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Hill-Baskin AE, Markiewski MM, Buchner DA, Shao H, DeSantis D, Hsiao G, Subramaniam S, Berger NA, Croniger C, Lambris JD, Nadeau JH. Diet-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in genetically predisposed mice. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:2975-88. [PMID: 19454484 PMCID: PMC2714725 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide, with approximately 70% of cases resulting from hepatitis B and C viral infections, aflatoxin exposure, chronic alcohol use or genetic liver diseases. The remaining approximately 30% of cases are associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes and related metabolic diseases, although a direct link between these pathologies and HCCs has not been established. We tested the long-term effects of high-fat and low-fat diets on males of two inbred strains of mice and discovered that C57BL/6J but not A/J males were susceptible to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and HCC on a high-fat but not low-fat diet. This strain-diet interaction represents an important model for genetically controlled, diet-induced HCC. Susceptible mice showed morphological characteristics of NASH (steatosis, hepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis), dysplasia and HCC. mRNA profiles of HCCs versus tumor-free liver showed involvement of two signaling networks, one centered on Myc and the other on NFkappaB, similar to signaling described for the two major classes of HCC in humans. miRNA profiles revealed dramatically increased expression of a cluster of miRNAs on the X chromosome without amplification of the chromosomal segment. A switch from high-fat to low-fat diet reversed these outcomes, with switched C57BL/6J males being lean rather than obese and without evidence for NASH or HCCs at the end of the study. A similar diet modification may have important implications for prevention of HCCs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie E. Hill-Baskin
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Maciej M. Markiewski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
| | - David A. Buchner
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Haifeng Shao
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - David DeSantis
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Gene Hsiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 93093, USA
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 93093, USA
| | - Nathan A. Berger
- Case Center for Transdisciplinary Research on Energetics and Cancer
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Colleen Croniger
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - John D. Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
| | - Joseph H. Nadeau
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Center for Transdisciplinary Research on Energetics and Cancer
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Kang SM, Kim SJ, Kim JH, Lee W, Kim GW, Lee KH, Choi KY, Oh JW. Interaction of hepatitis C virus core protein with Hsp60 triggers the production of reactive oxygen species and enhances TNF-alpha-mediated apoptosis. Cancer Lett 2009; 279:230-7. [PMID: 19264393 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 02/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein is the primary protein component of the nucleocapsid that encapsidates the viral RNA genome. Besides its role as a viral structural protein, the core protein is implicated in HCV chronic infection-associated liver diseases by induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and modulation of apoptosis. Here, we show that interaction of the core protein, through its N-terminal domain (amino acids 1-75), with heat shock protein (Hsp60) is critical for the induction of ROS production, leading to sensitization of core protein-expressing cells to apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Moreover, overexpression of Hsp60 rescued the core protein-expressing cells from cell death by reducing ROS production. Collectively, our results suggest that impairment of Hsp60 function through binding of HCV core protein contributes to HCV viral pathogenesis by ROS generation and amplification of the apoptotic effect of TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Min Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
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Fu LY, Jia HL, Dong QZ, Wu JC, Zhao Y, Zhou HJ, Ren N, Ye QH, Qin LX. Suitable reference genes for real-time PCR in human HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma with different clinical prognoses. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:49. [PMID: 19200351 PMCID: PMC2644316 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Housekeeping genes are routinely used as endogenous references to account for experimental differences in gene expression assays. However, recent reports show that they could be de-regulated in different diseases, model animals, or even under varied experimental conditions, which may lead to unreliable results and consequently misinterpretations. This study focused on the selection of suitable reference genes for quantitative PCR in human hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with different clinical outcomes. Methods We evaluated 6 commonly used housekeeping genes' expression levels in 108 HBV-related HCCs' matched tumor and non-tomor tissue samples with different clinical outcomes and 26 normal liver specimens by real-time PCR. The expression stability of the 6 genes was compared using the software programs geNorm and NormFinder. To show the impact of reference genes on data analysis, we took PGK1 as a target gene normalized by each reference gene, and performed one-way ANOVA and the equivalence test. Results With the geNorm and NormFinder software programs, analysis of TBP and HPRT1 showed the best stability in all tissue samples, while 18s and ACTB were less stable. When 18s or ACTB was used for normalization, no significant difference of PGK1 expression (p > 0.05) was found among HCC tissues with and without metastasis, and normal liver specimens; however, dramatically differences (p < 0.001) were observed when either TBP or the combination of TBP and HPRT1 were selected as reference genes. Conclusion TBP and HPRT1 are the most reliable reference genes for q-PCR normalization in HBV-related HCC specimens. However, the well-used ACTB and 18S are not suitable, which actually lead to the misinterpretation of the results in gene expression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yun Fu
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.
