551
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Liu Y, Zhang N. Gadolinium loaded nanoparticles in theranostic magnetic resonance imaging. Biomaterials 2012; 33:5363-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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552
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Silvestri B, Guarnieri D, Luciani G, Costantini A, Netti PA, Branda F. Fluorescent (rhodamine), folate decorated and doxorubicin charged, PEGylated nanoparticles synthesis. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:1697-1704. [PMID: 22484837 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-012-4634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PEGylated silica nanoparticles, giving very stable aqueous sols, were successfully functionalised with rhodamine, one of the more stable fluorophore; they were also decorated with the targeting agent folic acid (FA) and charged with the well known drug doxorubicin. Rhodamine functionalization required a modification of the synthesis route of the nanoparticles (NP). Functionalization with FA required activation with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride. Folate decorated NP were easily charged with doxorubicin. The experimental results proved the successfulness of the functionalization. The bond to the NP does not reduce the therapeutic efficacy of the drug. The calculated encapsulation efficiency (32 %) was only a little lower than the value (47 %) reported for the very popular PEGylated PLGA NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Silvestri
- Department of Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125, Naples, Italy.
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553
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Ruan J, Song H, Li C, Bao C, Fu H, Wang K, Ni J, Cui D. DiR-labeled Embryonic Stem Cells for Targeted Imaging of in vivo Gastric Cancer Cells. Theranostics 2012; 2:618-28. [PMID: 22768029 PMCID: PMC3388594 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells have great potential in applications such as disease modeling, pharmacological screening and stem cell therapies. Up to date, there is no related report on the use of ES cells as tracking and contrast reagents of cancer cells in vivo. Herein we report that DiR-labeled murine ES cells can recognize and target gastric cancer cells in vivo. DiR-labeled murine ES (mES) cells (5×10(6)) were intravenously injected into gastric tumor-bearing mice. The biodistribution of DiR-labeled mES cells was monitored by IVIS imaging within 24 h. Major organs were harvested and analyzed by immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting. Chemotaxis assay was employed to investigate the chemotaxis of ES cells tracking cancer cells. Fluorescent imaging results showed that DiR-labeled mES cells targeted gastric cancer tissue in vivo as early as 10 min post-injection, reaching a peak at 2h post-injection. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting results showed gastric cancer tissues specifically expressed SSEA-1. In vitro migration tests confirmed that mES cells actively moved to test sites with different concentration of CXCL12 in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, DiR-labeled mES cells may be used for gastric cancer targeted imaging in vivo, and have great potential in applications such as identifying and imaging of early gastric cancer in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daxiang Cui
- Department of Bio-Nano Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Research Institute of Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
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554
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Hensley HH, Roder NA, O'Brien SW, Bickel LE, Xiao F, Litwin S, Connolly DC. Combined in vivo molecular and anatomic imaging for detection of ovarian carcinoma-associated protease activity and integrin expression in mice. Neoplasia 2012; 14:451-62. [PMID: 22787427 PMCID: PMC3394188 DOI: 10.1596/neo.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Most patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) experience drug-resistant disease recurrence. Identification of new treatments is a high priority, and preclinical studies in mouse models of EOC may expedite this goal. We previously developed methods for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for tumor detection and quantification in a transgenic mouse model of EOC. The goal of this study was to determine whether three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) and fluorescent molecular imaging probes could be effectively used for in vivo detection of ovarian tumors and response to therapy. Ovarian tumor-bearing TgMISIIR-TAg mice injected with fluorescent probes were subjected to MRI and FMT. Tumor-specific probe retention was identified in vivo by alignment of the 3D data sets, confirmed by ex vivo fluorescent imaging and correlated with histopathologic findings. Mice were treated with standard chemotherapy, and changes in fluorescent probe binding were detected by MRI and FMT. Ovarian tumors were detected using probes specific for cathepsin proteases, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and integrin α(v)β(3). Cathepsin and integrin α(v)β(3) probe activation and retention correlated strongly with tumor volume. MMP probe activation was readily detected in tumors but correlated less strongly with tumor volume. Tumor regression associated with response to therapy was detected and quantified by serial MRI and FMT. These results demonstrate the feasibility and sensitivity of FMT for detection and quantification of tumor-associated biologic targets in ovarian tumors and support the translational utility of molecular imaging to assess functional response to therapy in mouse models of EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey H Hensley
- Biological Imaging Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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555
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Choi SH, Cho HR, Kim HS, Kim YH, Kang KW, Kim H, Moon WK. Imaging and quantification of metastatic melanoma cells in lymph nodes with a ferritin MR reporter in living mice. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2012; 25:737-745. [PMID: 22124937 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 07/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cellular MRI with a reporter gene offers the opportunity to track small numbers of tumor cells and to study metastatic processes in their earliest developmental stages in the target organs of interest. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using the MR reporter ferritin for the noninvasive imaging and quantification of metastatic melanoma cells in the lymph nodes (LNs) of living mice. A B16F10 murine melanoma cell line expressing human ferritin heavy chain (hFTH) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) was constructed to allow the detection of cells by MRI and fluorescence imaging. Stable overexpression of hFTH and GFP in B16F10 murine melanoma cells was feasible and showed no cellular toxicity. In addition, hFTH cells were detectable by 9.4-T MRI in vitro and in vivo, yielding significant changes in T(2)* relative to control cells. In BALB/c nude mice, the presence of hFTH- and GFP-expressing metastatic melanoma cells in deep-seated axillary LNs was demonstrated as areas of low T(2)* on MRI, but the same LNs were not visible by fluorescence imaging because the light was unable to penetrate the tissue. Furthermore, the metastatic volume of each LN, which was assessed by cumulative histogram analysis of the T(2)* MRI data, correlated well with tumor burden, which was determined by histology (r = -0.8773, p = 0.0001). This study is the first to use MRI and an MR reporter gene for both the visualization and quantification of metastatic cancer cells in LNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hong Choi
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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556
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Yang Z, Pan L, Cheng J, Hu S, Xu J, Ye D, Zhang Y. Clinical value of whole body fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the detection of metastatic bladder cancer. Int J Urol 2012; 19:639-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2012.02989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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557
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Hanahan D, Coussens LM. Accessories to the crime: functions of cells recruited to the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Cell 2012; 21:309-22. [PMID: 22439926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3322] [Impact Index Per Article: 255.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutationally corrupted cancer (stem) cells are the driving force of tumor development and progression. Yet, these transformed cells cannot do it alone. Assemblages of ostensibly normal tissue and bone marrow-derived (stromal) cells are recruited to constitute tumorigenic microenvironments. Most of the hallmarks of cancer are enabled and sustained to varying degrees through contributions from repertoires of stromal cell types and distinctive subcell types. Their contributory functions to hallmark capabilities are increasingly well understood, as are the reciprocal communications with neoplastic cancer cells that mediate their recruitment, activation, programming, and persistence. This enhanced understanding presents interesting new targets for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Hanahan
- The Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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558
