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He MW, Wang Y, Wu JQ, Shu S, Sun J, Guo SR. Isolation and characterization of S-Adenosylmethionine synthase gene from cucumber and responsive to abiotic stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 141:431-445. [PMID: 31238253 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
S-adenosylmethionine synthetase (SAMS) catalyzes methionine and ATP to generate S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM). In plants, accumulating SAMS genes have been characterized and the majority of them are reported to participate in development and stress response. In this study, two putative SAMS genes (CsSAMS1 and CsSAMS2) were identified in cucumber (Cucumis Sativus L.). They displayed 95% similarity and had a high identity with their homologous of Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum. The qRT-PCR test showed that CsSAMS1 was predominantly expressed in stem, male flower, and young fruit, whereas CsSAMS2 was preferentially accumulated in stem and female flower. And they displayed differential expression profiles under stimuli, including NaCl, ABA, SA, MeJA, drought and low temperature. To elucidate the function of cucumber SAMS, the full-length CDS of CsSAMS1 was cloned, and prokaryotic expression system and transgenic materials were constructed. Expressing CsSAMS1 in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) improved the growth of the engineered strain under salt stress. Overexpression of CsSAMS1 significantly increased MDA content, H2O2 content, and POD activity in transgenic lines under non-stress condition. Under salt stress, however, the MDA content of transgenic lines was lower than that of the wild type, the H2O2 content remained high, the polyamine and ACC synthesis in transgenic lines exhibited a CsSAMS1-expressed dependent way. Taken together, our results suggested that both CsSAMS1 and CsSAMS2 were involved in plant development and stress response, and a proper increase of expression level of CsSAMS1 in plants is benificial to improving salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Wen He
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sheng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Suqian Academy of Protected Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Suqian, 223800, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Suqian Academy of Protected Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Suqian, 223800, China
| | - Shi-Rong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Suqian Academy of Protected Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Suqian, 223800, China.
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Zhao C, Wu H, Chen P, Yi B, Ma Y, Deng K. MAT2A/2B promote porcine intramuscular preadipocyte proliferation through ERK signaling pathway. Anim Sci J 2019; 90:1278-1286. [PMID: 31293025 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intramuscular fat (IMF) content has been identified as a crucial factor of porcine meat quality. MAT2A and MAT2B coordinately catalyzes the synthesis of the major biological methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe). However, the regulatory effect of MAT2A and MAT2B on porcine intramuscular preadipocyte proliferation has not been clarified. In this study, we investigated the effect of MAT2A and MAT2B and its potential mechanism during porcine intramuscular proliferation. We demonstrated that overexpression of MAT2A and MAT2B promoted the cell cycle progression of porcine preadipocyte by flow cytometry and EdU-labeling assay, as well as promoted the expression of cell cycle marker genes including Cyclin B, Cyclin D, and Cyclin-dependent kinase 4, but reduced the expression of cell cycle inhibitor P27. Consistently, knockdown of MAT2A and MAT2B inhibited cell cycle progression and downregulated the mRNA and protein levels of the above genes. Furthermore, overexpression of MAT2A and MAT2B activated the phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of U0126 (a specific ERK1/2 inhibitor) on the ERK1/2 activities was partially recovered by overexpression of MAT2A and MAT2B in porcine intramuscular preadipocytes. Taken together, our findings suggested that MAT2A and MAT2B promote porcine preadipocyte proliferation by ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunzhen Zhao
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xinyang College of Agriculture and Forestry, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Haigang Wu
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xinyang College of Agriculture and Forestry, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Peirong Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xinyang College of Agriculture and Forestry, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Benchi Yi
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xinyang College of Agriculture and Forestry, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Yun Ma
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Kaiwei Deng
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xinyang College of Agriculture and Forestry, Xinyang, Henan, China
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Panmanee J, Bradley-Clarke J, Mato JM, O'Neill PM, Antonyuk SV, Hasnain SS. Control and regulation of S-Adenosylmethionine biosynthesis by the regulatory β subunit and quinolone-based compounds. FEBS J 2019; 286:2135-2154. [PMID: 30776190 PMCID: PMC6850014 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Methylation is an underpinning process of life and provides control for biological processes such as DNA synthesis, cell growth, and apoptosis. Methionine adenosyltransferases (MAT) produce the cellular methyl donor, S‐Adenosylmethionine (SAMe). Dysregulation of SAMe level is a relevant event in many diseases, including cancers such as hepatocellular carcinoma and colon cancer. In addition, mutation of Arg264 in MATα1 causes isolated persistent hypermethioninemia, which is characterized by low activity of the enzyme in liver and high level of plasma methionine. In mammals, MATα1/α2 and MATβV1/V2 are the catalytic and the major form of regulatory subunits, respectively. A gating loop comprising residues 113–131 is located beside the active site of catalytic subunits (MATα1/α2) and provides controlled access to the active site. Here, we provide evidence of how the gating loop facilitates the catalysis and define some of the key elements that control the catalytic efficiency. Mutation of several residues of MATα2 including Gln113, Ser114, and Arg264 lead to partial or total loss of enzymatic activity, demonstrating their critical role in catalysis. The enzymatic activity of the mutated enzymes is restored to varying degrees upon complex formation with MATβV1 or MATβV2, endorsing its role as an allosteric regulator of MATα2 in response to the levels of methionine or SAMe. Finally, the protein–protein interacting surface formed in MATα2:MATβ complexes is explored to demonstrate that several quinolone‐based compounds modulate the activity of MATα2 and its mutants, providing a rational for chemical design/intervention responsive to the level of SAMe in the cellular environment. Enzymes Methionine adenosyltransferase (http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/EC2/5/1/6.html). Database Structural data are available in the RCSB PDB database under the PDB ID http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/search/structidSearch.do?structureId=6FBN (Q113A), http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/search/structidSearch.do?structureId=6FBP (S114A: P22121), http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/search/structidSearch.do?structureId=6FBO (S114A: I222), http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/search/structidSearch.do?structureId=6FCB (P115G), http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/search/structidSearch.do?structureId=6FCD (R264A), http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/search/structidSearch.do?structureId=6FAJ (wtMATα2: apo), http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/search/structidSearch.do?structureId=6G6R (wtMATα2: holo)
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiraporn Panmanee
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Jack Bradley-Clarke
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Jose M Mato
- Metabolomics Unit, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Parque Tecnologico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
| | - Paul M O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Svetlana V Antonyuk
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - S Samar Hasnain
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
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54
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He J, Sun S, Zhou Z, Yuan Q, Liu Y, Liang H. Thermostable enzyme-immobilized magnetic responsive Ni-based metal–organic framework nanorods as recyclable biocatalysts for efficient biosynthesis of S-adenosylmethionine. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:2077-2085. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04857f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel magnetic responsive Ni-based metal–organic framework material was developed to efficiently separate and immobilize thermal enzymes with high catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- State Key laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Sun
