Effect of reactor retention on the spread of brucellosis in Jersey cattle and buffalo herds

The rate of spread of bovine brucellosis was investigated in buffalo and Jersey cattle herds maintained at a Livestock Research station in Pakistan. Reactor animals (identified by conventional serological tests) were either retained or culled because of advanced age or poor productivity. Reactors were housed, managed and fed separately from the rest of the herds. The initial seroprevalence of brucellosis among both the Jersey cattle and the buffalo tested was 21.4%, the difference being statistically insignificant (p = 0.218). For 34 months, the spread of brucellosis was limited to 25 new reactors in the 334 cows and 33 in the 442 buffaloes. The mean attack rate was 7.5% for both herds during the test intervals. Trend analysis of proportions positive at each testing revealed a significant decrease in the percentages observed at the first testing. The management practice of segregation offered some advantage in reducing the spread of brucellosis to negative animals. However, an epidemiological study covering a large number of herds would be required to identify risk factors responsible for perpetuating the disease.

The use of loglinear model to evaluate factors associated with sero-prevalence of Campylobacter fetus in dairy cattle

Campylobacter fetus is one of the leading infections causing bovine infertility and abortion. In a cross-sectional study, the associations of parity, herd, serological status against Leptospira hardjo and Haemophilus somnus with the sero-prevalence of Campylobacter fetus in dairy cattle were evaluated. Four hundred dairy cows from three herds were included in the study. Blood samples from the cows were collected in December 1986. An enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) was used to determine positive or negative status of cows against Campylobacter fetus , Haemophilus somnus and Leptospira hardjo antigens. Loglinear analysis was used to describe the relationship of four categorical variables with the sero-prevalence of Campylobacter fetus . The final loglinear model was interpreted as a logit model. The final loglinear model included a three-way interaction among Campylobacter fetus , Leptospira hardjo and herd and a two-way interaction between Campylobacter fetus and parity. The adjusted odds of being a positive Campylobacter fetus reading were highest for cows with parity >6 (e.g. 27.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 12.9, 60.1); it was next highest for cows in parity <4 (e.g. 18.0, 95% CI = 13.5, 24.2); and it was lowest for cows in parity 4 to 6 (e.g. 13.3, 95% CI 7.3, 24.4). The herd management practice that was associated with the carrier state in early and late parities is identified in the study, and the biological implication of a three-way interaction among Campylobacter fetus , Leptospira hardjo and herd are discussed.

XPS and SSIMS analysis of the surface chemical structure of poly(caprolactone) and poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate-beta-hydroxyvalerate) copolymers

The surface chemical structures of poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate), poly(caprolactone) and poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate-co-beta-hydroxyvalerate) have been analysed using static secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data confirm the purity of the polyester surfaces and there is close agreement between the stoichiometric and experimentally determined ratios of the peaks and different carbon environments within the C1s envelopes. The static secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis reveals general fragmentation pathways which permit the ready distinction between the different polyesters examined. The differentiation of the different monomer repeat units in the copolymer together with the detection of some ions representative of the random copolymer sequence are also possible in the static secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis.

Paranoid personality disorder: a synthesis of developmental, dynamic, and descriptive features

Suspiciousness, feeling persecuted, and grandiosity constitute the classical triad associated with paranoid personality. However, a more important feature appears to be the discrepancy between the outer persona and the inner world of such individuals. The split is pervasive and involves self-concept, object-relations, affects, morality, sexuality, and cognitive style. Outwardly, paranoid individuals are demanding, arrogant, mistrustful, driven, unromantic, moralistic, and acutely vigilant towards the external environment. Internally, however, they are frightened, timid, self-doubting, gullible, inconsiderate, vulnerable to erotomania, and cognitively unable to grasp the totality of actual events. This way of conceptualizing the paranoid symptomatology is superior to ordinary check-list methods since it (1) links the phenomenological and psychostructural aspects of the condition, (2) helps in a more meaningful differential diagnosis of paranoid from other personality disorders, and most importantly, (3) hints at areas that require exploration in the psychotherapeutic management or psychoanalysis of such individuals.

