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Akram M, Shin I, Kim KA, Noh D, Baek SH, Chang SY, Kim H, Bae ON. A newly synthesized macakurzin C-derivative attenuates acute and chronic skin inflammation: The Nrf2/heme oxygenase signaling as a potential target. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 307:62-71. [PMID: 27450019 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Impaired immune responses in skin play a pivotal role in the development and progression of chemical-associated inflammatory skin disorders. In this study, we synthesized new flavonoid derivatives from macakurzin C, and identified in vitro and in vivo efficacy of a potent anti-inflammatory flavonoid, Compound 14 (CPD 14), with its underlying mechanisms. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophages and IFN-γ/TNF-α-stimulated human keratinocytes, CPD 14 significantly inhibited the release of inflammatory mediators including nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandins, and cytokines (IC50 for NO inhibition in macrophages: 4.61μM). Attenuated NF-κB signaling and activated Nrf2/HO-1 pathway were responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects of CPD 14. The in vivo relevance was examined in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA)-induced acute skin inflammation and oxazolone-induced atopic dermatitis models. Topically applied CPD 14 significantly protected both irritation- and sensitization-associated skin inflammation by suppressing the expression of inflammatory mediators. In summary, we demonstrated that a newly synthesized flavonoid, CPD 14, has potent inhibitory effects on skin inflammation, suggesting it is a potential therapeutic candidate to treat skin disorders associated with excessive inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Akram
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Iljin Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-A Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dabi Noh
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Baek
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Chang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoungsu Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
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Lee IW, Choi HY, Lee J, Park S, Kim SM, Ku SK, Zhao R, Kim SC, Kim YW, Choi HS. Saeng-Kankunbi-Tang (生肝健脾汤) protects liver against oxidative damage through activation of ERK/Nrf2 pathway. Chin J Integr Med 2016; 22:619-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-016-2466-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Boye A, Yang Y, Asenso J, Wei W. Anti-fibro-hepatocarcinogenic Chinese herbal medicines: A mechanistic overview. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol 2016; 5:278-89. [PMID: 27366355 PMCID: PMC4927134 DOI: 10.5455/jice.20160530032814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) is an integral component of complementary/alternative medicine and it is increasingly becoming the preferred therapeutic modality for the treatment of liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. Accordingly, the World Health Organization (WHO) has attested to the popularity and efficacy of indigenous herbal therapies including CHM as a first line of treatment for some diseases including liver disorders. However, the WHO and drug discovery experts have always recommended that use of indigenous herbal remedies must go hand-in-hand with the requisite mechanistic elucidation so as to constitute a system of verification of efficacy within the ethnobotanical context of use. Although many CHM experts have advanced knowledge on CHM, nonetheless, more enlightenment is needed, particularly mechanisms of action of CHMs on fibro-hepato-carcinogenesis. We, herein, provide in-depth mechanisms of the action of CHMs which have demonstrated anti-fibro-hepatocarcinogenic effects, in pre-clinical and clinical studies as published in PubMed and other major scientific databases. Specifically, the review brings out the important signaling pathways, and their downstream targets which are modulated at multi-level by various anti-fibro-hepatocarcinogenic CHMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Boye
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - James Asenso
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Leong PK, Wong HS, Chen J, Chan WM, Leung HY, Ko KM. Differential Action between Schisandrin A and Schisandrin B in Eliciting an Anti-Inflammatory Action: The Depletion of Reduced Glutathione and the Induction of an Antioxidant Response. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155879. [PMID: 27195753 PMCID: PMC4873034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Schisandrin A (Sch A) and schisandrin B (Sch B) are active components of Schisandrae Fructus. We compared the biochemical mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory action of Sch A and Sch B, using cultured lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and concanavalin (ConA)-stimulated mouse splenocytes. Pre-incubation with Sch A or Sch B produced an anti-inflammatory action in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, as evidenced by the inhibition of the pro-inflammatory c-Jun N-terminal kinases/p38 kinase/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway as well as the suppression of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and effectors, with the extent of inhibition by Sch A being more pronounced. The greater activity of Sch A in anti-inflammatory response was associated with a greater decrease in cellular reduced glutathione (GSH) level and a greater increase in glutathione S-transferase activity than corresponding changes produced by Sch B. However, upon incubation, only Sch B resulted in the activation of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like factor 2 and the induction of a significant increase in the expression of thioredoxin (TRX) in RAW264.7 cells. The Sch B-induced increase in TRX expression was associated with the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and effectors in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Studies in a mouse model of inflammation (carrageenan-induced paw edema) indicated that while long-term treatment with either Sch A or Sch B suppressed the extent of paw edema, only acute treatment with Sch A produced a significant degree of inhibition on the inflammatory response. Although only Sch A decreased the cellular GSH level and suppressed the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell proliferation in ConA-simulated splenocytes in vitro, both Sch A and Sch B treatments, while not altering cellular GSH levels, suppressed ConA-stimulated splenocyte proliferation ex vivo. These results suggest that Sch A and Sch B may act differentially on activating GST/ depleting cellular GSH and inducing an antioxidant response involved in their anti-inflammatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pou Kuan Leong
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hoi Shan Wong
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jihang Chen
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing Man Chan
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hoi Yan Leung
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kam Ming Ko
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
- * E-mail:
