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Zhang L, Bollina V, Gao P, Parkin IAP. Dissecting the molecular basis of variability for flowering time in Camelina sativa. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2025; 23:2290-2302. [PMID: 40111913 PMCID: PMC12120899 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.70049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2025] [Accepted: 03/03/2025] [Indexed: 03/22/2025]
Abstract
Camelina sativa is an important polyploid oilseed crop with multiple favourable agronomic traits. Capturing the leaf transcriptome of 48 accessions of C. sativa suggests allelic variation for gene expression levels and notably sub-genome dominance, both of which could provide opportunities for crop improvement. Flowering time (FT) is a crucial factor affecting the overall yield of crops. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying FT regulation in C. sativa are still limited, partly due to its complex allohexaploid genome. In this study, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis and transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) were employed to explore the FT diversity among 48 C. sativa accessions and dissect the underlying molecular basis. Our results revealed a FT-related co-expressed gene module highly enriched with SOC1 and SOC1-like genes and identified 10 significant FT-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) defining three haplotype groups; thus providing a molecular basis for future genetic improvements in C. sativa breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyong Zhang
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | | | - Peng Gao
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
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2
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Min Y, He S, Wang X, Hu H, Wei S, Ge A, Jiang L, Yang S, Guo Y, Liu Z, Chen M. Transcription factors BnaC09.FUL and BnaC06.WIP2 antagonistically regulate flowering time under long-day conditions in Brassica napus. J Genet Genomics 2025; 52:650-665. [PMID: 39674274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2024.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2024] [Revised: 12/03/2024] [Accepted: 12/04/2024] [Indexed: 12/16/2024]
Abstract
Appropriate flowering time in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is vital for preventing losses from weather, diseases, and pests. However, the molecular basis of its regulation remains largely unknown. Here, a genome-wide association study identifies BnaC09.FUL, a MADS-box transcription factor, as a promising candidate gene regulating flowering time in B. napus. BnaC09.FUL expression increases sharply in B. napus shoot apices near bolting. BnaC09.FUL overexpression results in early flowering, while BnaFUL mutation causes delayed flowering in B. napus. A zinc finger transcription factor, BnaC06.WIP2, is identified as an interaction partner of BnaC09.FUL, and BnaC06.WIP2 overexpression delays flowering in B. napus, with RNA sequencing revealing its influence on the expression of many flowering-associated genes. We further demonstrate that BnaC06.WIP2 directly represses the expression of BnaA05.SOC1, BnaC03.SOC1, BnaC04.SOC1, BnaC06.FT, BnaA06.LFY, BnaC07.FUL, BnaA08.CAL, and BnaC03.CAL and indirectly inhibits the expression of other flowering time-related genes. Genetic and molecular investigations highlight the antagonistic relationship between BnaC09.FUL and BnaC06.WIP2 in regulating the flowering time in B. napus through direct regulation of the expression of BnaC03.SOC1, BnaA08.CAL, and BnaC03.CAL. Overall, our findings provide a mechanism by which the BnaC09.FUL-BnaC06.WIP2 transcriptional regulatory module controls the flowering time in B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchang Min
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shuangcheng He
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huan Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shihao Wei
- Hybrid Rapeseed Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ankang Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lixi Jiang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Saiqi Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mingxun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology & Breeding Center, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Sun M, Yang M, Dang X, Fu X, Lu J, Ma L, Yu S, Wei H, Wang H. The GhWRKY46-GhGAI Module Mediates Cotton Flowering by Regulating the Expression of Flowering Promotion Factors. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2025. [PMID: 40195781 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2025] [Revised: 03/04/2025] [Accepted: 03/24/2025] [Indexed: 04/09/2025]
Abstract
Flowering represents a pivotal developmental transition stage in the life cycle of a plant, and the occurrence of flowering at the optimal time is critical for reproductive success. WRKY transcription factors play a vital role in a signaling network that governs a multitude of plant processes. Here, a gene, GhWRKY46, that was differentially expressed in early and late maturing materials was identified via association analysis, and it was specifically expressed in flower buds. Under natural light and temperature conditions, compared to Jin668, the flowering time of OE-GhWRKY46 plants was advanced by approximately 6 days, while the flowering time of CR-GhWRKY46 plants was delayed by approximately 8 days. Transcriptomic data indicated that overexpression or knockout of GhWRKY46 resulted in the activation or repression, respectively, of the photoperiod gene CO-Like and genes related to bud differentiation. Combined RNA-seq and DAP-seq analysis revealed that three genes, namely, GhCOL4, GhCOL2 and GhFPF1-like, may be expressed downstream of GhWRKY46. Dual-luciferase assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) demonstrated that GhWRKY46 could directly bind to the W-box and promote the expression of these genes. Similarly, GhFT was also found to be activated by GhWRKY46. Both in vivo and in vitro biochemical analyses demonstrated that GhWRKY46 interacted with GhGAI, and GhGAI could interfere with the transcriptional activation of GhWRKY46, which in turn inhibited the expression of GhCOL4, GhCOL2, GhFPF1-like, and GhFT. In conclusion, this study accurately predicted the GhWRKY46 binding motif, which is important for the construction of regulatory networks of the WRKY family in other crops and introduces a novel regulatory module for the flowering regulation pathway in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Miaoqian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Xinyu Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Xiaokang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Jianhua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Shuxun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hengling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Hantao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, Xinjiang, China
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Wu H, Liu B, Cao Y, Ma G, Zheng X, Zhu H, Sui S. Genome-Wide Identification of WOX Gene Family in Chimonanthus praecox and a Functional Analysis of CpWUS. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2025; 14:1144. [PMID: 40219213 PMCID: PMC11991195 DOI: 10.3390/plants14071144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2025] [Revised: 04/01/2025] [Accepted: 04/03/2025] [Indexed: 04/14/2025]
Abstract
Chimonanthus praecox, also known as wintersweet, is a traditional ornamental plant in China. It blooms during the cold winter months and emits a long-lasting fragrance. The WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) transcription factor family is a plant-specific family of homeodomain (HD) transcription factors that plays diverse roles in plant development. We identified 13 WOX family genes (CpWOX1-CpWOX12 and CpWUS) and systematically analysed their physicochemical properties, evolutionary relationships, conserved domains, and expression regulation characteristics. The subcellular localization prediction indicates that all CpWOX proteins are localized in the nucleus and contain a conserved homeobox domain, with the WUS clade specifically containing a WUS-box motif. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these genes are divided into three evolutionary branches: the WUS, ancient, and intermediate clades. Promoter analysis suggests that CpWOX genes may be involved in hormone responses, abiotic stress, developmental regulation, and encodes a nuclear-localised protein with self-activating activity. It is highly expressed in the stamen and root and is induced by low and high temperatures, salt stress, and methyl jasmonate. This study revealed the evolutionary characteristics of the WOX family genes in wintersweet and the function of CpWUS in regulating flowering time and root development, providing a theoretical basis for understanding the developmental regulatory mechanisms in wintersweet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafeng Wu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.W.); (B.L.); (Y.C.); (G.M.); (X.Z.)
| | - Bin Liu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.W.); (B.L.); (Y.C.); (G.M.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yinzhu Cao
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.W.); (B.L.); (Y.C.); (G.M.); (X.Z.)
| | - Guanpeng Ma
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.W.); (B.L.); (Y.C.); (G.M.); (X.Z.)
- Institute of Horticulture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - Xiaowen Zheng
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.W.); (B.L.); (Y.C.); (G.M.); (X.Z.)
| | - Haoxiang Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
| | - Shunzhao Sui
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (H.W.); (B.L.); (Y.C.); (G.M.); (X.Z.)
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Xu P, Huang J, Chen X, Wang Q, Yin B, Xian Q, Zhuang C, Hu Y. Efficient targeted T-DNA integration for gene activation and male germline-specific gene tagging in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2025; 121:e70104. [PMID: 40121659 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.70104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2025] [Accepted: 03/04/2025] [Indexed: 03/25/2025]
Abstract
Site-specific DNA integration is an important tool in plant genetic engineering. Traditionally, this process relies on homologous recombination (HR), which is known for its low efficiency in plant cells. In contrast, Agrobacterium-mediated T-DNA integration is highly efficient for plant transformation. However, T-DNA is typically inserted randomly into double-strand breaks within the plant genome via the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) DNA repair pathway. In this study, we developed an approach of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted T-DNA integration in Arabidopsis, which was more rapid and efficient than the HR-mediated method. This targeted T-DNA integration aided in gene activation and male germline-specific gene tagging. Gene activation was accomplished by positioning the CaMV35S promoter at the left border of T-DNA, thereby activating specific downstream genes. The activation of FT and MYB26 significantly increased their transcriptional expression, which resulted in early flowering and an altered pattern of cell wall thickening in the anther endothelium, respectively. Male germline-specific gene tagging incorporates two reporters, namely, NeoR and MGH3::mCherry, within the T-DNA. This design facilitates the creation of insertional mutants, simplifies the genetic analysis of mutated alleles, and allows for cellular tracking of male germline cells during fertilization. We successfully applied this system to target the male germline-specific gene GEX2. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that site-specific integration of DNA fragments in the plant genome can be rapidly and efficiently achieved through the NHEJ pathway, making this approach broadly applicable in various contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jilei Huang
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaojing Chen
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Bo Yin
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qing Xian
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chuxiong Zhuang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yufei Hu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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Simonini S. Regulation of cell cycle in plant gametes: when is the right time to divide? Development 2025; 152:dev204217. [PMID: 39831611 PMCID: PMC11829769 DOI: 10.1242/dev.204217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2025]
Abstract
Cell division is a fundamental process shared across diverse life forms, from yeast to humans and plants. Multicellular organisms reproduce through the formation of specialized types of cells, the gametes, which at maturity enter a quiescent state that can last decades. At the point of fertilization, signalling lifts the quiescent state and triggers cell cycle reactivation. Studying how the cell cycle is regulated during plant gamete development and fertilization is challenging, and decades of research have provided valuable, yet sometimes contradictory, insights. This Review summarizes the current understanding of plant cell cycle regulation, gamete development, quiescence, and fertilization-triggered reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Simonini
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH8008, Zurich, Switzerland
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Chaurasia AK, Patil HB, Krishna B, Subramaniam VR, Sane PV, Sane AP. The transition from vegetative growth to flowering is associated with suppression of the MUSA CENTRORADIALIS (MCN) gene family in day neutral banana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2025; 350:112289. [PMID: 39414148 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 10/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/18/2024]
Abstract
Control over flowering time is essential for reproductive success and survival of plants. The TERMINAL FLOWER1/CENTRORADIALIS/BROTHER OF FT AND TFL1 (TFL1/CEN/BFT) genes are key suppressor of flowering time that prevents premature conversion of the apical meristem into a floral meristem thereby allowing indeterminate vegetative growth. We have identified and characterized seven members of banana TFL1/CEN/BFT gene family (MCN1-7). All genes except MCN6 show overlapping expression in the shoot apical meristem as well as leaves from the initial to mid-vegetative phases. Their expression is collectively reduced to their lowest just prior to flowering initiation at around 171 days, 226 days and 297 days, respectively, in three differently flowering varieties. Thereafter, there is steady increase in their transcript levels in the apical meristem as well as leaves that correlates with the development and growth of the inflorescence. The ability of three of the genes, MCNs1-3, to functionally complement the tfl1-14 mutant of Arabidopsis provides additional evidence for structural and functional similarities of the MCN proteins to TFL1 even in a distantly related plant. Together, these results suggest that the MCN family in banana is associated with vegetative growth and suppression of flowering time initiation as well as indeterminate growth of inflorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh K Chaurasia
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, Jain R&D Lab, Jain Hills, Jain Irrigation Systems Limited, Jalgaon 425001, India
| | - Hemant B Patil
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, Jain R&D Lab, Jain Hills, Jain Irrigation Systems Limited, Jalgaon 425001, India
| | - Bal Krishna
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, Jain R&D Lab, Jain Hills, Jain Irrigation Systems Limited, Jalgaon 425001, India.