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Kiran M, Saxena R, Chawla YK, Kaur J. Polymorphism of DNA repair gene XRCC1 and hepatitis-related hepatocellular carcinoma risk in Indian population. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 327:7-13. [PMID: 19194663 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the life-threatening malignancies worldwide with hepatitis B and C virus infection as the major risk factor. The risk of HCC might also increase because of the hereditary genetic defects in DNA repair genes. In this regard, X-ray cross-complementing group 1 gene (XRCC1) is a major DNA repair gene involved in base excision repair (BER). AIM The present study was designed with an aim to find out any possible association between XRCC1 (codons 194, 280, and 399) polymorphisms and the risk of developing hepatitis virus-related HCC in Indian population. METHODS A total of 407 subjects comprising (170 controls, 174 chronic viral hepatitis, and 63 HCC subjects) were included in the study. PCR-RFLP was used for the genotyping of the three codons of XRCC1. RESULTS The study revealed that two genotypes Arg194Trp and Arg280His increased the risk of HCC by 2.27- (95% CI = 1.01-5.08; P < 0.001) and 4.95-folds (95% CI = 2.48-9.89; P < 0.001), respectively. Interestingly, the risk for HCC was further enhanced by 35.96 (95% CI = 11.64-110.91; P < 0.001) and 5.28 times (95% CI = 2.81-9.09; P < 0.001) when the genotype Arg280His was found in association with Arg194Trp and Arg399Gln, respectively. CONCLUSION These preliminary results suggest a positive association of XRCC1 genotypes and risk of hepatitis virus-related HCC in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula Kiran
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
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55
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Momeny M, Khorramizadeh MR, Ghaffari SH, Yousefi M, Yekaninejad MS, Esmaeili R, Jahanshiri Z, Nooridaloii MR. Effects of silibinin on cell growth and invasive properties of a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, HepG-2, through inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 591:13-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 05/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
Ongoing advances in liver disease management and basic research in recent years have changed our knowledge of the natural history of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Indeed, the natural history of this tumor is fairly long and covers a preclinical and a clinical phase. Some of the biological steps involved in cell transformation and different carcinogenic pathways have been identified, disclosing potential novel markers for HCC. Following the progress in surveillance and early diagnosis, much more is now known about precancerous lesions and the process leading to overt HCC, including growth patterns, dedifferentiation and neoangiogenenesis. In particular, research has focused on clinical and biological factors predicting tumor aggressiveness and patients' prognosis. Lastly, clinical studies have described tumor presentation, evolution and causes of patients' death and how the new knowledge has influenced clinical management and patients' survival in recent years. By addressing 10 key questions, this review will summarize well-established and novel features of the natural history of HCC.