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Lee J, Kang U, Seo EK, Kim YS. Heme oxygenase-1-mediated anti-inflammatory effects of tussilagonone on macrophages and 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced skin inflammation in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 34:155-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Chen Z, Guo M, Song G, Gao J, Zhang Y, Jing Z, Liu T, Dong C. Schisandrin B inhibits Th1/Th17 differentiation and promotes regulatory T cell expansion in mouse lymphocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 35:257-64. [PMID: 27085037 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Schisandrin B (Sch-B), the most abundant active ingredient of the fruit of Schisandra chinensis, has been proposed to have antioxidant, anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of Sch-B on differentiation of T helper cells (Th). Using mouse splenic lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A) in vitro and ex vivo as inflammation models, we found that Sch-B significantly inhibited secretion of Th1 and Th17 related cytokines, such as IFN-γ and IL-17. In addition, we found that Sch-B suppressed the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into Th1 and Th17 cells, while promoted their differentiation into the regulatory T cells (Treg) in vitro. We further found that Sch-B suppressed transcription of Th1-related T-box transcription factor, T-bet, and Th17-related transcription factor, retinoid related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt), while enhanced transcription of Treg-related transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3) in naive CD4+ T cells under Th cell polarization conditions. Furthermore, the effect of Sch-B on the T cell differentiation was abrogated by heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin. Taken together, we conclude that Sch-B can modulate differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into specific lineages of effector cells, which may have potential benefits for treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Patwardhan RS, Sharma D, Thoh M, Checker R, Sandur SK. Baicalein exhibits anti-inflammatory effects via inhibition of NF-κB transactivation. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 108:75-89. [PMID: 27019135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB is a crucial mediator of inflammatory and immune responses and a number of phytochemicals that can suppress this immune-regulatory transcription factor are known to have promising anti-inflammatory potential. However, we report that inducer of pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB functions as an anti-inflammatory agent. Our findings reveal that a plant derived flavonoid baicalein could suppress mitogen induced T cell activation, proliferation and cytokine secretion. Treatment of CD4+ T cells with baicalein prior to transfer in to lymphopenic allogenic host significantly suppressed graft versus host disease. Interestingly, addition of baicalein to murine splenic lymphocytes induced DNA binding of NF-κB but did not suppress Concanavalin A induced NF-κB. Since baicalein did not inhibit NF-κB binding to DNA, we hypothesized that baicalein may be suppressing NF-κB trans-activation. Thioredoxin system is implicated in the regulation of NF-κB trans-activation potential and therefore inhibition of thioredoxin system may be responsible for suppression of NF-κB dependent genes. Baicalein not only inhibited TrxR activity in cell free system but also suppressed mitogen induced thioredoxin activity in the nuclear compartment of lymphocytes. Similar to baicalein, pharmacological inhibitors of thioredoxin system also could suppress mitogen induced T cell proliferation without inhibiting DNA binding of NF-κB. Further, activation of cellular thioredoxin system by the use of pharmacological activator or over-expression of thioredoxin could abrogate the anti-inflammatory action of baicalein. We propose a novel strategy using baicalein to limit NF-κB dependent inflammatory responses via inhibition of thioredoxin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra S Patwardhan
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Modular Laboratories, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Modular Laboratories, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Maikho Thoh
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Modular Laboratories, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Rahul Checker
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Modular Laboratories, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Santosh K Sandur
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Modular Laboratories, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India.
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Panat NA, Maurya DK, Ghaskadbi SS, Sandur SK. Troxerutin, a plant flavonoid, protects cells against oxidative stress-induced cell death through radical scavenging mechanism. Food Chem 2016; 194:32-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hong M, Li S, Tan HY, Wang N, Tsao SW, Feng Y. Current Status of Herbal Medicines in Chronic Liver Disease Therapy: The Biological Effects, Molecular Targets and Future Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:28705-45. [PMID: 26633388 PMCID: PMC4691073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver dysfunction or injury is a serious health problem worldwide. Chronic liver disease involves a wide range of liver pathologies that include fatty liver, hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The efficiency of current synthetic agents in treating chronic liver disease is not satisfactory and they have undesirable side effects. Thereby, numerous medicinal herbs and phytochemicals have been investigated as complementary and alternative treatments for chronic liver diseases. Since some herbal products have already been used for the management of liver diseases in some countries or regions, a systematic review on these herbal medicines for chronic liver disease is urgently needed. Herein, we conducted a review describing the potential role, pharmacological studies and molecular mechanisms of several commonly used medicinal herbs and phytochemicals for chronic liver diseases treatment. Their potential toxicity and side effects were also discussed. Several herbal formulae and their biological effects in chronic liver disease treatment as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms are also summarized in this paper. This review article is a comprehensive and systematic analysis of our current knowledge of the conventional medicinal herbs and phytochemicals in treating chronic liver diseases and on the potential pitfalls which need to be addressed in future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Sha Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Hor Yue Tan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Sai-Wah Tsao