The literature on personality disorders, 1985-88: trends, issues, and controversies

This review of the recent literature on personality disorders summarizes theoretical and methodologic issues, DSM-III-R criteria sets, nosological controversies, and current treatment approaches. Work in the personality disorders is burgeoning, with increasing attention to improved reliability and validity of diagnosis. Investigators are looking at such issues as the development of dimensional taxonomies, the effect of state variables, the problem of diagnostic overlap, the effect of comorbid conditions on course and treatment, the predictive power of criteria, and external validators. The DSM-III-R criteria sets, despite their polythetic format, may be no more reliable than their predecessors. Because treatment remains largely unresearched, the clinician must continue to rely on skillful assessment of each patient, with psychoanalytic psychotherapy and symptom-oriented drug trials providing the foundation of therapy.

Narcissistic personality disorder. Descriptive features and differential diagnosis

This article brings the scattered literature on narcissistic personality disorder together and synthesizes its various descriptive aspects into a multifaceted profile of the condition. The disorder is viewed as consisting of characteristic "overt" and "covert" findings in six areas of psychosocial functioning: (1) self-concept; (2) interpersonal relations; (3) social adaptation; (4) ethics, standards and ideals; (5) love and sexuality; and (6) cognitive style. Overtly, and individual with narcissistic personality disorder is grandiose, exploitative, moralistic, often successful, seductive, charming, and impressively knowledgeable and articulate. Covertly, however, he is doubt ridden, deeply envious of others, chronically bored, corruptible, unable to love, forgetful of details, and inattentive to objective aspects of events. Such conceptualization is superior to ordinary checklist methods of diagnosis, as it combines descriptive and psychodynamic observations and correlates the behavioral and psychostructural (hence developmental) aspects of the narcissistic character pathology. This profile also helps in more meaningful differential diagnosis of narcissistic from related personality disorders.

The developmental context of internalized preoedipal object relations. Clinical applications of Mahler's theory of symbiosis and separation-individuation

Mahler's theory of symbiosis and separation-individuation demonstrates the essential unity of drive, ego, and object relations psychologies. By highlighting the role that early dyadic relations play in psychic structure formation, her theory expands the understanding of human psychic development and its failures. This paper reviews Mahler's propositions and underscores their clinical importance by describing two cases where much preoedipal reconstructive work preceded the emergence of an analyzable oedipal transference neurosis.

Four culture-bound psychiatric syndromes in India

This paper describes four culture-bound psychiatric syndromes seen in India. It highlights their phenomenology and briefly comments upon the socio-cultural correlates of such symptom constellations.

Schizoid personality disorder: a synthesis of developmental, dynamic, and descriptive features

Various views of schizoid personality disorder in descriptive psychiatry, psychoanalysis, DSM-III and DSM-III-R are reviewed and synthesized to develop a composite picture of the syndrome. The disorder is seen as consisting of characteristic deficits in six areas of psychosocial functioning: (1) self-concept, (2) interpersonal relations, (3) social adaptation, (4) ethics, standards and ideals, (5) love and sexuality, and (6) cognitive style. Such a view maintains historical continuity in the use of the term "schizoid," combines descriptive and psychodynamic observations and correlates the behavioral and psychostructural aspects of the schizoid pathology. The paper also identifies guidelines for distinguishing the schizoid personality from other personality disorders as well as areas needing continued research.

Dynamic Mechanical Properties of NR-HDPE Blends

Dynamic mechanical properties such as storage modulus, loss modulus, and loss tangent have been evaluated over a wide range of temperatures for thermoplastic elastomers prepared from blends of NR and HDPE. It was observed that above room temperature, both storage and loss moduli increased and loss tangent decreased as the HDPE content in the blend increased. The effects of dynamic crosslinking and carbon black filler on dynamic mechanical behavior of 70/30 NR/HDPE blend were also examined. Carbon black increased the storage and loss moduli but lowered and broadened the tan δ peak. On the other hand, crosslinking increased storage modulus and decreased the loss modulus and loss tangent, particularly after the NR Tg. The tan δ peak area which appeared at Tg for NR was proportional to the rubber content in the blends.

