Toll-like receptor agonists as cancer vaccine adjuvants

Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy to treat cancer patients. Among the wide range of immunological approaches, cancer vaccines have been investigated to activate and expand tumor-reactive T cells. However, most cancer vaccines have not shown significant clinical benefit as monotherapies. This is likely due to the antigen targets of vaccines, "self" proteins to which there is tolerance, as well as to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. To help circumvent immune tolerance and generate effective immune responses, adjuvants for cancer vaccines are necessary. One representative adjuvant family is Toll-Like receptor (TLR) agonists, synthetic molecules that stimulate TLRs. TLRs are the largest family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that serve as the sensors of pathogens or cellular damage. They recognize conserved foreign molecules from pathogens or internal molecules from cellular damage and propel innate immune responses. When used with vaccines, activation of TLRs signals an innate damage response that can facilitate the development of a strong adaptive immune response against the target antigen. The ability of TLR agonists to modulate innate immune responses has positioned them to serve as adjuvants for vaccines targeting infectious diseases and cancers. This review provides a summary of various TLRs, including their expression patterns, their functions in the immune system, as well as their ligands and synthetic molecules developed as TLR agonists. In addition, it presents a comprehensive overview of recent strategies employing different TLR agonists as adjuvants in cancer vaccine development, both in pre-clinical models and ongoing clinical trials.

Allergy to PEG (polyethylene glycol) - sensitivity of basophil activation test with COVID-19 mRNA-vaccine BNT162B2

Basophil activation test (BAT) with COVID-19 mRNA vaccine seems particularly suitable for detecting sensitization to polyethylene glycol (PEG) in patients with PEG allergy. It was the aim of this study to determine the cutoffs for BAT using BNT162B2 (Comirnaty®) in a larger group of PEG allergic patients and controls. 10 PEG allergic patients and 10 controls were studied. BAT was performed using anti-CCR3 for basophil identification and anti-CD63 to assess basophil activation. Incubations with BNT162B2 at four different concentrations were performed. Basophil activation was significantly higher in PEG allergic patients compared to controls at the higher concentrations used. ROC curves showed best results with a sensitivity of 60% and specificity of 100% with a cutoff of 5% CD63+ basophils at a concentration of 4.5 µg/ml. Controls showed no positive results. In our group of PEG allergic patients, a concentration of 4.5 µg/ml BNT162B2 with a cutoff of 5% CD63+ basophils was the most suitable condition for identifying patients with a sensitization to PEG. Allergological work-up of PEG allergic patients including BAT with PEGylated lipid nanoparticles might play a role in the future when these substances will be used for other vaccines and cancer immunotherapies.

Impact of COVID-19 vaccination status on hospitalization and disease severity: A descriptive study in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was extraordinarily harmful, with high rates of infection and hospitalization. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 vaccination status and other factors on hospitalization and disease severity, using data from Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. Confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection with vaccination status were included and the differences in characteristics between different vaccination statuses, hospitalization or not, and patients with varying levels of disease severity were analyzed. Furthermore, logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to evaluate the association of various factors with hospitalization and disease severity. From March 14, 2020 to August 31, 2022, 23,139 patients were unvaccinated 13,668 vaccinated the primary program with one or two doses, and 4,575 completed the booster. Vaccination reduced the risk of hospitalization with an odd ratio of 0.759 (95% CI: 0.654-0.881) and the protective effect of completed booster vaccination was more pronounced (OR: 0.261, 95% CI: 0.207-0.328). Similarly, vaccination significantly reduced the risk of disease severity (vaccinated primary program: OR: 0.191, 95% CI: 0.160-0.228; completed booster vaccination: OR: 0.129, 95% CI: 0.099-0.169). Overall, unvaccinated, male, elderly, immunocompromised, obese, and patients with other severe illness factors were all risk factors for COVID-19-related hospitalization and disease severity. Vaccination was associated with a decreased risk of hospitalization and disease severity, and highlighted the benefits of completing booster.

A clinical evaluation of patients with known mutations (plasminogen and factor XII) with a focus on prophylactic treatment

BACKGROUND

Hereditary angioedema with normal C1-inhibitor (HAE-nC1-INH) is a rare genetic disease. The symptoms can resemble other forms of hereditary angioedema (HAE), but the specific laboratory values are inconspicuous. The knowledge about treatment strategies in HAE-nC1-INH remains insufficient; most of the drugs are only licensed and approved for other types of HAE.

METHODS

An analysis of all patients with HAE-nC1-INH was carried out in a certified angioedema treatment center in southern Germany. Only patients with a confirmed HAE-nC1-INH mutation were included. The impact of disease was monitored with validated questionnaires.

RESULTS

Eighteen patients were included: two families with a factor XII mutation and seven families with a plasminogen mutation. All individuals received icatibant for on-demand therapy-efficient treatment response was reported. Three patients were severely affected, and prophylaxis was initiated with lanadelumab. According to the questionnaires, the clinical course and symptoms improved significantly under this prophylactic regime.

CONCLUSION

This is one of the first descriptions of the clinical outcomes as a response to prophylactic treatment with lanadelumab in HAE-nC1-INH patients with a known mutation. The therapeutic management of HAE-1 and HAE-2 should also be the basis of HAE-nC1-INH, including prophylaxis.

Design, synthesis, in vitro and in vivo biological evaluation of pterostilbene derivatives for anti-inflammation therapy

Pterostilbene (PST) is a naturally derived stilbene compound in grapes, blueberries, and other fruits. It is also a natural dietary compound with a wide range of biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and so on. Structural modifications based on the chemical scaffold of the pterostilbene skeleton are of great importance for drug discovery. In this study, pterostilbene skeletons were used to design novel anti-inflammatory compounds with high activity and low toxicity. A total of 30 new were found and synthesised, and their anti-inflammatory activity and safety were screened. Among them, compound E2 was the most active (against NO: IC50 = 0.7 μM) than celecoxib. Further studies showed that compound E2 exerted anti-inflammatory activity by blocking LPS-induced NF-κB/MAPK signalling pathway activation. In vivo experiments revealed that compound E2 had a good alleviating effect on acute colitis in mice. In conclusion, compound E2 may be a promising anti-inflammatory lead compound.

Ge-gen decoction alleviates primary dysmenorrhoea symptoms in a rat model

BACKGROUND

Existing treatments for primary dysmenorrhoea (PD), such as NSAIDs, impart side effects. Ge-Gen decoction (GGD), a traditional Chinese medicine, has shown promise in treating PD, but its exact mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate the efficiency of GGD in alleviating PD using a rat model to understand its precise mechanism of action.

METHODS

We established a rat model of dysmenorrhoea induced by oestradiol and oxytocin. The PD rats were administered GGD or Ibuprofen (positive control) intragastrically once daily for seven consecutive days. Serum levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2α), β-endorphin (β-EP), thromboxane B2 (TXB2), 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α (6-keto-PGF1α) were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression levels of oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in uterine tissue were measured using immunohistochemical assays, and those of phosphorylated and total extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) were assessed using western blot analysis.

RESULTS

Treatment with GGD significantly reduced writhing behaviour, histopathological scores, and levels of COX-2, PGE2, and PGF2α in the serum of PD rats. Additionally, GGD increased β-EP content and inhibited ERK1/2 activation and ERα expression in uterine tissues.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study suggest that GGD alleviates PD in rats by suppressing the COX-2-mediated release of PGE2 and PGF2α, modulating the ERα/ERK1/2/COX-2 pathway, and increasing β-EP content. These results provide insights into the potential mechanisms of GGD in treating PD and support its further investigation as an alternative therapy for this condition.