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Checker R, Gambhir L, Thoh M, Sharma D, Sandur SK. Sulforaphane, a naturally occurring isothiocyanate, exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by targeting GSK3β/Nrf-2 and NF-κB pathways in T cells. J Funct Foods 2015; 19:426-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Gambhir L, Checker R, Sharma D, Thoh M, Patil A, Degani M, Gota V, Sandur SK. Thiol dependent NF-κB suppression and inhibition of T-cell mediated adaptive immune responses by a naturally occurring steroidal lactone Withaferin A. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 289:297-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Leong PK, Ko KM. Schisandrin B induces an Nrf2-mediated thioredoxin expression and suppresses the activation of inflammasome in vitro and in vivo. Biofactors 2015; 41:314-23. [PMID: 26307448 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated activation of inflammasome is involved in the development of a wide spectrum of diseases. We aimed to investigate whether (-)schisandrin B [(-)Sch B], a phytochemical that can induce cellular antioxidant response, can suppress the inflammasome activation. Results showed that (-)Sch B can induce an nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-driven thioredoxin expression in primary peritoneal macrophages and cultured RAW264.7 macrophages. A 4-h priming of peritoneal macrophages with LPS followed by a 30-min incubation with ATP caused the activation of caspase 1 and the release of IL-1β, indicative of inflammasome activation. Although LPS/ATP did not activate inflammasome in RAW264.7 macrophages, it caused the ROS-dependent c-Jun N-terminal kinase1/2 (JNK1/2) activation and an associated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in RAW264.7 macrophages, an indication of cytotoxicity. (-)Sch B suppressed the LPS/ATP-induced activation of caspase 1 and release of IL-1β in peritoneal macrophages. (-)Sch B also attenuated the LPS/ATP-induced ROS production, JNK1/2 activation and LDH release in RAW264.7 macrophages. The ability of (-)Sch B to suppress LPS/ATP-mediated inflammation in vitro was further confirmed by an animal study, in which schisandrin B treatment (2 mmol/kg p.o.) ameliorated the Imject Alum-induced peritonitis, as indicated by suppressions of caspase1 activation and plasma IL-1β level. The ensemble of results suggests that (-)Sch B may offer a promising prospect for preventing the inflammasome-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pou Kuan Leong
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kam Ming Ko
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
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63
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Lai Q, Wei J, Mahmoodurrahman M, Zhang C, Quan S, Li T, Yu Y. Pharmacokinetic and nephroprotective benefits of using Schisandra chinensis extracts in a cyclosporine A-based immune-suppressive regime. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015; 9:4997-5018. [PMID: 26355803 PMCID: PMC4560515 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s89876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a powerful immunosuppressive drug. However, nephrotoxicity resulting from its long-term usage has hampered its prolonged therapeutic usage. Schisandra chinensis extracts (SCE) have previously been used in traditional Chinese medicine and more recently coadministered with Western medicine for the treatment of CsA-induced side effects in the People’s Republic of China. This study aimed to investigate the possible effects of SCE on the pharmacokinetics of CsA in rats and elucidate the potential mechanisms by which it hinders the development of CsA-induced nephrotoxicity. A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for determining the effect of SCE on the pharmacokinetics of CsA. Male Sprague Dawley rats, which were administered with CsA (25 mg/kg/d) alone or in combination with SCE (54 mg/kg/d and 108 mg/kg/d) for 28 days, were used to evaluate the nephroprotective effects of SCE. Our study showed that SCE increased the mean blood concentration of CsA. Furthermore, we found that the concomitant administration of SCE alongside CsA prevented the disruption of catalase activity and reduction in creatinine, urea, renal malondialdehyde, and glutathione peroxidase levels that would have otherwise occurred in the absence of SCE administration. SCE treatment markedly suppressed the expression of 4-hydroxynonenal, Bcl-2-associated X protein, cleaved caspase 3, and autophagy-related protein LC3 A/B. On the other hand, the expression of heme oxygenase-1, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and P-glycoprotein was enhanced by the very same addition of SCE. SCE was also able to increase the systemic exposure of CsA in rats. The renoprotective effects of SCE were thought to be mediated by its antiapoptotic and antioxidant abilities, which caused the attenuation of CsA-induced autophagic cell death. All in all, these findings suggest the prospective use of SCE as an effective adjunct in a CsA-based immunosuppressive regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Lai
- Department of Formulas of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiabao Wei
- Department of Formulas of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Chenxue Zhang
- Department of Formulas of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijian Quan
- Department of Formulas of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongming Li
- Department of Formulas of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Formulas of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Wu Z, Uchi H, Morino-Koga S, Shi W, Furue M. Z-ligustilide ameliorated ultraviolet B-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine production in human keratinocytes through upregulation of Nrf2/HO-1 and suppression of NF-κB pathway. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:703-8. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhouwei Wu
- Department of Dermatology; Shanghai First People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai China
- Department of Dermatology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uchi
- Department of Dermatology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Saori Morino-Koga
- Department of Dermatology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Weimin Shi
- Department of Dermatology; Shanghai First People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai China
| | - Masutaka Furue
- Department of Dermatology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
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65
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Lee S, Choi SY, Choo YY, Kim O, Tran PT, Dao CT, Min BS, Lee JH. Sappanone A exhibits anti-inflammatory effects via modulation of Nrf2 and NF-κB. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:328-36. [PMID: 26122134 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Homoisoflavonoids constitute a small class of natural products. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of sappanone A (SPNA), a homoisoflavanone that is isolated from the heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan (Leguminosae), in murine macrophages. SPNA inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as well as the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and IL-6 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, SPNA protected C57BL/6 mice from LPS-induced mortality. Treatment of RAW264.7 cells with SPNA induced heme oxygenase (HO)-1 protein and mRNA expression and increased nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) as well as the expression of Nrf2 target genes such as NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). Knockdown of Nrf2 by siRNA blocked SPNA-mediated HO-1 induction. SB203580, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor, blocked SPNA-induced HO-1 expression and nuclear translocation of Nrf2, suggesting that SPNA induces HO-1 expression by activating Nrf2 through the p38 MAPK pathway. Consistent with the notion that the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway has anti-inflammatory properties, inhibiting HO-1 significantly abrogated the anti-inflammatory effects of SPNA in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, SPNA suppressed LPS-induced nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation via inhibiting Ser 536 phosphorylation and transcriptional activity of RelA/p65 subunit of NF-κB. Taken together, these findings suggest that SPNA exerts its anti-inflammatory effect by modulating the Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways, and may be a valuable compound to prevent or treat inflammatory diseases.