| | - Vadakanthara R Subramaniam
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, Jain R&D Lab, Jain Hills, Jain Irrigation Systems Limited, Jalgaon 425001, India
| | - Prafullachandra V Sane
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, Jain R&D Lab, Jain Hills, Jain Irrigation Systems Limited, Jalgaon 425001, India
| | - Aniruddha P Sane
- Plant Gene Expression Lab, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India.
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Wang Q, Wang L, Cheng H, Wang S, Li J, Zhang D, Zhou L, Chen S, Chen F, Jiang J. Two B-box proteins orchestrate vegetative and reproductive growth in summer chrysanthemum. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2923-2935. [PMID: 38629334 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Floral transition, the switch from vegetative to reproductive growth, is extremely important for the growth and development of flowering plants. In the summer chrysanthemum, CmBBX8, a member of the subgroup II B-box (BBX) family, positively regulates the transition by physically interacting with CmERF3 to inhibit CmFTL1 expression. In this study, we show that CmBBX5, a B-box subgroup I member comprising two B-boxes and a CCT domain, interacts with CmBBX8. This interaction suppresses the recruitment of CmBBX8 to the CmFTL1 locus without affecting its transcriptional activation activity. CmBBX5 overexpression led to delayed flowering under both LD (long-day) and SD (short-day) conditions, while lines expressing the chimeric repressor gene-silencing (CmBBX5-SRDX) exhibited the opposite phenotype. Subsequent genetic evidence indicated that in regulating flowering, CmBBX5 is partially dependent on CmBBX8. Moreover, during the vegetative growth period, levels of CmBBX5 expression were found to exceed those of CmBBX8. Collectively, our findings indicate that both CmERF3 and CmBBX5 interact with CmBBX8 to dampen the regulation of CmFTL1 via distinct mechanisms, which contribute to preventing the premature flowering of summer chrysanthemum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilisation, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilisation, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilisation, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilisation, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiayu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilisation, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Deng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilisation, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilisation, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sumei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilisation, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilisation, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilisation, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Wang Z, Li H, Weng Y. A neutral invertase controls cell division besides hydrolysis of sucrose for nutrition during germination and seed setting in rice. iScience 2024; 27:110217. [PMID: 38993663 PMCID: PMC11237924 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Sucrose is the transport form of carbohydrate in plants serving as signal molecule besides nutrition, but the signaling is elusive. Here, neutral invertase 8 (OsNIN8) mutated at G461R into OsNIN8m, which increased its charge and hydrophobicity, decreased hydrolysis of sucrose to 13% and firmer binding to sucrose than the wildtype. This caused downstream metabolites and energy accumulation forming overnutrition. Paradoxically, division of subinitials in longitudinal cell lineages was only about 15 times but more than 100 times in wildtype, resulting in short radicle. Further, mutation of OsNIN8 into deficiency of hydrolysis but maintenance of sucrose binding allowed cell division until ran out of energy showing the association but not hydrolysis gave the signal. Chemically, sucrose binding to OsNIN8 was exothermic but to OsNIN8m was endothermic. Therefore, OsNIN8m lost the signal function owing to change of thermodynamic state. So, OsNIN8 sensed sucrose for cell division besides hydrolyzed sucrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hao Li
- Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuxiang Weng
- Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Park SH, Kim JG. The reduced growth due to elevated CO 2 concentration hinders the sexual reproduction of mature Northern pipevine (Aristolochia contorta Bunge ). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1359783. [PMID: 38571710 PMCID: PMC10987783 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1359783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The phenology has gained considerably more attention in recent times of climate change. The transition from vegetative to reproductive phases is a critical process in the life history of plants, closely tied to phenology. In an era of climate change, understanding how environmental factors affect this transition is of paramount importance. This study consisted of field surveys and a greenhouse experiment on the reproductive biology of Northern pipevine (Aristolochia contorta Bunge). During field surveys, we investigated the environmental factors and growth characteristics of mature A. contorta, with a focus on both its vegetative and reproductive phases. In its successful flowering during the reproductive phase, A. contorta grew under the conditions of 40% relative light intensity and 24% soil moisture content, and had a vertical rhizome. In the greenhouse experiments, we examined the impact of increased CO2 concentration on the growth and development of 10-year-old A. contorta, considering the effect of rhizome direction. Planted with a vertical rhizome direction, A. contorta exhibited sufficient growth for flowering under ambient CO2 concentrations. In contrast, when planted with a horizontal rhizome direction, it was noted to significantly impede successful growth and flowering under elevated CO2 concentrations. This hindered the process of flowering, highlighting the pivotal role of substantial vegetative growth in achieving successful flowering. Furthermore, we observed a higher number of underground buds and shoots under the conditions of elevated CO2 concentration and a horizontal rhizome direction instead of flowering. Elevated CO2 concentrations also exhibited diverse effects on mature A. contorta's flower traits, resulting in smaller flower size, shorter longevity, and reduced stigma receptivity, and pollen viability. The study shed light on elevated CO2 concentrations can hinder growth, potentially obstructing sexual reproduction and diminishing genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Hyun Park
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Geun Kim
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Education Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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11
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Liu J, Ke M, Sun Y, Niu S, Zhang W, Li Y. Epigenetic regulation and epigenetic memory resetting during plant rejuvenation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:733-745. [PMID: 37930766 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Reversal of plant developmental status from the mature to the juvenile phase, thus leading to the restoration of the developmental potential, is referred to as plant rejuvenation. It involves multilayer regulation, including resetting gene expression patterns, chromatin remodeling, and histone modifications, eventually resulting in the restoration of juvenile characteristics. Although plants can be successfully rejuvenated using some forestry practices to restore juvenile morphology, physiology, and reproductive capabilities, studies on the epigenetic mechanisms underlying this process are in the nascent stage. This review provides an overview of the plant rejuvenation process and discusses the key epigenetic mechanisms involved in DNA methylation, histone modification, and chromatin remodeling in the process of rejuvenation, as well as the roles of small RNAs in this process. Additionally, we present new inquiries regarding the epigenetic regulation of plant rejuvenation, aiming to advance our understanding of rejuvenation in sexually and asexually propagated plants. Overall, we highlight the importance of epigenetic mechanisms in the regulation of plant rejuvenation, providing valuable insights into the complexity of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Engineering Technology Research Center of Black Locust of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Meng Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Engineering Technology Research Center of Black Locust of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuhan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Engineering Technology Research Center of Black Locust of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shihui Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Engineering Technology Research Center of Black Locust of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Engineering Technology Research Center of Black Locust of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
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12
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Eswaramoorthy V, Kandasamy T, Thiyagarajan K, Chockalingam V, Jegadeesan S, Natesan S, Adhimoolam K, Prabhakaran J, Singh R, Muthurajan R. Characterization of terminal flowering cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) mutants obtained by induced mutagenesis digs out the loss-of-function of phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295509. [PMID: 38096151 PMCID: PMC10721064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) is one of the major food legume crops grown extensively in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. The determinate habit of cowpea has many advantages over the indeterminate and is well adapted to modern farming systems. Mutation breeding is an active research area to develop the determinate habit of cowpea. The present study aimed to develop new determinate habit mutants with terminal flowering (TFL) in locally well-adapted genetic backgrounds. Consequently, the seeds of popular cowpea cv P152 were irradiated with doses of gamma rays (200, 250, and, 300 Gy), and the M1 populations were grown. The M2 populations were produced from the M1 progenies and selected determinate mutants (TFLCM-1 and TFLCM-2) from the M2 generation (200 Gy) were forwarded up to the M5 generation to characterize the mutants and simultaneously they were crossed with P152 to develop a MutMap population. In the M5 generation, determinate mutants (80-81 days) were characterized by evaluating the TFL growth habit, longer peduncles (30.75-31.45 cm), erect pods (160°- 200°), number of pods per cluster (4-5 nos.), and early maturity. Further, sequencing analysis of the VuTFL1 gene in the determinate mutants and MutMap population revealed a single nucleotide transversion (A-T at 1196 bp) in the fourth exon and asparagine (N) to tyrosine (Y) amino acid change at the 143rd position of phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP). Notably, the loss of function PEPB with a higher confidence level modification of anti-parallel beta-sheets and destabilization of the protein secondary structure was observed in the mutant lines. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that the VuTFL1 gene was downregulated at the flowering stage in TFL mutants. Collectively, the insights garnered from this study affirm the effectiveness of induced mutation in modifying the plant's ideotype. The TFL mutants developed during this investigation have the potential to serve as a valuable resource for fostering determinate traits in future cowpea breeding programs and pave the way for mechanical harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Eswaramoorthy
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thangaraj Kandasamy
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kalaimagal Thiyagarajan
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vanniarajan Chockalingam
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Souframanien Jegadeesan
- Nuclear Agriculture & Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Senthil Natesan
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Karthikeyan Adhimoolam
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Jeyakumar Prabhakaran
- Department of Crop Physiology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramji Singh
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Raveendran Muthurajan
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