Mpox virus Clade IIb infected Cynomolgus macaques via mimic natural infection routes closely resembled human mpox infection

Generating an infectious non-human primate (NHP) model using a prevalent monkeypox virus (MPXV) strain has emerged as a crucial strategy for assessing the efficacy of vaccines and antiviral drugs against human MPXV infection. Here, we established an animal model by infecting cynomolgus macaques with the prevalent MPXV strain, WIBP-MPXV-001, and simulating its natural routes of infection. A comprehensive analysis and evaluation were conducted on three animals, including monitoring clinical symptoms, collecting hematology data, measuring viral loads, evaluating cellular and humoral immune responses, and examining histopathology. Our findings revealed that initial skin lesions appeared at the inoculation sites and subsequently spread to the limbs and back, and all infected animals exhibited bilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy, eventually leading to a self-limiting disease course. Viral DNA was detected in post-infection blood, nasal, throat, rectal and blister fluid swabs. These observations indicate that the NHP model accurately reflects critical clinical features observed in human MPXV infection. Notably, the animals displayed clinical symptoms and disease progression similar to those of humans, rather than a lethal outcome as observed in previous studies. Historically, MPXV was utilized as a surrogate model for smallpox. However, our study contributes to a better understanding of the dynamics of current MPXV infections while providing a potential infectious NHP model for further evaluation of vaccines and antiviral drugs against mpox infection. Furthermore, the challenge model closely mimics the primary natural routes of transmission for human MPXV infections. This approach enhances our understanding of the precise mechanisms underlying the interhuman transmission of MPXV.

Thyroid impairment and male fertility: a narrative review of literature

PURPOSE

To evaluate the effect of thyroid function on male fertility, focusing on hypo- and hyperthyroidism.

METHODS

A PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus research was performed. Original studies in English published online up to 31 May 2023 were selected and reviewed. The final reference list was defined based on the relevance of each paper to the scope of this review.

RESULTS

The available data in animals (31 studies) and human (26 studies) showed conflicting results. However, thyroid dysfunction altered erection and ejaculation both in animal models than in men.

CONCLUSION

Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism seem to cause ejaculation and erectile dysfunction. Hence, Guidelines recommend against the systematic screening for thyroid disorders in the men in sub-fertile couples, but only in men with ejaculation and erectile dysfunction and/or altered semen parameters.

Exploring the molecular mechanisms of asthma across multiple datasets

BACKGROUND

Asthma, a prevalent chronic respiratory disorder, remains enigmatic, notwithstanding considerable advancements in our comprehension. Continuous efforts are crucial for discovering novel molecular targets and gaining a comprehensive understanding of its pathogenesis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, we analyzed gene expression data from 212 individuals, including asthma patients and healthy controls, to identify 267 differentially expressed genes, among which C1orf64 and C7orf26 emerged as potential key genes in asthma pathogenesis. Various bioinformatics tools, including differential gene expression analysis, pathway enrichment, drug target prediction, and single-cell analysis, were employed to explore the potential roles of the genes.

RESULTS

Quantitative PCR demonstrated differential expression of C1orf64 and C7orf26 in the asthmatic airway epithelial tissue, implying their potential involvement in asthma pathogenesis. GSEA enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment of these genes in signaling pathways associated with asthma progression, such as ABC transporters, cell cycle, CAMs, DNA replication, and the Notch signaling pathway. Drug target prediction, based on upregulated and downregulated differential expression, highlighted potential asthma treatments, including Tyrphostin-AG-126, Cephalin, Verrucarin-a, and Emetine. The selection of these drugs was based on their significance in the analysis and their established anti-inflammatory and antiviral invasion properties. Utilizing Seurat and Celldex packages for single-cell sequencing analysis unveiled disease-specific gene expression patterns and cell types. Expression of C1orf64 and C7orf26 in T cells, NK cells, and B cells, instrumental in promoting hallmark features of asthma, was observed, suggesting their potential influence on asthma development and progression.

CONCLUSION

This study uncovers novel genetic aspects of asthma, highlighting potential therapeutic pathways. It exemplifies the power of integrative bioinformatics in decoding complex disease patterns. However, these findings require further validation, and the precise roles of C1orf64 and C7orf26 in asthma warrant additional investigation to validate their therapeutic potential.

Identification and semi-quantification of protein allergens in complex mixtures using proteomic and AllerCatPro 2.0 bioinformatic analyses: a proof-of-concept investigation

The demand for botanicals and natural substances in consumer products has increased in recent years. These substances usually contain proteins and these, in turn, can pose a risk for immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated sensitization and allergy. However, no method has yet been accepted or validated for assessment of potential allergenic hazards in such materials. In the studies here, a dual proteomic-bioinformatic approach is proposed to evaluate holistically allergenic hazards in complex mixtures of plants, insects, or animal proteins. Twelve commercial preparations of source materials (plant products, dust mite extract, and preparations of animal dander) known to contain allergenic proteins were analyzed by label-free proteomic analyses to identify and semi-quantify proteins. These were then evaluated by bioinformatics using AllerCatPro 2.0 (https://allercatpro.bii.a-star.edu.sg/) to predict no, weak, or strong evidence for allergenicity and similarity to source-specific allergens. In total, 4,586 protein sequences were identified in the 12 source materials combined. Of these, 1,665 sequences were predicted with weak or strong evidence for allergenic potential. This first-tier approach provided top-level information about the occurrence and abundance of proteins and potential allergens. With regards to source-specific allergens, 129 allergens were identified. The sum of the relative abundance of these allergens ranged from 0.8% (lamb's quarters) to 63% (olive pollen). It is proposed here that this dual proteomic-bioinformatic approach has the potential to provide detailed information on the presence and relative abundance of allergens, and can play an important role in identifying potential allergenic hazards in complex protein mixtures for the purposes of safety assessments.

Binding affinity between coronavirus spike protein and human ACE2 receptor

Coronaviruses (CoVs) pose a major risk to global public health due to their ability to infect diverse animal species and potential for emergence in humans. The CoV spike protein mediates viral entry into the cell and plays a crucial role in determining the binding affinity to host cell receptors. With particular emphasis on α- and β-coronaviruses that infect humans and domestic animals, current research on CoV receptor use suggests that the exploitation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor poses a significant threat for viral emergence with pandemic potential. This review summarizes the approaches used to study binding interactions between CoV spike proteins and the human ACE2 (hACE2) receptor. Solid-phase enzyme immunoassays and cell binding assays allow qualitative assessment of binding but lack quantitative evaluation of affinity. Surface plasmon resonance, Bio-layer interferometry, and Microscale Thermophoresis on the other hand, provide accurate affinity measurement through equilibrium dissociation constants (KD). In silico modeling predicts affinity through binding structure modeling, protein-protein docking simulations, and binding energy calculations but reveals inconsistent results due to the lack of a standardized approach. Machine learning and deep learning models utilize simulated and experimental protein-protein interaction data to elucidate the critical residues associated with CoV binding affinity to hACE2. Further optimization and standardization of existing approaches for studying binding affinity could aid pandemic preparedness. Specifically, prioritizing surveillance of CoVs that can bind to human receptors stands to mitigate the risk of zoonotic spillover.

Novel DNA methylation changes in mouse lungs associated with chronic smoking

Smoking is a potent cause of asthma exacerbations, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and many other health defects, and changes in DNA methylation (DNAm) have been identified as a potential link between smoking and these health outcomes. However, most studies of smoking and DNAm have been done using blood and other easily accessible tissues in humans, while evidence from more directly affected tissues such as the lungs is lacking. Here, we identified DNAm patterns in the lungs that are altered by smoking. We used an established mouse model to measure the effects of chronic smoke exposure first on lung phenotype immediately after smoking and then after a period of smoking cessation. Next, we determined whether our mouse model recapitulates previous DNAm patterns observed in smoking humans, specifically measuring DNAm at a candidate gene responsive to cigarette smoke, Cyp1a1. Finally, we carried out epigenome-wide DNAm analyses using the newly released Illumina mouse methylation microarrays. Our results recapitulate some of the phenotypes and DNAm patterns observed in human studies but reveal 32 differentially methylated genes specific to the lungs which have not been previously associated with smoking. The affected genes are associated with nicotine dependency, tumorigenesis and metastasis, immune cell dysfunction, lung function decline, and COPD. This research emphasizes the need to study CS-mediated DNAm signatures in directly affected tissues like the lungs, to fully understand mechanisms underlying CS-mediated health outcomes.

Comparison of bioactive substances in novel-developed freeze-dried platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and activated normal PRP, and investigation of bioactive substance levels after long-term storage

Introduction

In recent years, biotherapy in orthopedics has become widespread, and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been readily used to treat sports injuries and osteoarthritis. Production of freeze-dried PRP (PRP-FD) results in PRP that is in powder form, allowing it to be stored for long periods at room temperature. Using this technology, we have developed Valuable Platelet-Derived Factor Concentrate Freeze Dry (VFD). However, whether VFD contains sufficient levels of bioactive substances (BS) remains unknown and retains the same levels of BS during long-term storage. In this study, we examined whether VFD contains sufficient amounts of BS and whether they retain these BS levels during long-term storage.