- State Key laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- P.R. China
| | - Zhao Zhou
- State Key laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- P.R. China
| | - Qipeng Yuan
- State Key laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- P.R. China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- State Key laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- P.R. China
| | - Hao Liang
- State Key laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- P.R. China
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55
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He J, Sun S, Lu M, Yuan Q, Liu Y, Liang H. Metal-nucleobase hybrid nanoparticles for enhancing the activity and stability of metal-activated enzymes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:6293-6296. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03155c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel strategy for enhancing the activity and stability of metal-activated enzyme methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) by allosteric control and confinement of metal-nulceobase hybrid coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- State key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Sun
- State key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Mingzhu Lu
- State key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Qipeng Yuan
- State key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- State key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Hao Liang
- State key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- P. R. China
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56
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Pajares MA, Pérez-Sala D. Mammalian Sulfur Amino Acid Metabolism: A Nexus Between Redox Regulation, Nutrition, Epigenetics, and Detoxification. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:408-452. [PMID: 29186975 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Transsulfuration allows conversion of methionine into cysteine using homocysteine (Hcy) as an intermediate. This pathway produces S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), a key metabolite for cell function, and provides 50% of the cysteine needed for hepatic glutathione synthesis. The route requires the intake of essential nutrients (e.g., methionine and vitamins) and is regulated by their availability. Transsulfuration presents multiple interconnections with epigenetics, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and glutathione synthesis, polyol and pentose phosphate pathways, and detoxification that rely mostly in the exchange of substrates or products. Major hepatic diseases, rare diseases, and sensorineural disorders, among others that concur with oxidative stress, present impaired transsulfuration. Recent Advances: In contrast to the classical view, a nuclear branch of the pathway, potentiated under oxidative stress, is emerging. Several transsulfuration proteins regulate gene expression, suggesting moonlighting activities. In addition, abnormalities in Hcy metabolism link nutrition and hearing loss. CRITICAL ISSUES Knowledge about the crossregulation between pathways is mostly limited to the hepatic availability/removal of substrates and inhibitors. However, advances regarding protein-protein interactions involving oncogenes, identification of several post-translational modifications (PTMs), and putative moonlighting activities expand the potential impact of transsulfuration beyond methylations and Hcy. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Increasing the knowledge on transsulfuration outside the liver, understanding the protein-protein interaction networks involving these enzymes, the functional role of their PTMs, or the mechanisms controlling their nucleocytoplasmic shuttling may provide further insights into the pathophysiological implications of this pathway, allowing design of new therapeutic interventions. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 408-452.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Pajares
- 1 Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC) , Madrid, Spain .,2 Molecular Hepatology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPAZ) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- 1 Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC) , Madrid, Spain
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57
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Kaur A, Capalash N, Sharma P. Quorum sensing in thermophiles: prevalence of autoinducer-2 system. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:62. [PMID: 29954335 PMCID: PMC6022435 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quorum sensing is a mechanism of cell to cell communication that requires the production and detection of signaling molecules called autoinducers. Although mesophilic bacteria is known to utilize this for synchronization of physiological processes such as bioluminescence, virulence, biofilm formation, motility and cell competency through signaling molecules (acyl homoserine lactones, AI-1; oligopeptides, peptide based system and furanosyl borate diester, AI-2), the phenomenon of quorum sensing in thermophiles is largely unknown. RESULTS In this study, proteomes of 106 thermophilic eubacteria and 21 thermophilic archaea have been investigated for the above three major quorum sensing systems to find the existence of quorum sensing in these thermophiles as there are evidences for the formation of biofilms in hot environments. Our investigation demonstrated that AI-1 system is absent in thermophiles. Further, complete peptide based two component systems for quorum sensing was also not found in any thermophile however the traces for the presence of response regulators for peptide based system were found in some of them. BLASTp search using LuxS (AI-2 synthase) protein sequence of Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655 and autoinducer-2 receptors (LuxP of Vibrio harveyi, LsrB of E. coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655 and RbsB of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans) as queries revealed that 17 thermophilic bacteria from phyla Deinococcus- Thermus and Firmicutes possess complete AI-2 system (LuxS and LsrB and/or RbsB). Out of 106 thermophilic eubacteria 18 from phyla Deinococcus- Thermus, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes have only LuxS that might function as AI-2 synthesizing protein whereas, 16 are having only LsrB and/or RbsB which may function as AI-2 receptor in biofilms. CONCLUSIONS We anticipate that thermophilic bacteria may use elements of LsrB and RbsB operon for AI-2 signal transduction and they may use quorum sensing for purposes like biofilm formation. Nevertheless, thermophiles in which no known quorum sensing system was found may use some unknown mechanisms as the mode of communication. Further information regarding quorum sensing will be explored to develop strategies to disrupt the biofilms of thermophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neena Capalash
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prince Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Kasture VV, Sundrani DP, Joshi SR. Maternal one carbon metabolism through increased oxidative stress and disturbed angiogenesis can influence placental apoptosis in preeclampsia. Life Sci 2018; 206:61-69. [PMID: 29772225 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Adequate maternal nutrition is critical for a healthy pregnancy outcome and poor maternal nutrition is known to be associated with pregnancy complications like preeclampsia. We have earlier demonstrated that there is an imbalance in the levels of micronutrients (folate and vitamin B12) along with low levels of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) and high homocysteine levels in women with preeclampsia. Homocysteine is known to be involved in the formation of free radicals leading to increased oxidative stress. Higher oxidative stress has been shown to be associated with increased apoptotic markers in the placenta. Preeclampsia is of placental origin and is associated with increased oxidative stress, disturbed angiogenesis and placental apoptosis. The process of angiogenesis is important for placental and fetal development and various angiogenic growth factors inhibit apoptosis by inactivation of proapoptotic proteins through a series of cellular signalling pathways. We propose that an altered one carbon cycle resulting in increased oxidative stress and impaired angiogenesis will contribute to increased placental apoptosis leading to preeclampsia. Understanding the association of one carbon cycle components and the possible mechanisms through which they regulate apoptosis will provide clues for reducing risk of pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali V Kasture
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
| | - Deepali P Sundrani
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
| | - Sadhana R Joshi
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India.