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Yin Y, Yan Z, Guan J, Huo Y, Wang T, Li T, Cui Z, Ma W, Wang X, Chen W. Two interacting basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors control flowering time in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:205-221. [PMID: 36756926 PMCID: PMC10152653 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Flowering time is one of the most important agronomic traits affecting the adaptation and yield of rice (Oryza sativa). Heading date 1 (Hd1) is a key factor in the photoperiodic control of flowering time. In this study, two basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors, Hd1 Binding Protein 1 (HBP1) and Partner of HBP1 (POH1) were identified as transcriptional regulators of Hd1. We generated knockout mutants of HBP1 and ectopically expressed transgenic lines of the two bHLH transcription factors and used these lines to investigate the roles of these two factors in regulating flowering time. HBP1 physically associated with POH1 forming homo- or heterodimers to perform their functions. Both HBP1 and POH1 bound directly to the cis-acting elements located in the promoter of Hd1 to activate its expression. CRISPR/Cas9-generated knockout mutations of HBP1, but not POH1 mutations, promoted earlier flowering time; conversely, HBP1 and POH1 overexpression delayed flowering time in rice under long-day and short-day conditions by activating the expression of Hd1 and suppressing the expression of Early heading date 1 (Ehd1), Heading date 3a (Hd3a), and Rice Flowering locus T 1 (RFT1), thus controlling flowering time in rice. Our findings revealed a mechanism for flowering time control through transcriptional regulation of Hd1 and laid theoretical and practical foundations for improving the growth period, adaptation, and yield of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Yin
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yan
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jianing Guan
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yiqiong Huo
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Tianqiong Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Tong Li
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhibo Cui
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Wenhong Ma
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Wenfu Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110866, China
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Huang YC, Wang YT, Choong YC, Huang HY, Chen YR, Hsieh TF, Lin YR. How ambient temperature affects the heading date of foxtail millet ( Setaria italica). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1147756. [PMID: 36938030 PMCID: PMC10018198 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1147756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Foxtail millet (Setaria italica), a short-day plant, is one of the important crops for food security encountering climate change, particularly in regions where it is a staple food. Under the short-day condition in Taiwan, the heading dates (HDs) of foxtail millet accessions varied by genotypes and ambient temperature (AT). The allelic polymorphisms in flowering time (FT)-related genes were associated with HD variations. AT, in the range of 13°C-30°C that was based on field studies at three different latitudes in Taiwan and observations in the phytotron at four different AT regimes, was positively correlated with growth rate, and high AT promoted HD. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of foxtail millet HD, the expression of 14 key FT-related genes in four accessions at different ATs was assessed. We found that the expression levels of SiPRR95, SiPRR1, SiPRR59, SiGhd7-2, SiPHYB, and SiGhd7 were negatively correlated with AT, whereas the expression levels of SiEhd1, SiFT11, and SiCO4 were positively correlated with AT. Furthermore, the expression levels of SiGhd7-2, SiEhd1, SiFT, and SiFT11 were significantly associated with HD. A coexpression regulatory network was identified that shown genes involved in the circadian clock, light and temperature signaling, and regulation of flowering, but not those involved in photoperiod pathway, interacted and were influenced by AT. The results reveal how gene × temperature and gene × gene interactions affect the HD in foxtail millet and could serve as a foundation for breeding foxtail millet cultivars for shift production to increase yield in response to global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chen Huang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-tang Wang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yee-ching Choong
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-ya Huang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-ru Chen
- Crop Science Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Fu Hsieh
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Yann-rong Lin
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Headquarters, World Vegetable Center, Tainan, Taiwan
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Nishio H, Kudoh H. Distinct responses to autumn and spring temperatures by the key flowering-time regulator FLOWERING LOCUS C. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2023; 78:102016. [PMID: 36549195 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2022.102016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the similarity in temperature regimes between late autumn and early spring, plants exhibit distinct developmental responses that result in distinct morphologies, that is, overwintering and reproductive forms. In Arabidopsis, the control of autumn-spring distinction involves the transcriptional regulation of the floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). The memory of winter cold is registered as epigenetic silencing of FLC. Recent studies on A. thaliana FLC revealed detailed and additional mechanisms of silencing in response to autumn and winter cold. Studies on perennial Arabidopsis FLC revealed that its expression responds to spring warmth and is robustly upregulated, ignoring cold. These new studies provide mechanistic insights into the distinct regulation of FLC under autumn and spring temperature regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Nishio
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Shiga 520-2113, Japan; Data Science and AI Innovation Research Promotion Center, Shiga University, Shiga 522-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kudoh
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Shiga 520-2113, Japan.
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Jahed KR, Hirst PM. Fruit growth and development in apple: a molecular, genomics and epigenetics perspective. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1122397. [PMID: 37123845 PMCID: PMC10130390 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1122397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fruit growth and development are physiological processes controlled by several internal and external factors. This complex regulatory mechanism comprises a series of events occurring in a chronological order over a growing season. Understanding the underlying mechanism of fruit development events, however, requires consideration of the events occurring prior to fruit development such as flowering, pollination, fertilization, and fruit set. Such events are interrelated and occur in a sequential order. Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technology in conjunction with improved statistical and computational methods have empowered science to identify some of the major molecular components and mechanisms involved in the regulation of fruit growth and have supplied encouraging successes in associating genotypic differentiation with phenotypic observations. As a result, multiple approaches have been developed to dissect such complex regulatory machinery and understand the genetic basis controlling these processes. These methods include transcriptomic analysis, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping, whole-genome approach, and epigenetics analyses. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the molecular, genomic and epigenetics perspective of apple fruit growth and development that defines the final fruit size and provides a detailed analysis of the mechanisms by which fruit growth and development are controlled. Though the main emphasis of this article is on the molecular, genomic and epigenetics aspects of fruit growth and development, we will also deliver a brief overview on events occurring prior to fruit growth.
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17
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González AM, Lebrón R, Yuste-Lisbona FJ, Gómez-Martín C, Ortiz-Atienza A, Hackenberg M, Oliver JL, Lozano R, Santalla M. Decoding Gene Expression Signatures Underlying Vegetative to Inflorescence Meristem Transition in the Common Bean. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314783. [PMID: 36499112 PMCID: PMC9739310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The tropical common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an obligatory short-day plant that requires relaxation of the photoperiod to induce flowering. Similar to other crops, photoperiod-induced floral initiation depends on the differentiation and maintenance of meristems. In this study, the global changes in transcript expression profiles were analyzed in two meristematic tissues corresponding to the vegetative and inflorescence meristems of two genotypes with different sensitivities to photoperiods. A total of 3396 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and 1271 and 1533 were found to be up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively, whereas 592 genes showed discordant expression patterns between both genotypes. Arabidopsis homologues of DEGs were identified, and most of them were not previously involved in Arabidopsis floral transition, suggesting an evolutionary divergence of the transcriptional regulatory networks of the flowering process of both species. However, some genes belonging to the photoperiod and flower development pathways with evolutionarily conserved transcriptional profiles have been found. In addition, the flower meristem identity genes APETALA1 and LEAFY, as well as CONSTANS-LIKE 5, were identified as markers to distinguish between the vegetative and reproductive stages. Our data also indicated that the down-regulation of the photoperiodic genes seems to be directly associated with promoting floral transition under inductive short-day lengths. These findings provide valuable insight into the molecular factors that underlie meristematic development and contribute to understanding the photoperiod adaptation in the common bean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. González
- Genética del Desarrollo de Plantas, Misión Biológica de Galicia-CSIC, P.O. Box 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Ricardo Lebrón
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (CIAIMBITAL), Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Fernando J. Yuste-Lisbona
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (CIAIMBITAL), Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Cristina Gómez-Martín
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias & Laboratorio de Bioinformática, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Ortiz-Atienza
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (CIAIMBITAL), Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Michael Hackenberg
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias & Laboratorio de Bioinformática, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - José L. Oliver
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias & Laboratorio de Bioinformática, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael Lozano
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (CIAIMBITAL), Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Marta Santalla
- Genética del Desarrollo de Plantas, Misión Biológica de Galicia-CSIC, P.O. Box 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-986-596134; Fax: +34-986-851362
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Bai X, Ke J, Huang P, Fatima I, Cheng T, Tang M. Promotion of natural flowers by JcFT depends on JcLFY in the perennial woody species Jatropha curcas. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 318:111236. [PMID: 35351308 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Production of normal gametes is necessary for flowering plant reproduction, which involves the transition from vegetative to reproductive stage and floral organ development. Such transitions and floral development are modulated by various environmental and endogenous stimuli and controlled by sophisticated regulatory networks. FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and LEAFY (LFY) are two key genes that integrate signals from multiple genetic pathways in Arabidopsis. However, the comprehensive functions and relationship between these two genes in trees are poorly understood. In this study, we found that JcFT played a vital role in regulating the flowering transition in the perennial woody species Jatropha curcas. JcLFY also involved in regulating this transition and controlled floral organ development. The non-flowering phenotype of JcFT-RNAi was rescued successfully by overexpression of JcLFY, while the abnormal flowers produced by JcLFY silencing were not recovered by JcFT overexpression via hybridization. These results indicate that JcFT, in which a mutation leads to a nonflowering phenotype, is the central gene of the floral meristem transition and that JcLFY, in which a mutation leads to striking changes in flowering and often sterility, is the central floral and inflorescence development gene. Moreover, our hybridization results suggest that JcLFY acts downstream of JcFT in Jatropha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan 666303, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiapeng Ke
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Ping Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan 666303, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Iza Fatima
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan 666303, China; College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tong Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Mingyong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan 666303, China; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla 666303, China.