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66
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Moon SY, Lee JH, Choi HY, Cho IJ, Kim SC, Kim YW. Tryptanthrin protects hepatocytes against oxidative stress via activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/NF-E2-related factor 2 pathway. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 37:1633-40. [PMID: 25273386 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tryptanthrin [6,12-dihydro-6,12-dioxoindolo-(2,1-b)-quinazoline], originally isolated from Isatidis radix, has been characterized as having anti-microbial and anti-tumor activities. It is well-known that excess oxidative stress is one of the major factors causing cell damage in the liver. This study investigated the cytoprotective effects and molecular mechanism of tryptanthrin against tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP)-induced oxidative stress in human hepatocyte-derived HepG2 cells. Tryptanthrin pre-treatment blocked the reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell death induced by tBHP. Moreover, tryptanthrin reversed tBHP-induced GSH reduction. This study also confirmed the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) by tryptanthrin as a plausible molecular mechanism for its cytoprotective effects. Specifically, tryptanthrin treatment induced nuclear translocation and transactivation of Nrf2 as well as phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), a potential upstream kinase of Nrf2. Tryptanthrin also up-regulated the expression of the heme oxygenase 1 and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunits, which are representative target genes of Nrf2. Moreover, inhibitor of ERK was used to verify the important role of the ERK-Nrf2 pathway in the hepatoprotective effects of tryptanthrin. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that tryptanthrin protects hepatocytes against oxidative stress through the activation of the ERK/Nrf2 pathway in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Young Moon
- Medical Research Center for Globalization of Herbal Formulation, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University
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Xu X, Yin P, Wan C, Chong X, Liu M, Cheng P, Chen J, Liu F, Xu J. Punicalagin inhibits inflammation in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages via the suppression of TLR4-mediated MAPKs and NF-κB activation. Inflammation 2015; 37:956-65. [PMID: 24473904 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9816-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Punicalagin (2,3,hexahydroxydiphenoyl-gallagyl-D-glucose and referred to as PUN) is a bioactive ellagitannin isolated from pomegranate, which is widely used for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), diarrhea, and ulcers in Chinese traditional medicine. In this study, we detected the anti-inflammation potentials of PUN in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages and tried to uncover the underlying mechanism. Results demonstrated that PUN (25, 50, or 100 μM) treatment could significantly decrease the LPS-induced production of nitric oxide), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in RAW264.7 cells. Molecular research showed that PUN inhibited the activation of upstream mediator nuclear factor-κB by suppressing the phosphorylation of IκBα and p65. Results also indicated that PUN could suppress the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase including p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase. In conclusion, we observed that PUN could inhibit LPS-induced inflammation, and it may be a potential choice for the treatment of inflammation diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Xu
- CAU-BUA TCVM Teaching and Researching Team, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University (CAU), No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
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Hakala E, Hanski L, Uvell H, Yrjönen T, Vuorela H, Elofsson M, Vuorela PM. Dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from Schisandra spp. selectively inhibit the growth of the intracellular bacteria Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2015; 68:609-14. [PMID: 25944533 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2015.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Lignans from Schisandra chinensis berries show various pharmacological activities, of which their antioxidative and cytoprotective properties are among the most studied ones. Here, the first report on antibacterial properties of six dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans found in Schisandra spp. is presented. The activity was shown on two related intracellular Gram-negative bacteria Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis upon their infection in human epithelial cells. All six lignans inhibited C. pneumoniae inclusion formation and infectious progeny production. Schisandrin B inhibited C. pneumoniae inclusion formation even when administered 8 h post infection, indicating a target that occurs relatively late within the infection cycle. Upon infection, lignan-pretreated C. pneumoniae elementary bodies had impaired inclusion formation capacity. The presence and substitution pattern of methylenedioxy, methoxy and hydroxyl groups of the lignans had a profound impact on the antichlamydial activity. In addition our data suggest that the antichlamydial activity is not caused only by the antioxidative properties of the lignans. None of the compounds showed inhibition on seven other bacteria, suggesting a degree of selectivity of the antibacterial effect. Taken together, the data presented support a role of the studied lignans as interesting antichlamydial lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Hakala
- Pharmaceutical Biology, CDR, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Hanski
- Pharmaceutical Biology, CDR, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Uvell
- Laboratories for Chemical Biology Umeå, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Teijo Yrjönen
- Pharmaceutical Biology, CDR, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Vuorela
- Pharmaceutical Biology, CDR, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Elofsson
- Laboratories for Chemical Biology Umeå, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pia Maarit Vuorela
- Pharmaceutical Biology, CDR, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Wang KP, Zhang C, Zhang SG, Liu ED, Dong L, Kong XZ, Cao P, Hu CP, Zhao K, Zhan YQ, Dong XM, Ge CH, Yu M, Chen H, Wang L, Yang XM, Li CY. 3-(3-pyridylmethylidene)-2-indolinone reduces the severity of colonic injury in a murine model of experimental colitis. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2015; 2015:959253. [PMID: 25874026 DOI: 10.1155/2015/959253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nrf2 is the key transcription factor regulating the antioxidant response which is crucial for cytoprotection against extracellular stresses. Numerous in vivo studies indicate that Nrf2 plays a protective role in anti-inflammatory response. 3-(3-Pyridylmethylidene)-2-indolinone (PMID) is a synthesized derivative of 2-indolinone compounds. Our previous study suggested that PMID induces the activation of Nrf2/ARE pathway, then protecting against oxidative stress-mediated cell death. However, little is known regarding the anti-inflammatory properties of PMID in severe inflammatory phenotypes. In the present study we determined if PMID treatment protects mice from dextran sodium sulphate- (DSS-) induced colitis. The result suggests that treatment with PMID prior to colitis induction significantly reduced body weight loss, shortened colon length, and decreased disease activity index compared to control mice. Histopathological analysis of the colon revealed attenuated inflammation in PMID pretreated animals. The levels of inflammatory markers in colon tissue and serum were reduced associated with inhibition of NF-κB activation. The expression levels of Nrf2-dependent genes such as HO-1, NQO1, and Nrf2 were increased in PMID pretreated mice. However, PMID pretreatment did not prevent DSS-induced colitis in Nrf2 knockout mice. These data indicate that PMID pretreatment in mice confers protection against DSS-induced colitis in Nrf2-dependent manner, suggesting a potential role of PMID in anti-inflammatory response.
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Kwan HY, Niu X, Dai W, Tong T, Chao X, Su T, Chan CL, Lee KC, Fu X, Yi H, Yu H, Li T, Tse AKW, Fong WF, Pan SY, Lu A, Yu ZL. Lipidomic-based investigation into the regulatory effect of Schisandrin B on palmitic acid level in non-alcoholic steatotic livers. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9114. [PMID: 25766252 PMCID: PMC4358044 DOI: 10.1038/srep09114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Schisandrin B (SchB) is one of the most abundant bioactive dibenzocyclooctadiene derivatives found in the fruit of Schisandra chinensis. Here, we investigated the potential therapeutic effects of SchB on non-alcoholic fatty-liver disease (NAFLD). In lipidomic study, ingenuity pathway analysis highlighted palmitate biosynthesis metabolic pathway in the liver samples of SchB-treated high-fat-diet-fed mice. Further experiments showed that the SchB treatment reduced expression and activity of fatty acid synthase, expressions of hepatic mature sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α, and hepatic level of palmitic acid which is known to promote progression of steatosis to steatohepatitis. Furthermore, the treatment also reduced hepatic fibrosis, activated nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor-2 which is known to attenuate the progression of NASH-related fibrosis. Interestingly, in fasting mice, a single high-dose SchB induced transient lipolysis and increased the expressions of adipose triglyceride lipase and phospho-hormone sensitive lipase. The treatment also increased plasma cholesterol levels and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity, reduced the hepatic low-density-lipoprotein receptor expression in these mice. Our data not only suggest SchB is a potential therapeutic agent for NAFLD, but also provided important information for a safe consumption of SchB because SchB overdosed under fasting condition will have adverse effects on lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiu Yee Kwan
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuyan Niu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, China
| | - Wenlin Dai
- Department of Mathematics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tiejun Tong
- Department of Mathematics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chao
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Su
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chi Leung Chan
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kim Chung Lee
- Agilent Technology, Hong Kong Limited, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiuqiong Fu
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hua Yi
- Department of Pathology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Hua Yu
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ting Li
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Anfernee Kai Wing Tse
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wang Fun Fong
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Si-Yuan Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
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Dey A, De JN. Neuroprotective therapeutics from botanicals and phytochemicals against Huntington's disease and related neurodegenerative disorders. J Herb Med 2015; 5:1-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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72
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Leong PK, Wong HS, Chen J, Ko KM. Yang/Qi invigoration: an herbal therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome with yang deficiency? Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2015; 2015:945901. [PMID: 25763095 DOI: 10.1155/2015/945901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, Yang and Qi are driving forces of biological activities in the human body. Based on the crucial role of the mitochondrion in energy metabolism, we propose an extended view of Yang and Qi in the context of mitochondrion-driven cellular and body function. It is of interest that the clinical manifestations of Yang/Qi deficiencies in TCM resemble those of chronic fatigue syndrome in Western medicine, which is pathologically associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. By virtue of their ability to enhance mitochondrial function and its regulation, Yang- and Qi-invigorating tonic herbs, such as Cistanches Herba and Schisandrae Fructus, may therefore prove to be beneficial in the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome with Yang deficiency.