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Pérez-Sala D, Martínez-Costa ÓH, Aragón JJ, Pajares MA. Alterations in Nucleocytoplasmic Localization of the Methionine Cycle Induced by Oxidative Stress During Liver Disease. THE LIVER 2018:21-41. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-803951-9.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2025]
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60
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Zhao S, Hong W, Wu J, Wang Y, Ji S, Zhu S, Wei C, Zhang J, Li Y. A viral protein promotes host SAMS1 activity and ethylene production for the benefit of virus infection. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28994391 PMCID: PMC5634785 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylene plays critical roles in plant development and biotic stress response, but the mechanism of ethylene in host antiviral response remains unclear. Here, we report that Rice dwarf virus (RDV) triggers ethylene production by stimulating the activity of S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase (SAMS), a key component of the ethylene synthesis pathway, resulting in elevated susceptibility to RDV. RDV-encoded Pns11 protein specifically interacted with OsSAMS1 to enhance its enzymatic activity, leading to higher ethylene levels in both RDV-infected and Pns11-overexpressing rice. Consistent with a counter-defense role for ethylene, Pns11-overexpressing rice, as well as those overexpressing OsSAMS1, were substantially more susceptible to RDV infection, and a similar effect was observed in rice plants treated with an ethylene precursor. Conversely, OsSAMS1-knockout mutants, as well as an osein2 mutant defective in ethylene signaling, resisted RDV infection more robustly. Our findings uncover a novel mechanism which RDV manipulates ethylene biosynthesis in the host plants to achieve efficient infection. Rice provides food for billions of people all over the world, but diseases caused by plant-infecting viruses cause serious risks to the production of rice. As a result, there is an urgent demand for developing new and impactful ways to help defend rice plants from harmful viruses. Toward this goal, it will be important to better understand how viruses actually cause diseases in plants. Plants make chemicals known as hormones to control their own development, and hormone production is often disturbed when viruses infect rice plants. Many viruses cause infected plants to make more of a gaseous hormone called ethylene, which benefits the viruses. Yet, it is still not known how virus infection induces the production of more ethylene. Zhao, Hong et al. have exposed rice plants to infection with a virus called rice dwarf virus. Infected plants made more ethylene than normal, which did indeed help the virus to infect. Further experiments then showed that an enzyme that makes one of the building blocks needed to produce ethylene became more active after infection with this virus. Next, Zhao, Hong et al. engineered rice plants to make more or less of this building block – which is known as S-adenosyl-L-methionine or SAM for short. Plants with too much SAM were less able to defend themselves against the virus, while plants that lacked SAM were better able to fight off viral infection. Zhao, Hong et al. suggest that engineering rice plants to make less of the SAM-producing enzyme could make them more resistant to viruses. Further work will also be needed to find out why ethylene benefits viral infection, and to confirm whether ethylene also performs similar roles when rice is infected with other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoyi Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Lv Y. Proteome-wide profiling of protein lysine acetylation in Aspergillus flavus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178603. [PMID: 28582408 PMCID: PMC5459447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein lysine acetylation is a prevalent post-translational modification that plays pivotal roles in various biological processes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Aspergillus flavus, as an aflatoxin-producing fungus, has attracted tremendous attention due to its health impact on agricultural commodities. Here, we performed the first lysine-acetylome mapping in this filamentous fungus using immune-affinity-based purification integrated with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Overall, we identified 1383 lysine-acetylation sites in 652 acetylated proteins, which account for 5.18% of the total proteins in A. flavus. According to bioinformatics analysis, the acetylated proteins are involved in various cellular processes involving the ribosome, carbon metabolism, antibiotic biosynthesis, secondary metabolites, and the citrate cycle and are distributed in diverse subcellular locations. Additionally, we demonstrated for the first time the acetylation of fatty acid synthase α and β encoded by aflA and aflB involved in the aflatoxin-biosynthesis pathway (cluster 54), as well as backbone enzymes from secondary metabolite clusters 20 and 21 encoded by AFLA_062860 and AFLA_064240, suggesting important roles for acetylation associated with these processes. Our findings illustrating abundant lysine acetylation in A. flavus expand our understanding of the fungal acetylome and provided insight into the regulatory roles of acetylation in secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyong Lv
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Jin Y, Ye N, Zhu F, Li H, Wang J, Jiang L, Zhang J. Calcium-dependent protein kinase CPK28 targets the methionine adenosyltransferases for degradation by the 26S proteasome and affects ethylene biosynthesis and lignin deposition in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:304-318. [PMID: 28112445 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) is synthesized by methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT), and plays an essential role in ethylene biosynthesis and other methylation reactions. Despite increasing knowledge of MAT regulation at transcriptional levels, how MAT is post-translationally regulated remains unknown in plant cells. Phosphorylation is an important post-translational modification for regulating the activity of enzymes, protein function and signaling transduction. Using molecular and biochemical approaches, we have identified the phosphorylation of MAT proteins by calcium-dependent protein kinase (CPK28). Phenotypically, both MAT2-overexpressing transgenic plants and cpk28 mutants display short hypocotyls and ectopic lignifications. Their shortened hypocotyl phenotypes are caused by ethylene overproduction and rescued by ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor aminoethoxyvinylglycine treatment. Genetic evidence reveals that MAT2 mutation restores the phenotype of ectopic lignification in CPK28-deficient plants. We find that total MAT proteins and AdoMet are increased in cpk28 mutants, but decreased in CPK28-overexpressing seedlings. We also find that MATs in OE::CPK28 are degraded through the 26S proteasome pathway. Our work suggests that CPK28 targets MATs (MAT1, MAT2 and MAT3) for degradation by the 26S proteasome pathway, and thus affects ethylene biosynthesis and lignin deposition in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nenghui Ye
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fuyuan Zhu
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haoxuan Li
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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63
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Muttach F, Muthmann N, Rentmeister A. Chemo-enzymatic modification of eukaryotic mRNA. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:278-284. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02144a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Posttranscriptional modification at its 5′ cap renders mRNA amenable to bioorthogonal click reactions which can be performed in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Muttach
- University of Münster
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Biochemistry
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Nils Muthmann
- University of Münster
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Biochemistry
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Andrea Rentmeister
- University of Münster
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Biochemistry
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
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64
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Paul R, Borah A. L-DOPA-induced hyperhomocysteinemia in Parkinson's disease: Elephant in the room. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1989-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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65
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Pérez C, Pérez-Zúñiga FJ, Garrido F, Reytor E, Portillo F, Pajares MA. The Oncogene PDRG1 Is an Interaction Target of Methionine Adenosyltransferases. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161672. [PMID: 27548429 PMCID: PMC4993455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Methionine adenosyltransferases MAT I and MAT III (encoded by Mat1a) catalyze S-adenosylmethionine synthesis in normal liver. Major hepatic diseases concur with reduced levels of this essential methyl donor, which are primarily due to an expression switch from Mat1a towards Mat2a. Additional changes in the association state and even in subcellular localization of these isoenzymes are also detected. All these alterations result in a reduced content of the moderate (MAT I) and high Vmax (MAT III) isoenzymes, whereas the low Vmax (MAT II) isoenzyme increases and nuclear accumulation of MAT I is observed. These changes derive in a reduced availability of cytoplasmic S-adenosylmethionine, together with an effort to meet its needs in the nucleus of damaged cells, rendering enhanced levels of certain epigenetic modifications. In this context, the putative role of protein-protein interactions in the control of S-adenosylmethionine synthesis has been scarcely studied. Using yeast two hybrid and a rat liver library we identified PDRG1 as an interaction target for MATα1 (catalytic subunit of MAT I and MAT III), further confirmation being obtained by immunoprecipitation and pull-down assays. Nuclear MATα interacts physically and functionally with the PDRG1 oncogene, resulting in reduced DNA methylation levels. Increased Pdrg1 expression is detected in acute liver injury and hepatoma cells, together with decreased Mat1a expression and nuclear accumulation of MATα1. Silencing of Pdrg1 expression in hepatoma cells alters their steady-state expression profile on microarrays, downregulating genes associated with tumor progression according to GO pathway analysis. Altogether, the results unveil the role of PDRG1 in the control of the nuclear methylation status through methionine adenosyltransferase binding and its putative collaboration in the progression of hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Zúñiga
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Garrido
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Edel Reytor
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Portillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPAZ), Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María A. Pajares
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPAZ), Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
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66
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Sun M, Guo H, Lu G, Gu J, Wang X, Zhang XE, Deng J. Lysine acetylation regulates the activity of Escherichia coli S-adenosylmethionine synthase. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:723-31. [PMID: 27421658 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmw066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine acetylation is one of the most abundant post-translational modifications. However, physiological roles of this modification in bacteria are largely unknown. Previous protein acetylome analysis showed that Escherichia coli adenosylmethionine synthase (MAT) undergoes acetylation in vivo, but the biological functions of this modification still need to be uncovered. In this study, MAT of E. coli was over-expressed and purified. Subsequent mass spectrometry analysis showed that 12 lysine residues of the protein were acetylated. Site-directed mutagenesis analysis was performed and the results showed that acetylated lysine residues play important roles in the enzymatic activity of MAT. Next, deacetylation assay was performed by using CobB as the deacetylase, and the results showed that CobB could deacetylate MAT in vitro In addition, the enzymatic activities of acetylated and deacetylated MAT were compared in vitro, and results showed that acetylation led to a decrease in its enzymatic activity, which could be reversed by CobB deacetylation. Altogether, our data suggest that CobB modulates the enzymatic activity of E. coli MAT in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manluan Sun