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Kou K, Yang H, Li H, Fang C, Chen L, Yue L, Nan H, Kong L, Li X, Wang F, Wang J, Du H, Yang Z, Bi Y, Lai Y, Dong L, Cheng Q, Su T, Wang L, Li S, Hou Z, Lu S, Zhang Y, Che Z, Yu D, Zhao X, Liu B, Kong F. A functionally divergent SOC1 homolog improves soybean yield and latitudinal adaptation. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1728-1742.e6. [PMID: 35263616 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) grows in a wide range of latitudes, but it is extremely sensitive to photoperiod, which reduces its yield and ability to adapt to different environments. Therefore, understanding of the genetic basis of soybean adaptation is of great significance for breeding and improvement. Here, we characterized Tof18 (SOC1a) that conditions early flowering and growth habit under both short-day and long-day conditions. Molecular analysis confirmed that the two SOC1 homologs present in soybeans (SOC1a and SOC1b) underwent evolutionary functional divergence, with SOC1a having stronger effects on flowering time and stem node number than SOC1b due to transcriptional differences. soc1a soc1b double mutants showed stronger functional effects than either of the single mutants, perhaps due to the formation of SOC1a and SOC1b homodimers or heterodimers. Additionally, Tof18/SOC1a improves the latitudinal adaptation of cultivated soybeans, highlighting the functional importance of SOC1a. The Tof18G allele facilitates adaptation to high latitudes, whereas Tof18A facilitates adaptation to low latitudes. We demonstrated that SOC1s contribute to floral induction in both leaves and shoot apex through inter-regulation with FTs. The SOC1a-SOC1b-Dt2 complex plays essential roles in stem growth habit by directly binding to the regulatory sequence of Dt1, making the genes encoding these proteins potential targets for genome editing to improve soybean yield via molecular breeding. Since the natural Tof18A allele increases node number, introgressing this allele into modern cultivars could improve yields, which would help optimize land use for food production in the face of population growth and global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Kou
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Haiyang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Liyu Chen
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Lin Yue
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Haiyang Nan
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Lingping Kong
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Jianhao Wang
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Haiping Du
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Zhongyi Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yingdong Bi
- Institute of Crops Tillage and Cultivation, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Yongcai Lai
- Institute of Crops Tillage and Cultivation, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Lidong Dong
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Qun Cheng
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Tong Su
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Lingshuang Wang
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Shichen Li
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Zhihong Hou
- College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163000, China
| | - Sijia Lu
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Zhijun Che
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Deyue Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Baohui Liu
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China; The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China; The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China.
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Kim JH, Jung WJ, Kim MS, Ko CS, Yoon JS, Hong MJ, Shin HJ, Seo YW. Molecular characterization of wheat floret development-related F-box protein (TaF-box2): Possible involvement in regulation of Arabidopsis flowering. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13677. [PMID: 35316541 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), the floret development stage is an important step in determining grain yield per spike; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying floret development remain unclear. In this study, we elucidated the role of TaF-box2, a member of the F-box-containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligases, which is involved in floret development and anthesis of wheat. TaF-box2 was transiently expressed in the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of both tobacco and wheat. We also found that the SCFF-box2 (Skp1-Cul1-Rbx1-TaF-box2) ubiquitin ligase complex mediated self-ubiquitination activity. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants that constitutively overexpressed TaF-box2 showed markedly greater hypocotyl and root length than wild-type plants, and produced early flowering phenotypes. Flowering-related genes were significantly upregulated in TaF-box2-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants. Further protein interaction analyses such as yeast two-hybrid, in vitro pull-down, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays confirmed that TaF-box2 physically interacted with TaCYCL1 (Triticum aestivum cyclin-L1-1). Ubiquitination and degradation assays demonstrated that TaCYCL1 was ubiquitinated by SCFF-box2 and degraded through the 26S proteasome complex. The physiological functions of the TaF-box2 protein remain unclear; however, we discuss several potential routes of involvement in various physiological mechanisms which counteract flowering in transgenic Arabidopsis plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Kim
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Joo Jung
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Seok Kim
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Seop Ko
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seok Yoon
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jeong Hong
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Shin
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Weon Seo
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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21
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Ding F, Li H, Wang J, Peng H, Chen H, Hu F, Lai B, Wei Y, Ma W, Li H, He X, Zhang S. Development of molecular markers based on the promoter difference of LcFT1 to discriminate easy- and difficult-flowering litchi germplasm resources and its application in crossbreeding. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:539. [PMID: 34784881 PMCID: PMC8594225 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03309-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Litchi is a well-known subtropical fruit crop. However, irregular bearing attributed to unstable flowering is a major ongoing problem for the development of the litchi industry. In a previous study, our laboratory proved that litchi flowering was induced by low temperature and that a FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) homologue gene named LcFT1 played a pivotal role in this process. The present study aimed to understand the natural variation in FT among litchi germplasm resources and designed markers to verify easy- and difficult-flowering litchi germplasms. A grafting experiment was also carried out to explore whether it could shorten the seedling stage of litchi seedlings. RESULTS Two types of LcFT1 promoter existed in different litchi germplasm resources, and we named them the 'easy-flowering type of LcFT1 promoter' and 'difficult-flowering type of LcFT1 promoter', which resulted in three different LcFT1 genotypes of litchi germplasm resources, including the homozygous easy-flowering type of the LcFT1 genotype, homozygous difficult-flowering type of the LcFT1 genotype and heterozygous LcFT1 genotype of litchi germplasm resources. The homozygous easy-flowering type of the LcFT1 genotype and heterozygous LcFT1 genotype of the litchi germplasm resources completed their floral induction more easily than the homozygous difficult-flowering type of the LcFT1 genotype of litchi germplasm resources. Herein, we designed two kinds of efficient molecular markers based on the difference in LcFT1 promoter sequences and applied them to identify of the easy- and difficult-flowering litchi germplasm resources. These two kinds of molecular markers were capable of clearly distinguishing the easy- from difficult-flowering litchi germplasm resources at the seedling stage and provided the same results. Meanwhile, grafting the scion of seedlings to the annual branches of adult litchi trees could significantly shorten the seedling stage. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the flowering characteristics of litchi germplasm resources is essential for easy-flowering litchi breeding. In the present study, molecular markers provide a rapid and accurate approach for identifying the flowering characteristics. The application of these molecular markers not only significantly shortened the artificial crossbreeding cycle of easy-flowering litchi cultivars but also greatly saved manpower, material resources and land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ding
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
- Horticultural Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Haoran Li
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Jinying Wang
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Hongxiang Peng
- Horticultural Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Houbin Chen
- Horticulture College, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Fuchu Hu
- Institute of Tropical Fruit Trees, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Tree Biology, Haikou, 510642, Hainan, China
| | - Biao Lai
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, China
| | - Yongzan Wei
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China
| | - Wuqiang Ma
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Horticultural Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Xinhua He
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- Horticultural Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China.
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22
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Sharma A, Gajbhiye S, Chauhan S, Chhabra M. Effect of cathodic culture on wastewater treatment and power generation in a photosynthetic sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC): Canna indica v/s Chlorella vulgaris. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 340:125645. [PMID: 34325389 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to compare the performance of the two types of photosynthetic microbial fuel cells (MFCs) fed with real wastewater- one having plant Canna indica (PMFC) and the other having alga Chlorella vulgaris (AMFC) at the cathode. The chemical oxygen demand (COD), phosphate, and nitrate removal stood at 57.16% 88.81%, 59.82% for PMFC and 65.27%, 95.59%, 66.61% for the AMFC. While AMFC was slightly superior in water treatment, the power output was 6 times higher in PMFC (22.76 mW m-2) than the AMFC (3.64 mW m-2). The biomass growth was good in both systems, with biomass productivity of 0.031 Kg m-3 day-1 in AMFC and a leaf area index of 0.006 in PMFC. The study's findings suggest that PMFCs are equally good or even better than AMFCs when the goal is simultaneous water treatment and power generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Sharma
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur (IIT J), Jodhpur, 342037, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sanjana Gajbhiye
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur (IIT J), Jodhpur, 342037, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sweta Chauhan
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur (IIT J), Jodhpur, 342037, Rajasthan, India
| | - Meenu Chhabra
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur (IIT J), Jodhpur, 342037, Rajasthan, India.
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The Impact of Phenological Developments on Interferometric and Polarimetric Crop Signatures Derived from Sentinel-1: Examples from the DEMMIN Study Site (Germany). REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13152951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the potential of Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) to identify phenological phases of wheat, sugar beet, and canola. Breakpoint and extreme value analyses were applied to a dense time series of interferometric (InSAR) and polarimetric (PolSAR) features recorded during the growing season of 2017 at the JECAM site DEMMIN (Germany). The analyses of breakpoints and extrema allowed for the distinction of vegetative and reproductive stages for wheat and canola. Certain phenological stages, measured in situ using the BBCH-scale, such as leaf development and rosette growth of sugar beet or stem elongation and ripening of wheat, were detectable by a combination of InSAR coherence, polarimetric Alpha and Entropy, and backscatter (VV/VH). Except for some fringe cases, the temporal difference between in situ observations and breakpoints or extrema ranged from zero to five days. Backscatter produced the signature that generated the most breakpoints and extrema. However, certain micro stadia, such as leaf development of BBCH 10 of sugar beet or flowering BBCH 69 of wheat, were only identifiable by the InSAR coherence and Alpha. Hence, it is concluded that combining PolSAR and InSAR features increases the number of detectable phenological events in the phenological cycles of crops.