Methods

Peripheral blood was collected from 10 healthy men (mean ± SD: 46.5 ± 15 years old) and various BS, including transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), were compared between VFD and normal PRP samples, including both leukocyte-rich PRP (LR-PRP) and leukocyte-poor PRP (LP-PRP). VFD was prepared using two rounds of centrifugation. LP-PRP and LR-PRP were activated by freezing and thawing before measurement. To evaluate the effects of long-term storage, the BS of VFD purified from five professional football players was compared between baseline and 1 year after storage.

Results

In terms of the growth factors, the TGF-β and EGF levels were higher in LR-PRP than in VFD and LP-PRP (p < 0.05), while the bFGF levels were higher in VFD than in the LR-PRP and LP-PRP groups (p < 0.01). In terms of anti-inflammatory cytokines, the TIMP-1 level was lower in VFD than that in the other groups (p < 0.01), whereas the IL-1ra levels were higher in VFD than those in LP-PRP (p < 0.05) and lower than those in LR-PRP (p < 0.01). In terms of inflammatory enzymes and cytokines, the IL-1ra level was higher in VFD than that in LP-PRP (p < 0.05) and lower than that in LR-PRP (p < 0.01), whereas the IL-6 levels did not differ among the groups. Furthermore, the TGF-β, bFGF, TIMP-1, and IL-1ra levels were 5.61 → 3.38 (x103 pg/μL), 61.0 → 63.0 (pg/μL), 3.4 → 2.7 (x105 pg/μL), and 14.9 → 14.5 (x103 pg/μL) at baseline and 1 year later, respectively. No significant differences in the BS levels were observed between baseline and 1 year after storage.

Conclusions

The VFD samples prepared in this study exhibited higher levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines than LP-PRP and contained growth factor levels similar to LP-PRP and LR-PRP. In addition, the BS levels in VFD samples were maintained after one year of storage. These results suggest that VFD can be prepared and stored and may serve as a novel treatment strategy for sports injuries in high-risk groups, such as athletes.

Clinical characteristics of complete responders versus non-complete responders to omalizumab, benralizumab and mepolizumab in patients with severe asthma: a long-term retrospective analysis

BACKGROUND

Some patients with severe asthma may benefit from treatment with biologics, but evidence has been mostly collected from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), in which patients' characteristics are different from those encountered in asthma patients in the real-world setting. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical features of complete responders versus non-complete responders to long-term treatment with biologics in patients with severe asthma attended in routine daily practice.

METHODS

Data of a cohort of 90 patients with severe asthma who were treated with biologics (omalizumab, benralizumab, and mepolizumab) for at least 12 months and were followed up to March 2022. Data recorded included clinical characteristics and effectiveness of treatment (exacerbation, Asthma Control Test [ACT] score, lung function, use of maintenance oral corticosteroids [mOCS]), FeNO, and blood eosinophils at baseline, at 12 months, and at the end of follow-up. Complete response is considered if, in addition to not presenting exacerbations or the use of mOCS, the ACT score was >20 and, the FEV1 >80% predicted.

RESULTS

An improvement in all asthma control parameters was observed after 12 months of treatment and a mean follow-up of 55 months. After 12 months of treatment 27.2% of patients met the criteria of complete response and this percentage even increased to 35.3% at the end of follow-up. Long-term complete response was associated to better lung function with mepolizumab and omalizumab treatment and to less previous exacerbations in the benralizumab group. The main cause of not achieving a complete response was the persistence of an airflow obstructive pattern.

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows that omalizumab, benralizumab, and mepolizumab improved the clinical outcomes of patients with severe asthma in a clinic environment with similar effect sizes to RCTs in the long term follow-up. Airflow obstruction, however, was a predictor of a non-complete response to biologics.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of compound glycyrrhizin combined with second-generation non-sedated antihistamine for the treatment of chronic urticaria

BACKGROUND

Chronic urticaria (CU) is a prevalent dermatologic disease that negatively affects life, current therapies remain suboptimal. Hence, there is an urgent need to identify effective and safe treatment.

OBJECTIVE

Assess the efficacy and safety of compound glycyrrhizin (CG) combined with second-generation nonsedated antihistamine for the treatment of CU.

METHODS

Nine databases were queried to screen RCTs related. Two reviewers independently assessed the risk of bias using Cochrane Collaboration. Primary objective was the total efficiency rate, while secondary was rate of recurrence, adverse events, and cure. Statistical analyses using Review Manager 5.4 and Stata17.

RESULTS

Twenty-four RCTs were identified. Significant differences were noted in rate of total efficiency (n = 2649, RR = 1.36, 95%CI:1.30-1.43, p < 0.00001), cure (n = 2649, RR = 1.54, 95%CI:1.42-1.66, p < 0.00001) and recurrence (n = 446, RR = 0.34, 95%CI:0.20-0.58, p < 0.00001) between the combination of CG with second-generation non-sedated antihistamine and antihistamine monotherapy. Contrastingly, adverse events rate (n = 2317, RR = 0.76, 95% CI:0.59-0.97, p = 0.03) was comparable between the two groups. Our results indicated that CG combined with second-generation non-sedated antihistamine could significantly mitigate the symptoms in CU compared with antihistamine monotherapy. No serious adverse events were reported.

CONCLUSIONS

CG combined with second-generation nonsedated antihistamine is effective for CU. Nevertheless, higher-quality studies are warranted to validate our results.

Treatment with onion bulb extract both prevents and reverses allergic inflammation in a murine model of asthma

CONTEXT

Asthma presents a global health challenge. The main pharmacotherapy is synthetic chemicals and biological-based drugs that are costly, and have significant side effects. In contrast, use of natural products, such as onion (Allium cepa L., Amaryllidaceae) in the treatment of airway diseases has increased world-wide because of their perceived efficacy and little safety concerns. However, their pharmacological actions remain largely uncharacterized.

OBJECTIVE

We investigated whether onion bulb extract (OBE) can (1) reverse established asthma phenotype (therapeutic treatment) and/or (2) prevent the development of the asthma phenotype, if given before the immunization process (preventative treatment).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Six groups of male Balb/c mice were established for the therapeutic (21 days) and five groups for the preventative (19 days) treatment protocols; including PBS and house dust mite (HDM)-challenged mice treated with vehicle or OBE (30, 60, and 100 mg/kg/i.p.). Airways inflammation was determined using cytology, histology, immunofluorescence, Western blot, and serum IgE.

RESULTS

Therapeutic (60 mg/kg/i.p.) and preventative (100 mg/kg/i.p.) OBE treatment resulted in down-regulation of HDM-induced airway cellular influx, histopathological changes and the increase in expression of pro-inflammatory signaling pathway EGFR, ERK1/2, AKT, pro-inflammatory cytokines and serum IgE.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Our data show that OBE is an effective anti-inflammatory agent with both therapeutic and preventative anti-asthma effects. These findings imply that onion/OBE may be used as an adjunct therapeutic agent in established asthma and/or to prevent development of allergic asthma. However, further studies to identify the active constituents, and demonstrate proof-of-concept in humans are needed.

The role of NLRP3 inflammasome in type 2 inflammation related diseases

Type 2 inflammation related diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis, are diverse and affect multiple systems in the human body. It is common for individuals to have multiple co-existing type 2 inflammation related diseases, which can impose a significant financial and living burden on patients. However, the exact pathogenesis of these diseases is still unclear. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a protein complex composed of the NLRP3 protein, ASC, and Caspase-1, and is activated through various mechanisms, including the NF-κB pathway, ion channels, and lysosomal damage. The NLRP3 inflammasome plays a role in the immune response to pathogens and cellular damage. Recent studies have indicated a strong correlation between the abnormal activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and the onset of type 2 inflammation. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that suppressing NLRP3 expression effectively diminishes the inflammatory response, highlighting its promising therapeutic applications. Therefore, this article reviews the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in the development and therapy of multiple type 2 inflammation related diseases.