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Hongsen Guo
- State Key Lab of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guoliang Lu
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jing Gu
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xude Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiaoyu Deng
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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67
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Park EJ, Choi J, Kim JH, Lee BS, Yoon C, Jeong U, Kim Y. Subchronic immunotoxicity and screening of reproductive toxicity and developmental immunotoxicity following single instillation of HIPCO-single-walled carbon nanotubes: purity-based comparison. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:1188-202. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2016.1202348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Park
- Myunggok Eye Research Institute, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea,
| | - Je Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea,
| | - Jae-Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea,
| | - Byoung-Seok Lee
- Toxicologic Pathology Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea,
| | - Cheolho Yoon
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea, and
| | - Uiseok Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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68
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Chen H, Wang Z, Cai H, Zhou C. Progress in the microbial production of S-adenosyl-L-methionine. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:153. [PMID: 27465853 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), which exists in all living organisms, serves as an activated group donor in a range of metabolic reactions, including trans-methylation, trans-sulfuration and trans-propylamine. Compared with its chemical synthesis and enzyme catalysis production, the microbial production of SAM is feasible for industrial applications. The current clinical demand for SAM is constantly increasing. Therefore, vast interest exists in engineering the SAM metabolism in cells for increasing product titers. Here, we provided an overview of updates on SAM microbial productivity improvements with an emphasis on various strategies that have been used to enhance SAM production based on increasing the precursor and co-factor availabilities in microbes. These strategies included the sections of SAM-producing microbes and their mutant screening, optimization of the fermentation process, and the metabolic engineering. The SAM-producing strains that were used extensively were Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris, Candida utilis, Scheffersomyces stipitis, Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Corynebacterium glutamicum, and Escherichia coli, in addition to others. The optimization of the fermentation process mainly focused on the enhancement of the methionine, ATP, and other co-factor levels through pulsed feeding as well as the optimization of nitrogen and carbon sources. Various metabolic engineering strategies using precise control of gene expression in engineered strains were also highlighted in the present review. In addition, some prospects on SAM microbial production were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhilai Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Changlin Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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69
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Liu Y, Chen B, Wang Z, Liu L, Tan T. Functional characterization of a thermostable methionine adenosyltransferase from Thermus thermophilus HB27. Front Chem Sci Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-016-1566-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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70
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Ilisso CP, Sapio L, Delle Cave D, Illiano M, Spina A, Cacciapuoti G, Naviglio S, Porcelli M. S-Adenosylmethionine Affects ERK1/2 and Stat3 Pathways and Induces Apotosis in Osteosarcoma Cells. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:428-435. [PMID: 26174106 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a very aggressive bone tumor. Its clinical outcome remains discouraging despite intensive surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Thus, novel therapeutic approaches are demanded. S-Adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) is a naturally occurring molecule that is synthesized in our body by methionine adenosyltransferase isoenzymes and is also available as a nutritional supplement. AdoMet is the principal methyl donor in numerous methylation reactions and is involved in many biological functions. Interestingly, AdoMet has been shown to exert antiproliferative action in various cancer cells. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are just starting to be studied. Here, we investigated the effects of AdoMet on the proliferation of osteosarcoma U2OS cells and the underlying mechanisms. We carried out direct cell number counting, MTT and flow cytometry-based assays, and immunoblotting experiments in response to AdoMet treatment. We found that AdoMet strongly inhibits proliferation of U2OS cells by slowing-down cell cycle progression and by inducing apoptosis. We also report that AdoMet consistently causes an increase of p53 and p21 cell-cycle inhibitor, a decrease of cyclin A and cyclin E protein levels, and a marked increase of pro-apoptotic Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, with caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage. Moreover, the AdoMet-induced antiproliferative effects were dynamically accompanied by profound changes in ERK1/2 and STAT3 protein and phosphorylation levels. Altogether, our data enforce the evidence of AdoMet acting as a biomolecule with antiproliferative action in osteosarcoma cells, capable of down-regulating ERK1/2 and STAT3 pathways leading to cell cycle inhibition and apoptosis, and provide a rationale for the possible use of AdoMet in osteosarcoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Paola Ilisso
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Sapio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Donatella Delle Cave
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Michela Illiano
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Spina
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cacciapuoti
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvio Naviglio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Marina Porcelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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71
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Liu Y, Wang W, Zhang W, Dong Y, Han F, Raza M, Liu L, Tan T, Feng Y. Structure of a thermostable methionine adenosyltransferase from Thermus thermophilus HB27 reveals a novel fold of the flexible loop. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27938k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methionine adenosyltransferases (MATs) are the family of enzymes which synthesize S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), the major biological methyl donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Liu
- Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- PR China
| | - Wenhe Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- PR China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- PR China
| | - Yanan Dong
- Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- PR China
| | - Fengjiao Han
- Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- PR China
| | - Muslim Raza
- Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- PR China
| | - Luo Liu
- Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- PR China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- PR China
| | - Yue Feng
- Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- PR China
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72
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Muttach F, Rentmeister A. Eine biokatalytische Kaskade für die vielseitige Eintopf-Modifizierung von mRNA ausgehend von Methioninanaloga. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Muttach
- Universität Münster; Fachbereich Chemie und Pharmazie, Institut für Biochemie; Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 2 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Andrea Rentmeister
- Universität Münster; Fachbereich Chemie und Pharmazie, Institut für Biochemie; Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 2 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM); Universität Münster; Deutschland
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73
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Muttach F, Rentmeister A. A Biocatalytic Cascade for Versatile One-Pot Modification of mRNA Starting from Methionine Analogues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:1917-20. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Muttach
- University of Münster; Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry; Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 2 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Andrea Rentmeister
- University of Münster; Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry; Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 2 48149 Münster Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM); University of Münster; Germany
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74
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Impact of glutathione supplementation of parenteral nutrition on hepatic methionine adenosyltransferase activity. Redox Biol 2015; 8:18-23. [PMID: 26722840 PMCID: PMC4710792 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The oxidation of the methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) by the combined impact of peroxides contaminating parenteral nutrition (PN) and oxidized redox potential of glutathione is suspected to explain its inhibition observed in animals. A modification of MAT activity is suspected to be at origin of the PN-associated liver disease as observed in newborns. We hypothesized that the correction of redox potential of glutathione by adding glutathione in PN protects the MAT activity. Aim To investigate whether the addition of glutathione to PN can reverse the inhibition of MAT observed in animal on PN. Methods Three days old guinea pigs received through a jugular vein catheter 2 series of solutions. First with methionine supplement, (1) Sham (no infusion); (2) PN: amino acids, dextrose, lipids and vitamins; (3) PN-GSSG: PN+10 μM GSSG. Second without methionine, (4) D: dextrose; (5) D+180 μM ascorbylperoxide; (6) D+350 μM H2O2. Four days later, liver was sampled for determination of redox potential of glutathione and MAT activity in the presence or absence of 1 mM DTT. Data were compared by ANOVA, p<0.05. Results MAT activity was 45±4% lower in animal infused with PN and 23±7% with peroxides generated in PN. The inhibition by peroxides was associated with oxidized redox potential and was reversible by DTT. Correction of redox potential (PN+GSSG) or DTT was without effect on the inhibition of MAT by PN. The slope of the linear relation between MAT activity and redox potential was two fold lower in animal infused with PN than in others groups. Conclusion The present study suggests that prevention of peroxide generation in PN and/or correction of the redox potential by adding glutathione in PN are not sufficient, at least in newborn guinea pigs, to restore normal MAT activity. Methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) is essential for healthy liver. Parenteral nutrition (PN) inhibits hepatic MAT. The inhibition is caused by intrinsic peroxides and by unknown component of PN. Adding glutathione in PN is not sufficient to prevent PN-associated liver diseases.