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Dai Y, Sun X, Wang C, Li F, Zhang S, Zhang H, Li G, Yuan L, Chen G, Sun R, Zhang S. Gene co-expression network analysis reveals key pathways and hub genes in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.) during vernalization. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:236. [PMID: 33823810 PMCID: PMC8022416 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07510-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vernalization is a type of low temperature stress used to promote rapid bolting and flowering in plants. Although rapid bolting and flowering promote the reproduction of Chinese cabbages (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis), this process causes their commercial value to decline. Clarifying the mechanisms of vernalization is essential for its further application. We performed RNA sequencing of gradient-vernalization in order to explore the reasons for the different bolting process of two Chinese cabbage accessions during vernalization. RESULTS There was considerable variation in gene expression between different-bolting Chinese cabbage accessions during vernalization. Comparative transcriptome analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were performed for different-bolting Chinese cabbage during different vernalization periods. The biological function analysis and hub gene annotation of highly relevant modules revealed that shoot system morphogenesis and polysaccharide and sugar metabolism caused early-bolting 'XBJ' to bolt and flower faster; chitin, ABA and ethylene-activated signaling pathways were enriched in late-bolting 'JWW'; and leaf senescence and carbohydrate metabolism enrichment were found in the two Chinese cabbage-related modules, indicating that these pathways may be related to bolting and flowering. The high connectivity of hub genes regulated vernalization, including MTHFR2, CPRD49, AAP8, endoglucanase 10, BXLs, GATLs, and WRKYs. Additionally, five genes related to flower development, BBX32 (binds to the FT promoter), SUS1 (increases FT expression), TSF (the closest homologue of FT), PAO and NAC029 (plays a role in leaf senescence), were expressed in the two Chinese cabbage accessions. CONCLUSION The present work provides a comprehensive overview of vernalization-related gene networks in two different-bolting Chinese cabbages during vernalization. In addition, the candidate pathways and hub genes related to vernalization identified here will serve as a reference for breeders in the regulation of Chinese cabbage production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Dai
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Changjiang West Road, NO.130, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chenggang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Changjiang West Road, NO.130, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Fei Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shifan Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lingyun Yuan
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Changjiang West Road, NO.130, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Guohu Chen
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Changjiang West Road, NO.130, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Rifei Sun
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shujiang Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Cheng X, Li G, Krom N, Tang Y, Wen J. Genetic regulation of flowering time and inflorescence architecture by MtFDa and MtFTa1 in Medicago truncatula. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:161-178. [PMID: 33631796 PMCID: PMC8133602 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of floral transition and inflorescence development is crucial for plant reproductive success. FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) is one of the central players in the flowering genetic regulatory network, whereas FLOWERING LOCUS D (FD), an interactor of FT and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1), plays significant roles in both floral transition and inflorescence development. Here we show the genetic regulatory networks of floral transition and inflorescence development in Medicago truncatula by characterizing MtFTa1 and MtFDa and their genetic interactions with key inflorescence meristem (IM) regulators. Both MtFTa1 and MtFDa promote flowering; the double mutant mtfda mtfta1 does not proceed to floral transition. RNAseq analysis reveals that a broad range of genes involved in flowering regulation and flower development are up- or downregulated by MtFTa1 and/or MtFDa mutations. Furthermore, mutation of MtFDa also affects the inflorescence architecture. Genetic analyses of MtFDa, MtFTa1, MtTFL1, and MtFULc show that MtFDa is epistatic to MtFULc and MtTFL1 in controlling IM identity. Our results demonstrate that MtFTa1 and MtFDa are major flowering regulators in M. truncatula, and MtFDa is essential both in floral transition and secondary inflorescence development. The study will advance our understanding of the genetic regulation of flowering time and inflorescence development in legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Cheng
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Guifen Li
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Nick Krom
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Yuhong Tang
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
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26
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Lohani N, Singh MB, Bhalla PL. High temperature susceptibility of sexual reproduction in crop plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:555-568. [PMID: 31560053 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Climate change-induced increases in the frequency of extreme weather events, particularly heatwaves, are a serious threat to crop productivity. The productivity of grain crops is dependent on the success of sexual reproduction, which is very sensitive to heat stress. Male gametophyte development has been identified as the most heat-vulnerable stage. This review outlines the susceptibility of the various stages of sexual reproduction in flowering plants from the time of floral transition to double fertilization. We summarize current knowledge concerning the molecular mechanisms underpinning the heat stress-induced aberrations and abnormalities at flowering, male reproductive development, female reproductive development, and fertilization. We highlight the stage-specific bottlenecks in sexual reproduction, which regulate seed set and final yields under high-temperature conditions, together with the outstanding research questions concerning genotypic and species-specific differences in thermotolerance observed in crops. This knowledge is essential for trait selection and genetic modification strategies for the development of heat-tolerant genotypes and high-temperature-resilient crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeta Lohani
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohan B Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Prem L Bhalla
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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27
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Pinneh EC, Stoppel R, Knight H, Knight MR, Steel PG, Denny PW. Expression levels of inositol phosphorylceramide synthase modulate plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217087. [PMID: 31120963 PMCID: PMC6532887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This research was undertaken to investigate the global role of the plant inositol phosphorylceramide synthase (IPCS), a non-mammalian enzyme previously shown to be associated with the pathogen response. RNA-Seq analyses demonstrated that over-expression of inositol phosphorylceramide synthase isoforms AtIPCS1, 2 or 3 in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in the down-regulation of genes involved in plant response to pathogens. In addition, genes associated with the abiotic stress response to salinity, cold and drought were found to be similarly down-regulated. Detailed analyses of transgenic lines over-expressing AtIPCS1-3 at various levels revealed that the degree of down-regulation is specifically correlated with the level of IPCS expression. Singular enrichment analysis of these down-regulated genes showed that AtIPCS1-3 expression affects biological signaling pathways involved in plant response to biotic and abiotic stress. The up-regulation of genes involved in photosynthesis and lipid localization was also observed in the over-expressing lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Pinneh
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Rhea Stoppel
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Heather Knight
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Marc R. Knight
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick G. Steel
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul W. Denny
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
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28
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Zhang F, Liu X, Zhang A, Jiang Z, Chen L, Zhang X. Genome-wide dynamic network analysis reveals a critical transition state of flower development in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:11. [PMID: 30616516 PMCID: PMC6323737 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The flowering transition which is controlled by a complex and intricate gene regulatory network plays an important role in the reproduction for offspring of plants. It is a challenge to identify the critical transition state as well as the genes that control the transition of flower development. With the emergence of massively parallel sequencing, a great number of time-course transcriptome data greatly facilitate the exploration of the developmental phase transition in plants. Although some network-based bioinformatics analyses attempted to identify the genes that control the phase transition, they generally overlooked the dynamics of regulation and resulted in unreliable results. In addition, the results of these methods cannot be self-explained. RESULTS In this work, to reveal a critical transition state and identify the transition-specific genes of flower development, we implemented a genome-wide dynamic network analysis on temporal gene expression data in Arabidopsis by dynamic network biomarker (DNB) method. In the analysis, DNB model which can exploit collective fluctuations and correlations of different metabolites at a network level was used to detect the imminent critical transition state or the tipping point. The genes that control the phase transition can be identified by the difference of weighted correlations between the genes interested and the other genes in the global network. To construct the gene regulatory network controlling the flowering transition, we applied NARROMI algorithm which can reduce the noisy, redundant and indirect regulations on the expression data of the transition-specific genes. In the results, the critical transition state detected during the formation of flowers corresponded to the development of flowering on the 7th to 9th day in Arabidopsis. Among of 233 genes identified to be highly fluctuated at the transition state, a high percentage of genes with maximum expression in pollen was detected, and 24 genes were validated to participate in stress reaction process, as well as other floral-related pathways. Composed of three major subnetworks, a gene regulatory network with 150 nodes and 225 edges was found to be highly correlated with flowering transition. The gene ontology (GO) annotation of pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the identified genes are enriched in the catalytic activity, metabolic process and cellular process. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a novel insight to identify the real causality of the phase transition with genome-wide dynamic network analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specially Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049 China
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Aidi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specially Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Zhonglin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Luonan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Xiujun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specially Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074 China
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Ding F, Zhang S, Chen H, Peng H, Lu J, He X, Pan J. Functional analysis of a homologue of the FLORICAULA/LEAFY gene in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) revealing its significance in early flowering process. Genes Genomics 2018; 40:10.1007/s13258-018-0739-4. [PMID: 30218346 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-018-0739-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is an important subtropical fruit crop with high commercial value due to its high nutritional values and favorable tastes. However, irregular bearing attributed to unstable flowering is a major ongoing problem for litchi producers. Previous studies indicate that low-temperature is a key factor in litchi floral induction. In order to reveal the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying the reproductive process in litchi, we had analyzed the transcriptome of buds before and after low-temperature induction using RNA-seq technology. A key flower bud differentiation associated gene, a homologue of FLORICAULA/LEAFY, was identified and named LcLFY (GenBank Accession No. KF008435). The cDNA sequence of LcLFY encodes a putative protein of 388 amino acids. To gain insight into the role of LcLFY, the temporal expression level of this gene was measured by real-time RT-PCR. LcLFY was highly expressed in flower buds and its expression correlated with the floral developmental stage. Heterologous expression of LcLFY in transgenic tobacco plants induced precocious flowering. Meantime, we investigated the sub-cellular localization of LcLFY. The LcLFY-Green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein was found in the nucleus. The results suggest that LcLFY plays a pivotal role as a transcription factor in controlling the transition to flowering and in the development of floral organs in litchi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ding
- Horticultural Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
- Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- Horticultural Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Houbin Chen
- Horticulture College, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongxiang Peng
- Horticultural Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Lu
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Laboratory, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinhua He
- Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiechun Pan
- Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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Zhao W, Gu R, Che G, Cheng Z, Zhang X. CsTFL1b may regulate the flowering time and inflorescence architecture in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 499:307-313. [PMID: 29574158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber is an important vegetable with indeterminate growth habit which is beneficial to its yield. In this study, we cloned the TFL1 homolog CsTFL1b in cucumber. CsTFL1b shares highly sequence similarity to TFL1 from Arabidopsis and has conservative histidine amino acid residue which is necessary for TFL1 function. However, phylogenetic analysis suggested that cucurbits TFL1s (CsTFL1b of cucumber and CmTFL1 of melon) formed a subclade which is far from the AtTFL1 in Arabidopsis or CEN in Antirrhinum. CsTFL1b was highest expressed in male flower but barely expressed in SAM which was different from TFL1 in Arabidopsis with highly transcription accumulation in SAM and CsTFL1b was located in nucleus and cytoplasm. Upon ectopic expression of CsTFL1b in Arabidopsis, the flowering time of transgenic plants was significantly delayed in both wild type and tfl1-11 mutant background but the terminal flower phenotype of tfl1-11 mutant was partially rescued. These results may underlie the discrepant function of CsTFL1b in cucumber from that in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Zhao
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ran Gu
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Gen Che
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhihua Cheng
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Zhao W, Chen Z, Liu X, Che G, Gu R, Zhao J, Wang Z, Hou Y, Zhang X. CsLFY is required for shoot meristem maintenance via interaction with WUSCHEL in cucumber (Cucumis sativus). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:344-356. [PMID: 29274285 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is an agronomically important vegetable with indeterminant growth habit, in which leaves are produced from the shoot apical meristem (SAM), and unisexual flowers are generated from the leaf axils. LEAFY (LFY) and its homologs have been shown to play important roles in promoting flower development and branching. The LFY homolog gene CsLFY was cloned in cucumber. Molecular biology, developmental biology and biochemical tools were combined to explore the biological function of the LFY homologous gene CsLFY in cucumber. CsLFY was expressed in the SAM, floral meristem and floral organ primordia. Ectopic expression of CsLFY rescued the phenotype of the lfy-5 mutant in Arabidopsis. Knockdown of CsLFY by RNA interference (RNAi) led to defective shoot development and premature discontinuance of leaf initiation in cucumber. Transcription of CsWUS and putative CsLFY target genes including CsAP3 and CUM1 were significantly reduced in the CsLFY-RNAi lines. Further biochemical analyses indicated that CsLFY physically interacts with CsWUS in cucumber. These data suggested that CsLFY has a novel function in regulating shoot meristem maintenance through interaction with CsWUS, and promotes flower development via activation of CsAP3 and CUM1 in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Zhao
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zijing Chen
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gen Che
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ran Gu
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianyu Zhao
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhongyi Wang
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Hou
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Copley TR, Duceppe MO, O'Donoughue LS. Identification of novel loci associated with maturity and yield traits in early maturity soybean plant introduction lines. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:167. [PMID: 29490606 PMCID: PMC5831853 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4558-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To continue to meet the increasing demands of soybean worldwide, it is crucial to identify key genes regulating flowering and maturity to expand the cultivated regions into short season areas. Although four soybean genes have been successfully utilized in early maturity breeding programs, new genes governing maturity are continuously being identified suggesting that there remains as yet undiscovered loci governing agronomic traits of interest. The objective of this study was to identify novel loci and genes involved in a diverse set of early soybean maturity using genome-wide association (GWA) analyses to identify loci governing days to maturity (DTM), flowering (DTF) and pod filling (DTPF), as well as yield and 100 seed weight in Canadian environments. To do so, soybean plant introduction lines varying significantly for maturity, but classified as early varieties, were used. Plants were phenotyped for the five agronomic traits for five site-years and GWA approaches used to identify candidate loci and genes affecting each trait. RESULTS Genotyping using genotyping-by-sequencing and microarray methods identified 67,594 single nucleotide polymorphisms, of which 31,283 had a linkage disequilibrium < 1 and minor allele frequency > 0.05 and were used for GWA analyses. A total of 9, 6, 4, 5 and 2 loci were detected for GWA analyses for DTM, DTF, DTPF, 100 seed weight and yield, respectively. Regions of interest, including a region surrounding the E1 gene for flowering and maturity, and several novel loci, were identified, with several loci having pleiotropic effects. Novel loci affecting maturity were identified on chromosomes five and 13 and reduced maturity by 7.2 and 3.3 days, respectively. Novel loci for maturity and flowering contained genes orthologous to known Arabidopsis flowering genes, while loci affecting yield and 100 seed weight contained genes known to cause dwarfism. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated substantial variation in soybean agronomic traits of interest, including maturity and flowering dates as well as yield, and the utility of GWA analyses in identifying novel genetic factors underlying important agronomic traits. The loci and candidate genes identified serve as promising targets for future studies examining the mechanisms underlying the related soybean traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya R Copley
- Centre de recherche sur les grains (CÉROM), Inc., 740 chemin Trudeau, St-Mathieu-de-Beloeil, Québec, J3G 0E2, Canada
| | - Marc-Olivier Duceppe
- Centre de recherche sur les grains (CÉROM), Inc., 740 chemin Trudeau, St-Mathieu-de-Beloeil, Québec, J3G 0E2, Canada
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Nepean, ON, K2H 8P9, Canada
| | - Louise S O'Donoughue
- Centre de recherche sur les grains (CÉROM), Inc., 740 chemin Trudeau, St-Mathieu-de-Beloeil, Québec, J3G 0E2, Canada.