Adult, adolescent, and caregiver preferences for attributes of topical treatments for mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis: a discrete-choice experiment

Purpose: Topical treatments for mild-to-moderate (MM) atopic dermatitis (AD) include emollients, corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, a Janus kinase inhibitor, and a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, which differ in multiple ways. This study aimed to quantify the conditional relative importance (CRI) of attributes of topical treatments for MM AD among adult and adolescent patients and caregivers of children with MM AD.Materials and methods: A discrete-choice experiment (DCE) survey was administered to US adults and adolescents with MM AD and caregivers of children with MM AD. Each choice task comprised 2 hypothetical topical treatments characterized by efficacy, adverse events, vehicle, and application frequency. Data were analyzed using a random-parameters logit model to calculate the CRI of each attribute.Results and conclusions: 300 adults, 331 adolescents, and 330 caregivers completed the DCE. Avoiding changes in skin color (CRI 29.0) and time until itch improves (26.6) were most important to adults, followed by time until clear/almost clear skin (17.8). Application frequency (3.0) did not have a statistically significant impact on adults' choices. Adolescents were less concerned about changes in skin color than adults or caregivers; caregivers were less concerned about time until clear/almost clear skin than patients. Physicians should consider age-relevant aspects of preferences in treatment discussions with patients and caregivers.

Patients' preferences for systemic treatment of atopic dermatitis: safety and efficacy count the most

BACKGROUND

The advent of biologics and janus kinase inhibitors has revolutionized treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD).

OBJECTIVE

To investigate preferences of patients with AD for attributes of currently approved systemic treatments and assess influencing factors.

METHODS

An online discrete choice experiment was conducted in patients with AD throughout Germany to analyze preferences for outcome (probability of (almost) clear skin at week 16, probability of significant itch improvement, time to onset of itch relief and type of side effects) and process attributes (application method and frequency of laboratory tests).

RESULTS

Participants (n = 182, 75.3% female) considered side effects (Relative Importance Score (RIS): 31.2), (almost) clear skin (RIS: 24.2) and probability of itch improvement (RIS: 16.0) most important. Application method (RIS: 14.4), time to onset of itch relief (RIS: 7.4) and frequency of laboratory tests (RIS: 6.8) were less relevant. Preferences were significantly influenced by sex, age, psychiatric comorbidity, current therapy and health-related quality of life according to multivariate regression analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Participants attached great importance to safety and symptom control. However, preferences were also dependent on individual characteristics, underscoring the importance of personal counseling. Conjoined with medical considerations, patients' preferences have fundamental impact on shared decisions for treatment of AD.

Fungal communities are more sensitive to mildew than bacterial communities during tobacco storage processes

Mildew poses a significant threat to tobacco production; however, there is limited information on the structure of the abundant and rare microbial subcommunities in moldy tobacco leaves. In this study, we employed high-throughput sequencing technology to discern the disparities in the composition, diversity, and co-occurrence patterns of abundant and rare fungal and bacterial subcommunities between moldy and normal tobacco leaves collected from Guizhou, Shanghai, and Jilin provinces, China. Furthermore, we explored the correlation between microorganisms and metabolites by integrating the metabolic profiles of moldy and normal tobacco leaves. The results showed that the fungi are more sensitive to mildew than bacteria, and that the fungal abundant taxa exhibit greater resistance and environmental adaptability than the rare taxa. The loss of rare taxa results in irreversible changes in the diversity, richness, and composition of the fungal community. Moreover, rare fungal taxa and abundant bacterial taxa played crucial roles in maintaining the stability and functionality of the tobacco microecosystem. In moldy tobacco, however, the disappearance of rare taxa as key nodes resulted in reduced connectivity and stability within the fungal network. In addition, metabolomic analysis showed that the contents of indoles, pyridines, polyketones, phenols, and peptides were significantly enriched in the moldy tobacco leaves, while the contents of amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and other compounds were significantly reduced in these leaves. Most metabolites showed negative correlations with Dothideomycetes, Alphaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria, but showed positive correlations with Eurotiales and Bacilli. This study has demonstrated that abundant fungal taxa are the predominant biological agents responsible for tobacco mildew, while bacteria may indirectly contribute to this process through the production and degradation of metabolites. KEY POINTS: • Fungi exhibited greater sensitivity to mildew of tobacco leaf compared to bacteria • Rare fungal taxa underwent significant damage during the mildew process • Mildew may damage the defense system of the tobacco leaf microecosystem.

Lebrikizumab monotherapy impacts on quality of life scores through improved itch and sleep interference in two Phase 3 trials

BACKGROUND

Lebrikizumab improved itch, interference of itch on sleep, and quality of life (QoL) in patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD), in two Phase 3 trials at 16 weeks compared to placebo.

OBJECTIVES

We assess improvements in itch and sleep interference due to itch and their impact on QoL measurements after treatment.

METHODS

Data were analyzed from ADvocate1 (NCT04146363) and ADvocate2 (NCT04178967) in patients with moderate-to-severe AD. QoL was evaluated using Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) at Week 16 in patients (>16 years of age) who were itch responders/non-responders (defined as ≥4-point improvement in Pruritus Numeric Rating Scale) or Sleep-Loss Scale responders/non-responders (defined as ≥2-point improvement in itch interference on sleep).

RESULTS

In ADvocate1 and ADvocate2, significantly greater proportions of itch responders had a clinically meaningful improvement in measures related to QoL (DLQI scores (0/1), ≤5 DLQI total score and ≥4-point DLQI improvement) compared to itch non-responders. In both studies, a significantly greater proportion of Sleep-Loss Scale responders, reported a DLQI score of (0/1), DLQI total score of ≤5 and DLQI improvement of ≥4 points compared to Sleep-Loss Scale non-responders.

CONCLUSIONS

Improvement in itch and sleep interference due to itch is associated with improvement in the QoL of patients after treatment with lebrikizumab for moderate-to-severe AD.

ClinicalTrials.gov registration NCT04146363 (ADvocate1) and NCT04178967 (ADvocate2).

Progressive accumulation of hyperinflammatory NKG2Dlow NK cells in early childhood severe atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that often precedes the development of food allergy, asthma, and allergic rhinitis. The prevailing paradigm holds that a reduced frequency and function of natural killer (NK) cell contributes to AD pathogenesis, yet the underlying mechanisms and contributions of NK cells to allergic comorbidities remain ill-defined. Here, analysis of circulating NK cells in a longitudinal early life cohort of children with AD revealed a progressive accumulation of NK cells with low expression of the activating receptor NKG2D, which was linked to more severe AD and sensitivity to allergens. This was most notable in children co-sensitized to food and aeroallergens, a risk factor for development of asthma. Individual-level longitudinal analysis in a subset of children revealed coincident reduction of NKG2D on NK cells with acquired or persistent sensitization, and this was associated with impaired skin barrier function assessed by transepidermal water loss. Low expression of NKG2D on NK cells was paradoxically associated with depressed cytolytic function but exaggerated release of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α. These observations provide important insights into a potential mechanism underlying the development of allergic comorbidity in early life in children with AD, which involves altered NK cell functional responses, and define an endotype of severe AD.

Mir-155-5p targets TP53INP1 to promote proliferative phenotype in hypersensitivity pneumonitis lung fibroblasts

Background

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an inflammatory disorder affecting lung parenchyma and often evolves into fibrosis (fHP). The altered regulation of genes involved in the pathogenesis of the disease is not well comprehended, while the role of microRNAs in lung fibroblasts remains unexplored.

Methods

We used integrated bulk RNA-Seq and enrichment pathway bioinformatic analyses to identify differentially expressed (DE)-miRNAs and genes (DEGs) associated with HP lungs. In vitro, we evaluated the expression and potential role of miR-155-5p in the phenotype of fHP lung fibroblasts. Loss and gain assays were used to demonstrate the impact of miR-155-5p on fibroblast functions. In addition, mir-155-5p and its target TP53INP1 were analyzed after treatment with TGF-β, IL-4, and IL-17A.