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75
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Devarie-Baez NO, Silva Lopez EI, Furdui CM. Biological chemistry and functionality of protein sulfenic acids and related thiol modifications. Free Radic Res 2015; 50:172-94. [PMID: 26340608 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1090571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Selective modification of proteins at cysteine residues by reactive oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur species formed under physiological and pathological states is emerging as a critical regulator of protein activity impacting cellular function. This review focuses primarily on protein sulfenylation (-SOH), a metastable reversible modification connecting reduced cysteine thiols to many products of cysteine oxidation. An overview is first provided on the chemistry principles underlining synthesis, stability and reactivity of sulfenic acids in model compounds and proteins, followed by a brief description of analytical methods currently employed to characterize these oxidative species. The following chapters present a selection of redox-regulated proteins for which the -SOH formation was experimentally confirmed and linked to protein function. These chapters are organized based on the participation of these proteins in the regulation of signaling, metabolism and epigenetics. The last chapter discusses the therapeutic implications of altered redox microenvironment and protein oxidation in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelmi O Devarie-Baez
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem , NC , USA
| | - Elsa I Silva Lopez
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem , NC , USA
| | - Cristina M Furdui
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem , NC , USA
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Yadav MK, Go YY, Chae SW, Song JJ. The Small Molecule DAM Inhibitor, Pyrimidinedione, Disrupts Streptococcus pneumoniae Biofilm Growth In Vitro. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139238. [PMID: 26431532 PMCID: PMC4592238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae persist in the human nasopharynx within organized biofilms. However, expansion to other tissues may cause severe infections such as pneumonia, otitis media, bacteremia, and meningitis, especially in children and the elderly. Bacteria within biofilms possess increased tolerance to antibiotics and are able to resist host defense systems. Bacteria within biofilms exhibit different physiology, metabolism, and gene expression profiles than planktonic cells. These differences underscore the need to identify alternative therapeutic targets and novel antimicrobial compounds that are effective against pneumococcal biofilms. In bacteria, DNA adenine methyltransferase (Dam) alters pathogenic gene expression and catalyzes the methylation of adenine in the DNA duplex and of macromolecules during the activated methyl cycle (AMC). In pneumococci, AMC is involved in the biosynthesis of quorum sensing molecules that regulate competence and biofilm formation. In this study, we examine the effect of a small molecule Dam inhibitor, pyrimidinedione, on Streptococcus pneumoniae biofilm formation and evaluate the changes in global gene expression within biofilms via microarray analysis. The effects of pyrimidinedione on in vitro biofilms were studied using a static microtiter plate assay, and the architecture of the biofilms was viewed using confocal and scanning electron microscopy. The cytotoxicity of pyrimidinedione was tested on a human middle ear epithelium cell line by CCK-8. In situ oligonucleotide microarray was used to compare the global gene expression of Streptococcus pneumoniae D39 within biofilms grown in the presence and absence of pyrimidinedione. Real-time RT-PCR was used to study gene expression. Pyrimidinedione inhibits pneumococcal biofilm growth in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner, but it does not inhibit planktonic cell growth. Confocal microscopy analysis revealed the absence of organized biofilms, where cell-clumps were scattered and attached to the bottom of the plate when cells were grown in the presence of pyrimidinedione. Scanning electron microscopy analysis demonstrated the absence of an extracellular polysaccharide matrix in pyrimidinedione-grown biofilms compared to control-biofilms. Pyrimidinedione also significantly inhibited MRSA, MSSA, and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm growth in vitro. Furthermore, pyrimidinedione does not exhibit eukaryotic cell toxicity. In a microarray analysis, 56 genes were significantly up-regulated and 204 genes were significantly down-regulated. Genes involved in galactose metabolism were exclusively up-regulated in pyrimidinedione-grown biofilms. Genes related to DNA replication, cell division and the cell cycle, pathogenesis, phosphate-specific transport, signal transduction, fatty acid biosynthesis, protein folding, homeostasis, competence, and biofilm formation were down regulated in pyrimidinedione-grown biofilms. This study demonstrated that the small molecule Dam inhibitor, pyrimidinedione, inhibits pneumococcal biofilm growth in vitro at concentrations that do not inhibit planktonic cell growth and down regulates important metabolic-, virulence-, competence-, and biofilm-related genes. The identification of a small molecule (pyrimidinedione) with S. pneumoniae biofilm-inhibiting capabilities has potential for the development of new compounds that prevent biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute for Medical Device Clinical Trials, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoon Young Go
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Won Chae
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Jun Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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77
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Molecular cloning and characterization of an S-adenosylmethionine synthetase gene from Chorispora bungeana. Gene 2015. [PMID: 26205258 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
S-adenosylmethionine synthetase (SAMS) catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) which is a molecule essential for polyamines and ethylene biosynthesis, methylation modifications of protein, DNA and lipids. SAMS also plays an important role in abiotic stress response. Chorispora bungeana (C. bungeana) is an alpine subnival plant species which possesses strong tolerance to cold stress. Here, we cloned and characterized an S-adenosylmethionine synthetase gene, CbSAMS (C. bungeana S-adenosylmethionine synthetase), from C. bungeana, which encodes a protein of 393 amino acids containing a methionine binding motif GHPDK, an ATP binding motif GAGDQG and a phosphate binding motif GGGAFSGDK. Furthermore, an NES (nuclear export signal) peptide was identified through bioinformatics analysis. To explore the CbSAMS gene expression regulation, we isolated the promoter region of CbSAMS gene 1919bp upstream the ATG start codon, CbSAMSp, and analyzed its cis-acting elements by bioinformatics method. It was revealed that a transcription start site located at 320 bp upstream the ATG start codon and cis-acting elements related to light, ABA, auxin, ethylene, MeJA, low temperature and drought had been found in the CbSAMSp sequence. The gene expression pattern of CbSAMS was then analyzed by TR-qPCR and GUS assay method. The result showed that CbSAMS is expressed in all examined tissues including callus, roots, petioles, leaves, and flowers with a significant higher expression level in roots and flowers. Furthermore, the expression level of CbSAMS was induced by low temperature, ethylene and NaCl. Subcellular localization revealed that CbSAMS was located in the cytoplasm and nucleus but has a significant higher level in the nucleus. These results indicated a potential role of CbSAMS in abiotic stresses and plant growth in C. bungeana.