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Long photoperiod affects the maize transition from vegetative to reproductive stages: a proteomic comparison between photoperiod-sensitive inbred line and its recurrent parent. Amino Acids 2017; 50:149-161. [PMID: 29030729 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2501-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a typical short-day plant that is produced as an important food product and industrial material. The photoperiod is one of the most important evolutionary mechanisms enabling the adaptation of plant developmental phases to changes in climate conditions. There are differences in the photoperiod sensitivity of maize inbred lines from tropical to temperate regions. In this study, to identify the maize proteins responsive to a long photoperiod (LP), the photoperiod-insensitive inbred line HZ4 and its near-isogenic line H496, which is sensitive to LP conditions, were analyzed under long-day conditions using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation. We identified 5259 proteins in maize leaves exposed to the LP condition between the vegetative and reproductive stages. These proteins included 579 and 576 differentially accumulated proteins in H496 and HZ4 leaves, respectively. The differentially accumulated proteins (e.g., membrane, defense, and energy- and ribosome-related proteins) exhibited the opposite trends in HZ4 and H496 plants during the transition from the vegetative stage to the reproductive stage. These results suggest that the photoperiod-associated fragment in H496 plants considerably influences various proteins to respond to the photoperiod sensitivity. Overall, our data provide new insights into the effects of long-day treatments on the maize proteome, and may be useful for the development of new germplasm.
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Abstract
Shoot and inflorescence are central physiological and developmental tissues of plants. Flowering is one of the most important agronomic traits for improvement of crop yield. To analyze the vegetative to reproductive tissue transition in Jatropha curcas, gene expression profiles were generated from shoot and inflorescence tissues. RNA isolated from both tissues was sequenced using the Ilumina HiSeq 2500 platform. Differential gene expression analysis identified key biological processes associated with vegetative to reproductive tissue transition. The present data for J. curcas may inform the design of breeding strategies particularly with respect to reproductive tissue transition. The raw data of this study has been deposited in the NCBI's Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database with the accession number SRP090662.
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A photoperiod-responsive protein compendium and conceptual proteome roadmap outline in maize grown in growth chambers with controlled conditions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174003. [PMID: 28399169 PMCID: PMC5388471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the major staple food crops of the world. However, high photoperiod sensitivity, especially for tropical germplasms, impedes attempts to improve maize agronomical traits by integration of tropical and temperate maize germplasms. Physiological and phenotypic responses of maize to photoperiod have widely been investigated based on multi-site field observations; however, proteome-based responsive mechanisms under controlled photoperiod regimes, nutrient and moisture soils are not yet well understood. In the present study, we sequenced and analyzed six proteomes of tropically-adapted and photoperiod-sensitive M9 inbred line at the vegetative 3 stage and proteomes from tropically-adapted and photoperiod-sensitive Shuang M9 (SM9) inbred line at the vegetative-tasseling stage. All plants were grown in growth chambers with controlled soil and temperature and three photoperiod regimes, a short photoperiod (SP) of 10 h light/14 h dark, a control neutral photoperiod (NP) of 12 h light/12 h dark, and a long photoperiod (LP) of 16 h light/8 h dark for a daily cycle. We identified 4,395 proteins of which 401 and 425 differentially-expressed proteins (DPs) were found in abundance in M9 leaves and in SM9 leaves as per SP/LP vs. NP, respectively. Some DPs showed responses to both SP and LP while some only responded to either SP or LP, depending on M9 or SM9. Our study showed that the photoperiodic response pathway, circadian clock rhythm, and high light density/intensity crosstalk with each other, but apparently differ from dark signaling routes. Photoperiod response involves light-responsive or dark-responsive proteins or both. The DPs positioned on the signaling routes from photoperiod changes to RNA/DNA responses involve the mago nashi homolog and glycine-rich RNA-binding proteins. Moreover, the cell-to-cell movement of ZCN14 through plasmodesmata is likely blocked under a 16-h-light LP. Here, we propose a photoperiodic model based on our findings and those from previous studies.
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36
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An ortholog of LEAFY in Jatropha curcas regulates flowering time and floral organ development. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37306. [PMID: 27869146 PMCID: PMC5116762 DOI: 10.1038/srep37306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Jatropha curcas seeds are an excellent biofuel feedstock, but seed yields of Jatropha are limited by its poor flowering and fruiting ability. Thus, identifying genes controlling flowering is critical for genetic improvement of seed yield. We isolated the JcLFY, a Jatropha ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana LEAFY (LFY), and identified JcLFY function by overexpressing it in Arabidopsis and Jatropha. JcLFY is expressed in Jatropha inflorescence buds, flower buds, and carpels, with highest expression in the early developmental stage of flower buds. JcLFY overexpression induced early flowering, solitary flowers, and terminal flowers in Arabidopsis, and also rescued the delayed flowering phenotype of lfy-15, a LFY loss-of-function Arabidopsis mutant. Microarray and qPCR analysis revealed several flower identity and flower organ development genes were upregulated in JcLFY-overexpressing Arabidopsis. JcLFY overexpression in Jatropha also induced early flowering. Significant changes in inflorescence structure, floral organs, and fruit shape occurred in JcLFY co-suppressed plants in which expression of several flower identity and floral organ development genes were changed. This suggests JcLFY is involved in regulating flower identity, floral organ patterns, and fruit shape, although JcLFY function in Jatropha floral meristem determination is not as strong as that of Arabidopsis.
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37
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A major QTL and a candidate gene for heading date in an early maturing rice mutant induced by gamma ray irradiation. Genes Genomics 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-016-0419-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Hou CJ, Yang CH. Comparative analysis of the pteridophyte Adiantum MFT ortholog reveals the specificity of combined FT/MFT C and N terminal interaction with FD for the regulation of the downstream gene AP1. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 91:563-579. [PMID: 27216814 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0489-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To study the evolution of phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) gene families in non-flowering plants, we performed a functional analysis of the PEBP gene AcMFT of the MFT clade in the pteridophyte Adiantum capillus-veneris. The expression of AcMFT was regulated by photoperiod similar to that for FT under both long day and short day conditions. Ectopic expression of AcMFT in Arabidopsis promotes the floral transition and partially complements the late flowering defect in transgenic Arabidopsis ft-1 mutants, suggesting that AcMFT functions similarly to FT in flowering plants. Interestingly, a similar partial compensation of the ft-1 late flowering phenotype was observed in Arabidopsis ectopically expressing only exon 4 of the C terminus of AcMFT and FT. This result indicated that the fourth exon of AcMFT and FT plays a similar and important role in promoting flowering. Further analysis indicated that exons 1-3 in the N terminus specifically enhanced the function of FT exon 4 in controlling flowering in Arabidopsis. Protein pull-down assays indicated that Arabidopsis FD proteins interact with full-length FT and AcMFT, as well as peptides encoded by 1-3 exon fragments or the 4th exon alone. Furthermore, similar FRET efficiencies for FT-FD and AcMFT-FD heterodimer in nucleus were observed. These results indicated that FD could form the similar complex with FT and AcMFT. Further analysis indicated that the expression of AP1, a gene downstream of FT, was up-regulated more strongly by FT than AcMFT in transgenic Arabidopsis. Our results revealed that AcMFT from a non-flowering plant could interact with FD to regulate the floral transition and that this function was reduced due to the weakened ability of AcMFT-FD to activate the downstream gene AP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Jing Hou
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chang-Hsien Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, ROC.
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan, ROC.