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Kwon YS, Cho YS, Yoon TJ, Kim HS, Choi MG. Recent advances in targeted endoscopic imaging: Early detection of gastrointestinal neoplasms. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 4:57-64. [PMID: 22442742 PMCID: PMC3309894 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v4.i3.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging has emerged as a new discipline in gastrointestinal endoscopy. This technology encompasses modalities that can visualize disease-specific morphological or functional tissue changes based on the molecular signature of individual cells. Molecular imaging has several advantages including minimal damage to tissues, repetitive visualization, and utility for conducting quantitative analyses. Advancements in basic science coupled with endoscopy have made early detection of gastrointestinal cancer possible. Molecular imaging during gastrointestinal endoscopy requires the development of safe biomarkers and exogenous probes to detect molecular changes in cells with high specificity anda high signal-to-background ratio. Additionally, a high-resolution endoscope with an accurate wide-field viewing capability must be developed. Targeted endoscopic imaging is expected to improve early diagnosis and individual therapy of gastrointestinal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Soo Kwon
- Yong-Soo Kwon, Tae-Jong Yoon, Department of Applied Bioscience, CHA University, Seoul 135081, South Korea
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559
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Braband H, Imstepf S, Benz M, Spingler B, Alberto R. Combining Bifunctional Chelator with (3 + 2)-Cycloaddition Approaches: Synthesis of Dual-Function Technetium Complexes. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:4051-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ic202212e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Braband
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Imstepf
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Benz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Alberto
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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560
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Pansare V, Hejazi S, Faenza W, Prud'homme RK. Review of Long-Wavelength Optical and NIR Imaging Materials: Contrast Agents, Fluorophores and Multifunctional Nano Carriers. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2012; 24:812-827. [PMID: 22919122 PMCID: PMC3423226 DOI: 10.1021/cm2028367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The importance of long wavelength and near infra-red (NIR) imaging has dramatically increased due to the desire to perform whole animal and deep tissue imaging. The adoption of NIR imaging is also growing rapidly due to the availability of targeted biological agents for diagnosis and basic medical research that can be imaged in vivo. The wavelength range of 650-1450 nm falls in the region of the spectrum with the lowest absorption in tissue and therefore enables the deepest tissue penetration. This is the wavelength range we focus on with this review. To operate effectively the imaging agents must both be excited and must emit in this long-wavelength window. We review the agents used both for imaging by absorption, scattering, and excitation (such as fluorescence). Imaging agents comprise both aqueous soluble and insoluble species, both organic and inorganic, and unimolecular and supramolecular constructs. The interest in multi-modal imaging, which involves delivery of actives, targeting, and imaging, requires nanocarriers or supramolecular assemblies. Nanoparticles for diagnostics also have advantages in increasing circulation time and increased imaging brightness relative to single molecule imaging agents. This has led to rapid advances in nanocarriers for long-wavelength, NIR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Pansare
- Princeton University, Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton, NJ 08544
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561
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Yhee JY, Kim SA, Koo H, Son S, Ryu JH, Youn IC, Choi K, Kwon IC, Kim K. Optical imaging of cancer-related proteases using near-infrared fluorescence matrix metalloproteinase-sensitive and cathepsin B-sensitive probes. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:179-89. [PMID: 22375156 PMCID: PMC3287424 DOI: 10.7150/thno.3716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin B and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) play key roles in tumor progression by controlled degradation of extracellular matrix. Consequently, these proteases have been attracted in cancer research, and many imaging probes utilizing these proteases have been developed. Our groups developed cathepsin B and MMP imaging nanoprobes based on polymer nanoparticle platform. Both cathepsin B and MMP imaging probes used near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) dye and dark-quencher to for high sensitivity, and protease-sensitive peptide sequence in each probe authorized high specificity of the probes. We compared the bioactivities of cathepsin B and MMP sensitive probes in cancer-related environments to investigate the biological property of the probes. As a result, cathepsin B probe showed fluorescence recovery after the probe entered the cytoplasm. This property could be useful to evaluate the cytoplasmic targeted delivery by using probe-conjugated nanoparticles in vivo. On the other hand, MMP probe was superior in specificity in vivo and tissue study. This comparative study will provide precise information about peptide-based optical probes, and allow their proper application to cancer diagnosis.
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562
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Pan L, Cheng J, Zhou M, Yao Z, Zhang Y. The SUVmax (maximum standardized uptake value for F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose) and serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-ag) function as prognostic biomarkers in patients with primary cervical cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2012; 138:239-46. [PMID: 22102174 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-011-1092-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate the prognostic significance of FDG uptake measured as maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) in primary tumor by positron emission tomography with fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET/CT) and pretreatment serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-ag) in patients with cervical cancer. METHODS 82 consecutive patients with biopsy-proven cervical cancer who had PET/CT before any treatment were enrolled in this study. The SUVmax of the primary cervical tumor mass was obtained and compared with pretreatment SCC-ag and pathological prognostic factors after the initial treatment. RESULTS There was significant correlation between the SUVmax of the primary tumor and tumor maximum size (p = 0.0024). The serum SCC-ag had a statistically significant association with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.0373), although there was no correlation between the SUVmax of the primary tumor and the serum SCC-ag (r (2) = -0.57). The higher SUVmax of primary tumor (≥11.2) plus pelvic lymph node (PLN) metastasis and higher SUVmax plus higher serum SCC-ag (≥6.4 ng/nl) were two most significant variables that predicted worse prognosis (p = 0.0099 and p = 0.0020, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Higher pretreatment SUVmax of primary tumor indicated worse prognosis, and the prognosis of patients with higher pretreatment SUVmax plus PLN metastasis was even worse both in patients of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and non-SCC of cervix. As for patients with SCC of cervix, higher pretreatment serum SCC-ag not only predicted worse prognosis but also predicted disease recurrence in the posttreatment surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- LingLing Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
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563
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Chen K, Sun X, Niu G, Ma Y, Yap LP, Hui X, Wu K, Fan D, Conti PS, Chen X. Evaluation of 64Cu labeled GX1: a phage display peptide probe for PET imaging of tumor vasculature. Mol Imaging Biol 2012; 14:96-105. [PMID: 21360213 PMCID: PMC3629956 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-011-0479-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Molecular imaging using positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers targeted to tumor vasculature offers a noninvasive method for early detection of tumor angiogenesis and efficient monitoring of response to anti-tumor vasculature therapy. The previous in vitro results demonstrated that the GX1 peptide, identified by phage display technology, is a tumor vasculature endothelium-specific ligand. In this study, we evaluated a ⁶⁴Cu-labeled GX1 peptide as a potential radiotracer for microPET imaging of tumor vasculature in a U87MG tumor xenografted mouse model. METHODS Macrocyclic chelating agent 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N, N', N'', N'''-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)-conjugated GX1 peptide was synthesized and radiolabeled with ⁶⁴Cu (t(1/2) = 12.7 h) in ammonium acetate buffer. The ⁶⁴Cu-labeled GX1 peptide was then subjected to in vitro tumor cell uptake study, small animal PET and direct tissue sampling biodistribution studies in a U87MG tumor xenografted mouse model. RESULTS The in vitro experiment demonstrated that ⁶⁴Cu-DOTA-GX1 is stable in PBS with more than 91% of ⁶⁴Cu-DOTA-GX1 peptide remaining intact after 24 h of incubation. Cellular uptake and retention studies revealed (64)Cu-DOTA-GX1 binds to U87MG glioma cells and has good tumor cell retention. For small animal PET imaging studies, the U87MG tumors were all clearly visible with high contrast to contralateral background at all measured time points after injection of ⁶⁴Cu-DOTA-GX1 while high accumulation in liver and kidneys were also observed at early time points. The U87MG tumor uptake was determined to be the highest (7.97 ± 0.75%ID/g) at 24 h pi. The blocking experiment was achieved by co-injection of ⁶⁴Cu-DOTA-GX1 with non-radiolabeled GX1 peptide (20 mg/kg) at 24 h pi, suggesting ⁶⁴Cu-DOTA-GX1 is a target-specific tracer. Furthermore, the biodistribution results were consistent with the quantification of microPET imaging, demonstrating the highest ratio (16.09 ± 1.21) of tumor/muscle uptake of ⁶⁴Cu-DOTA-GX1 at 24 h pi for non-blocking group and significant decreased ratio (6.57 ± 0.58) for blocking group. Finally, metabolic studies suggested that ⁶⁴Cu-DOTA-GX1 is stable in mouse blood and urine in vivo at early time point while the metal transchelation may also occur in mouse liver and kidneys. CONCLUSION Our studies demonstrate that ⁶⁴Cu-DOTA-GX1 is a promising radiotracer for imaging tumor vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC 103, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9061, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 31 Center Drive, Suite 1C14, Bethesda, MD 20892-2281, USA
