Abnormalities of myeloid progenitor cells after "successful" bone marrow transplantation

We studied recovery of peripheral blood- and bone marrow-derived myeloid progenitor cells (CFU-G,M) in 29 patients who received bone marrow transplants 2 mo to 8.5 yr previously. All patients had normal levels of peripheral blood neutrophils, normal bone marrow cellularity, and a normal myeloid-erythroid ratio. Both peripheral blood- and bone marrow-derived CFU-G,M were markedly reduced compared with normal controls and bone marrow donors [5 +/- 1/10(6) vs. 37 +/- 4/10(6) (P less than 0.001) and 23 +/- 5/2 x 10(5) vs. 170 +/- 21/2 x 10(5) (P less than 0.001)]. Five patients had no detectable CFU-G,M even when 10(6) bone marrow cels were plated. These abnormalities of CFU-G,M were unrelated to age, sex, diagnosis, conditioning regimen, dose of bone marrow cells transplanted, and presence or absence of graft-vs.-host disease. Patients who received either autotransplants or transplants from identical twins also had decreased or absent CFU-G,M indicating that allogeneic factors and posttransplant immune suppressor with methotrexate or corticosteroids were not major determinants of this abnormality. Co-culture of normal or donor peripheral blood or bone marrow mononuclear cells with recipients peripheral blood or bone marrow mononuclear cells, purified T cells, or serum failed to show any evidence of active CFU-G,M suppression. Furthermore, the abnormality of CFU-G,M could not be corrected by the addition of normal syngeneic (donor) hematopoietic cells or serum. Depletion of T-cells from recipient bone marrow by physical techniques resulted in marked increase in CFU-G,M (36 +/- 13 vs. 138 +/- 36; P less than 0.05). The abnormality could be reproduced in vitro by readdition of autologous T cells. In contrast to results with T cell depletion by physical techniques, T cell depletion with a monoclonal anti-T antibody (B7) and complement had no effect. These data indicate that most-transplant recipients have a marked abnormality in CFU-G,M when these cells are cultured in vitro. In at least some of these patients, the decreased cloning efficiency of CFU-G,M appears to be mediated by a suppressive effect of autologous T cells.

Current status of activity assays for tissue plasminogen activator

Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) is a serine protease involved in the fibrinolytic system that dissolves blood clots. The enzyme catalyzes the conversion of a zymogen, plasminogen, to the enzymatically active form, plasmin, by limited proteolysis. In the course of searching for specific activity assays that might be useful in monitoring the purification of TPA, we have developed several coupled photometric assays. In addition, radioactive, agarose-plate, and other activity assays have also been considered and investigated for this purpose (Table 1). We have previously reported the one-step photometric procedure consisting of a thioester, thiobenzyl benzyloxycarbonyl-lysine (Z-Lys-S-Bzl) and fibrinogen-coated plates. It is simpler and more sensitive than the old two-step method without using immobilized fibrinogen. The new assay has been used successfully for protein purification and can be easily adapted to automated processes. Recently, other chromogenic substrates, D-Val-L-Leu-L-Lys-p-nitroanilide (Val-Leu-Lys-pNA) and D-Ile-L-Pro-L-Arg-p-nitroanilide (Ile-Pro-Arg-pNA) were also used in the one-step assay. It is found that TPA activity is greatly enhanced by immobilized fibrinogen and free fibrinogen when either the thioester. Val-Leu-Lys-pNA, or Ile-Pro-Arg-pNA were used in the colorimetric assay (Fig. 1, A-D). Enzyme kinetics studies indicate that the Km for plasminogen assayed on the thioester and fibrinogen-coated plates is 1.5 micrograms per ml, which is substantially lower than that observed in untreated plates (4.8 micrograms per ml). This is not due to the effect of fibrinogen on the second step of the coupled photometric assay because there is no change in the plasmin activity under these conditions (Fig. 1E). Similar results in TPA activation have also been observed, when fibrin-coated plates were used. Free fibrinogen, which is an activator of TPA, has been included in the standard assay mixture. We are able to detect less than 1 ng of TPA activity within a one-hour incubation time at 20 degrees C (Fig. 2A). In the thioester assay, however, high concentrations of reducing agents and nonspecific proteins cause significant background due to the interaction of DTNB with these reagents. 125I-labeled fibrin-coated plates had been extensively used in the past for urokinase and TPA assays. Although the sensitivity of the radioactive procedure is equivalent to that of the thioester photometric method, it appears that the kinetics of the enzyme are not easy to follow nor is the reproducibility great.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Plasma methionine-enkephalin and leucine-enkephalin in normal subjects and patients with pheochromocytoma