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Han Y, Chen Z, Lv S, Ning K, Ji X, Liu X, Wang Q, Liu R, Fan S, Zhang X. MADS-Box Genes and Gibberellins Regulate Bolting in Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1889. [PMID: 28018414 PMCID: PMC5159435 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bolting in lettuce is promoted by high temperature and bolting resistance is of great economic importance for lettuce production. But how bolting is regulated at the molecular level remains elusive. Here, a bolting resistant line S24 and a bolting sensitive line S39 were selected for morphological, physiological, transcriptomic and proteomic comparisons. A total of 12204 genes were differentially expressed in S39 vs. S24. Line S39 was featured with larger leaves, higher levels of chlorophyll, soluble sugar, anthocyanin and auxin, consistent with its up-regulation of genes implicated in photosynthesis, oxidation-reduction and auxin actions. Proteomic analysis identified 30 differentially accumulated proteins in lines S39 and S24 upon heat treatment, and 19 out of the 30 genes showed differential expression in the RNA-Seq data. Exogenous gibberellins (GA) treatment promoted bolting in both S39 and S24, while 12 flowering promoting MADS-box genes were specifically induced in line S39, suggesting that although GA regulates bolting in lettuce, it may be the MADS-box genes, not GA, that plays a major role in differing the bolting resistance between these two lettuce lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyan Han
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture/New Technological Laboratory in Agriculture Application in BeijingBeijing, China
| | - Zijing Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Sciences, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Shanshan Lv
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
| | - Kang Ning
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Sciences, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xueliang Ji
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture/New Technological Laboratory in Agriculture Application in BeijingBeijing, China
| | - Xueying Liu
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture/New Technological Laboratory in Agriculture Application in BeijingBeijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Sciences, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Renyi Liu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
| | - Shuangxi Fan
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture/New Technological Laboratory in Agriculture Application in BeijingBeijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaolan Zhang, Shuangxi Fan,
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Sciences, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaolan Zhang, Shuangxi Fan,
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40
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Ding F, Zhang S, Chen H, Su Z, Zhang R, Xiao Q, Li H. Promoter difference of LcFT1 is a leading cause of natural variation of flowering timing in different litchi cultivars (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 241:128-37. [PMID: 26706065 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Litchi (Litchi chinensis) is an important subtropical evergreen fruit crop with high commercial value due to its high nutritional values and favorable tastes. However, irregular bearing attributed to unstable flowering is a major ongoing problem for litchi producers. There is a need to better understand the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying the reproductive process in litchi. In a previous study, our laboratory had analyzed the transcriptome of litchi leaves before and after low-temperature treatment with RNA-seq technology. Herein, we demonstrated that litchi flowering was induced by low-temperature and identified two FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) homologue genes named LcFT1 and LcFT2, respectively. We found that low-temperature could only induce LcFT1 expression in leaves, but could not induce LcFT2 expression. Heterologous expression of LcFT1 in transgenic tobacco and Arabidopsis plants induced their precocious flowering. These results indicate that LcFT1 plays a pivotal role in litchi floral induction by low-temperature. In addition, we found that two types of LcFT1 promoter existed in different litchi cultivars. The LcFT1 promoters in the early-flowering cultivars belonged to one type whereas LcFT1 promoters in the late-flowering belonged to another one. LcFT1 promoter in the early-flowering cultivars was more sensitive to low-temperature than that of the late-flowering cultivars was, which may be caused by the different cis-acting elements, including MYC, MYB, ABRE, and WRKY cis-acting elements, which were found to be present in the LcFT1 promoter sequences of the early-flowering cultivars. This difference may be responsible for the different requirements of low-temperature for floral induction in the early- and late-flowering cultivars of litchi. Taken together, the difference in LcFT1 promoter sequences may be one of the leading cause for the natural variation of flowering timing in different litchi cultivars. Our study has provided valuable genetic basis for cross-breeding of litchi cultivars to generate new litchi cultivars for overcoming the problem of unstable flowering for litchi producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ding
- Horticulture College, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China; Agricultural College of Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China; Agricultural College of Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Houbin Chen
- Horticulture College, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zuanxian Su
- Horticulture College, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Horticulture College, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiusheng Xiao
- Horticulture College, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China
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41
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Wu SL, Yang XB, Liu LQ, Jiang T, Wu H, Su C, Qian YH, Jiao F. Agrobacterium-mediated transient MaFT expression in mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:1266-71. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1025691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
To optimize Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation assay in mulberry (Morus alba L.), various infiltration methods, Agrobacterium tumefaciens (A. tumefaciens) strains, and bacterial concentrations were tested in mulberry seedlings. Compared with LBA4404, GV3101 harboring pBE2133 plasmids presented stronger GUS signals at 3 days post infiltration using syringe. Recombinant plasmids pBE2133:GFP and pBE2133:GFP:MaFT were successfully constructed. Transient expression of MaFT:GFP protein was found in leaves, petiole (cross section), and shoot apical meristem (SAM) of mulberry according to the GFP signal. Moreover, MaFT:GFP mRNA was also detected in leaves and SAM via RT-PCR and qRT-PCR. An efficient transient transformation system could be achieved in mulberry seedlings by syringe using A. tumefaciens GV3101 at the OD600 of 0.5. The movement of MaFT expression from leaves to SAM might trigger the precocious flowering of mulberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Li Wu
- Institute of Sericulture and Silk, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Bing Yang
- Institute of Sericulture and Silk, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P.R. China
| | - Li-Qun Liu
- Institute of Sericulture and Silk, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P.R. China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Institute of Sericulture and Silk, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P.R. China
| | - Hai Wu
- Institute of Sericulture and Silk, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P.R. China
| | - Chao Su
- Institute of Sericulture and Silk, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Hua Qian
- Institute of Sericulture and Silk, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P.R. China
| | - Feng Jiao
- Institute of Sericulture and Silk, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P.R. China
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Huang S, Liu Z, Yao R, Li D, Feng H. Comparative transcriptome analysis of the petal degeneration mutant pdm in Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis) using RNA-Seq. Mol Genet Genomics 2015; 290:1833-47. [PMID: 25860116 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Flowering, which plays a crucial role in the growth and development of flowering plants, is a crucial point from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. The goal of this study was to examine the differences between the transcriptomes of the Chinese cabbage mutant pdm and the corresponding wild-type line 'FT'. We performed transcriptome analysis on mRNA isolated from flower buds of pdm and 'FT' using Illumina RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data. A total of 117 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected. Among the DEGs, we identified a number of genes involved in floral development and flowering, including an F-box protein gene, EARLY FLOWERING 4 (ELF4), and transcription factors BIGPETAL (BPE) and MYB21 (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog); differential expression of these genes could potentially explain the difference in the flowers between pdm and 'FT'. In addition, the expression patterns of 20 DEGs, including 12 floral development and flowering-related genes and eight randomly selected genes, were validated by qRT-PCR, and the results were highly concordant with the RNA-Seq results. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses were performed to better understand the functions of these DEGs. We also identified a large number of single nucleotide polymorphism and insertion/deletion markers, which will be a rich resource for future marker development and breeding research in Chinese cabbage. Also, our analysis revealed numerous novel transcripts and alternative splicing events. The transcriptome analysis provides valuable information for furthering our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the flowering process, and establishes a solid foundation for future genetic and functional genomic studies in Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Huang
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Runpeng Yao
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Danyang Li
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Feng
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China.
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Kimura Y, Aoki S, Ando E, Kitatsuji A, Watanabe A, Ohnishi M, Takahashi K, Inoue SI, Nakamichi N, Tamada Y, Kinoshita T. A flowering integrator, SOC1, affects stomatal opening in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:640-9. [PMID: 25588388 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal movements are regulated by multiple environmental signals. Recent investigations indicate that photoperiodic flowering components, such as CRY, GI, CO, FT and TSF, are expressed in guard cells and positively affect stomatal opening in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we show that SOC1, which encodes a MADS box transcription factor and integrates multiple flowering signals, also exerts a positive effect on stomatal opening. FLC encodes a potent repressor of FT and SOC1, and FRI acts as an activator of FLC. Thus, we examined stomatal phenotypes in FRI-Col, which contains an active FRI allele of accession Sf-2 by introgression. We found higher expression of FLC and lower expression of FT, SOC1 and TSF in guard cells from FRI-Col than in those from Col. Light-induced stomatal opening was significantly suppressed in FRI-Col. Interestingly, vernalization of FRI-Col partially restored light-induced stomatal opening, concomitant with a decrease of FLC and increase of FT, SOC1 and TSF. Furthermore, we observed the constitutive open-stomata phenotype in transgenic plants overexpressing SOC1-GFP (green fluorescent protein) in guard cells (SOC1-GFP overexpressor), and found that light-induced stomatal opening was significantly suppressed in a soc1 knockout mutant. RNA sequencing using epidermis from the SOC1-GFP overexpressor revealed that the expression levels of several genes involved in stomatal opening, such as BLUS1 and the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPases, were higher than those in background plants. From these results, we conclude that SOC1 is involved in the regulation of stomatal opening via transcriptional regulation in guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Kimura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Saya Aoki
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Eigo Ando
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Ayaka Kitatsuji
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Aiko Watanabe
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Masato Ohnishi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Koji Takahashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Inoue
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
| | - Norihito Nakamichi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0022 Japan
| | - Yosuke Tamada
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602 Japan
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ZmSOC1, a MADS-box transcription factor from Zea mays, promotes flowering in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:19987-20003. [PMID: 25372944 PMCID: PMC4264151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151119987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Zea mays is an economically important crop, but its molecular mechanism of flowering remains largely uncharacterized. The gene, SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (SOC1), integrates multiple flowering signals to regulate floral transition in Arabidopsis. In this study, ZmSOC1 was isolated from Zea mays. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the ZmSOC1 protein contained a highly conserved MADS domain and a typical SOC1 motif. ZmSOC1 protein was localized in the nucleus in protoplasts and showed no transcriptional activation activity in yeast cells. ZmSOC1 was highly expressed in maize reproductive organs, including filaments, ear and endosperm, but expression was very low in embryos; on the other hand, the abiotic stresses could repress ZmSOC1 expression. Overexpression of ZmSOC1 resulted in early flowering in Arabidopsis through increasing the expression of AtLFY and AtAP1. Overall, these results suggest that ZmSOC1 is a flowering promoter in Arabidopsis.