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Khot V, Chavan-Gautam P, Joshi S. Proposing interactions between maternal phospholipids and the one carbon cycle: A novel mechanism influencing the risk for cardiovascular diseases in the offspring in later life. Life Sci 2015; 129:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Chandra V, Hong KM. Effects of deranged metabolism on epigenetic changes in cancer. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 38:321-37. [PMID: 25628247 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0561-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The concept of epigenetics is now providing the mechanisms by which cells transfer their new environmental-change-induced phenotypes to their daughter cells. However, how extracellular or cytoplasmic environmental cues are connected to the nuclear epigenome remains incompletely understood. Recently emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic changes are correlated with metabolic changes via chromatin remodeling. As many human complex diseases including cancer harbor both epigenetic changes and metabolic dysregulation, understanding the molecular processes linking them has huge implications for disease pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention. In this review, the impacts of metabolic changes on cancer epigenetics are discussed, along with the current knowledge on cancer metabolism and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Chandra
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, 410-769, Korea
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Liu WJ, Ren JG, Li T, Yu GZ, Zhang J, Li CS, Liu ZS, Liu QY. 5-Aza-2<-deoxycytidine induces hepatoma cell apoptosis via enhancing methionine adenosyltransferase 1A expression and inducing S-adenosylmethionine production. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 14:6433-8. [PMID: 24377546 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.11.6433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In hepatocellular cancer (HCC), lack of response to chemotherapy and radiation treatment can be caused by a loss of epigenetic modifications of cancer cells. Methionine adenosyltransferase 1A is inactivated in HCC and may be stimulated by an epigenetic change involving promoter hypermethylation. Therefore, drugs releasing epigenetic repression have been proposed to reverse this process. We studied the effect of the demethylating reagent 5-aza-2<-deoxycitidine (5-Aza-CdR) on MAT1A gene expression, DNA methylation and S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) production in the HCC cell line Huh7. We found that MAT1A mRNA and protein expression were activated in Huh7 cells with the treatment of 5-Aza-CdR; the status of promoter hypermethylation was reversed. At the same time, MAT2A mRNA and protein expression was significantly reduced in Huh7 cells treated with 5-Aza-CdR, while SAMe production was significantly induced. However, 5-Aza-CdR showed no effects on MAT2A methylation. Furthermore, 5-Aza-CdR inhibited the growth of Huh7 cells and induced apoptosis and through down-regulation of Bcl-2, up-regulation of Bax and caspase-3. Our observations suggest that 5-Aza- CdR exerts its anti-tumor effects in Huh7 cells through an epigenetic change involving increased expression of the methionine adenosyltransferase 1A gene and induction of S-adenosylmethionine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center of Digestive Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China E-mail : lqy@whu. edu.cn,
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Porcelli M, Ilisso CP, De Leo E, Cacciapuoti G. Biochemical characterization of a thermostable adenosylmethionine synthetase from the archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus with high catalytic power. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 175:2916-33. [PMID: 25577347 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1476-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adenosylmethionine synthetase plays a key role in the biogenesis of the sulfonium compound S-adenosylmethionine, the principal widely used methyl donor in the biological methylations. We report here, for the first time, the characterization of adenosylmethionine synthetase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus (PfMAT). The gene PF1866 encoding PfMAT was cloned and expressed, and the recombinant protein was purified to homogeneity. PfMAT shares 51, 63, and 82% sequence identity with the homologous enzymes from Sulfolobus solfataricus, Methanococcus jannaschii, and Thermococcus kodakarensis, respectively. PfMAT is a homodimer of 90 kDa highly thermophilic with an optimum temperature of 90 °C and is characterized by remarkable thermodynamic stability (Tm, 99 °C), kinetic stability, and resistance to guanidine hydrochloride-induced unfolding. The latter process is reversible as demonstrated by the analysis of the refolding process by activity assays and fluorescence measurements. Limited proteolysis experiments indicated that the proteolytic cleavage site is localized at Lys148 and that the C-terminal peptide is necessary for the integrity of the active site. PfMAT shows kinetic features that make it the most efficient catalyst for S-adenosylmethionine synthesis among the characterized MAT from Bacteria and Archaea. Molecular and structural characterization of PfMAT could be useful to improve MAT enzyme engineering for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Porcelli
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138, Naples, Italy,
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Zhang Y, Sun J, Mu H, Li J, Zhang Y, Xu F, Xiang Z, Qian PY, Qiu JW, Yu Z. Proteomic basis of stress responses in the gills of the pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. J Proteome Res 2014; 14:304-17. [PMID: 25389644 DOI: 10.1021/pr500940s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is one of the dominant sessile inhabitants of the estuarine intertidal zone, which is a physically harsh environment due to the presence of a number of stressors. Oysters have adapted to highly dynamic and stressful environments, but the molecular mechanisms underlying such stress adaptation are largely unknown. In the present study, we examined the proteomic responses in the gills of C. gigas exposed to three stressors (high temperature, low salinity, and aerial exposure) they often encounter in the field. We quantitatively compared the gill proteome profiles using iTRAQ-coupled 2-D LC-MS/MS. There were 3165 identified proteins among which 2379 proteins could be quantified. Heat shock, hyposalinity, and aerial exposure resulted in 50, 15, and 33 differentially expressed gill proteins, respectively. Venn diagram analysis revealed substantial different responses to the three stressors. Only xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase showed a similar expression pattern across the three stress treatments, suggesting that reduction of ROS accumulation may be a conserved response to these stressors. Heat shock caused significant overexpression of molecular chaperones and production of S-adenosyl-l-methionine, indicating their crucial protective roles against protein denature. In addition, heat shock also activated immune responses, Ca(2+) binding protein expression. By contrast, hyposalinity and aerial exposure resulted in the up-regulation of 3-demethylubiquinone-9 3-methyltransferase, indicating that increase in ubiquinone synthesis may contribute to withstanding both the osmotic and desiccation stress. Strikingly, the majority of desiccation-responsive proteins, including those involved in metabolism, ion transportation, immune responses, DNA duplication, and protein synthesis, were down-regulated, indicating conservation of energy as an important strategy to cope with desiccation stress. There was a high consistency between the expression levels determined by iTRAQ and Western blotting, highlighting the high reproducibility of our proteomic approach and its great value in revealing molecular mechanisms of stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
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Sinefungin, a natural nucleoside analogue of S-adenosylmethionine, inhibits Streptococcus pneumoniae biofilm growth. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:156987. [PMID: 25050323 PMCID: PMC4094849 DOI: 10.1155/2014/156987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pneumococcal colonization and disease is often associated with biofilm formation, in which the bacteria exhibit elevated resistance both to antibiotics and to host defense systems, often resulting in infections that are persistent and difficult to treat. We evaluated the effect of sinefungin, a nucleoside analogue of S-adenosylmethionine, on pneumococcal in vitro biofilm formation and in vivo colonization. Sinefungin is bacteriostatic to pneumococci and significantly decreased biofilm growth and inhibited proliferation and structure of actively growing biofilms but did not alter growth or the matrix structure of established biofilms. Sinefungin significantly reduced pneumococcal colonization in rat middle ear. The quorum sensing molecule (autoinducer-2) production was significantly reduced by 92% in sinefungin treated samples. The luxS, pfs, and speE genes were downregulated in biofilms grown in the presence of sinefungin. This study shows that sinefungin inhibits pneumococcal biofilm growth in vitro and colonization in vivo, decreases AI-2 production, and downregulates luxS, pfs, and speE gene expressions. Therefore, the S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) inhibitors could be used as lead compounds for the development of novel antibiofilm agents against pneumococci.