Plasma methionine-enkephalin-like and leucine-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity (met-enkephalin-LI and leu-enkephalin-LI, respectively) in six normal subjects and six patients with pheochromocytoma were determined. The contents of met-enkephalin-LI and leu-enkephalin-LI in two of six pheochromocytomas were 40- to 50-fold higher and those in the other four pheochromocytomas were less than those in normal human adrenal medulla. The former two patients showed high plasma met-enkephalin-LI and leu-enkephalin-LI levels. As plasma catecholamines levels returned to the normal range after extirpation of tumors, met-enkephalin-LI and leu-enkephalin-LI in plasma became undetectable in these patients. In contrast, neither met-enkephalin-LI nor leu-enkephalin-LI was detected in plasma from the latter four patients. Met-enkephalin-LI and leu-enkephalin-LI concentrations were higher in the adrenal vein than in the peripheral vein in three patients. Plasma met-enkephalin-LI and leu-enkephalin-LI increased concomitantly with catecholamines after glucagon stimulation and during a spontaneous attack in a patient with pheochromocytoma. Plasma met-enkephalin-LI changed in parallel with leu-enkephalin-LI in all cases. High performance liquid chromatography coupled with RIAs has shown that met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin circulate in plasma from a patient with pheochromocytoma as intact pentapeptides. None of normal subjects showed detectable concentrations of met-enkephalin-LI and leu-enkephalin-LI in plasma (more than 5 pg/ml and 3 pg/ml, respectively). It is concluded that met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin are released concomitantly with catecholamines from pheochromocytomas.

Reducing attrition from conjoint therapy with alcoholic couples

Premature termination of treatment by the client has been a pervasive problem in the alcohol treatment field. This drop-out problem is compounded in conjoint therapy for alcoholic couples since most clients typically do not view the drinking problem from a systemic, interactional perspective. Within a short-term communication-interaction based conjoint therapy program offered to couples with an alcohol problem on an outpatient basis, specific mechanisms were developed to deal with client-initiated attrition from treatment. These procedures involve the systematic involvement of the spouse in all aspects of intake, assessment and treatment; the use of role induction in a pretherapy interview; and formal contracting during the beginning phase of therapy. Preliminary results suggest that these efforts may be effective in retaining more socially stable alcoholic clients. For the more transient, less socially stable group of individuals with alcohol-related difficulties, the above mechanisms may not be sufficient to forestall unplanned terminations. It is suggested that the latter group may require help to reduce stresses related to concrete concerns prior to receiving conjoint therapy for their alcohol problem.

Karyological analysis of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-transformed Syrian hamster cell lines using high resolution G-banding technique

The karyotypes of two Syrian hamster cell lines transformed by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine have been analyzed using high resolution G-banding technique. The change of gene dosage appears to be the main feature of the chromosome aberrations. One of the cell lines (BHLB4) has been passaged in vitro for 68 times and has a pseudodiploid chromosome number of 44. The most common feature of aberrations of this cell line is monosomy of chromosome 15 and in addition trisomy of chromosome 8. The other cell line (HEC5) was newly transformed, having a modal chromosome number of 50. In spite of the occurrence of trisomy of some autosomes, monosomy of chromosome 15 was still evident. No obvious structural changes were found even in G-banded prophase chromosomes. Our observations support the previous report on the monosomy of chromosome 15, as the most common feature of virally- and chemically-transformed Syrian hamster cell lines.

Isolation and preliminary characterization of the synaptonemal complex from rat pachytene spermatocytes

A method for preparation of the morphologically intact synaptonemal complex from rat pachytene spermatocytes is described. Pachytene spermatocytes were fractionated from rat testicular cells by centrifugal elutriation. Nuclei from fractionated pachytene cells were prepared and extensively digested with micrococcal nuclease. The digested nuclei were sedimented through 20% (w/v) sucrose containing 2 M NaCl by centrifugation. About 10% of total nuclear proteins and 1-2% of total genomic DNA was found to be associated with the residual structure. The residual structure, which contains mainly the synaptonemal complex, but may be still contaminated with other nuclear components including membrane and matrix, was stained with silver and examined under light microscopy. It was found that a silver-staining component of the synaptonemal complex is not grossly different from that in pachytene nuclei not subjected to digestion and extraction. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that virtually all the proteins in the residual structure are non-histones. The DNA isolated from the residual structure was about 135 base pairs (bp), long. The DNA was end-labeled and hybridized with a large excess of sonicated rat genomic DNA. The hybridization displayed a kinetics virtually identical to that of total nuclear DNA. We also prepared restricted DNA fragments associated with the residual structure. Southern blot analyses using a probe made from a recombinant DNA clone containing the albumin gene revealed that the DNA associated with the residual structure was not enriched (or depleted) in this gene sequence. Our results strongly suggest that (1) the synaptomenal complex may play a structural role to support the chromatin domains inside pachytene nucleus; and (2) a simple common DNA sequence in the chromatin domain is not required for association with the residual structure which contains morphologically intact synaptonemal complex in rat spermatocytes.