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Zheng T, Li S, Zang L, Dai L, Yang C, Qu GZ. Overexpression of two PsnAP1 genes from Populus simonii × P. nigra causes early flowering in transgenic tobacco and Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111725. [PMID: 25360739 PMCID: PMC4216142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, AP1 is a floral meristem identity gene and plays an important role in floral organ development. In this study, PsnAP1-1 and PsnAP1-2 were isolated from the male reproductive buds of poplar (Populus simonii × P. nigra), which are the orthologs of AP1 in Arabidopsis, by sequence analysis. Northern blot and qRT-PCR analysis showed that PsnAP1-1 and PsnAP1-2 exhibited high expression level in early inflorescence development of poplar. Subcellular localization showed the PsnAP1-1 and PsnAP1-2 proteins are localized in the nucleus. Overexpression of PsnAP1-1 and PsnAP1-2 in tobacco under the control of a CaMV 35S promoter significantly enhanced early flowering. These transgenic plants also showed much earlier stem initiation and higher rates of photosynthesis than did wild-type tobacco. qRT-PCR analysis further indicated that overexpression of PsnAP1-1 and PsnAP1-2 resulted in up-regulation of genes related to flowering, such as NtMADS4, NtMADS5 and NtMADS11. Overexpression of PsnAP1-1 and PsnAP1-2 in Arabidopsis also induced early flowering, but did not complement the ap1-10 floral morphology to any noticeable extent. This study indicates that PsnAP1-1 and PsnAP1-2 play a role in floral transition of poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangchun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, China
| | - Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, China
| | - Lina Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, China
| | - Lijuan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, China
| | - Chuanping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, China
| | - Guan-Zheng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, China
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Wang X, Zhang X, Zhao L, Guo Z. Morphology and quantitative monitoring of gene expression patterns during floral induction and early flower development in Dendrocalamus latiflorus. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:12074-93. [PMID: 25003644 PMCID: PMC4139830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150712074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of floral transition in bamboo remains unclear. Dendrocalamus latiflorus (Bambusease, Bambusoideae, Poaceae) is an economically and ecologically important clumping bamboo in tropical and subtropical areas. We evaluated morphological characteristics and gene expression profiling to study floral induction and early flower development in D. latiflorus. The detailed morphological studies on vegetative buds and floral organography were completed using paraffin sectioning and scanning electron microscopy. The 3 mm floral buds commence the development of stamen primordia and pistil primordium. Furthermore, homologs of floral transition-related genes, including AP1, TFL1, RFL, PpMADS1, PpMADS2, SPL9, FT, ID1, FCA, and EMF2, were detected and quantified by reverse transcriptase PCR and real-time PCR in vegetative and floral buds, respectively. Distinct expression profiles of ten putative floral initiation homologues that corresponded to the developmental stages defined by bud length were obtained and genes were characterized. Six of the genes (including DlTFL1, DlRFL, DlMADS2, DlID1, DlFCA, DlEMF2) showed statistically significant changes in expression during floral transition. DlAP1 demonstrated a sustained downward trend and could serve as a good molecular marker during floral transition in D. latiflorus. The combined analysis provided key candidate markers to track the transition from the vegetative to reproductive phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- China Southwest Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, the Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- China Southwest Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, the Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Lei Zhao
- China Southwest Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, the Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Zhenhua Guo
- China Southwest Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, the Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
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Balanzà V, Martínez-Fernández I, Ferrándiz C. Sequential action of FRUITFULL as a modulator of the activity of the floral regulators SVP and SOC1. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1193-203. [PMID: 24465009 PMCID: PMC3935574 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The role in flowering time of the MADS-box transcription factor fruitfulL (FUL) has been proposed in many works. FUL has been connected to several flowering pathways as a target of the photoperiod, ambient temperature, and age pathways and it is has been shown to promote flowering in a partially redundant manner with suppressor of overexpression of constans 1 (SOC1). However, the position of FUL in these genetic networks, as well as the functional output of FUL activity during floral transition, remains unclear. In this work, a genetic approach has been undertaken to understand better the functional hierarchies involving FUL and other MADS-box factors with well established roles as floral integrators such as SOC1, short vegetative phase (svp) or flowering locus C (FLC). Our results suggest a prominent role of FUL in promoting reproductive transition when photoinductive signalling is suppressed by short-day conditions or by high levels of FLC expression, as in non-vernalized winter ecotypes. A model is proposed where the sequential formation of FUL-SVP and FUL-SOC1 heterodimers may mediate the vegetative and meristem identity transitions, counteracting the repressive effect of FLC and SVP on flowering.
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Ikegami H, Nogata H, Inoue Y, Himeno S, Yakushiji H, Hirata C, Hirashima K, Mori M, Awamura M, Nakahara T. Expression of FcFT1, a FLOWERING LOCUS T-like gene, is regulated by light and associated with inflorescence differentiation in fig (Ficus carica L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:216. [PMID: 24341499 PMCID: PMC3878838 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because the floral induction occurs in many plants when specific environmental conditions are satisfied, most plants bloom and bear fruit during the same season each year. In fig, by contrast, the time interval during which inflorescence (flower bud, fruit) differentiation occurs corresponds to the shoot elongation period. Fig trees thus differ from many species in their reproductive growth characteristics. To date, however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this unorthodox physiology of floral induction and fruit setting in fig trees have not been elucidated. RESULTS We isolated a FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)-like gene from fig and examined its function, characteristics, and expression patterns. The isolated gene, F. carica FT (FcFT1), is single copy in fig and shows the highest similarity at the amino acid level (93.1%) to apple MdFT2. We sequenced its upstream region (1,644 bp) and identified many light-responsive elements. FcFT1 was mainly expressed in leaves and induced early flowering in transgenic tobacco, suggesting that FcFT1 is a fig FT ortholog. Real-time reverse-transcription PCR analysis revealed that FcFT1 mRNA expression occurred only in leaves at the lower nodes, the early fruit setting positions. mRNA levels remained a constant for approximately 5 months from spring to autumn, corresponding almost exactly to the inflorescence differentiation season. Diurnal variation analysis revealed that FcFT1 mRNA expression increased under relative long-day and short-day conditions, but not under continuous darkness. CONCLUSION These results suggest that FcFT1 activation is regulated by light conditions and may contribute to fig's unique fruit-setting characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Ikegami
- Fukuoka Agricultural Research Center, 587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka 818-8549, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nogata
- Fukuoka Prefectural Control Station for Pests, 423 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka 818-0004, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Inoue
- Fukuoka Agricultural Research Center Buzen Station, 2-4-1 Nishiizumi, Yukuhashi, Fukuoka 824-0038, Japan
| | - Shuichi Himeno
- Fukuoka Agricultural Research Center Buzen Station, 2-4-1 Nishiizumi, Yukuhashi, Fukuoka 824-0038, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yakushiji
- Grape and Persimmon Research Station, National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, NARO, Akitsu 301-2, Higashi Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-2494, Japan
| | - Chiharu Hirata
- Fukuoka Agricultural Research Center, 587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka 818-8549, Japan
| | - Keita Hirashima
- Fukuoka Agricultural Research Center, 587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka 818-8549, Japan
| | - Masashi Mori
- Ishikawa Prefectural University, 921-8836 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 834-1213, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Awamura
- Fukuoka Agricultural Research Center, 587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka 818-8549, Japan
| | - Takao Nakahara
- Fukuoka Agricultural Research Center Yame Station, 3266-1 Honbun, Kuroki, Yame, Fukuoka 834-1213, Japan
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Zhou H, Cheng FY, Wang R, Zhong Y, He C. Transcriptome comparison reveals key candidate genes responsible for the unusual reblooming trait in tree peonies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79996. [PMID: 24244590 PMCID: PMC3828231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree peonies are important ornamental plants worldwide, but growing them can be frustrating due to their short and concentrated flowering period. Certain cultivars exhibit a reblooming trait that provides a valuable alternative for extending the flowering period. However, the genetic control of reblooming in tree peonies is not well understood. In this study, we compared the molecular properties and morphology of reblooming and non-reblooming tree peonies during the floral initiation and developmental processes. Using transcriptome sequencing technology, we generated 59,275 and 63,962 unigenes with a mean size of 698 bp and 699 bp from the two types of tree peonies, respectively, and identified eight differentially expressed genes that are involved in the floral pathways of Arabidopsis thaliana. These differentially regulated genes were verified through a detailed analysis of their expression pattern during the floral process by real time RT-PCR. From this combined analysis, we identified four genes, PsFT, PsVIN3, PsCO and PsGA20OX, which likely play important roles in the regulation of the reblooming process in tree peonies. These data constitute a valuable resource for the discovery of genes involved in flowering time and insights into the molecular mechanism of flowering to further accelerate the breeding of tree peonies and other perennial woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- Landscape Architecture College of Beijing Forestry University, National Flower Engineering Research Center, Beijing, China
- Institute of Biology and Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Fang-Yun Cheng
- Landscape Architecture College of Beijing Forestry University, National Flower Engineering Research Center, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (FYC); (CYH)
| | - Rong Wang
- Landscape Architecture College of Beijing Forestry University, National Flower Engineering Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zhong
- Landscape Architecture College of Beijing Forestry University, National Flower Engineering Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoying He
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (FYC); (CYH)
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50
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Han Y, Zhang X, Wang Y, Ming F. The suppression of WRKY44 by GIGANTEA-miR172 pathway is involved in drought response of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73541. [PMID: 24223111 PMCID: PMC3819348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Water availability is an important environmental factor that controls flowering time. Many plants accelerate flowering under drought conditions, a phenomenon called drought escape. Four pathways are involved in controlling flowering time, but which ones participate in drought escape is not yet known. In this study, plants with loss-of-function mutations of GIGANTEA (GI) and CONSTANS (CO) exhibited abnormal drought-escape phenotypes. The peak mRNA levels of GI and FKF1 (Flavin-binding Kelch domain F box protein 1) and the mRNA levels of CO and FT (Flowering locus T) changed under drought stress. The microRNA factor miRNA172E was up-regulated by drought stress, and its up-regulation was dependent on GI, while other miRNA172s were not. Water-loss analyses indicated that gi mutants were more sensitive while miRNA172 over-expressing (miRNA172-OX) plants were less so to drought stress than wild-type plants. Digital gene expression and real-time PCR analyses showed that WRKY44 was down-regulated by GI and miRNA172. The WRKY44 protein could interact with TOE1 (a target of miRNA172) in a yeast two-hybrid system. We proposed that GI-miRNA172-WRKY44 may regulate drought escape and drought tolerance by affecting sugar signaling in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Han
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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