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73
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Checker R, Gambhir L, Sharma D, Kumar M, Sandur SK. Plumbagin induces apoptosis in lymphoma cells via oxidative stress mediated glutathionylation and inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases (MKP1/2). Cancer Lett 2015; 357:265-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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74
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Wang KP, Zhang C, Zhang SG, Liu ED, Dong L, Kong XZ, Cao P, Hu CP, Zhao K, Zhan YQ, Dong XM, Ge CH, Yu M, Chen H, Wang L, Yang XM, Li CY. 3-(3-pyridylmethylidene)-2-indolinone reduces the severity of colonic injury in a murine model of experimental colitis. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2015; 2015:959253. [PMID: 25874026 PMCID: PMC4385690 DOI: 10.1155/2015/959253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nrf2 is the key transcription factor regulating the antioxidant response which is crucial for cytoprotection against extracellular stresses. Numerous in vivo studies indicate that Nrf2 plays a protective role in anti-inflammatory response. 3-(3-Pyridylmethylidene)-2-indolinone (PMID) is a synthesized derivative of 2-indolinone compounds. Our previous study suggested that PMID induces the activation of Nrf2/ARE pathway, then protecting against oxidative stress-mediated cell death. However, little is known regarding the anti-inflammatory properties of PMID in severe inflammatory phenotypes. In the present study we determined if PMID treatment protects mice from dextran sodium sulphate- (DSS-) induced colitis. The result suggests that treatment with PMID prior to colitis induction significantly reduced body weight loss, shortened colon length, and decreased disease activity index compared to control mice. Histopathological analysis of the colon revealed attenuated inflammation in PMID pretreated animals. The levels of inflammatory markers in colon tissue and serum were reduced associated with inhibition of NF-κB activation. The expression levels of Nrf2-dependent genes such as HO-1, NQO1, and Nrf2 were increased in PMID pretreated mice. However, PMID pretreatment did not prevent DSS-induced colitis in Nrf2 knockout mice. These data indicate that PMID pretreatment in mice confers protection against DSS-induced colitis in Nrf2-dependent manner, suggesting a potential role of PMID in anti-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Ping Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shou-Guo Zhang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - En-Dong Liu
- 2Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Lan Dong
- 3Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiang-Zhen Kong
- 4School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Peng Cao
- 5Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, China
| | - Chun-Ping Hu
- 5Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 100, Shizi Street, Hongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yi-Qun Zhan
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Dong
- 4School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chang-Hui Ge
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Miao Yu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hui Chen
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lin Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Yang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- 4School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chang-Yan Li
- 1State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- 2Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- *Chang-Yan Li:
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He JL, Zhou ZW, Yin JJ, He CQ, Zhou SF, Yu Y. Schisandra chinensis regulates drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters via activation of Nrf2-mediated signaling pathway. Drug Des Devel Ther 2014; 9:127-46. [PMID: 25552902 PMCID: PMC4277124 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s68501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and drug transporters are regulated via epigenetic, transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and translational and posttranslational modifications. Phase I and II DMEs and drug transporters play an important role in the disposition and detoxification of a large number of endogenous and exogenous compounds. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is a critical regulator of a variety of important cytoprotective genes that are involved in disposition and detoxification of xenobiotics. Schisandra chinensis (SC) is a commonly used traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been primarily used to protect the liver because of its potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. SC can modulate some DMEs and drug transporters, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of Nrf2 in the regulatory effect of SC extract (SCE) on selected DMEs and drug transporters in human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line (HepG2) cells. The results showed that SCE, schisandrin A, and schisandrin B significantly increased the expression of NAD(P)H: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate-oxidase or:quinone oxidoreductase 1, heme oxygenase-1, glutamate–cysteine ligase, and glutathione S-transferase A4 at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Incubation of HepG2 cells with SCE resulted in a significant increase in the intracellular level of glutathione and total glutathione S-transferase content. SCE significantly elevated the messenger ribonucleic acid and protein levels of P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 and 4, whereas the expression of organic anion transporting peptide 1A2 and 1B1 was significantly downregulated by SCE. Knockdown of Nrf2 by small interfering ribonucleic acid attenuated the regulatory effect of SCE on these DMEs and drug transporters. SCE significantly upregulated Nrf2 and promoted the translocation of Nrf2 from cytoplasm to the nuclei. Additionally, SCE significantly suppressed the expression of cytosolic Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (the repressor of Nrf2) and remarkably increased Nrf2 stability in HepG2 cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that the hepatoprotective effects of SCE may be partially ascribed to the modulation of DMEs and drug transporters via Nrf2-mediated signaling pathway. SCE may alter the pharmacokinetics of other coadministered drugs that are substrates of these DMEs and transporters and thus cause unfavorable herb–drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Lian He
- College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA ; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center and Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan-Juan Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Chang-Qiang He
- College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA ; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center and Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Mine Y, Young D, Yang C. Antioxidative stress effect of phosphoserine dimers is mediated via activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 59:303-14. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Mine
- Department of Food Science; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - Denise Young
- Department of Food Science; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Food Science; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