Baseline and mitomycin-C-induced sister chromatic exchanges ina melanoma and a colon tumor cell line

Baseline and mitomycin C (MMC)-induced sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in two human tumor cell lines (a colon tumor and a melanoma) and in a normal fibroblast cell line were analyzed and compared. The tumor cells showed numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities. Their baseline SCE rate was slightly, but not significantly, higher than that of the control. Each tumor cell line showed a dose-dependent increase in SCE frequency above the spontaneous level in its own specific manner. The response in the malanoma cell was consistently below that of the control, but only the response to the highest dose of MMC (10(-9) M) was significantly lower than that of the control. The response of the colon tumor cells varied with respect to that of the control. Thus, it appears that karyotypic instability in tumor cells is not necessarily associated with elevated baseline or induced SCE/chromosome rates. In addition, within each cell line dose group, the SCE frequency was proportional to the number of chromosomes. thus, the SCE/chromosome is a better expression of genetic damage than SCE/metaphase in analyses involving heteroploid cells.

Methionine-enkephalin and leucine-enkephalin in human sympathoadrenal system and pheochromocytoma

To elucidate the physiological and pathophysiological significance of methionine- and leucine-enkephalin (Met-and Leu-enkephalin, respectively) in human sympathoadrenal system, the contents of these peptides in normal human sympathetic nervous system, adrenal medulla, and pheochromocytomas were determined by specific radioimmunoassays combined with reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Met-enkephalin-LI and Leu-enkephalin-LI, respectively) were detected by radioimmunoassay in adrenal glands, adrenal medulla, stellate ganglia, sympathetic trunks, and celiac ganglia, and their contents in adrenal medulla were highest. Existence of authentic Met- and Leu-enkephalin was confirmed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Met-enkephalin was approximately 74% of Met-enkephalin-LI, whereas Leu-enkephalin was approximately 30% of Leu-enkephalin-LI in human adrenal medulla. The ratio of Met- to Leu-enkephalin was 2.6 in human adrenal medulla, whereas it was higher in sympathetic ganglia or trunks. In four cases of pheochromocytoma marked difference in Met- and Leu-enkephalin contents was found between medullary and extramedullary tumors. The contents were about three orders higher and the Met- to Leu-enkephalin ratio was lower in medullary than in extramedullary pheochromocytomas, reflecting the tissues where the tumors arose. These results suggest the physiological roles of Met- and Leu-enkephalin in sympathetic nervous system and adrenal glands and their pathophysiological significances in pheochromocytomas.

High resolution G-banding patterns of Syrian hamster chromosomes

The late prophase, prometaphase, early metaphase, and metaphase chromosomes of Syrian hamster embryo fibroblast cells were G-banded using a technique combining actinomycin D pretreatment and Wright/Giemsa staining. Late prophase chromosomes have approximately twice as many bands as metaphase chromosomes, whereas prometaphase and early metaphase chromosomes have intermediate numbers of bands. An idiogram for metaphase and late prophase chromosomes is presented, and a nomenclatural system for identifying individual bands of Syrian hamster chromosomes is proposed.

The role of the human caudate nucleus in acupuncture analgesia

The role of the caudate nucleus in acupuncture analgesia was studied in 17 patients receiving caudate stimulation through chronic implanted electrodes to relieve intractable pain caused by late malignancy. Electrical stimulation of the head of the caudate nucleus provided relief from intractable pain in all 17 patients. The pain and pain tolerance threshold were elevated, the alteration in skin galvanic activity, respiratory movement and fingertip plethysmography elicited by a given painful stimulus were depressed. The analgesia required a period of induction and persisted for some time after cessation of stimulation; it showed no obvious segmental topography. These characteristics are similar to those observed in acupuncture analgesia. The effect of caudate stimulation was similar to that of electric needling in depressing the late component of the somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) recorded over the scalp and from the centrum medianum of the thalamus. Evoked potentials could be recorded from the caudate nucleus when an acupuncture point was electrically stimulated. The evoked potential record was a complex wave of positive and negative components, the peak latencies of main components being 100-180 msec for positive wave and 148-332 msec for negative wave components. The present study supports the supposition that the caudate nucleus may play a role in acupuncture analgesia. The possibility that the effect of caudate stimulation is brought on by inhibiting the activity of the medial thalamus is discussed.

The efficacy of role induction in preventing early dropout from outpatient treatment of drug dependency

A study was conducted to examine the impact of various role induction modalities in dealing with the problem of early dropout among substance abusing patients. Emphasis was placed on tracing the interdependency between patient misperceptions of treatment, termed level of discrepancy in treatment expectations (Level of DTE) and continuance. Results indicated that patients who were more favorably disposed to the program (low Level of DTE) were more likely to remain in care than those who were not (high Level of DTE) only if role induction was provided; in the absence of the pretreatment intervention, differences between high and low discrepant patients were virtually nonexistent. These data suggest that the real utility of role induction lies in its ability to confirm the expectations of low discrepant patients (in contrast to improving patient knowledge of therapy) while at the same time providing them with a mechanism to learn coping skills necessary for adjusting to a new program. For those classified as high discrepant patients, role induction alone was not sufficient to prevent early termination; the majority did not stay past four sessions. Implications for this group are that greater efforts should be made in responding to their concrete problems, actively engaging "significant other(s)" or providing them with an external support system in the form of a "buddy" at the point of entry, in order to forestall premature termination.