| | - Xilin Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 31 Center Drive, Suite 1C14, Bethesda, MD 20892-2281, USA
| | - Gang Niu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 31 Center Drive, Suite 1C14, Bethesda, MD 20892-2281, USA
| | - Ying Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 31 Center Drive, Suite 1C14, Bethesda, MD 20892-2281, USA
| | - Li-Peng Yap
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC 103, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9061, USA
| | - Xiaoli Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi’an, Shanxi, China
| | - Kaichun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi’an, Shanxi, China
| | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi’an, Shanxi, China
| | - Peter S. Conti
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC 103, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9061, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 31 Center Drive, Suite 1C14, Bethesda, MD 20892-2281, USA
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564
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In vivo molecular imaging in retinal disease. J Ophthalmol 2012; 2012:429387. [PMID: 22363836 PMCID: PMC3272829 DOI: 10.1155/2012/429387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for early diagnosis in medicine, whereupon effective treatments could prevent irreversible tissue damage. The special structure of the eye provides a unique opportunity for noninvasive light-based imaging of ocular fundus vasculature. To detect endothelial injury at the early and reversible stage of adhesion molecule upregulation, some novel imaging agents that target retinal endothelial molecules were generated. In vivo molecular imaging has a great potential to impact medicine by detecting diseases or screening disease in early stages, identifying extent of disease, selecting disease and patient-specific therapeutic treatment, applying a directed or targeted therapy, and measuring molecular-specific effects of treatment. Current preclinical findings and advances in instrumentation such as endoscopes and microcatheters suggest that these molecular imaging modalities have numerous clinical applications and will be translated into clinical use in the near future.
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565
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Homan KA, Souza M, Truby R, Luke GP, Green C, Vreeland E, Emelianov S. Silver nanoplate contrast agents for in vivo molecular photoacoustic imaging. ACS NANO 2012; 6:641-50. [PMID: 22188516 PMCID: PMC3747830 DOI: 10.1021/nn204100n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoplates are introduced as a new photoacoustic contrast agent that can be easily functionalized for molecular photoacoustic imaging in vivo. Methods are described for synthesis, functionalization, and stabilization of silver nanoplates using biocompatible ("green") reagents. Directional antibody conjugation to the nanoplate surface is presented along with proof of molecular sensitivity in vitro with pancreatic cancer cells. Cell viability tests show the antibody-conjugated silver nanoplates to be nontoxic at concentrations up to 1 mg/mL. Furthermore, the silver nanoplates' potential for in vivo application as a molecularly sensitive photoacoustic contrast agent is demonstrated using an orthotopic mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Results of these studies suggest that the synthesized silver nanoplates are well suited for a host of biomedical imaging and sensing applications.
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566
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Miot-Noirault E, Vidal A, Auzeloux P, Peyrode C, Madelmont JC, Chezal JM. In vivo scintigraphic imaging of proteoglycans. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 836:183-198. [PMID: 22252636 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-498-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we present the methods developed in our lab for the scintigraphic imaging and direct quantitative evaluation of proteoglycan (PG) distribution in vivo. These methods relate to (1) the synthesis and radiolabeling of the NTP 15-5 with (99m)Tc, (2) preclinical scintigraphic imaging using laboratory animals, and (3) quantitative analysis of scintigraphic images.
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567
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Qiu F, Zhu Q, Tong G, Zhu L, Wang D, Yan D, Zhu X. Highly fluorescent core–shell hybrid nanoparticles templated by a unimolecular star conjugated polymer for a biological tool. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:11954-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc37024g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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568
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Iyer A, He J, Amiji M. Image-guided nanosystems for targeted delivery in cancer therapy. Curr Med Chem 2012; 19:3230-40. [PMID: 22612697 PMCID: PMC5724376 DOI: 10.2174/092986712800784685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Current challenges in early detection, limitations of conventional treatment options, and the constant evolution of cancer cells with metastatic and multi-drug resistant phenotypes require novel strategies to effectively combat this deadly disease. Nanomedical technologies are evolving at a rapid pace and are poised to play a vital role in diagnostic and therapeutic interventions - the so-called "theranostics" - with potential to advance personalized medicine. In this regard, nanoparticulate delivery systems can be designed with tumor seeking characteristics by utilizing the inherent abnormalities and leaky vasculature of solid tumors or custom engineered with targeting ligands for more specific tumor drug targeting. In this review we discuss some of the recent advances made in the development of multifunctional polymeric nanosystems with an emphasis on image-guided drug and gene delivery. Multifunctional nanosystems incorporate variety of payloads (anticancer drugs and genes), imaging agents (optical probes, radio-ligands, and contrast agents), and targeting ligands (antibodies and peptides) for multi-pronged cancer intervention with potential to report therapeutic outcomes. Through advances in combinatorial polymer synthesis and high-throughput testing methods, rapid progress in novel optical/radiolabeling strategies, and the technological breakthroughs in instrumentation, such as hybrid molecular and functional imaging systems, there is tremendous future potential in clinical utility of theranostic nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.K. Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - J. He
- Center for Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - M.M. Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Kirkinis E, Andreev AV, Spivak B. Electromagnetic propulsion and separation by chirality of nanoparticles in liquids. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2012; 85:016321. [PMID: 22400671 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.85.016321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a new mechanism for the propulsion and separation by chirality of small ferromagnetic particles suspended in a liquid. Under the action of a uniform dc magnetic field H and an ac electric field E isomers with opposite chirality move in opposite directions. Such a mechanism could have a significant impact on a wide range of emerging technologies. The component of the chiral velocity that is odd in H is found to be proportional to the intrinsic orbital and spin angular momentum of the magnetized electrons. This effect arises because a ferromagnetic particle responds to the applied torque as a small gyroscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kirkinis
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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570
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Mawn TM, Popov AV, Beardsley NJ, Stefflova K, Milkevitch M, Zheng G, Delikatny EJ. In vivo detection of phospholipase C by enzyme-activated near-infrared probes. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:2434-43. [PMID: 22034913 PMCID: PMC3292874 DOI: 10.1021/bc200242v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the characterization of the first near-infrared (NIR) phospholipase-activated molecular beacon is reported, and its utility for in vivo cancer imaging is demonstrated. The probe consists of three elements: a phospholipid (PL) backbone to which the NIR fluorophore, pyropheophorbide a (Pyro), and the NIR Black Hole Quencher 3 (BHQ) were conjugated. Because of the close proximity of BHQ to Pyro, the Pyro-PtdEtn-BHQ probe is self-quenched until enzyme hydrolysis releases the fluorophore. The Pyro-PtdEtn-BHQ probe is highly specific to one isoform of phospholipase C, phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC), responsible for catabolizing phosphatidylcholine directly to phosphocholine. Incubation of Pyro-PtdEtn-BHQ in vitro with PC-PLC demonstrated a 150-fold increase in fluorescence that could be inhibited by the specific PC-PLC inhibitor tricyclodecan-9-yl xanthogenate (D609) with an IC(50) of 34 ± 8 μM. Since elevations in phosphocholine have been consistently observed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a wide array of cancer cells and solid tumors, we assessed the utility of Pyro-PtdEtn-BHQ as a probe for targeted tumor imaging. Injection of Pyro-PtdEtn-BHQ into mice bearing DU145 human prostate tumor xenografts followed by in vivo NIR imaging resulted in a 4-fold increase in tumor radiance over background and a 2 fold increase in the tumor/muscle ratio. Tumor fluorescence enhancement was inhibited with the administration of D609. The ability to image PC-PLC activity in vivo provides a unique and sensitive method of monitoring one of the critical phospholipase signaling pathways activated in cancer, as well as the phospholipase activities that are altered in response to cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M. Mawn