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84
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Delgado M, Garrido F, Pérez-Miguelsanz J, Pacheco M, Partearroyo T, Pérez-Sala D, Pajares MA. Acute liver injury induces nucleocytoplasmic redistribution of hepatic methionine metabolism enzymes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2541-2554. [PMID: 24124652 PMCID: PMC4024841 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The discovery of methionine metabolism enzymes in the cell nucleus, together with their association with key nuclear processes, suggested a putative relationship between alterations in their subcellular distribution and disease. RESULTS Using the rat model of d-galactosamine intoxication, severe changes in hepatic steady-state mRNA levels were found; the largest decreases corresponded to enzymes exhibiting the highest expression in normal tissue. Cytoplasmic protein levels, activities, and metabolite concentrations suffered more moderate changes following a similar trend. Interestingly, galactosamine treatment induced hepatic nuclear accumulation of methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) α1 and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase tetramers, their active assemblies. In fact, galactosamine-treated livers showed enhanced nuclear MAT activity. Acetaminophen (APAP) intoxication mimicked most galactosamine effects on hepatic MATα1, including accumulation of nuclear tetramers. H35 cells that overexpress tagged-MATα1 reproduced the subcellular distribution observed in liver, and the changes induced by galactosamine and APAP that were also observed upon glutathione depletion by buthionine sulfoximine. The H35 nuclear accumulation of tagged-MATα1 induced by these agents correlated with decreased glutathione reduced form/glutathione oxidized form ratios and was prevented by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and glutathione ethyl ester. However, the changes in epigenetic modifications associated with tagged-MATα1 nuclear accumulation were only prevented by NAC in galactosamine-treated cells. INNOVATION Cytoplasmic and nuclear changes in proteins that regulate the methylation index follow opposite trends in acute liver injury, their nuclear accumulation showing potential as disease marker. CONCLUSION Altogether these results demonstrate galactosamine- and APAP-induced nuclear accumulation of methionine metabolism enzymes as active oligomers and unveil the implication of redox-dependent mechanisms in the control of MATα1 subcellular distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Delgado
- Departamento de Metabolismo y Señalización Celular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Garrido
- Departamento de Metabolismo y Señalización Celular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juliana Pérez-Miguelsanz
- Departamento de Metabolismo y Señalización Celular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana I, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Pacheco
- Departamento de Metabolismo y Señalización Celular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Partearroyo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Angeles Pajares
- Departamento de Metabolismo y Señalización Celular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Hepatology Group, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
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Wang F, Singh S, Zhang J, Huber TD, Helmich KE, Sunkara M, Hurley KA, Goff RD, Bingman CA, Morris AJ, Thorson JS, Phillips GN. Understanding molecular recognition of promiscuity of thermophilic methionine adenosyltransferase sMAT from Sulfolobus solfataricus. FEBS J 2014; 281:4224-39. [PMID: 24649856 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) is a family of enzymes that utilizes ATP and methionine to produce S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), the most crucial methyl donor in the biological methylation of biomolecules and bioactive natural products. Here, we report that the MAT from Sulfolobus solfataricus (sMAT), an enzyme from a poorly explored class of the MAT family, has the ability to produce a range of differentially alkylated AdoMet analogs in the presence of non-native methionine analogs and ATP. To investigate the molecular basis for AdoMet analog production, we have crystallized the sMAT in the AdoMet bound, S-adenosylethionine (AdoEth) bound and unbound forms. Notably, among these structures, the AdoEth bound form offers the first MAT structure containing a non-native product, and cumulatively these structures add new structural insight into the MAT family and allow for detailed active site comparison with its homologs in Escherichia coli and human. As a thermostable MAT structure from archaea, the structures herein also provide a basis for future engineering to potentially broaden AdoMet analog production as reagents for methyltransferase-catalyzed 'alkylrandomization' and/or the study of methylation in the context of biological processes. DATABASES PDB IDs: 4HPV, 4L7I, 4K0B and 4L2Z. EC 2.5.1.6 STRUCTURED DIGITAL ABSTRACT: • sMAT and sMAT bind by x-ray crystallography (View interaction).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengbin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
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86
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Szabová J, Yubuki N, Leander BS, Triemer RE, Hampl V. The evolution of paralogous enzymes MAT and MATX within the Euglenida and beyond. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:25. [PMID: 24517416 PMCID: PMC3923989 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) is a ubiquitous essential enzyme that, in eukaryotes, occurs in two relatively divergent paralogues: MAT and MATX. MATX has a punctate distribution across the tree of eukaryotes and, except for a few cases, is mutually exclusive with MAT. This phylogenetic pattern could have arisen by either differential loss of old paralogues or the spread of one of these paralogues by horizontal gene transfer. Our aim was to map the distribution of MAT/MATX genes within the Euglenida in order to more comprehensively characterize the evolutionary history of MATX. Results We generated 26 new sequences from 23 different lineages of euglenids and one prasinophyte alga Pyramimonas parkeae. MATX was present only in photoautotrophic euglenids. The mixotroph Rapaza viridis and the prasinophyte alga Pyramimonas parkeae, which harbors chloroplasts that are most closely related to the chloroplasts in photoautotrophic euglenids, both possessed only the MAT paralogue. We found both the MAT and MATX paralogues in two photoautotrophic species (Phacus orbicularis and Monomorphina pyrum). The significant conflict between eukaryotic phylogenies inferred from MATX and SSU rDNA data represents strong evidence that MATX paralogues have undergone horizontal gene transfer across the tree of eukaryotes. Conclusions Our results suggest that MATX entered the euglenid lineage in a single horizontal gene transfer event that took place after the secondary endosymbiotic origin of the euglenid chloroplast. The origin of the MATX paralogue is unclear, and it cannot be excluded that it arose by a gene duplication event before the most recent common ancestor of eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Szabová
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Vinicna 7, Prague 2 128 44, Czech Republic.