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Fan X, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Tan H, Zeng H, Wang Y, Chen P, Qu A, Gonzalez FJ, Huang M, Bi H. Wuzhi tablet (Schisandra Sphenanthera extract) protects against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibition of CYP-mediated bioactivation and regulation of NRF2-ARE and p53/p21 pathways. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1982-90. [PMID: 25217484 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.059535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schisandra sphenanthera is widely used as a tonic and restorative in many countries to enhance the function of liver and other organs. Wuzhi tablet (WZ) is a preparation of an ethanol extract of Schisandra sphenanthera. Our previous study demonstrated that WZ exerted a protective effect toward acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity. However, the molecular mechanisms of this protection remain unclear. This study aimed to determine what molecular pathways contributed to the hepatoprotective effects of WZ against APAP toxicity. Administration of WZ 3 days before APAP treatment significantly attenuated APAP hepatotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner and reduced APAP-induced JNK activation. Treatment with WZ resulted in potent inhibition of CYP2E1, CYP3A11, and CYP1A2 activities and then caused significant inhibition of the formation of the oxidized APAP metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine-reduced glutathione. The expression of NRF2 was increased after APAP and/or WZ treatment, whereas KEAP1 levels were decreased. The protein expression of NRF2 target genes including Gclc, Gclm, Ho-1, and Nqo1 was significantly increased by WZ treatment. Furthermore, APAP increased the levels of p53 and its downstream gene p21 to trigger cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, whereas WZ pretreatment could inhibit p53/p21 signaling to induce cell proliferation-associated proteins including cyclin D1, CDK4, PCNA, and ALR to promote hepatocyte proliferation. This study demonstrated that WZ prevented APAP-induced liver injury by inhibition of cytochrome P450-mediated APAP bioactivation, activation of the NRF2-antioxidant response element pathway to induce detoxification and antioxidation, and regulation of the p53, p21, cyclin D1, CDK4, PCNA, and ALR to facilitate liver regeneration after APAP-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yo.W., H.T., H.Z., Yi. W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Yiming Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yo.W., H.T., H.Z., Yi. W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yo.W., H.T., H.Z., Yi. W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Huasen Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yo.W., H.T., H.Z., Yi. W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Hang Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yo.W., H.T., H.Z., Yi. W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Yongtao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yo.W., H.T., H.Z., Yi. W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Pan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yo.W., H.T., H.Z., Yi. W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Aijuan Qu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yo.W., H.T., H.Z., Yi. W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yo.W., H.T., H.Z., Yi. W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Min Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yo.W., H.T., H.Z., Yi. W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Huichang Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yo.W., H.T., H.Z., Yi. W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (A.Q., F.J.G)
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Xiang SS, Wang XA, Li HF, Shu YJ, Bao RF, Zhang F, Cao Y, Ye YY, Weng H, Wu WG, Mu JS, Wu XS, Li ML, Hu YP, Jiang L, Tan ZJ, Lu W, Liu F, Liu YB. Schisandrin B induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of gallbladder cancer cells. Molecules 2014; 19:13235-50. [PMID: 25165862 PMCID: PMC6271519 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190913235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer, with high aggressivity and extremely poor prognosis, is the most common malignancy of the bile duct. The main objective of the paper was to investigate the effects of schisandrin B (Sch B) on gallbladder cancer cells and identify the mechanisms underlying its potential anticancer effects. We showed that Sch B inhibited the viability and proliferation of human gallbladder cancer cells in a dose-, time -dependent manner through MTT and colony formation assays, and decrease mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) at a dose-dependent manner through flow cytometry. Flow cytometry assays also revealed G0/G1 phase arrest and apoptosis in GBC-SD and NOZ cells. Western blot analysis of Sch B-treated cells revealed the upregulation of Bax, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP and downregulation of Bcl-2, NF-κB, cyclin D1 and CDK-4. Moreover, this drug also inhibited the tumor growth in nude mice carrying subcutaneous NOZ tumor xenografts. These data demonstrated that Sch B induced apoptosis in gallbladder cancer cells by regulating apoptosis-related protein expression, and suggests that Sch B may be a promising drug for the treatment of gallbladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Xiang
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xu-An Wang
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Huai-Feng Li
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yi-Jun Shu
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Run-Fa Bao
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Ye
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hao Weng
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wen-Guang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jia-Sheng Mu
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiang-Song Wu
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mao-Lan Li
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yun-Ping Hu
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhu-Jun Tan
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Feng Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital Nanchang University Emergency Unit, No. 17 Yongwai Road, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Ying-Bin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
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79
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Chen G, Zhao J, Yin Y, Wang B, Liu Q, Li P, Zhao L, Zhou H. C-type natriuretic peptide attenuates LPS-induced endothelial activation: involvement of p38, Akt, and NF-κB pathways. Amino Acids 2014; 46:2653-63. [PMID: 25096521 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1816-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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80
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Zhan S, Shao Q, Fan X, Li Z. Development of a sensitive LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of eleven constituents in rat serum and its application to a pharmacokinetic study of a Chinese medicine Shengmai injection. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:275-84. [PMID: 25043947 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of 11 constituents, ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rf, Rg2, Rb1, Rd, Rc, ophiopogonin D, schisandrin, schisandrol B and schizandrin B, in rat serum using digoxin as the internal standard (IS). The serum samples were pretreated and extracted with a two-step liquid-liquid extraction. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 analytical column with a proper gradient elution using 0.02% acetic acid aqueous solution and 0.02% acetic acid-acetonitrile as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. MS detection was performed using multiple reaction monitoring via an electrospray ionization source. Good linearity was observed in the validated concentration range for every analyte (r(2) ≥0.9929), and the lower limits of quantitation of the analytes were in the range of 0.044-1.190 ng/mL in rat serum. Intra- and inter-day precisions were <14.2%. The accuracy expressed as recovery was within the range of 85.1-112.8%. The extraction recoveries were >75.8%.The validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of all analytes in rats after single intravenous administration of Shengmai injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Zhan
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, Medical College of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China
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81