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Anatoliy V. Popov
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Nancy J. Beardsley
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | | | | | - E. James Delikatny
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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571
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Mawn TM, Popov AV, Delikatny EJ. A quantitative continuous enzyme assay of intramolecularly quenched fluorogenic phospholipase substrates for molecular imaging. Anal Biochem 2011; 422:96-102. [PMID: 22230285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There has been recent growth in the development of activatable near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes for molecular imaging, generally designed by placing fluorochromes on a cleavable substrate in close proximity to one another, such that they self-quench, but fluoresce on separation via enzymatic cleavage of the substrate. Although these probes offer excellent contrast, the detection of enzyme activity has largely only been described qualitatively. In order to assess the effectiveness of a probe, it is useful to have a quantitative measure, such as the enzyme-substrate kinetic parameters. We have developed an assay to determine kinetic parameters and applied it to an intramolecularly quenched molecule, Pyro-PtdEtn-BHQ, a NIR fluorescent probe specific to phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C. The development of this assay includes corrections for intermolecular quenching, calibration, optimization of reaction mixtures, and determination of kinetic and inhibition parameters. This assay can easily be extended to analyze and compare the efficiency of other fluorescent activatable phospholipase probes as suitable molecular imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M Mawn
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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572
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Tan M, Burden-Gulley SM, Li W, Wu X, Lindner D, Brady-Kalnay SM, Gulani V, Lu ZR. MR molecular imaging of prostate cancer with a peptide-targeted contrast agent in a mouse orthotopic prostate cancer model. Pharm Res 2011; 29:953-60. [PMID: 22139536 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the effectiveness of a peptide targeted nanoglobular Gd-DOTA complexes for MR molecular imaging of prostate cancer in a mouse orthotopic PC-3 prostate cancer model. METHODS A CLT1 (CGLIIQKNEC) peptide-targeted generation 2 nanoglobular Gd-DOTA monoamide conjugate [CLT1-G2-(Gd-DOTA)] was used for imaging fibrin-fibronectin complexes in prostate tumor using a non-specific peptide KAREC modified conjugate, KAREC-G2-(Gd-DOTA) as a control. Cy5 conjugates of CLT1 and KAREC were synthesized for binding studies. Orthotopic PC-3 prostate tumors were established in the prostate of athymic male nude mice. MRI study was performed on a Bruker 7T small animal MRI system. RESULTS CLT1 peptide showed specific binding in the prostate tumor with no binding in normal tissues. The control peptide had little binding in normal and tumor tissues. CLT1-G2-(Gd-DOTA) resulted in stronger contrast enhancement in tumor tissue than KAREC-G2-(Gd-DOTA). CLT1-G2-(Gd-DOTA) generated ~100% increase in contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) in the tumor compared to precontrast CNR at 1 min post-injection, while KAREC-G2-(Gd-DOTA) resulted in 8% increase. CONCLUSION CLT1-G2-(Gd-DOTA) is a promising molecular MRI contrast agent for fibrin-fibronectin complexes in tumor stroma. It has potential for diagnosis and assessing prognosis of malignant tumors with MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqian Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Wickenden Building, Room 427, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7207, USA
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573
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Cacace F, Cusimano V, Di Paola L, Germani A. Observer-based techniques for the identification and analysis of avascular tumor growth. Math Biosci 2011; 234:147-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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574
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Skoura E, Datseris IE, Platis I, Oikonomopoulos G, Syrigos KN. Role of positron emission tomography in the early prediction of response to chemotherapy in patients with non--small-cell lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2011; 13:181-7. [PMID: 22137017 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, molecular imaging with [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose-positron-emission tomography, [(18)F]FDG-PET, has become part of the standard of care in initial staging of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Currently, there is an increasing interest in the role of [(18)F]FDG-PET in the evaluation of biological characteristics of the tumor and the prediction of response to anticancer therapies at an early phase of treatment. According to the existing data, quantitative assessment of therapy-induced changes in tumor [(18)F]FDG uptake may allow the prediction of tumor response and patient outcome very early in the course of therapy. Treatment may be adjusted according to the chemosensitivity of the tumor tissue in an individual patient. Thus, [(18)F]FDG-PET has the potential to reduce the side effects and costs of ineffective therapy. This review provides an update on recent studies that evaluate the role of [(18)F]FDG-PET in the early prediction of response to chemotherapy and prognosis in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. In addition, it discusses the application of [(18)F]FDG-PET to the monitoring of new targeted forms of anticancer therapy and particularly of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Finally, it evaluates the usefulness of [(18)F]fluorothymidine, a PET tracer for imaging tumor proliferation, in predicting response to therapy in patients with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Skoura
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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575
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Lund T, Callaghan MF, Williams P, Turmaine M, Bachmann C, Rademacher T, Roitt IM, Bayford R. The influence of ligand organization on the rate of uptake of gold nanoparticles by colorectal cancer cells. Biomaterials 2011; 32:9776-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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576
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Fu Y, An N, Li K, Zheng Y, Liang A. Chlorotoxin-conjugated nanoparticles as potential glioma-targeted drugs. J Neurooncol 2011; 107:457-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0763-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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577
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Fu J, Yang X, Wang K, Luo Q, Gong H. A generic, geometric cocalibration method for a combined system of fluorescence molecular tomography and microcomputed tomography with arbitrarily shaped objects. Med Phys 2011; 38:6561-70. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3658727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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578
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Yokoyama T, Tam J, Kuroda S, Scott AW, Aaron J, Larson T, Shanker M, Correa AM, Kondo S, Roth JA, Sokolov K, Ramesh R. EGFR-targeted hybrid plasmonic magnetic nanoparticles synergistically induce autophagy and apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25507. [PMID: 22087216 PMCID: PMC3210119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in 80% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and is associated with poor survival. In recent years, EGFR-targeted inhibitors have been tested in the clinic for NSCLC. Despite the emergence of novel therapeutics and their application in cancer therapy, the overall survival rate of lung cancer patients remains 15%. To develop more effective therapies for lung cancer we have combined the anti-EGFR antibody (Clone 225) as a molecular therapeutic with hybrid plasmonic magnetic nanoparticles (NP) and tested on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Cell viability was determined by trypan-blue assay. Cellular protein expression was determined by Western blotting. C225-NPs were detected by electron microscopy and confocal microscopy, and EGFR expression using immunocytochemistry. C225-NP exhibited a strong and selective antitumor effect on EGFR-expressing NSCLC cells by inhibiting EGFR-mediated signal transduction and induced autophagy and apoptosis in tumor cells. Optical images showed specificity of interactions between C225-NP and EGFR-expressing NSCLC cells. No binding of C225-NP was observed for EGFR-null NSCLC cells. C225-NP exhibited higher efficiency in induction of cell killing in comparison with the same amount of free C225 antibody in tumor cells with different levels of EGFR expression. Furthermore, in contrast to C225-NP, free C225 antibody did not induce autophagy in cells. However, the therapeutic efficacy of C225-NP gradually approached the level of free antibodies as the amount of C225 antibody conjugated per nanoparticle was decreased. Finally, attaching C225 to NP was important for producing the enhanced tumor cell killing as addition of mixture of free C225 and NP did not demonstrate the same degree of cell killing activity. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We demonstrated for the first time the molecular mechanism of C225-NP induced cytotoxic effects in lung cancer cells that are not characteristic for free molecular therapeutics thus increasing efficacy of therapy against NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Yokoyama