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Wu XY, Qian JJ, Lin Y, Zheng MH. Hepatitis B virus X protein disrupts DNA interstrand crosslinking agent mitomycin C induced ATR dependent intra-S-phase checkpoint. Eur J Cancer 2008; 44:1596-602. [PMID: 18492607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the major causes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the world. The hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) is implicated in HCC development, although its oncogenic role remains controversial. HBx is a multifunctional regulator that modulates transcription, signal transduction, cell cycle progress, and DNA repair by directly or indirectly interacting with host factors. We constructed the HBx stably expressing HepG2 cell line to investigate the impact of HBx on intra-S-phase checkpoint induced by mitomycin C (MMC). The HBx transformed HepG2 cells are more sensitive to MMC treatment and showed defective radioresistant DNA synthesis compared to the control cell line transformed with empty vector. With DNA content assay, HBx transformed cells showed defective S phase arrest and a consequent G2/M arrest after MMC treatment. HBx impaired the ATR dependent phosphorylation of Chk1 and monoubiquitination of FANCD2. Overexpression of ATR reverted the MMC induced phenotype of Chk1 and FANCD2 in HBx transformed cells. The defect of intra-S-phase checkpoint resulted in accumulation of genomic instability. In conclusion, HBx disrupts intra-S-phase checkpoint induced by MMC through ATR-Chk1 and ATR-FANCD2 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ye Wu
- Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Affiliated with School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Abstract
Primary liver cancer is the fifth most common cancer worldwide. Hepatocellular carcinoma accounts for 85-90% of primary liver cancers. Distribution of hepatocellular carcinoma shows variations among geographic regions and ethnic groups. Males have higher liver cancer rates than females. Hepatocellular carcinoma occurs within an established background of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis (70-90%). Major causes (80%) of hepatocellular carcinoma are hepatitis B, C virus infection, and aflatoxin exposition. Its development is a multistep process. We have a growing understanding on the molecular pathogenesis. Genetic and epigenetic changes activate oncogenes, inhibit tumorsuppressor genes, which result in autonomous cell proliferation. The chromosomal instability caused by telomere dysfunction, the growth-retrained environment and the alterations of the micro- and macroenvironment help the expansion of the malignant cells. Understanding the molecular mechanisms could improve the screening of patients with chronic liver disease, or cirrhosis, and the prevention as well as treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Gao Q, Wang XY, Fan J, Qiu SJ, Zhou J, Shi YH, Xiao YS, Xu Y, Huang XW, Sun J. Selection of reference genes for real-time PCR in human hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008; 134:979-86. [PMID: 18317805 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-008-0369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the most suitable housekeeping genes for quantifying a change in mRNA expression levels due to hepatitis virus B related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Expression of mRNA encoding ACTB, GAPDH, B2M, HPRT and TBP was measured using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in matched malignant and non-malignant tissues obtained from 65 non-treated HCCs. The software programs geNorm and NormFinder were used to ascertain the most suitable reference gene combination. RESULTS All candidate genes showed significantly different expression between malignant and non-malignant samples. GAPDH and ACTB, genes most frequently used for normalization, were heavily regulated during HCC carcinogenesis and progression. B2M expression levels varied with hepatitis infection status. The combination of HPRT and TBP expression levels were the most stable, regardless of differences in tumor stage and cirrhotic and malignancy status. CONCLUSIONS It is necessary to select reference genes based on tissue and disease specific expression profile and to further identify novel reference genes with greater expression stability for use in HBV related HCC gene expression studies.