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Hun Lee J, Shu L, Fuentes F, Su ZY, Tony Kong AN. Cancer chemoprevention by traditional chinese herbal medicine and dietary phytochemicals: targeting nrf2-mediated oxidative stress/anti-inflammatory responses, epigenetics, and cancer stem cells. J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 3:69-79. [PMID: 24716158 PMCID: PMC3924975 DOI: 10.4103/2225-4110.107700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive metabolites of carcinogens alters cellular homeostasis, leading to genetic/epigenetic changes, genomic instability, neoplastic transformation, and cancer initiation/progression. As a protective mechanism against oxidative stress, antioxidant/detoxifying enzymes reduce these reactive species and protect normal cells from endo-/exogenous oxidative damage. The transcription factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a master regulator of the antioxidative stress response, plays a critical role in the expression of many cytoprotective enzymes, including NAD(P)H:quinine oxidoreductase (NQO1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Recent studies demonstrated that many dietary phytochemicals derived from various vegetables, fruits, spices, and herbal medicines induce Nrf2-mediated antioxidant/detoxifying enzymes, restore aberrant epigenetic alterations, and eliminate cancer stem cells (CSCs). The Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response prevents many age-related diseases, including cancer. Owing to their fundamental contribution to carcinogenesis, epigenetic modifications and CSCs are novel targets of dietary phytochemicals and traditional Chinese herbal medicine (TCHM). In this review, we summarize cancer chemoprevention by dietary phytochemicals, including TCHM, which have great potential as a safer and more effective strategy for preventing cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hun Lee
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Limin Shu
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Francisco Fuentes
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA ; Department of Desert Agriculture and Biotechnology, Arturo Prat University, PO box 121, Iquique, Chile
| | - Zheng-Yuan Su
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ah-Ng Tony Kong
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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82
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Lee SH, Kim JK, Jang HD. Genistein inhibits osteoclastic differentiation of RAW 264.7 cells via regulation of ROS production and scavenging. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:10605-21. [PMID: 24927148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150610605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genistein, a phytoestrogen, has been demonstrated to have a bone-sparing and antiresorptive effect. Genistein can inhibit the osteoclast formation of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced RAW 264.7 cells by preventing the translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a redox-sensitive factor, to the nucleus. Therefore, the suppressive effect of genistein on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level during osteoclast differentiation and the mechanism associated with the control of ROS levels by genistein were investigated. The cellular antioxidant capacity and inhibitory effect of genistein were confirmed. The translation and activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 1 (Nox1), as well as the disruption of the mitochondrial electron transport chain system were obviously suppressed by genistein in a dose-dependent manner. The induction of phase II antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), was enhanced by genistein. In addition, the translational induction of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was notably increased by genistein. These results provide that the inhibitory effects of genistein on RANKL-stimulated osteoclast differentiation is likely to be attributed to the control of ROS generation through suppressing the translation and activation of Nox1 and the disruption of the mitochondrial electron transport chain system, as well as ROS scavenging through the Nrf2-mediated induction of phase II antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD1 and HO-1.
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83
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Zhan SY, Shao Q, Fan XH, Li Z, Cheng YY. Tissue distribution and excretion of herbal components after intravenous administration of a Chinese medicine (Shengmai injection) in rat. Arch Pharm Res 2014. [PMID: 24748511 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0376-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Shengmai injection, consisting of Panax ginseng, Radix ophiopogonis and Schisandra chinensis, is a widely used Chinese medicine for the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases. In this study, tissue distribution and excretion of its multiple active components including protopanaxatriol-type (Ppt-type) ginsenosides (ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rf and Rg2), protopanaxadiol-type (Ppd-type) ginsenosides (ginsenoside Rb1, Rd and Rc), ophiopogonin (ophiopogonin D), and lignan (schisandrin, schisandrol B and schizandrin B) in rat after single intravenous administration of Shengmai injection were reported. Ppt-type ginsenosides exhibited quick and wide distribution from blood into tissues and were eliminated rapidly through biliary, urinary and fecal excretions. Ppd-type ginsenosides Rb1, Rd and Rc distributed quickly from blood to all tissues but exhibited slow elimination by biliary and urinary excretions. Ophiopogonin D was excreted into bile with no urinary and fecal excretion, indicating its elimination in the form of secondary metabolites. Schisandrin, schisandrol B and schizandrin B was found to distribute quickly from blood into most tissues and had accumulation in these tissues. Very low biliary, urinary and fecal excretion implied that lignan was mainly excreted in the form of their metabolites. This study produced a first hand in vivo tissue distribution and dynamic profiles of the active components of Shengmai injection, providing valuable information for drug development and clinical application of Shengmai injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yu Zhan
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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84
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Gambhir L, Checker R, Thoh M, Patwardhan R, Sharma D, Kumar M, Sandur SK. 1,4-Naphthoquinone, a pro-oxidant, suppresses immune responses via KEAP-1 glutathionylation. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:95-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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85
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Gu Y, Chen J, Shen J. Herbal medicines for ischemic stroke: combating inflammation as therapeutic targets. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014; 9:313-39. [PMID: 24562591 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9525-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a debilitating disease for which limited therapeutic approaches are available currently. Thus, there is an urgent need for developing novel therapies for stroke. Astrocytes, endothelial cells and pericytes constitute a neurovascular network for metabolic requirement of neurons. During ischemic stroke, these cells contribute to post-ischemic inflammation at multiple stages of ischemic cascades. Upon ischemia onset, activated resident microglia and astrocytes, and infiltrated immune cells release multiple inflammation factors including cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, free radicals and other small molecules, not only inducing brain damage but affecting brain repair. Recent progress indicates that anti-inflammation is an important therapeutic strategy for stroke. Given a long history with direct experience in the treatment of human subjects, Traditional Chinese Medicine and its related natural compounds are recognized as important sources for drug discovery. Last decade, a great progress has been made to identify active compounds from herbal medicines with the properties of modulating post-ischemic inflammation for neuroprotection. Herein, we discuss the inflammatory pathway in early stage and secondary response to injured tissues after stroke from initial artery occlusion to brain repair, and review the active ingredients from natural products with anti-inflammation and neuroprotection effects as therapeutic agents for ischemic stroke. Further studies on the post-ischemic inflammatory mechanisms and corresponding drug candidates from herbal medicine may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies in stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gu