Results

We found around 50 DEGs shared by several databases that differentiate HP from control and IPF lungs, constituting a unique HP lung transcriptional signature. Additionally, we reveal 18 DE-miRNAs that may regulate these DEGs. Among the candidates likely associated with HP pathogenesis was miR-155-5p. Our findings indicate that increased miR-155-5p in fHP fibroblasts coincides with reduced TP53INP1 expression, high proliferative capacity, and a lack of senescence markers compared to IPF fibroblasts. Induced overexpression of miR-155-5p in normal fibroblasts remarkably increases the proliferation rate and decreases TP53INP1 expression. Conversely, miR-155-5p inhibition reduces proliferation and increases senescence markers. TGF-β, IL-4, and IL-17A stimulated miR-155-5p overexpression in HP lung fibroblasts.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest a distinctive signature of 53 DEGs in HP, including CLDN18, EEF2, CXCL9, PLA2G2D, and ZNF683, as potential targets for future studies. Likewise, 18 miRNAs, including miR-155-5p, could be helpful to establish differences between these two pathologies. The overexpression of miR-155-5p and downregulation of TP53INP1 in fHP lung fibroblasts may be involved in his proliferative and profibrotic phenotype. These findings may help differentiate and characterize their pathogenic features and understand their role in the disease.

Effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on cytokines in adolescents with subthreshold depression: a randomized controlled study

JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202409000-00036/figure1/v/2024-01-16T170235Z/r/image-tiff Strong evidence has accumulated to show a correlation between depression symptoms and inflammatory responses. Moreover, anti-inflammatory treatment has shown partial effectiveness in alleviating depression symptoms. Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP), derived from Goji berries, exhibits notable antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. In our recent double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial, we found that LBP significantly reduced depressive symptoms in adolescents with subthreshold depression. It is presumed that the antidepressant effect of LBP may be associated with its influence on inflammatory cytokines. In the double-blinded randomized controlled trial, we enrolled 29 adolescents with subthreshold depression and randomly divided them into an LBP group and a placebo group. In the LBP group, adolescents were given 300 mg/d LBP. A 6-week follow up was completed by 24 adolescents, comprising 14 adolescents from the LBP group (15.36 ± 2.06 years, 3 men and 11 women) and 10 adolescents from the placebo group (14.9 ± 1.6 years, 2 men and 8 women). Our results showed that after 6 weeks of treatment, the interleukin-17A level in the LBP group was lower than that in the placebo group. Network analysis showed that LBP reduced the correlations and connectivity between inflammatory factors, which were associated with the improvement in depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that 6-week administration of LBP suppresses the immune response by reducing interleukin-17A level, thereby exerting an antidepressant effect.

Real-world assessment of anaphylaxis and eosinophilic esophagitis with 12 SQ house dust mite SLIT-tablet sublingual immunotherapy

Background

Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) with 12 SQ house dust mile SLIT-tablet (HDM SLIT-tablet) for dust mite-induced perennial allergic rhinitis is reported as effective and safe. Although serious allergic reactions (SARs) and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) have infrequently occurred under trial conditions, the safety of HDM SLIT-tablet challenge under real-world conditions is unknown.

Objective

Our aim was to estimate the incidence of SARs and EoE due to HDM SLIT-tablet challenge.

Methods

Through use of administrative data from Kaiser Permanente Southern California, this prospective observational study identified patients newly administered HDM SLIT-tablet with follow-up until SLIT discontinuation or end of study. Suspected cases of SARs and EoE were detected by using International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, diagnosis and Current Procedural Terminology procedure codes and medication dispensing records. A 3-member clinical review committee of allergists adjudicated suspected reactions. The incidence rate of confirmed SARs and EoE per 1000 person years of exposure were determined.

Results

A total of 521 patients (93.9% adult and 6.1% pediatric) were exposed to HDM SLIT-tablet challenge from January 2018 through May 2023, for 440.4 person years of exposure. The patients' average age (SD) was 39.3 (14.1) years, 58.7% were female, 44.3% were non-Hispanic White, 40.3% had asthma, and 15.0% had gastroesophageal reflux disease. A SAR occurred in 1 adult patient, and during initial HDM SLIT-tablet challenge, SARs occurred in 2 pediatric adolescents, for an overall incidence of 6.8 SARs per 1000 patient years (95% CI = 2.2-21.1). EoE occurred in 1 adult patient, for an overall incidence of 2.3 cases of EoE per 1000 patient years (95% CI = 0.3-16.1).

Conclusions

This real-world study demonstrated that SARs and EoE were infrequent events with HDM SLIT-tablet use, supporting the safety of HDM SLIT-tablets and need for physician supervision with initial challenge.

A nurse-driven penicillin allergy risk score in the preoperative setting was associated with increased cefazolin use perioperatively

STUDY OBJECTIVE

To characterize and assess the effects of a preoperative, nurse-driven penicillin allergy risk stratification tool on rates of perioperative cefazolin and second-line antibiotic use.

DESIGN

Quasi-experimental quality improvement study of penicillin-allergic surgical patients undergoing procedures for which cefazolin is indicated.

SETTING

Outpatient Perioperative Care Clinic (PCC) for preoperative surgical patients at a tertiary care center.

PATIENTS

670 and 1371 adult penicillin-allergic PCC attendants and non-attendants, respectively.

INTERVENTION

A paper penicillin allergy risk stratification questionnaire was administered during the PCC visit. Nurses were educated on its use.

MEASUREMENTS

Antibiotic (cefazolin, clindamycin, vancomycin) use rates in the 24 months before and 17 months after intervention implementation in November 2020 (November 2018 - April 2022) were assessed in penicillin-allergic PCC attendants with statistical process control charts. Multivariable logistic regression assessed antibiotic use rates pre- and post-intervention adjusting for age, sex, surgical specialty and penicillin allergy history severity. Similar analyses were done in penicillin-allergic PCC non-attendants.

MAIN RESULTS

Of 670 penicillin-allergic PCC attendants, 451 (median [IQR] age, 66 (Sousa-Pinto et al., 2021 [14])) were analyzed pre-intervention and 219 (median [IQR] age, 66 (Mine et al., 1970 [13])) post-intervention. One month after implementation, process measures demonstrated an upward shift in cefazolin use for PCC attendants versus no shift or other special cause variation for PCC non-attendants. There were increased odds of cefazolin use (aOR 1.67, 95% CI [1.09-2.57], P = 0.019), decreased odds of clindamycin use (aOR 0.61, 95% CI [0.42-0.89], P = 0.010) and decreased odds of vancomycin use (aOR 0.56, 95% CI [0.35-0.88], P = 0.013) in PCC attendants post-intervention. This effect did not occur in PCC non-attendants. There was no increase in perioperative anaphylaxis post-intervention.

CONCLUSIONS

A simple penicillin allergy risk stratification tool implemented in the preoperative setting was associated with increased use of cefazolin and decreased rates of second-line agents post implementation.

Outdoor aeroallergen impacts on asthma exacerbation among sensitized and nonsensitized Philadelphia children

Background

Outdoor aeroallergens, such as pollens and molds, are known triggers of asthma exacerbation; however, few studies have examined children's aeroallergen response based on sensitization.

Objective

Our aim was to compare the relative impact of aeroallergen levels on asthma exacerbation between pediatric patients with asthma who tested positive or negative for sensitization to particular allergens.

Methods

A case-crossover design study was conducted to examine associations between outdoor aeroallergen levels and asthma exacerbation events among children living in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, who were treated within a large pediatric care network. Sensitization to common allergens was characterized in a subset of patients with asthma exacerbation who had undergone skin prick testing (5.5%). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were estimated in all patients with asthma exacerbation and in those sensitized or not sensitized to aeroallergens.

Results

Children who were sensitized to a particular allergen had higher odds of asthma exacerbation with exposure to the allergen (ie, early-season tree pollen, oak tree pollen, early-season weed pollen, and late-season molds) than did all patients with asthma or nonsensitized patients. For example, the association between early-season tree pollen and asthma exacerbation among sensitized children (>90th percentile vs ≤25th, OR = 2.28 [95% CI = 1.23-4.22]) was considerably stronger than that estimated among all patients (OR = 1.34 [95% CI = 1.19-1.50]), and it was also substantially different from the lack of association seen among nonsensitized children (OR = 0.89 [95% CI = 0.51-1.55] [P value for heterogeneity = .03]).

Conclusion

More prevalent allergy testing may be useful for prevention of asthma exacerbation by informing interventions targeted to sensitized children and tailored for particular aeroallergens.

Epidemiology of Paediatric Italian Food Allergy: Results of the EPIFA study

Background

Updated epidemiologic data are important for defining effective public health strategies for pediatric food allergy (FA).

Objective

The Epidemiology of Paediatric Italian Food Allergy (EPIFA) study was designed to investigate the epidemiology of pediatric FA in one of the most heavily populated Italian regions.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was performed in collaboration with family pediatricians aimed at investigating the epidemiology of Italian pediatric FA during 2009 to 2021. Family pediatricians in the Campania region were invited to use the Google Forms platform for online compilation of data forms. Data forms were reviewed by experienced pediatric allergists at the coordinating center.