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Gao Q, Wang XY, Fan J, Qiu SJ, Zhou J, Shi YH, Xiao YS, Xu Y, Huang XW, Sun J. Selection of reference genes for real-time PCR in human hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008; 134:979-86. [PMID: 18317805 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-008-0369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Gao
- Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhong Shan Hospital and Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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61
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Pang RWC, Joh JW, Johnson PJ, Monden M, Pawlik TM, Poon RTP. Biology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15:962-71. [PMID: 18236113 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-007-9730-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta W C Pang
- Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Hong Kong, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent and malignant diseases worldwide. Epidemiological studies have clearly demonstrated that chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major etiological factor in the development of HCC. The pathogenesis of HBV-associated HCC has been studied extensively, and the molecular changes associated with malignant transformation have been identified. The predominant carcinogenic mechanisms of HBV-associated HCC are chronic inflammation and the effects of cytokines in the development of fibrosis and liver cell proliferation. An important role is also played by the integration of HBV DNA into host cellular DNA, which disrupts or promotes the expression of cellular genes that are important in cell growth and differentiation. Especially, HBx protein is a transactivating protein that promotes cell growth, survival, and the development of HCC. Continued investigation of the mechanisms underlying hepatocarcinogenesis will refine our current understanding of the molecular and cellular basis for neoplastic transformation in the liver. Prevention of HBV infections and effective treatments for chronic hepatitis B are still needed for the global control of HBV-associated HCC. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the mechanisms involved in HBV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neung Hwa Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Korea
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McLaughlin-Drubin ME, Munger K. Viruses associated with human cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2007; 1782:127-50. [PMID: 18201576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is estimated that viral infections contribute to 15-20% of all human cancers. As obligatory intracellular parasites, viruses encode proteins that reprogram host cellular signaling pathways that control proliferation, differentiation, cell death, genomic integrity, and recognition by the immune system. These cellular processes are governed by complex and redundant regulatory networks and are surveyed by sentinel mechanisms that ensure that aberrant cells are removed from the proliferative pool. Given that the genome size of a virus is highly restricted to ensure packaging within an infectious structure, viruses must target cellular regulatory nodes with limited redundancy and need to inactivate surveillance mechanisms that would normally recognize and extinguish such abnormal cells. In many cases, key proteins in these same regulatory networks are subject to mutation in non-virally associated diseases and cancers. Oncogenic viruses have thus served as important experimental models to identify and molecularly investigate such cellular networks. These include the discovery of oncogenes and tumor suppressors, identification of regulatory networks that are critical for maintenance of genomic integrity, and processes that govern immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E McLaughlin-Drubin
- The Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 8th Floor, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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. H, . NAM, . WZWN, . YAMY. Antiproliferative, Antioxidant and Apoptosis Effects of Zingiber officinale and 6-Gingerol on HepG2 Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/ajb.2007.421.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Datta S, Banerjee A, Chandra PK, Chakravarty R. Pin1-HBx interaction: a step toward understanding the significance of hepatitis B virus genotypes in hepatocarcinogenesis. Gastroenterology 2007; 133:727-8; author reply 728-9. [PMID: 17681194 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Pang R, Lee TKW, Poon RTP, Fan ST, Wong KB, Kwong YL, Tse E. Pin1 interacts with a specific serine-proline motif of hepatitis B virus X-protein to enhance hepatocarcinogenesis. Gastroenterology 2007; 132:1088-103. [PMID: 17383430 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The peptidyl prolyl isomerase Pin1 frequently is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the most common etiologic agent in HCC, and its encoded X-protein (HBx) is oncogenic and possesses a serine-proline motif that may bind Pin1. The role of Pin1 in hepatocarcinogenesis, particularly in HBV-related HCC, was investigated. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining was performed to evaluate the prevalence of Pin1 overexpression in HCCs of different etiologies. Glutathione S-transferase pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation experiments were used to validate the physical interaction between Pin1 and HBx. Reporter assay, cell proliferation assay, and xenotransplantation experiments were used to show the functional consequence and importance of Pin1-HBx interaction in hepatocarcinogenesis. RESULTS We showed preferential Pin1 overexpression in HBV-related tumors and confirmed the interaction between Pin1 and HBx at the specific serine-proline motif. Pin1 overexpression increased the protein stability of HBx. Furthermore, HBx-mediated transactivation was enhanced by co-expression of Pin1. HepG2 expressing Pin1 and HBx showed a synergistic increase in cellular proliferation, as compared with cells expressing Pin1 or HBx alone. Furthermore, concomitant expression of Pin1 and HBx in the nontumorigenic human hepatocyte cell line MIHA led to a synergistic increase in tumor growth. Finally, in Hep3B cells with suppressed Pin1 expression, HBx-enhanced tumor growth in nude mice was abrogated. CONCLUSIONS Pin1 binds HBx to enhance hepatocarcinogenesis in HBV-infected hepatocytes. The discovery of an interaction between Pin1 and HBx will further our understanding of the molecular pathogenic mechanism of HBV-related HCC in human beings.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Hepatitis B/complications
- Hepatitis B/genetics
- Hepatitis B/metabolism
- Hepatitis B/pathology
- Hepatitis B/virology
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/virology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- NIMA-Interacting Peptidylprolyl Isomerase
- Peptidylprolyl Isomerase/genetics
- Peptidylprolyl Isomerase/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Proline
- Protein Binding
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reproducibility of Results
- Serine
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factor RelA/genetics
- Transcription Factor RelA/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transfection
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Up-Regulation
- Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins
- bcl-X Protein/genetics
- bcl-X Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Pang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
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Mann CD, Neal CP, Garcea G, Manson MM, Dennison AR, Berry DP. Prognostic molecular markers in hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Eur J Cancer 2007; 43:979-92. [PMID: 17291746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth commonest malignancy worldwide and its incidence is rising. Surgery, including transplantation, remains the only potentially curative modality for HCC, yet recurrence rates are high and long-term survival poor. The ability to predict individual recurrence risk and subsequently prognosis would help guide surgical and chemotherapeutic treatment. As understanding of hepatocarcinogenesis has increased, the myriad of genetic and molecular events that drive the hepatocarcinogenic disease process, including angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, have been identified. This systematic review examines the evidence from published manuscripts reporting the prognostic potential of molecular biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma. In summary, a number of molecular biomarkers with prognostic significance have been identified in hepatocellular carcinoma. Not only might these molecules allow more accurate prediction of prognosis for patients with HCC, but they may also provide targets for potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Mann
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Biocentre, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Molecular Pathogenesis of Hepatocellular CarcinomaThe most important risk factors for the development of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV), high dietary exposure to hepatic carcinogen aflatoxin B1 and alcohol abuse. Hepatitis B virus exerts its effects through integration of the viral DNA into the hepatocyte genome, or through acting as transcriptional regulator for several cellular proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. Hepatitis C virus may affect hepatocytes via the transcriptional regulation activity of the HCV core protein or via the HCV non structural proteins NS5A, NS5B and NS2, interfering with the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis. Environmental exposure to aflatoxin B1 can cause a specific missense mutation in codon 249 of the p53 tumor-suppressor gene. Habitual alcohol consumption leads to production of reactive oxygen species and peroxidation damage to DNA. The objective of this review is to make you acquainted with the most common risk factors and the most frequent genetic aberrations associated with the development of HCC.
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Chami M, Oulès B, Paterlini-Bréchot P. Cytobiological consequences of calcium-signaling alterations induced by human viral proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 2006; 1763:1344-62. [PMID: 17059849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Since calcium-signaling regulates specific and fundamental cellular processes, it represents the ideal target of viral proteins, in order for the virus to control cellular functions and favour its persistence, multiplication and spread. A detailed analysis of reports focused on the impact of viral proteins on calcium-signaling has shown that virus-related elevations of cytosolic calcium levels allow increased viral protein expression (HIV-1, HSV-1/2), viral replication (HBx, enterovirus 2B, HTLV-1 p12(I), HHV-8, EBV), viral maturation (rotavirus), viral release (enterovirus 2B) and cell immortalization (EBV). Interestingly, virus-induced decreased cytosolic calcium levels have been found to be associated with inhibition of immune cells functions (HIV-1 Tat, HHV-8 K15, EBV LMP2A). Finally, several viral proteins are able to modulate intracellular calcium-signaling to control cell viability (HIV-1 Tat, HTLV-1 p13(II), HCV core, HBx, enterovirus 2B, HHV-8 K7). These data point out calcium-signaling as a key cellular target for viral infection and should stimulate further studies exploring new calcium-related therapeutic strategies.
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