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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86
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Liu C, Zhang X, Zhou JX, Wei W, Liu DH, Ke P, Zhang GF, Cai GJ, Su DF. The protective action of ketanserin against lipopolysaccharide-induced shock in mice is mediated by inhibiting inducible NO synthase expression via the MEK/ERK pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:658-666. [PMID: 23954471 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of endotoxic shock. This work tested the hypothesis that ketanserin could attenuate endotoxic shock by inhibiting the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS). The results demonstrated that ketanserin could inhibit iNOS expression in the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys and nitrate production in the serum upon endotoxic shock in mice. In RAW264.7 cells, ketanserin significantly inhibited the expression of iNOS and decreased the production of NO, TNFα, IL-6, and reactive oxygen species upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Ketanserin also increased the level of ATP and mitochondrial membrane potential in RAW264.7 cells upon LPS exposure. LPS-induced iNOS expression was inhibited by the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist ritanserin and not the α1 receptor antagonist prazosin. Knockdown of 5-HT2A receptor by siRNA abolished the inhibitory effect of ketanserin on the expression of iNOS. These results indicated that the inhibitory effect of ketanserin on the expression of iNOS is mediated by blocking the 5-HT2A receptor. Furthermore, ketanserin significantly inhibited the activation of ERK1/2 and NF-κB signal. Pretreatment with PD184352, a specific inhibitor of ERK1/2, blocked the inhibitory effect of ketanserin on the expression of iNOS and NO production, indicating a critical role for the MEK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Collectively, our findings indicate that inhibition of the expression of iNOS via the MEK/ERK pathway mediates the protective effects of ketanserin against LPS-induced shock in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jv-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dian-Hua Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ping Ke
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Gu-Fang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guo-Jun Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Ding-Feng Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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87
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Chen P, Pang S, Yang N, Meng H, Liu J, Zhou N, Zhang M, Xu Z, Gao W, Chen B, Tao Z, Wang L, Yang Z. Beneficial effects of schisandrin B on the cardiac function in mice model of myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79418. [PMID: 24260217 PMCID: PMC3832629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruit of Schisandra chinensis has been used in the traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. Accumulating evidence suggests that Schisandrin B (Sch B) has cardioprotection effect on myocardial ischemia invitro. However, it is unclear whether Sch B has beneficial effects on continuous myocardial ischemia in vivo. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether Sch B could improve cardiac function and attenuate myocardial remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI) in mice. Mice model of MI was established by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. Then the MI mice were randomly treated with Sch B or vehicle alone. After treatment for 3 weeks, Sch B could increase survival rate, improve heart function and decrease infarct size compared with vehicle. Moreover, Sch B could down-regulate some inflammatory cytokines, activate eNOS pathway, inhibit cell apoptosis, and enhance cell proliferation. Further in vitro study on H9c2 cells showed similar effects of Sch B on prevention of hypoxia-induced inflammation and cell apoptosis. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Sch B can reduce inflammation, inhibit apoptosis, and improve cardiac function after ischemic injury. It represents a potential novel therapeutic approach for treatment of ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengsheng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sisi Pang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Naiquan Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Huai’an Second People’s Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical College, Huai’an, China
| | - Haoyu Meng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Clinical Diabetes Centre of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ningtian Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhihui Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengxian Tao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liansheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhijian Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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88
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Zhao HM, Huang XY, Zhou F, Tong WT, Wan PT, Huang MF, Ye Q, Liu DY. Si Shen Wan Inhibits mRNA Expression of Apoptosis-Related Molecules in p38 MAPK Signal Pathway in Mice with Colitis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013; 2013:432097. [PMID: 24223057 DOI: 10.1155/2013/432097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Si Shen Wan (SSW) is used to effectively treat ulcerative colitis (UC) as a formula of traditional Chinese medicine. To explore the mechanism of SSW-inhibited apoptosis of colonic epithelial cell, the study observed mRNA expression of apoptosis-related molecules in p38 MAPK signal pathway in colonic mucosa in colitis mice treated with SSW. Experimental colitis was induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) in mice; meanwhile, the mice were administrated daily either SSW (5 g/kg) or p38 MAPK inhibitor (2 mg/kg) or vehicle (physiological saline) for 10 days. While microscopical evaluation was observed, apoptosis rate of colonic epithelial cell and mRNA expression of apoptosis-related molecules were tested. Compared with colitis mice without treatment, SSW alleviated colonic mucosal injuries and decreased apoptosis rate of colonic epithelial cell, while the mRNA expressions of p38 MAPK, p53, caspase-3, c-jun, c-fos, Bax, and TNF- α were decreased in the colonic mucosa in colitis mice treated with SSW, and Bcl-2 mRNA and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax were increased. The present study demonstrated that SSW inhibited mRNA expression of apoptosis-related molecules in p38 MAPK signal pathway to downregulate colonic epithelial cells apoptosis in colonic mucosa in mice with colitis.
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Buelna-Chontal M, Zazueta C. Redox activation of Nrf2 & amp; NF-κB: a double end sword. Cell Signal. 2013;25:2548-2557. [PMID: 23993959 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Moderate concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by diverse sources under physiological conditions. At such low levels, these molecules may act as upstream mediators of relevant signaling pathways; however an increase in their concentration with respect to the antioxidant system activity, changes their redox signaling function into a deleterious role. Thus, cell health depends, at least in part, on redox balance. This review includes global aspects of oxygen chemistry, ROS generation, antioxidant system, and redox signaling. It is also focused on the description of two relevant redox-sensitive transcription factors: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which may be a potential target to confer cell protection, and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), which is involved in deleterious effects in the cell. Finally, recent findings on the interplay between both factors for the development of different pathologies are discussed.
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Zhu H, Zhang X, Guan J, Cui B, Zhao L, Zhao X. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution study of schisandrin B in rats by ultra-fast liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 78-79:136-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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