2vp) antisera.

Probenecid-resistant J774 cell expression of enhanced organic anion transport by a mechanism distinct from multidrug resistance

Macrophages possess organic anion transporters that carry membrane-impermeant fluorescent dyes, such as lucifer yellow (LY) and carboxy-fluorescein, from the cytoplasm into endosomes and out of the cells. Probenecid, an organic anion transport inhibitor, blocks these processes. Prolonged incubation of J774 cells in medium containing 2.5 mM probenecid eventually kills most of these cells. To identify J774 variants that express increased organic anion transport activity, we selected probenecid-resistant (PBR) J774 cells by growing them in medium containing increasing concentrations of probenecid. When PBR and unselected J774 cells were loaded with LY by ATP4- permeabilization, the amount of LY accumulated by the PBR cells was about half that in the unselected cells. This difference was abolished by adding 10 mM probenecid to the medium in which the cells were loaded, suggesting that the diminished LY accumulation in PBR cells was due to enhanced LY secretion and that the PBR cells expressed increased organic anion transport activity. Direct comparison of LY efflux from J774 and PBR J774 cells showed a faster initial rate of secretion of LY from PBR J774 cells than from unselected J774 cells. To determine whether LY efflux is mediated by P-glycoprotein, we compared LY efflux in unselected J774 cells, PBR J774 cells, and multidrug-resistant J774 cells (J7.C1). LY efflux from J7.C1 cells was not sensitive to verapamil, which inhibits multidrug-resistance transporters, and reverses the multidrug-resistant phenotype of J7.C1 cells. The rates of LY efflux from unselected J774 and J7.C1 cells were virtually identical.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[Androgen receptors in muscles mediate the trophic effect of testosterone on axotomized neurons]

In order to further explore the hypothesis that muscles are the primary action site for testosterone, the present study examined the effect of androgen receptor blockade in effector muscles on the efficacy of testosterone in preventing neuronal cell loss following axotomy. Hydroxyflutamide (HF), an androgen antagonist that acts competitively at the hormone receptor site, was administered into muscles of the tongue when animals were treated with testosterone following unilateral transection of the hypoglossal and facial nerves. The ability of testosterone to prevent neuronal cell loss in the axotomized hypoglossal and facial motor nucleus was examined. The results demonstrated that hydroxyflutamide completely negates the survival-promoting effect of testosterone on axotomized motoneurons.

[Malignant lymphomas. Preliminary report of the National Protocol of Antineoplastic Drugs]

The first results of the management of adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma according to the National Protocol are reported. 164 pts (71 female and 93 male), aged 50 (range 15 to 79 years) were included. 89 pts had lymphomas with intermediate, 34 with low and 24 with high grade malignancy. 65% had advanced stages (III and IV). In the low grade malignancy group 38% were in complete remission and actuarial survival at 20 months was 80%. In the intermediate grade group, stages I and II the corresponding values were 79 and 85%; in the intermediate grade stages III and IV, 58 and 69%, and in the high grade group 61 and 77%. Bone marrow toxicity and infections were the main complications. 32 pts have died, 10 of them with drug toxicity complications.

Pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in patients undergoing hemodialysis with polyacrylonitrile

The pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in patients undergoing dialysis with cuprophane membranes are well known, however little has been reported of the use of polyacrylonitrile membranes in dialysis. We studied, in a crossover design, eight dialysis patients (7 men, 1 woman) aged 30 to 66 years who prospectively received 1 gram of vancomycin i.v. before first dialysis and were subsequently hemodialyzed with cuprophane every second day for a total of three times. A month later trial was repeated using polyacrylonitrile. A mono-compartment model was used to calculated pharmacokinetic parameters. Mean +/- standard deviation of vancomycin clearance varied from 5.2 +/- 2.1 ml/min in the interdialysis period to 9.7 +/- 2.7 ml/min during dialysis with cuprophane and to 58.4 +/- 15.6 ml/min during dialysis with polyacrylonitrile (p less than 0.001). Vancomycin half-life varied from 71.5 +/- 23.0 to 35.9 +/- 9.8 and to 6.1 +/- 1.4 hours, respectively (p less than 0.001). Fractional removal of vancomycin increased from 4% using the cuprophane dialyzer to 34% using the polyacrylonitrile dialyzer (p less than 0.001). Serum vancomycin levels at 100 and 168 hours were higher with cuprophane than with polyacrylonitrile (7.0 +/- 2.2 vs 3.9 +/- 1.2 micrograms/ml) (p less than 0.001). Moreover, the mean levels at 100 hours were suboptimal on polyacrylonitrile. Approximately 208 +/- 53 mg of vancomycin were removed during one polyacrylonitrile dialysis. Thus, those patients who undergo dialysis with polyacrylonitrile and are treated with vancomycin may need supplementary doses post dialysis or to lessen dosage intervals than those traditionally used for dialysis patients since clearance of the drug is significantly higher than with cuprophane dialyzers. Continuous monitoring of vancomycin levels is also recommended.

[Pharmacological studies on Bombyx mori L]

The toxicity of the Bombyx mori extract is very low. It can promote the growth of under-aged male mice, and increase markedly the weight of the prostate glands, seminal vesicles and preputial glands in castrated rats of mice. The results of the experiments have shown that Bombyx mori has androgen-like action.