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Justina Tam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shinji Kuroda
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ailing W. Scott
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jesse Aaron
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tim Larson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Manish Shanker
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Arlene M. Correa
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Seiji Kondo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jack A. Roth
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Konstantin Sokolov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rajagopal Ramesh
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
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579
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Napp J, Behnke T, Fischer L, Würth C, Wottawa M, Katschinski DM, Alves F, Resch-Genger U, Schäferling M. Targeted Luminescent Near-Infrared Polymer-Nanoprobes for In Vivo Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia. Anal Chem 2011; 83:9039-46. [DOI: 10.1021/ac201870b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Napp
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Behnke
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse, 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lorenz Fischer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Würth
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse, 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marieke Wottawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dörthe M. Katschinski
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frauke Alves
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse, 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schäferling
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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580
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Lim EK, Kim HO, Jang E, Park J, Lee K, Suh JS, Huh YM, Haam S. Hyaluronan-modified magnetic nanoclusters for detection of CD44-overexpressing breast cancer by MR imaging. Biomaterials 2011; 32:7941-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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581
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Qin C, Zhu S, Feng J, Zhong J, Ma X, Wu P, Tian J. Comparison of permissible source region and multispectral data using efficient bioluminescence tomography method. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2011; 4:824-839. [PMID: 21987294 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
As a novel molecular imaging technology, bioluminescence tomography (BLT) has become an important tool for biomedical research in recent years, which can perform a quantitative reconstruction of an internal light source distribution with the scattered and transmitted bioluminescent signals measured on the external surface of a small animal. However, BLT is severely ill-posed because of complex photon propagation in the biological tissue and limited boundary measured data with noise. Therefore, sufficient a priori knowledge should be fused for the uniqueness and stability of BLT solution. Permissible source region strategy and spectrally resolved measurements are two kinds of a priori knowledge commonly used in BLT reconstruction. This paper compares their performance with simulation and in vivo heterogeneous mouse experiments. In order to improve the efficiency of large-scale source restoration, this paper introduces an efficient iterative shrinkage thresholding method that not only has faster convergence rate but also has better reconstruction accuracy than the modified Newton-type optimization approach. Finally, a discussion of these two kinds of a priori knowledge is given based on the comparison results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghu Qin
- Intelligent Medical Research Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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582
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Liu J, He W, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Zhu J, Yuan L, Chen H, Cheng Z, Zhu X. Bifunctional nanoparticles with fluorescence and magnetism via surface-initiated AGET ATRP mediated by an iron catalyst. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:12684-12692. [PMID: 21882878 DOI: 10.1021/la202749v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent/magnetic nanoparticles are of interest in many applications in biotechnology and nanomedicine for its living detection. In this study, a novel method of surface modification of nanoparticles was first used to modify a fluorescent monomer on the surfaces of magnetic nanoparticles directly. This was achieved via iron(III)-mediated atom-transfer radical polymerization with activators generated by electron transfer (AGET ATRP). Fluorescent monomer 9-(4-vinylbenzyl)-9H-carbazole (VBK) was synthesized and was grafted from magnetic nanoparticles (ferroferric oxide) via AGET ATRP using FeCl(3)·6H(2)O as the catalyst, tris(3,6-dioxaheptyl)amine (TDA-1) as the ligand, and ascorbic acid (AsAc) as the reducing agent. The initiator for ATRP was modified on magnetic nanoparticles with the reported method: ligand exchange with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and then esterification with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide. After polymerization, a well-defined nanocomposite (Fe(3)O(4)@PVBK) was yielded with a magnetic core and a fluorescent shell (PVBK). Subsequently, well-dispersed bifunctional nanoparticles (Fe(3)O(4)@PVBK-b-P(PEGMA)) in water were obtained via consecutive AGET ATRP of hydrophilic monomer poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA). The chemical composition of the magnetic nanoparticles' surface at different surface modification stages was investigated with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra. The magnetic and fluorescent properties were validated with a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and a fluorophotometer. The Fe(3)O(4)@PVBK-b-P(PEGMA) nanoparticles showed an effective imaging ability in enhancing the negative contrast in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiliang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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583
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Erathodiyil N, Ying JY. Functionalization of inorganic nanoparticles for bioimaging applications. Acc Chem Res 2011; 44:925-35. [PMID: 21648430 DOI: 10.1021/ar2000327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Modern biomedical imaging technologies have led to significant advances in diagnosis and therapy. Because most disease processes occur at the molecular and cellular levels, researchers continue to face challenges in viewing and understanding these processes precisely and in real time. The ideal imaging resolution would be in nanometers, because most biological processes take place on this length scale. Therefore, the functionalization of nanoparticles (NPs) and their use in therapeutic and diagnostic applications are of great interest. Molecular and cellular imaging agents made from inorganic NPs have been developed to probe such biological events noninvasively. The conjugation of tiny NPs with specific biomolecules allows researchers to target the desired location, reduce overall toxicity, and boost the efficiency of the imaging probes. In this Account, we review recent research on the functionalization of NPs for bioimaging applications. Several types of NPs have been employed for bioimaging applications, including metal (Au, Ag), metal oxide (Fe(3)O(4)), and semiconductor nanocrystals (e.g. quantum dots (QDs) and magnetic quantum dots (MQDs)). The preparation of NPs for bioimaging applications can include a variety of steps: synthesis, coating, surface functionalization, and bioconjugation. The most common strategies of engineering NP surfaces involve physical adsorption or chemisorption of the desired ligands onto the surface. Chemisorption or covalent linkages are preferred, and the coated NPs should possess high colloidal stability, biocompatibility, water solubility, and functional groups for further bioconjugation. Many of the functionalization techniques that have been reported in the literature suffer from limitations such as complex synthesis steps, poor biocompatibility, low stability, and hydrophobic products. Coating strategies based on chemisorption and ligand exchange often provide a better way to tailor the surface properties of NPs. After conjugation with the appropriate targeting ligands, antibodies, or proteins, the NPs may exhibit highly selective binding, making them useful for fluorescence imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, and multimodal imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandanan Erathodiyil
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669
| | - Jackie Y. Ying
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669
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584