The demographic profile of borderline personality disorder

In a survey of borderline personality disorder, 23 studies that included data on age, sex, or race of the patient samples were identified. Comparison of patients who had borderline personality disorder with control groups in these studies revealed that a significant preponderance of patients with the disorder were young, white, and female. This finding cannot be considered conclusive because data were pooled from studies with questionable sampling techniques. Yet, this demographic profile warrants confirmation because it may imply diagnostic biases or actual differences in the prevalence of borderline personality disorder among various groups.

The syndrome of identity diffusion

The author delineates the syndrome of identity diffusion as consisting of six clinical features: 1) contradictory character traits, 2) temporal discontinuity in the self, 3) lack of authenticity, 4) feelings of emptiness, 5) gender dysphoria, and 6) inordinate ethnic and moral relativism. This syndrome implies severe character pathology and is distinct from adolescent identity crisis. The conceptualization has a significant bearing on the differential diagnosis and psychotherapy of personality disorders.

The concept of splitting and its clinical relevance

After briefly reviewing various contributions to the concept of splitting, the authors describe the clinical manifestations of this defense. These include 1) inability to experience ambivalence, 2) impaired decision making, 3) oscillation of self-esteem, 4) egosyntonic impulsivity, and 5) intensification of affects. The authors then discuss the relevance of such conceptualizations to the differential diagnosis and psychotherapy of personality disorders.

Disposition kinetics and urinary excretion of sulphadimidine in normal and alloxan diabetic dogs

Disposition kinetics and urinary excretion of sulphadimidine were investigated in 16 dogs following a single intravenous injection (100 mg/kg body weight). Biochemical parameters including blood pH, blood glucose, plasma triglycerides and total plasma proteins of these animals were determined. The animals were injected alloxan (125 mg/kg) intravenously and when blood glucose level exceeded 300 mg%, the biochemical parameters, disposition kinetics and urinary excretion of sulphadimidine were determined again. After alloxan treatment of the dogs, there was a highly significant (P less than 0.01) decrease in blood pH, increase in blood glucose and plasma triglycerides levels when compared with the pretreatment values. The alloxan diabetic dogs showed a highly significant (P less than 0.01) reduction in elimination half-life (t1/2 beta) and apparent volume of distribution (Vd(area)) and increase in overall elimination rate constant (kel), total body clearance (ClB) and percentage of sulphadimidine dose excreted in urine. In normal dogs, one-half of the intravenous dose and after alloxan treatment two-third of the dose was eliminated through urinary excretion during 48 hours after injection. This study shows that the metabolic alterations of alloxan induced diabetes in dogs, influence the drug disposition and urinary excretion which indicate the need for the adjustment of dosage regimen in such metabolic disorders.

Overview: narcissistic personality disorder

The authors trace the evolution of narcissistic personality disorder as a nosological entity in a critical survey of the literature, considering and comparing differing theoretical viewpoints regarding the genesis of this disorder. They review its various descriptions, including the one in DSM-III, and develop a composite picture of the syndrome. The disorder consists of characteristic deficits in six broad areas of functioning: 1) self-concept, 2) interpersonal relationships, 3) social adaptation, 4) ethics, standards, and ideals, 5) love and sexuality, and 6) cognitive style. The authors identify guidelines for distinguishing the narcissistic personality from other personality disorders as well as areas needing continued research.

AMA discharge from a psychiatric inpatient unit

This study examines AMA discharges from a psychiatric inpatient unit. Such discharges are found to occur with greater frequency (p .005) among individuals with alcoholism and character disorders. The AMA patients do not, however, seem to form a homogeneous group in themselves. This study identifies two subgroups of AMA patients: the "early" AMA and the "late" AMA, depending upon their length of stay in the hospital prior to AMA discharge. The demographic, clinical and psychodynamic differences between the two sub-groups are discussed. Some practical recommendations are made in regard to the prevention and management of AMA discharge requests.