Results

A total population of 105,151 subjects (aged 0-14 years) was screened during the study period. Data from 752 FA patients were evaluated. A progressive increase in FA incidence and prevalence was observed from 2009 to 2021, with a relative increase up to 34% and 113.6%, respectively, at the end of study period. The relative increase in FA prevalence was higher in the 0-3-year-old age group in the same study period (+120.8%). The most frequent allergens were cow's milk, hen's egg, and nuts.

Conclusion

The results of the EPIFA study showed an increase in pediatric FA incidence and prevalence from 2009 to 2021 in Italy. These results underline the necessity of new effective strategies for preventing and managing these conditions.

Fibrillization of lentil proteins is impacted by the protein extraction conditions and co-extracted phenolics

Legume proteins can be induced to form amyloid-like fibrils upon heating at low pH, with the exact conditions greatly impacting the fibril characteristics. The protein extraction method may also impact the resulting fibrils, although this effect has not been carefully examined. Here, the fibrillization of lentil protein prepared using various extraction methods and the corresponding fibril morphology were characterized. It was found that an acidic, rather than alkaline, protein extraction method was better suited for producing homogeneous, long, and straight fibrils from lentil proteins. During alkaline extraction, co-extracted phenolic compounds bound proteins through covalent and non-covalent interactions, contributing to the formation of heterogeneous, curly, and tangled fibrils. Recombination of isolated phenolics and proteins (from acidic extracts) at alkaline pH resulted in a distinct morphology, implicating a role for polyphenol oxidase also in modifying proteins during alkaline extraction. These results help disentangle the complex factors affecting legume protein fibrillization.

Recent advance in sesame allergens: Influence of food processing and their detection methods

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is a valuable oilseed crop with numerous nutritional benefits containing a diverse range of bioactive compounds. However, sesame is also considered an allergenic food that triggers various mild to severe adverse reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis). Strict dietary avoidance of sesame components is the best option to protect the sensitized consumers. Sesame or sesame-derived foods are always consumed after certain food processing operations, which would cause a considerable impact on the structure of sesame proteins, changing their sensitization capacity and detectability. In the review, the molecular structure properties, and immunological characteristics of the sesame allergens were described. Meanwhile, the influence of food processing techniques on sesame proteins and the relevant detection techniques used for the sesame allergens quantification are also emphasized critically. Hopefully, this review could provide valuable insight into the development and management for the new "Big Eight" sesame allergen in food industry.

Investigation into potential allergenicity of DBD plasma-treated casein digestion products based on immunoglobulin E linear epitopes and the sensitized-cell model

The study aimed to investigate the allergenicity change in casein treated with dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma during in vitro simulated digestion, focusing on the immunoglobulin E (IgE) linear epitopes and utilizing a sensitized-cell model. Results indicated that prior treatment with DBD plasma treatment (4 min) before simulated digestion led to a 10.5% reduction in the IgE-binding capacity of casein digestion products. Moreover, the release of biologically active substances induced from KU812 cells, including β-HEX release rate, human histamine, IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α, decreased by 2.1, 28.1, 20.6, 11.6, and 17.3%, respectively. Through a combined analysis of LC-MS/MS and immunoinformatics tools, it was revealed that DBD plasma treatment promoted the degradation of the IgE linear epitopes of casein during digestion, particularly those located in the α-helix region of αs1-CN and αs2-CN. These findings suggest that DBD plasma treatment prior to digestion may alleviate casein allergic reactions.

Elimination of zero-repeat subunit in allergenic seed protein 13S globulin using the novel allele GlbNB2 in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)

Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) seeds contain 13S globulin, the zero-repeat subunit of which is trypsin-resistant and allergenic. Here, its two novel alleles were analyzed for development of hypoallergenic plants. The GlbNC allele has a Miniature Inverted-repeat Transposable Element (MITE)-like insertion in the 4th exon. However, most of the insertion was spliced-out, resulting in accumulation of zero-repeat subunit in GlbNC homozygotes. Meanwhile, the GlbNB2 has a 164-bp insertion in the 3rd exon, resulting in no accumulation of zero-repeat subunit in GlbNB2 homozygotes (NB2_homo). Both the insertion sequences were predicted to form a hairpin-like structure, and that of GlbNB2 was more rigid than that of GlbNC. Trypsin digestion in NB2_homo showed that the α polypeptide of Met-rich subunit is also hard to digest, that is a next target to eliminate for hypoallergenic buckwheat development.

Seafood product safety: A hybrid graphene/gold-based electrochemical immunosensor for fish allergen analysis

Seafood product labels with accurate allergen contents can avoid and/or minimize allergic reactions. Therefore, an electrochemical immunosensor for the analysis of β-parvalbumin (β-PV, a major fish allergen) was developed. Screen-printed carbon electrodes were nanostructured with reduced graphene oxide and gold nanoparticles. The platform was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis. In a sandwich-type assay (∼75 min), the antigen-antibody interaction was detected by chronoamperometry using horseradish peroxidase and TMB-H2O2. A linear range of 25-3000 ng/mL, a sensitivity of 2.99 µA.mL/ng, and a limit of detection of 9.9 ng/mL (corresponding to 0.40 ng in the analysed aliquot) were obtained. The selectivity and possible interferences were assessed by analysing several other food allergens and a marine toxin. The sensor was applied to the analysis of 17 commercial foods and the effect of culinary processing (e.g., grilled, canned, smoked) on the β-PV concentration was assessed. Traces of β-PV were successfully quantified and ELISA was used to assess the results.

GPCR-mediated regulation of beige adipocyte formation: Implications for obesity and metabolic health

Obesity and its associated complications pose a significant burden on health. The non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) and metabolic capacity properties of brown adipose tissue (BAT), which are distinct from those of white adipose tissue (WAT), in combating obesity and its related metabolic diseases has been well documented. However, beige adipose tissue, the third and relatively novel type of adipose tissue, which emerges in extensive presence of WAT and shares similar favorable metabolic properties with BAT, has garnered considerable attention in recent years. In this review, we focused on the role of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest receptor family and the most successful class of drug targets in humans, in the induction of beige adipocytes. More importantly, we highlight researchers' clinical treatment attempts to ameliorate obesity and other related metabolic diseases through the formation and activation of beige adipose tissue. In summary, this review provides valuable insights into the formation of beige adipose tissue and the involvement of GPCRs, based on the latest advancements in scientific research.

The branching ratio of enzymatically synthesized α-glucans impacts microbiome and metabolic outcomes of in vitro fecal fermentation

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impacts of enzymatically synthesized α-glucans possessing α-1,4- and α-1,6-glucose linkages, and varying in branching ratio, on colonic microbiota composition and metabolic function. Four different α-glucans varying in branching ratio were synthesized by amylosucrase from Neisseria polysaccharea and glycogen branching enzyme from Rhodothermus obamensis. The branching ratios were found to range from 0 % to 2.8 % using GC/MS. In vitro fecal fermentation analyses (n = 8) revealed that the branching ratio dictates the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) generation by fecal microbiota. Specifically, slightly branched (0.49 %) α-glucan resulted in generation of significantly (P < 0.05) higher amounts of propionate, compared to more-branched counterparts. In addition, the amount of butyrate generated from this α-glucan was statistically (P > 0.05) indistinguishable than those observed in resistant starches. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that enzymatically synthesized α-glucans stimulated Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcus related OTUs. Overall, the results demonstrated metabolic function of colonic microbiota can be manipulated by altering the branching ratio of enzymatically synthesized α-glucans, providing insights into specific structure-function relationships between dietary fibers and the colonic microbiome. Furthermore, the slightly branched α-glucans could be used as functional carbohydrates to stimulate the beneficial microbiota and SCFAs in the colon.

Development of validated sandwich ELISA for detecting peanut allergen Ara h 3 in food

Peanut is an important food that can cause food allergies, often leading to moderate and severe allergic symptoms such as skin rashes, asthma, and even anaphylactic shock.Research indicates that Ara h 3 is one of the major peanut allergen. In order to establish a simple analytical method for detecting Ara h 3, we developed a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with antibodies that were induced from purified Ara h 3. The experimental results showed that the purified Ara h 3 had good purity, and we successfully prepared capture and detection antibodies. The method established in this study exhibited high specificity and did not cross-react with soybeans, cashew nuts, and sesame. For validation, including precision, recovery and sensitivity were in good condition. We also detected the Ara h 3 in peanut related foods. Overall, the ELISA developed in this study is a reliable method for Ara h 3 detection.