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Tassa C, Shaw SY, Weissleder R. Dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles: a versatile platform for targeted molecular imaging, molecular diagnostics, and therapy. Acc Chem Res 2011; 44:842-52. [PMID: 21661727 DOI: 10.1021/ar200084x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Advances in our understanding of the genetic basis of disease susceptibility coupled with prominent successes for molecular targeted therapies have resulted in an emerging strategy of personalized medicine. This approach envisions risk stratification and therapeutic selection based on an individual's genetic makeup and physiologic state (the latter assessed through cellular or molecular phenotypes). Molecularly targeted nanoparticles can play a key role in this vision through noninvasive assessments of molecular processes and specific cell populations in vivo, sensitive molecular diagnostics, and targeted delivery of therapeutics. A superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle with a cross-linked dextran coating, or CLIO, is a powerful and illustrative nanoparticle platform for these applications. These structures and their derivatives support diagnostic imaging by magnetic resonance (MRI), optical, and positron emission tomography (PET) modalities and constitute a versatile platform for conjugation to targeting ligands. A variety of conjugation methods exist to couple the dextran surface to different functional groups; in addition, a robust bioorthogonal [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction between 1,2,4,5-tetrazene (Tz) and trans-cyclooctene (TCO) can conjugate nanoparticles to targeting ligands or label pretargeted cells. The ready availability of conjugation methods has given rise to the synthesis of libraries of small molecule modified nanoparticles, which can then be screened for nanoparticles with specificity for a specific cell type. Since most nanoparticles display their targeting ligands in a multivalent manner, a detailed understanding of the kinetics and affinity of a nanoparticle's interaction with its target (as determined by surface plasmon resonance) can yield functionally important insights into nanoparticle design. In this Account, we review applications of the CLIO platform in several areas relevant to the mission of personalized medicine. We demonstrate rapid and highly sensitive molecular profiling of cancer markers ex vivo, as part of detailed, individualized molecular phenotyping. The CLIO platform also facilitates targeted magnetic resonance and combined modality imaging (such as MR/PET/fluorescence/CT) to enable multiplexed measurement of molecular phenotypes in vivo for early diagnosis and disease classification. Finally, the targeted delivery of a photodynamic therapy agent as part of a theranostic nanoparticle successfully increased local cell toxicity and minimized systemic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Tassa
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Stanley Y. Shaw
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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585
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Konry T, Bale SS, Bhushan A, Shen K, Seker E, Polyak B, Yarmush M. Particles and microfluidics merged: perspectives of highly sensitive diagnostic detection. Mikrochim Acta 2011; 176:251-269. [PMID: 25378716 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-011-0705-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing need for diagnostic technologies that provide laboratories with solutions that improve quality, enhance laboratory system productivity, and provide accurate detection of a broad range of infectious diseases and cancers. Recent advances in micro- and nanoscience and engineering, in particular in the areas of particles and microfluidic technologies, have advanced the "lab-on-a-chip" concept towards the development of a new generation of point-of-care diagnostic devices that could significantly enhance test sensitivity and speed. In this review, we will discuss many of the recent advances in microfluidics and particle technologies with an eye towards merging these two technologies for application in medical diagnostics. Although the potential diagnostic applications are virtually unlimited, the most important applications are foreseen in the areas of biomarker research, cancer diagnosis, and detection of infectious microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Konry
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Shriners Hospitals for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston 02114 MA, USA
| | - Shyam Sundhar Bale
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Shriners Hospitals for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston 02114 MA, USA
| | - Abhinav Bhushan
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Shriners Hospitals for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston 02114 MA, USA
| | - Keyue Shen
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Shriners Hospitals for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston 02114 MA, USA
| | - Erkin Seker
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, 3177 Kemper Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Boris Polyak
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Martin Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Shriners Hospitals for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston 02114 MA, USA
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586
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Sukerkar PA, MacRenaris KW, Townsend TR, Ahmed RA, Burdette JE, Meade TJ. Synthesis and biological evaluation of water-soluble progesterone-conjugated probes for magnetic resonance imaging of hormone related cancers. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:2304-16. [PMID: 21972997 DOI: 10.1021/bc2003555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone receptor (PR) is strongly associated with disease prognosis and therapeutic efficacy in hormone-related diseases such as endometriosis and breast, ovarian, and uterine cancers. Receptor status is currently determined by immunohistochemistry assays. However, noninvasive PR imaging agents could improve disease detection and help elucidate pathological molecular pathways, leading to new therapies and animal disease models. A series of water-soluble PR-targeted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probes were synthesized using Cu(I)-catalyzed click chemistry and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. These agents demonstrated activation of PR in vitro and preferential accumulation in PR(+) compared to PR(-) human breast cancer cells with low toxicity. In xenograft tumor models, the agents demonstrated enhanced signal intensity in PR(+) tumors compared to PR(-) tumors. The results suggest that these agents may be promising MRI probes for PR(+) diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti A Sukerkar
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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587
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Chandran P, Sasidharan A, Ashokan A, Menon D, Nair S, Koyakutty M. Highly biocompatible TiO₂:Gd³⁺ nano-contrast agent with enhanced longitudinal relaxivity for targeted cancer imaging. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:4150-4161. [PMID: 21853215 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr10591d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of a novel magnetic nano-contrast agent (nano-CA) based on Gd(3+) doped amorphous TiO(2) of size ∼25 nm, exhibiting enhanced longitudinal relaxivity (r(1)) and magnetic resonance (MR) contrasting together with excellent biocompatibility. Quantitative T1 mapping of phantom samples using a 1.5 T clinical MR imaging system revealed that the amorphous phase of doped titania has the highest r(1) relaxivity which is ∼2.5 fold higher than the commercially used CA Magnevist™. The crystalline (anatase) samples formed by air annealing at 250 °C and 500 °C showed significant reduction in r(1) values and MR contrast, which is attributed to the loss of proton-exchange contribution from the adsorbed water and atomic re-arrangement of Gd(3+) ions in the crystalline host lattice. Nanotoxicity studies including cell viability, plasma membrane integrity, reactive oxygen stress and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, performed on human primary endothelial cells (HUVEC), human blood derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and nasopharyngeal epidermoid carcinoma (KB) cell line showed excellent biocompatibility up to relatively higher doses of 200 μg ml(-1). The potential of this nano-CA to cause hemolysis, platelet aggregation and plasma coagulation were studied using human peripheral blood samples and found no adverse effects, illustrating the possibility of the safe intravenous administration of these agents for human applications. Furthermore, the ability of these agents to specifically detect cancer cells by targeting molecular receptors on the cell membrane was demonstrated on folate receptor (FR) positive oral carcinoma (KB) cells, where the folic acid conjugated nano-CA showed receptor specific accumulation on cell membrane while leaving the normal fibroblast cells (L929) unstained. This study reveals that the Gd(3+) doped amorphous TiO(2) nanoparticles having enhanced magnetic resonance contrast and high biocompatibility is a promising candidate for molecular receptor targeted MR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parwathy Chandran
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre Amrita, Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Cochin 682 041 Kerala, India
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588