Schizophrenia and sexuality: a review and a report of twelve unusual cases--part I

This review brings together the considerable, scattered literature on the sexuality of the schizophrenic. It encompasses the reports pertaining not only to the overt sexual behavior of schizophrenics but also their subjective experience including various delusions and hallucinations related to sexuality. Also reviewed are the sexual side effects of antipsychotic medication and sexual crimes and perversions occurring among individuals suffering from schizophrenia. The effectiveness of various treatment modalitites, including sex therapy, in controlling the bizarre sexual behavior that often accompanies schizophrenia, is also considered. Twelve unusual cases are also briefly reported. A greater awareness of these "sexual" symptoms of schizophrenia may be utilized to sharpen diagnostic sensitivity to the incipient forms of the disorder, to estimate prognosis in a given case, and to better understand some sexual crimes. In certain cases, such knowledge may alter the choice of antipsychotic medication.

Coccinia indica in the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus

Coccinia indica is a creeper which grows wildly in Bangladesh and in many parts of the Indian sub-continent. The plant has been used since ancient times as an antidiabetic drug by physicians who practice the Indian system of medicine known as Ayurvedha. We have conducted a double blind control trial with preparation from the leaves of the plant on uncontrolled, maturity onset diabetics. The trial lasted for six weeks for an individual patient. Out of the 16 patients who received the experimental preparations 10 showed marked improvement in their glucose tolerance while none out of the 16 patients in the dummy group showed such a marked improvement. This difference is highly significant (kappa 2 with Yates' correction = 11.7, P < 0.001).

Differential diagnosis of fugue-like states

Fugue-like states, though usually considered hysterical or epileptic in origin, can occur with many other psychiatric and neurologic conditions. The survey of literature should help the clinician with differential diagnosis. Nine illustrative cases are described and guidelines for investigating a case of fugue are outlined.

The long-distance psychiatric patient in the emergency room. Insights regarding travel and mental illness

This paper deals with the motivational, demographic and clinical characteristics of individuals who seek psychiatric help at facilities located a great distance from their places of residence. The study identifies two subgroups within this category. The first (Intentional or Type A) group is constituted by persons who, owing to their concerns with the social stigma of mental illness, or driven by the desire for a magical solution to their problems, purposely undertake the journey to a distantly located psychiatric center. The second (Incidental or Type B) group consists of vacationers, hitch-hikers and skid-row individuals. While these "long distance patients" (LDP) did not show any differences when compared with the remainder of clinic attendance on demographic variables, distinct clinical features differentiated the two populations. Most significantly the LDP had a higher incidence of schizophrenia and alcohol related problems. The difference was entirely accounted for by the Type B subgroup ((LDP less than 0.01; Type A, NS; Type B less than 0.001). Implications of this finding have been discussed in view of the suggested relationships between travel and mental illness. Administrative problems of the LDP have been briefly commented upon.

Life threatening self-mutilation of the nose

Potentially life threatening self-mutilation of the nose in a patient with a severe passive aggressive character disorder is described. The phenomenological and psychodynamic features of this case are contrasted with those of schizophrenia and factitious dermatoses with similar excoriations.

Obsessional neurosis, marriage, sex and fertility: some transcultural comparisons

In a study of 82 obsessional neurotics, it was found that Indian obsessives, unlike their counterparts in other countries, do not display a higher than expected rate of celibacy, bachelorhood, and low fertility. Some socio-cultural explanations have been offered for these findings.