[Treatment of Hodgkin's disease. National Protocol of Antineoplastic Drugs: preliminary report]

We report preliminary results of treatment of Hodgkin disease according to the National Protocol on Antineoplastic Drugs. 37 males and 22 females with a median age of 34 years (range 16 to 76) were treated. Patients with stages I or II received radiotherapy alone or chemotherapy (C-MOPP) followed by radiotherapy. Patients with stages III or IV received radiotherapy and chemotherapy or alternating courses of C-MOPP and ABVD. Complete remission was observed in 74% of 39 patients completing full therapy. Complete remission was more common in patients with nodular sclerosis without B symptoms and under 45 years of age. Actuarial survival at 22 months was 79%, significantly higher for patients with nodular sclerosis compared to patients with lymphocytic depletion. Different treatments in patients at stages I and II or III and IV gave comparable results. Complications included infection with the Chickenpox-Zoster virus, pneumonia and fever of unknown origin. Mortality was associated to older age, complications of treatment or failure to comply with therapy.

[Determination of serum antibody against Bacteroides gingivalis from rapidly progressive periodontitis and juvenile periodontitis patients]

Bacteroides gingivitis (Bg) is one of the major pathogens associated with periodontitis. This is the first report in China on serum antibody level against Bg from patients with rapidly progressive periodontitis (RPP) and juvenile periodontitis (JP) using ELISA method. 21 RPP patients, 20 JP patients and 30 healthy subjects (H) were involved in this study. The results showed that the ratio of positive antibody response was 100% in RPP, 80% in JP and 30% in control group. The antibody response in both RPP and JP groups were significantly greater than that in healthy group (P less than 0.001). The difference between RPP and JP groups were also statistically significant (P less than 0.05).

[Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults: preliminary report of the national protocol on antineoplastic drugs]

We report preliminary results from a national protocol for treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. 44 patients, 15 females and 29 males with age range 15 to 65 years (median 27) were treated and followed for 22 months. Complete remission was observed in 33 (77%) of 43 patients with a known induction result. Remission was 100%, 86% and 61% for low (3), medium or high risk patients (p = 0.03). Complete remission occurred more often in patients with WBC less than 35,000 or granulocyte counts greater than 100. Actuarial survival rate at 22 months was 60% overall and 100%, 64% and 50% for the low, intermediate and high risk groups, respectively (NS). Death occurred in 16 patients, 5 during induction, 3 during complete remission, 6 during relapse and 2 after induction failure. Infections were the main cause of death in all groups.

Power distribution in the luminescent waveguide

This paper describes how to calculate the power distribution emitted by luminescent particles which are mixed in the film of the waveguide, i.e., the percentage of the power transported by each guided mode, emitted to the cladding and the substrate. For our sample, they are ~20%, 25%, and 55% separately. Some calculated results have been proved: the powers of the TE and TM modes of the luminescent waveguide in the same order are almost the same; the order of the film mode is lower; its power is larger.

[Treatment of acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia in adults. Preliminary report from the national protocol on antineoplastic drugs]

After a follow up of 22 months we report results of treatment on 44 patients (22 males), aged 16 to 63 years, with acute non lymphoblastic leukemia. Complete remission was obtained in 22 patients. This was significantly more frequent in patients under 40 years of age with white cell counts under 35,000 and without metabolic complications nor disseminated intravascular coagulation before treatment. Delaying chemotherapy for 5 days after diagnosis was also associated to a better prognosis. Overall actuarial survival rate was 37% at 15 months, 55% for those experiencing a first remission. A total of 25 patients [corrected] have died, 15 during induction of therapy, 7 after complete remission and 3 after failure of induction. Infections are the main cause of death during induction, with a high lethality for sepsis (33%) and pneumonia (40%).

In-vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability of LY163892

LY163892 is a new orally absorbed carbacephem. It inhibited Streptococcus pyogenes and Str. pneumoniae at less than or equal to 1 mg/l, but was less active against group B streptococci and groups C, F, G and bovis streptococci with MICs of 1 to 2 mg/l for most but as high as 8 mg/l for some isolates. MIC90 of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus was 8 mg/l, but greater than 128 mg/l for methicillin-resistant staphylococci. LY163892 had activity similar to cefaclor and cephalexin with MIC90 values of 16 mg/l for Escherichia coli, 8 mg/l for Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Yersinia enterocolitica, but was more active against Haemophilus influenzae, and Branhamella catarrhalis. It had no activity against Enterobacter, Providencia, Serratia, and Pseudomonas and Bacteroides spp. LY163892 was more rapidly lytic than cephalexin. It was hydrolyzed by a number of plasmid and chromosomal beta-lactamases. For TEM-1, the Km = 354.7 microM, Vmax = 2.5 microMoles/min/mg of protein, P99 Km = 24.3 microM, Vmax = 28.9 microM/min/micrograms of protein, Staph. aureus PC Km = 47.4 microM, Vmax = 2.7 microMoles/min/mg of protein. Overall it had beta-lactamase stability similar to cefaclor, less than cephalexin, and markedly less than cefuroxime.