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Braband H, Tooyama Y, Fox T, Simms R, Forbes J, Valliant JF, Alberto R. fac-[TcO3(tacn)]+: a versatile precursor for the labelling of pharmacophores, amino acids and carbohydrates through a new ligand-centred labelling strategy. Chemistry 2011; 17:12967-74. [PMID: 21971703 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a protocol for the synthesis of [(99m)TcO(3)(tacn)](+) ([1](+)) (tacn = 1,4,7-triazacyclononane) that is suitable for clinical translation. Bioconjugates containing pharmacophores ([TcO(NO(2)-Imi)(tacn)](+); [3](+)), artificial amino acids ([TcO(Fmoc-allyl-His)(tacn)](+); [5](+)), and glucose derivatives ([TcO(allyl-tetraacetylglucose)(tacn)](+); [7](+)) were synthesized by cycloaddition strategies and fully characterized ((99)Tc and (99m)Tc). These new technetium complexes are stable at neutral pH and demonstrate the potential and flexibility of the [3+2] cycloaddition labelling concept. In addition to the synthetic work, the first biodistribution studies of [1](+) and the small [3+2] cycloadduct [(99m)TcO(NO(2)-Imi)(tacn)](+) ([3](+)) were completed. The biodistribution studies suggest the stability of these complexes in vivo. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the high hydrophilicity of the [(99m)TcO(3)(tacn)](+) building block is a complement to the complexes of the fac-{Tc(CO)(3)}(+) core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Braband
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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589
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Yoon SM, Myung SJ, Kim IW, Do EJ, Ye BD, Ryu JH, Park K, Kim K, Kwon IC, Kim MJ, Moon DH, Yang DH, Kim KJ, Byeon JS, Yang SK, Kim JH. Application of near-infrared fluorescence imaging using a polymeric nanoparticle-based probe for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of colon cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:3005-13. [PMID: 21465144 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1685-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early and accurate detection of adenomatous colonic polyps is a major concern in the prevention of colon cancer. Near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging with optical probes targeting specific peptides enables the noninvasive visualization and characterization of lesions. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are known to play an important role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. AIM To investigate the effectiveness of NIRF imaging, with a novel MMP-activatable probe based on a polymeric nanoparticle platform, in the colon cancer models. METHODS We used an azoxymethane (AOM)-induced mouse colon cancer model resembling human sporadic colon cancer and an MMP-positive xenograft tumor model. MMP expression was evaluated by Western blotting, real-time PCR, and immunohistochemical staining. NIRF imaging was performed with a novel MMP-activatable probe, an MMP-inactivatable probe, and saline. In addition, we observed the change of NIRF signal intensity after intratumoral administration of an MMP-inhibitor. RESULTS Multiple tumors with various sizes developed in AOM-treated mouse colons, progressing from adenomas to adenocarcinomas, with MMP expression progressively increasing in the normal-adenoma-adenocarcinoma sequence. In mice injected with the MMP-activatable probe, the NIRF signal also increased in this sequence and was highly correlated with MMP expression (p < 0.001). Tumor-background-ratios (TBR) of adenocarcinoma to adjacent normal mucosa by a novel probe were significantly higher than that of adenoma (p < 0.001). In both the AOM and xenograft models, NIRF signals of tumors decreased after treatment with an MMP-inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS NIRF imaging using a polymeric nanoparticle-based probe may be useful for detecting early stage disease and for assessing treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Man Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
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590
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Next Generation Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation in Oncology: Rad-Path 2.0. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011; 197:990-7. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.11.7163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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591
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Padalkar VS, Tathe A, Gupta VD, Patil VS, Phatangare K, Sekar N. Synthesis and Photo-Physical Characteristics of ESIPT Inspired 2-Substituted Benzimidazole, Benzoxazole and Benzothiazole Fluorescent Derivatives. J Fluoresc 2011; 22:311-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-011-0962-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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592
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Kobayashi H, Longmire MR, Ogawa M, Choyke PL. Rational chemical design of the next generation of molecular imaging probes based on physics and biology: mixing modalities, colors and signals. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:4626-48. [PMID: 21607237 PMCID: PMC3417232 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15077d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, numerous in vivo molecular imaging probes have been developed. As a consequence, much has been published on the design and synthesis of molecular imaging probes focusing on each modality, each type of material, or each target disease. More recently, second generation molecular imaging probes with unique, multi-functional, or multiplexed characteristics have been designed. This critical review focuses on (i) molecular imaging using combinations of modalities and signals that employ the full range of the electromagnetic spectra, (ii) optimized chemical design of molecular imaging probes for in vivo kinetics based on biology and physiology across a range of physical sizes, (iii) practical examples of second generation molecular imaging probes designed to extract complementary data from targets using multiple modalities, color, and comprehensive signals (277 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bldg. 10, Room B3B69, MSC 1088, 10 Center Dr Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, USA.
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593
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Ai H. Layer-by-layer capsules for magnetic resonance imaging and drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:772-88. [PMID: 21554908 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembled polyelectrolyte capsules have demonstrated their unique advantages and capability in drug delivery applications. These ordered micro/nano-structures are also promising candidates as imaging contrast agents for diagnostic and theranostic applications. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), one of the most powerful clinical imaging modalities, is moving forward to the molecular imaging field and requires the availability of advanced imaging probes. In this review, we are focusing on the design of MRI visible LbL capsules, which incorporate either paramagnetic metal-ligand complexes or superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles. The design criteria cover the topics of probe sensitivity, biosafety, long-circulation property, targeting ligand decoration, and drug loading strategies. Examples of MRI visible LbL capsules with paramagnetic or superparamagnetic moieties were given and discussed. This carrier platform can also be chosen for other imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ai
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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594
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The performance of gadolinium diethylene triamine pentaacetate-pullulan hepatocyte-specific T1 contrast agent for MRI. Biomaterials 2011; 32:5187-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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595
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Elahi SF, Wang TD. Future and advances in endoscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2011; 4:471-81. [PMID: 21751414 PMCID: PMC3517128 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The future of endoscopy will be dictated by rapid technological advances in the development of light sources, optical fibers, and miniature scanners that will allow for images to be collected in multiple spectral regimes, with greater tissue penetration, and in three dimensions. These engineering breakthroughs will be integrated with novel molecular probes that are highly specific for unique proteins to target diseased tissues. Applications include early cancer detection by imaging molecular changes that occur before gross morphological abnormalities, personalized medicine by visualizing molecular targets specific to individual patients, and image guided therapy by localizing tumor margins and monitoring for recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakib F. Elahi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Thomas D. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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596