Intranasal delivery of low-dose anti-CD124 antibody enhances treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps

Frequent injections of anti-CD124 monoclonal antibody (αCD124) over long periods of time are used to treat chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Needle-free, intranasal administration (i.n.) of αCD124 is expected to provide advantages of localized delivery, improved efficacy, and enhanced medication adherence. However, delivery barriers such as the mucus and epithelium in the nasal tissue impede penetration of αCD124. Herein, two novel protamine nanoconstructs: allyl glycidyl ether conjugated protamine (Nano-P) and polyamidoamine-linked protamine (Dendri-P) were synthesized and showed enhanced αCD124 penetration through multiple epithelial layers compared to protamine in mice. αCD124 was mixed with Nano-P or Dendri-P and then intranasally delivered for the treatment of severe CRSwNP in mice. Micro-CT and pathological changes in nasal turbinates showed that these two nano-formulations achieved ∼50 % and ∼40 % reductions in nasal polypoid lesions and eosinophil count, respectively. Both nano-formulations provided enhanced efficacy in suppressing nasal and systemic Immunoglobulin E (IgE) and nasal type 2 inflammatory biomarkers, such as interleukin 13 (IL-13) and IL-25. These effects were superior to those in the protamine formulation group and subcutaneous (s.c.) αCD124 given at a 12.5-fold higher dose. Intranasal delivery of protamine, Nano-P, or Dendri-P did not induce any measurable toxicities in mice.

Coprococcus eutactus screened from healthy adolescent attenuates chronic restraint stress-induced depression-like changes in adolescent mice: Potential roles in the microbiome and neurotransmitter modulation

The onset of depression commonly occurs in adolescence; therefore, depressive prevention and intervention are pivotal during this period. It is becoming evident that neurotransmitter imbalance and gut microbiota dysbiosis are prominent causes of depression. However, the underlying links and mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, with 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, genus Coprococcus markedly differentiated between the healthy and unmedicated depressive adolescents. Based on this, transplantation of Coprococcus eutactus (C.e.) was found to dramatically ameliorate the chronic restraint stress (CRS) induced depression-like changes and prevent synaptic loss and glial-stimulated neuroinflammation in mice. The Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis (UHPLC-MS/MS) further showed that neurotoxic neurotransmitters in kynurenine pathway (KP) such as 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA) decreased in mouse brains, mechanistically deciphering the transfer of the tryptophan metabolic pathway to serotonin metabolic signaling in the brain after C.e. treatment, which was also verified in the colon. Molecularly, blockage of KP activities mediated by C.e. was ascribed to the restraint of the limit-step enzymes responsible for kynurenine, 3-HK, and quinolinic acid generation. In the colon, C.e. treatment significantly recovered goblet cells and mucus secretion in CRS mice which may ascribe to the rebalance of the disordered gut microbiota, especially Akkermansia, Roseburia, Rikenella, Blautia, and Alloprevotella. Taken together, the current study reveals for the first time the beneficial effects and potential mechanisms of C.e. in ameliorating CRS-induced depression, unraveling the direct links between C.e. treatment and neurotransmitter rebalance, which may provide efficacious therapeutic avenues for adolescent depressive intervention.

Exploring the biological diversity and source species of medicinal horseflies through metabarcoding

Horseflies from the Tabanidae family play a significant role in traditional Chinese medicine to treat various health conditions, including coronary heart disease, stroke, headaches, liver cirrhosis, psoriasis, and hepatic carcinoma. There are 27 species of Tabaninae (Tabanidae) used as medicine, and they showed high morphological similarities with those for which medicinal properties have not been reported. Nonetheless, there have been reports suggesting that medicinal crude drugs sometimes contain irrelevant or false species, impacting the drug's efficacy. In this current study, we collected 14 batches, totaling 13,528 individuals, from various provinces in China. Instead of "classic" DNA barcoding strategy, we employed a high-throughput metabarcoding approach to assess the biological composition of crude drug mixtures derived from horseflies. Our analysis identified 40 Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) with similarity percentages ranging from 92% to 100% with 12 previously reported species. Species delimitation methods revealed the presence of 11 Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs), with ten belonging to the Tabanus genus and one to Hybomitra. Tabanus sp6 displayed the highest relative abundance, and its ASVs showed close resemblance to Tabanus pleski. Our investigations revealed that the medicinal batches were biologically composed of 6 to 12 species. Some batches contained ASVs that closely resembled species previously associated with false Tabanus species. In conclusion, our findings offer valuable insights into the biological composition of crude drugs derived from horseflies and have the potential to enhance the quality of these traditional medicines.

First nanoplate digital PCR method to trace allergenic foods: Improved sensitivity for the detection of sesame

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important allergenic food whose presence can be the cause of severe allergic reactions in sensitised individuals. In this work, nanoplate digital PCR (ndPCR) was used to develop two methods to detect trace amounts of sesame in processed foods and compared with previously proposed real-time PCR assays. Two independent ndPCR approaches were successfully advanced, achieving sensitivities of 5 and 0.1 mg/kg of sesame in dough/biscuits, targeting the CO6b-1 and ITS regions, respectively. The sensitivity using both targets was improved by one order of magnitude comparing with real-time PCR and was not affected by food processing. CO6b-1 system was not influenced by food matrix, exhibiting similar performance regardless the use of complex matrix extracts or serial diluted DNA. Herein, ndPCR was proposed for the first time for the detection of allergenic foods with the advantage of providing better performance than real-time PCR regarding sensitivity and robustness.

Association between polymorphisms and atopic dermatitis susceptibility: A systematic review and meta-analysis

AIM

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic pruritic inflammatory skin disease that is closely linked to genetic factors. Previous studies have revealed numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that been related to susceptibility to AD; however, the results are conflicting. Therefore, a meta-analysis was conducted to assess the associations of these polymorphisms and AD risk.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were retrieved to identify eligible studies, with selected polymorphisms being reported in a minimum of three separate studies. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to evaluate study quality. Review Manager 5.3 and STATA 14.0 were used to perform the meta-analysis.

RESULTS

After screening, 64 studies involving 13 genes (24 SNPs) were selected for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Nine SNPs were positively correlated with AD susceptibility [filaggrin (FLG) R501X, FLG 2282del4, chromosome 11q13.5 rs7927894, interleukin (IL)-17A rs2275913, IL-18 -137 G/C, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) rs5743708, TLR2 A-16934 T, serine protease inhibitor Kazal type-5 (SPINK5) Asn368Ser, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) T874A] and one was negatively associated with AD susceptibility (IL-4 -1098 T/G). The 14 remaining SNPs were not significantly associated with AD susceptibility.

CONCLUSIONS

Nine SNPs that may be risk factors and one SNP that may be a protective factor for AD were identified, providing a reference for AD prediction, prevention, and therapy.

Butyrate inhibits type 2 inflammation in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis

Butyrate and other Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are microbial metabolites from Bacteroides and Clostridium species that may suppress type 2 inflammation. However, the mechanisms of SCFAs in the nasal sinuses are not fully understood. We aimed to clarify the in vitro and in vivo roles of SCFAs in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) pathophysiology. We investigated whether SCFAs induced changes in type 2 cytokines, IgE, and apoptosis and the roles of GPR41, GPR43, and histone deacetylase. Analysis of the control subjects demonstrated that butyrate of SCFAs effectively inhibited type 2 cytokine production in PBMCs, ILC2s, and CD4+ T cells and IgE production in CD19+ B cells. In annexin V analysis, butyrate also induced late apoptosis of PBMCs. The butyrate-induced inhibition of type 2 cytokines appeared involved in histone deacetylase inhibition but not in GPR41 or GPR43. In an analysis of ECRS in humans, butyrate inhibited type 2 cytokine production in PBMCs and nasal polyp-derived cells. The butyrate concentration in nasal lavage fluid was significantly decreased in ECRS patients compared to controls and non-ECRS patients. Our findings confirm that butyrate can inhibit type 2 inflammation and may be a potential therapeutic target for ECRS.