Socio-cultural and clinical determinants of symptomatology in obsessional neurosis

Eighty-two obsessional neurotics were studied from a phenomenological viewpoint in order to unmask the clinical and socio-cultural determinants of symptom-choice in this disorder. The form of obsessions and compulsions seemed to be affected primarily by intrinsic factors (age, sex, I.Q.) while their content was affected equally, if not more, by extrinsic factors (religion, locality, social class). Patient's age at the onset of illness seemed to be an extremely relevant factor insofar as it affected both the form and the content of symptoms. Some socio-cultural explanations have been offered these findings. The data is important insofar as it provides a baseline for cross-cultural studies of the phenomenology of obsessional illness.

Patients with acute poisoning seen in the department of intensive care-Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi

A review of 157 cases of acute poisoning admitted to the intensive care unit shows that poisoning was responsible for 40 15% of the cases treated at this unit between 15th January to 31st December, 1976. Inspite of limited facilities the over all mortality from acute poisoning was 9.5% while that due to organo-phosphorus insecticides alone was 7%. A considerable infrequency of organophosphorus insecticides poisoning was observed in developed countries when their data was compared with the present series.

Organo-phosphorus insecticide poisoning-review of 53 cases

A review of 53 cases of organo-phosphorus insecticide poisoning admitted to the department of intensive care at the Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre between 15th January to 31st December, 1976 has shown that these insecticides form a majority of the causes of acute poisoning and are associated with a comparatively high mortality rate. Out of a total of 157 cases of acute poisoning admitted to the department, 34% were cases of organo-phosphorus insecticide poisoning forming 13 5% of the total admissions. These insecticides being easily accessible, are frequently used as suicidal agents specially by uneducated housewives. They are highly toxic and their management is very complicated. Of a total of 15 deaths from poisoning, 11 (73%) were due to this cause. This being such a common mode of poisoning in our country, we have presented here our experience of the clinical features and management of these cases.

A phenomenological analysis of symptoms in obsessive-compulsive neurosis

Eighty-two obsessional neurotics were studied from a phenomenological point of view in order to delineate the various forms and contents of obsessions and compulsions. An attempt was made to ascertain the frequency with which the different forms and content occur and their effect on the final outcome of the disorder. Five types of obsessions were identified: doubts, obsessive thinking, fears, impulses, and images, in order of frequency of their occurrence. Compulsive acts could be classified in two types, depending on whether they yielded to or diverted the underlying obsession. One-fourth of the patients displayed no compulsions. The content of obsession could be classified in five broad categories as relating to: dirt and contamination, aggression, inanimate-impersonal themes, religion, and sexual matters, in order of the frequency of their occurrence. The paper, while offering an interpretation of these findings, emphasizes the part played by socio-cultural factors in the character of an obsession's thought content. The absence of compulsions was found to be associated with good prognosis. A downward gradient was noted in the final outcome of patients without compulsions, those with controlling compulsions alone, those with both varieties of compulsions, and those displaying yielding compulsions alone, in that order. Based on this observation the paper suggests a prognosis-related hierarchical continuum of the severity of obsessional disorder.

Adolescent Pregnancy Complication and Wastage in Bangladesh

Introduction: Pregnancy among adolescents is a health risk for the individual as well as the fetus. The main aim of this study is to examine the pregnancy complications and its outcome among adolescent women in Northern region (Rajshahi) of Bangladesh. Methods: The analysis is based on a part of faculty research; University of Rajshahi funded study on adolescent motherhood and pregnancy complications in the region, which involved a micro level survey of 400 adolescent conception aged 10-19 and in-depth interviews with 37 adolescents who had experienced pregnancy wastage. The indicator of poor pregnancy outcomes analysed includes pregnancy or delivery complications and pregnancy wastage. Results: A striking finding is the higher proportions suffer pregnancy problems, especially in cases of early conception. In particular, younger adolescent aged under 20 years has been observed to have the highest proportions of delivery complications and pregnancy wastage due to insufficient intake foods and possible biological immaturity. Conclusion: Early teenage pregnancy and its effects pose very severe different pregnancy and delivery complications consequently wastage. Key words: Adolescent; Pregnancy; Wastage; Odds ratio DOI: 10.3126/jnps.v30i3.3917J Nep Paedtr Soc 2010;30(3):147-153