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Ma LL, Tam JO, Willsey BW, Rigdon D, Ramesh R, Sokolov K, Johnston KP. Selective targeting of antibody conjugated multifunctional nanoclusters (nanoroses) to epidermal growth factor receptors in cancer cells. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:7681-90. [PMID: 21591638 PMCID: PMC3242479 DOI: 10.1021/la200659z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The ability of smaller than 100 nm antibody (Ab) nanoparticle conjugates to target and modulate the biology of specific cell types may enable major advancements in cellular imaging and therapy in cancer. A key challenge is to load a high degree of targeting, imaging, and therapeutic functionality into small, yet stable particles. A versatile method called thin autocatalytic growth on substrate (TAGs) has been developed in our previous study to form ultrathin and asymmetric gold coatings on iron oxide nanocluster cores producing exceptional near-infrared (NIR) absorbance. AlexaFluor 488 labeled Abs were used to correlate the number of Abs conjugated to iron oxide/gold nanoclusters (nanoroses) with the hydrodynamic size. A transition from submonolayer to multilayer aggregates of Abs on the nanorose surface was observed for 54 Abs and an overall particle diameter of ∼60-65 nm. The hydrodynamic diameter indicated coverage of a monolayer of 54 Abs, in agreement with the prediction of a geometric model, by assuming a circular footprint of 16.9 nm diameter per Ab molecule. The targeting efficacy of nanoclusters conjugated with monoclonal Abs specific for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was evaluated in A431 cancer cells using dark field microscopy and atomic absorbance spectrometry (AAS) analysis. Intense NIR scattering was achieved from both high uptake of nanoclusters in cells and high intrinsic NIR absorbance of individual nanoclusters. Dual mode imaging with dark field reflectance microscopy and fluorescence microscopy indicates the Abs remained attached to the Au surfaces upon the uptake by the cancer cells. The ability to load intense multifunctionality, specifically strong NIR absorbance, conjugation of an Ab monolayer in addition to a strong r2 MRI contrast that was previously demonstrated in a total particle size of only 63 nm, is an important step forward in development of theranostic agents for combined molecular specific imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Leo Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Justina O. Tam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Brian W. Willsey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Daniel Rigdon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Rajagopal Ramesh
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Konstantin Sokolov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
- Department of Imaging Physics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: 512-471-4617. Phone: 512-471-7440
| | - Keith P. Johnston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: 512-471-4617. Phone: 512-471-7440
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597
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Benezra M, Penate-Medina O, Zanzonico PB, Schaer D, Ow H, Burns A, DeStanchina E, Longo V, Herz E, Iyer S, Wolchok J, Larson SM, Wiesner U, Bradbury MS. Multimodal silica nanoparticles are effective cancer-targeted probes in a model of human melanoma. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:2768-80. [PMID: 21670497 DOI: 10.1172/jci45600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based materials, such as drug delivery vehicles and diagnostic probes, currently under evaluation in oncology clinical trials are largely not tumor selective. To be clinically successful, the next generation of nanoparticle agents should be tumor selective, nontoxic, and exhibit favorable targeting and clearance profiles. Developing probes meeting these criteria is challenging, requiring comprehensive in vivo evaluations. Here, we describe our full characterization of an approximately 7-nm diameter multimodal silica nanoparticle, exhibiting what we believe to be a unique combination of structural, optical, and biological properties. This ultrasmall cancer-selective silica particle was recently approved for a first-in-human clinical trial. Optimized for efficient renal clearance, it concurrently achieved specific tumor targeting. Dye-encapsulating particles, surface functionalized with cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid peptide ligands and radioiodine, exhibited high-affinity/avidity binding, favorable tumor-to-blood residence time ratios, and enhanced tumor-selective accumulation in αvβ3 integrin-expressing melanoma xenografts in mice. Further, the sensitive, real-time detection and imaging of lymphatic drainage patterns, particle clearance rates, nodal metastases, and differential tumor burden in a large-animal model of melanoma highlighted the distinct potential advantage of this multimodal platform for staging metastatic disease in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Benezra
- Department of Radiology, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research,New York, New York 10065, USA
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598
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Inorganic-organic hybrid nanomaterials for therapeutic and diagnostic imaging applications. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:3888-927. [PMID: 21747714 PMCID: PMC3131598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12063888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology offers outstanding potential for future biomedical applications. In particular, due to their unique characteristics, hybrid nanomaterials have recently been investigated as promising platforms for imaging and therapeutic applications. This class of nanoparticles can not only retain valuable features of both inorganic and organic moieties, but also provides the ability to systematically modify the properties of the hybrid material through the combination of functional elements. Moreover, the conjugation of targeting moieties on the surface of these nanomaterials gives them specific targeted imaging and therapeutic properties. In this review, we summarize the recent reports in the synthesis of hybrid nanomaterials and their applications in biomedical areas. Their applications as imaging and therapeutic agents in vivo will be highlighted.
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599
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Kapty J, Murray D, Mercer J. Radiotracers for noninvasive molecular imaging of tumor cell death. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2011; 25:615-28. [PMID: 21204755 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2010.0793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The need to monitor cancer therapy-induced cellular and tissue changes using noninvasive imaging techniques continues to stimulate both basic and clinical research. Monitoring changes in cellular proliferative capacity that occur after treatment with radiation and/or chemotherapy has the potential to provide longitudinal information on the cellular dynamics of tumors before, during, and after therapeutic intervention. Cells can lose their reproductive potential through one of several mechanisms, including apoptosis and autophagy (which are forms of programmed cell death), premature senescence, or necrosis. When a tumor responds to therapy, current imaging methods do not provide information about the exact mechanism of cell death executed. We are now beginning to develop the molecular imaging tools that will enable us to noninvasively image cell death mechanisms both in experimental models and in the clinical cancer environment. Studies with these imaging tools will contribute to a better understanding of therapeutic responses and assist in the design and evaluation of more effective treatments. This review examines the state-of-the-art in the use of (radio)tracers for the purpose of imaging mechanisms of tumor cell inactivation (cell death) in animal models and in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Kapty
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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600
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Boulaiz H, Alvarez PJ, Ramirez A, Marchal JA, Prados J, Rodríguez-Serrano F, Perán M, Melguizo C, Aranega A. Nanomedicine: application areas and development prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:3303-21. [PMID: 21686186 PMCID: PMC3116192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12053303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology, along with related concepts such as nanomaterials, nanostructures and nanoparticles, has become a priority area for scientific research and technological development. Nanotechnology, i.e., the creation and utilization of materials and devices at nanometer scale, already has multiple applications in electronics and other fields. However, the greatest expectations are for its application in biotechnology and health, with the direct impact these could have on the quality of health in future societies. The emerging discipline of nanomedicine brings nanotechnology and medicine together in order to develop novel therapies and improve existing treatments. In nanomedicine, atoms and molecules are manipulated to produce nanostructures of the same size as biomolecules for interaction with human cells. This procedure offers a range of new solutions for diagnoses and “smart” treatments by stimulating the body’s own repair mechanisms. It will enhance the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and cardiovascular diseases. Preventive medicine may then become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houria Boulaiz
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain; E-Mails: (P.J.A.); (A.R.); (J.A.M.); (J.P.); (F.R.-S.); (C.M.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (H.B.); (A.A.); Tel.:+34-958-243534; Fax: +34-958-246296
| | - Pablo J. Alvarez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain; E-Mails: (P.J.A.); (A.R.); (J.A.M.); (J.P.); (F.R.-S.); (C.M.)
| | - Alberto Ramirez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain; E-Mails: (P.J.A.); (A.R.); (J.A.M.); (J.P.); (F.R.-S.); (C.M.)
| | - Juan A. Marchal
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain; E-Mails: (P.J.A.); (A.R.); (J.A.M.); (J.P.); (F.R.-S.); (C.M.)
| | - Jose Prados
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain; E-Mails: (P.J.A.); (A.R.); (J.A.M.); (J.P.); (F.R.-S.); (C.M.)
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Serrano
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain; E-Mails: (P.J.A.); (A.R.); (J.A.M.); (J.P.); (F.R.-S.); (C.M.)
| | - Macarena Perán
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Jáen 23071, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Consolación Melguizo
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain; E-Mails: (P.J.A.); (A.R.); (J.A.M.); (J.P.); (F.R.-S.); (C.M.)
| | - Antonia Aranega
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain; E-Mails: (P.J.A.); (A.R.); (J.A.M.); (J.P.); (F.R.-S.); (C.M.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (H.B.); (A.A.); Tel.:+34-958-243534; Fax: +34-958-246296
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