Chlorogenic acid alleviates crayfish allergy by altering the structure of crayfish tropomyosin and upregulating TLR8

Studies have shown that high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing and chlorogenic acid (CA) treatment can effectively reduce food allergenicity. We hypothesize that these novel processing techniques can help tackle crayfish allergy and examined the impact and mechanism of HHP (300 MPa, 15 min) and CA (CA:tropomyosin = 1:4000, 15 min) on the allergenicity of crayfish tropomyosin. Our results revealed that CA, rather than HHP, effectively reduced tropomyosin's allergenicity, as evident in the alleviation of allergic symptoms in a food allergy mouse model. Spectroscopy and molecular docking analyses demonstrated that CA could reduce the allergenicity of tropomyosin by covalent or non-covalent binding, altering its secondary structure (2.1 % decrease in α-helix; 1.9 % increase in β-fold) and masking tropomyosin's linear epitopes. Moreover, CA-treated tropomyosin potentially induced milder allergic reactions by up-regulating TLR8. While our results supported the efficacy of CA in alleviating crayfish allergy, further exploration is needed to determine clinical effectiveness.

IL-6 mediates olfactory dysfunction in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis

BACKGROUND

Immune-inflammatory response is a key element in the occurrence and development of olfactory dysfunction (OD) in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR). As one of the core factors in immune-inflammatory responses, interleukin (IL)-6 is closely related to the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. It may also play an important role in OD induced by diseases, such as Sjögren's syndrome and coronavirus disease 2019. However, there is no study has reported its role in OD in AR. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the role of IL-6 in AR-related OD, in an attempt to discover a new target for the prevention and treatment of OD in patients with AR.

METHODS

Differential expression analysis was performed using the public datasets GSE52804 and GSE140454 for AR, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained by obtaining the intersection points between these two datasets. IL-6, a common differential factor, was obtained by intersecting the DEGs with the General Olfactory Sensitivity Database (GOSdb) again. A model of AR mice with OD was developed by sensitizing with ovalbumin (OVA) to verify the reliability of IL-6 as a key factor of OD in AR and explore the potential mechanisms. Furthermore, a supernatant and microglia co-culture model of nasal mucosa epithelial cells stimulated by the allergen house dust mite extract Derp1 was established to identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms of IL-6-mediated OD in AR.

RESULTS

The level of IL-6 in the nasal mucosa and olfactory bulb of AR mice with OD significantly increased and showed a positive correlation with the expression of olfactory bulb microglia marker Iba-1 and the severity of OD. In-vitro experiments showed that the level of IL-6 significantly increased in the supernatant after the nasal mucosa epithelial cells were stimulated by Derp1, along with significantly decreased barrier function of the nasal mucosa. The expression levels of neuroinflammatory markers IL-1β and INOS increased after a conditioned culture of microglia with the supernatant including IL-6. Then knockdown (KD) of IL-6R by small interfering RNA (siRNA), the expression of IL-1β and INOS significantly diminished.

CONCLUSION

IL-6 plays a key role in the occurrence and development of OD in AR, which may be related to its effect on olfactory bulb microglia-mediated neuroinflammation.

Evaluation of inhalation risk during quarantine work with quaternary ammonium compounds-based disinfectant

Quarantine work is widely recognized as an indispensable endeavor in curbing the propagation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Furthermore, the heavy workload places workers at a heightened risk of chemical exposure and respiratory damage. Consequently, it is paramount to systematically perform health risk assessments and meticulously oversee the work by wearing personal protective equipment to minimize these risks. To assess the inhalation exposure, this study examined data on disinfectant exposure from quarantine professional users who utilized disinfectants containing quaternary ammonium compounds. Through a survey of 6,199 cases conducted by 300 quarantine professional users who actively engaged in quarantine work, we assembled a database of exposure factors derived from their utilization of spray-type disinfectants for quarantine purposes. Based on these data, we formulated an inhalation exposure algorithm, which considers the time-weighted average (TWA) air concentrations. The test results demonstrated that the industrial-grade respirator mask could prevent a minimum of 68.3 % of particles, reducing respiratory exposure. Consequently, the hazard quotient (HQ) due to disinfectant exposure also decreased. This research is essential in safeguarding the safety and health of professional users engaged in quarantine-related tasks. By implementing strict measures like health risk assessments and personal protective equipment, individuals with quarantine experience can safely carry out their quarantine work. The results of this study are expected to serve as a framework for improving policies and regulations concerning quarantine work and safeguarding the health of professional users.

NLRP3 inflammasome activation triggers severe inflammatory liver injury in N, N-dimethylformamide-exposed mice

N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is a widely utilized chemical solvent with various industrial applications. Previous studies have indicated that the liver is the most susceptible target to DMF exposure, whereas the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in DMF-induced liver injury in mice by using two NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors, Nlrp3-/- mice, Nfe2l2-/- mice, and a macrophage-depleting agent. RNA sequencing revealed that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and NLRP3 inflammasome-associated pathways were activated in the mouse liver after acute DMF exposure, which was validated by Western blotting. Interestingly, DMF-induced liver injury was effectively suppressed by two inflammasome inhibitors, MCC950 and Dapansutrile. In addition, knockout of Nlrp3 markedly attenuated DMF-induced liver injury without affecting the metabolism of DMF. Furthermore, silencing Nfe2l2 aggravated the liver injury and the NLRP3 inflammasome activation in mouse liver. Finally, the depletion of hepatic macrophages by clodronate liposomes significantly reduced the liver damage caused by DMF. These results suggest that NLRP3 inflammasome activation is the upstream molecular event in the development of acute liver injury induced by DMF.

Network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation of Xiao-Qing-Long-Tang's therapeutic effects against neutrophilic asthma

BACKGROUND

Xiao-Qing-Long-Tang (XQLT), a classical Chinese herbal medicine formula, has been extensively used for allergic asthma treatment. However, there is limited research on its anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms specifically in neutrophilic asthma (NA).

PURPOSE

This study aims to investigate the potential therapeutic effects of XQLT against NA using a combination of network pharmacology and experimental validation.

STUDY DESIGN

By utilizing traditional Chinese medicine and disease databases, we constructed an XQLT-asthma network to identify potential targets of XQLT for NA. In the experimental phase, we utilized an ovalbumin (OVA)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced model for neutrophilic asthma and examined the therapeutic effects of XQLT.

RESULTS

Our research identified 174 bioactive components within XQLT and obtained 140 target genes of XQLT against asthma. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that these target genes were primarily associated with inflammation and cytokines. In the experimental validation, mice induced with OVA-LPS showcased eosinophilic and neutrophilic cell infiltration in peri-bronchial areas, elevated levels of IL-4 and IL-17 in both serum and lung, increased percentages of Th2 and Th17 cells in the spleen, as well as elevated levels of CD11b+ and CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs) within the lung. Treatment with XQLT effectively reduced IL-4 and IL-17 levels, decreased the percentages of Th2, Th17, CD11b+, and CD103+ DCs, and improved inflammatory cell infiltrations in lung tissues. These findings serve as a foundation for the potential clinical application of XQLT in neutrophilic asthma.

Effects of pectin methyl-esterification on intestinal microbiota and its immunomodulatory properties in naive mice

Pectins are dietary fibers that are attributed with several beneficial immunomodulatory effects. Depending on the degree of esterification (DE), pectins can be classified as high methoxyl pectin (HMP) or low methoxyl pectin (LMP). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pectin methyl-esterification on intestinal microbiota and its immunomodulatory properties in naive mice. Supplementation of the diet with LMP or HMP induced changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota in mice toward Bacteroides, which was mainly promoted by HMP. Metabolome analysis of stool samples from pectin-fed mice showed a different effect of the two types of pectin on the levels of short-chain fatty acids and bile acids, which was consistent with highly efficient in vivo fermentation of LMP. Analysis of serum antibody levels showed a significant increase in IgG and IgA levels by both pectins, while FACS analysis revealed a decrease of infiltrating inflammatory cells in the intestinal lamina propria by HMP. Our study revealed that the structural properties of the investigated pectins determine fermentability, effects on microbial composition, metabolite production, and modulation of immune responses. Consumption of HMP preferentially altered the gut microbiota and suppressed pro-inflammatory immune responses, suggesting a beneficial role in inflammatory diseases.