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87
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Zano SP, Pavlovsky AG, Viola RE. Structure of an unusual S-adenosylmethionine synthetase from Campylobacter jejuni. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 70:442-50. [PMID: 24531478 DOI: 10.1107/s139900471303023x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2025]
Abstract
S-Adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) participates in a wide range of methylation and other group-transfer reactions and also serves as the precursor for two groups of quorum-sensing molecules that function as regulators of the production of virulence factors in Gram-negative bacteria. The synthesis of AdoMet is catalyzed by AdoMet synthetases (MATs), a ubiquitous family of enzymes found in species ranging from microorganisms to mammals. The AdoMet synthetase from the bacterium Campylobacter jejuni (cjMAT) is an outlier among this homologous enzyme family, with lower sequence identity, numerous insertions and substitutions, and higher catalytic activity compared with other bacterial MATs. Alterations in the structure of this enzyme provide an explanation for its unusual dimeric quaternary structure relative to the other MATs. Taken together with several active-site substitutions, this new structure provides insights into its improved kinetic properties with alternative substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Zano
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | | | - Ronald E Viola
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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Nagao M, Tanaka T, Furujo M. Spectrum of mutations associated with methionine adenosyltransferase I/III deficiency among individuals identified during newborn screening in Japan. Mol Genet Metab 2013; 110:460-4. [PMID: 24231718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Methionine adenosyltransferase I/III deficiency (MAT I/III deficiency) is an inborn error of metabolism that results in isolated persistent hypermethioninemia. Definitive diagnosis is now possible by molecular analyses of the MAT1A gene. Based on newborn screening (NBS) data collected between 2001 and 2012 in Hokkaido, Japan, the estimated incidence of MAT I/III deficiency was 1 in 107,850. 24 patients (13 males, 11 females) from 11 prefectures in Japan were referred to our laboratory for genetic diagnosis of MAT I/III deficiency. They were all found between 1992 and 2012 by the NBS program in each region. In these 24 individuals, we identified 12 distinct mutations; 14 patients were heterozygous for an R264H mutation; R264H caused an autosomal dominant and clinically benign phenotype in each case. The mutations in the other 10 patients showed autosomal recessive inheritance and included eight novel MAT1A mutations. Putative amino acid substitutions at R356 were observed with six alleles (three R356P, two R356Q, and one R356L). MAT I/III deficiency is not always benign because three of our cases involved brain demyelination or neurological complications. DNA testing early in life is recommended to prevent potential detrimental neurological manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Nagao
- Department of Pediatrics and Clinical research, National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Medical Center, Sapporo, Japan.
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Yao G, Qin X, Chu J, Wu X, Qian J. Expression, purification, and characterization of a recombinant methionine adenosyltransferase pDS16 in Pichia pastoris. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 172:1241-53. [PMID: 24154832 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0594-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT, EC2.5.1.6) catalyzes the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) using L-methionine and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as substrates. The mutant MAT pDS16 was obtained through DNA shuffling previously in our lab. Overexpression of pDS16 in Pichia pastoris led to about 65 % increase of MAT activity and SAM accumulation, compared with the strain overexpressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae MAT gene SAM2. Different strategies were tested to facilitate the expression and purification of pDS16. However, addition of the hexahistidine tag to pDS16 was shown to decrease the enzyme activity, and the yeast α-factor signal sequence could not effectivley direct the secretion of pDS16. The intracellular pDS16 was purified by a simple two-step procedure combining an ion exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Protein purity was verified by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be 93%, with the specific activity of 1.828 U/mg. Two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed pI of ∼5.5. The purified enzyme followed Michaelis kinetics with a Km of 1.72 and 0.85 mM, and Vmax of 1.54 and 1.15 μmol/min/mg for ATP and L-methionine, respectively. pDS16 exhibited optimal activity at pH 8.5 and 45 °C with the requirement of divalent cation Mg(2+) and was slightly stimulated by the monovalent cation K(+). It showed an improved thermostability, about 50% of the enzyme activity was retained even after preincubation at 50 °C for 2 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
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Structural and functional characterisation of the methionine adenosyltransferase from Thermococcus kodakarensis. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2013; 13:22. [PMID: 24134203 PMCID: PMC3853416 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6807-13-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methionine adenosyltransferases catalyse the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine, a cofactor abundant in all domains of life. In contrast to the enzymes from bacteria and eukarya that show high sequence similarity, methionine adenosyltransferases from archaea diverge on the amino acid sequence level and only few conserved residues are retained. RESULTS We describe the initial characterisation and the crystal structure of the methionine adenosyltransferase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis. As described for other archaeal methionine adenosyltransferases the enzyme is a dimer in solution and shows high temperature stability. The overall structure is very similar to that of the bacterial and eukaryotic enzymes described, with some additional features that might add to the stability of the enzyme. Compared to bacterial and eukaryotic structures, the active site architecture is largely conserved, with some variation in the substrate/product-binding residues. A flexible loop that was not fully ordered in previous structures without ligands in the active side is clearly visible and forms a helix that leaves an entrance to the active site open. CONCLUSIONS The similar three-dimensional structures of archaeal and bacterial or eukaryotic methionine adenosyltransferases support that these enzymes share an early common ancestor from which they evolved independently, explaining the low similarity in their amino acid sequences. Furthermore, methionine adenosyltransferase from T. kodakarensis is the first structure without any ligands bound in the active site where the flexible loop covering the entrance to the active site is fully ordered, supporting a mechanism postulated earlier for the methionine adenosyltransferase from E. coli. The structure will serve as a starting point for further mechanistic studies and permit the generation of enzyme variants with different characteristics by rational design.
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91
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Wang R, Luo M. A journey toward Bioorthogonal Profiling of Protein Methylation inside living cells. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:729-37. [PMID: 24035694 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human protein methyltransferases (PMTs) play essential roles through methylating histone and nonhistone targets. It is very challenging to profile global methylation (or methylome) in the context of relevant cellular settings. Unlike other posttranslational modifications such as lysine acetylation or Ser/Thr/Tyr/His phosphorylation, methylation of lysine or arginine does not significantly alter its physical properties (e.g. charge and size) and therefore may not be probed readily by conventional biological tools such antibodies. It is also not trivial to assign unambiguously dynamic methylation events to specific PMTs given their potential redundancy. This review focuses on the decade-long progress in developing complementary chemical tools to elucidate targets of designated PMTs. One of such efforts was to develop the Bioorthogonal Profiling of Protein Methylation (BPPM) technology in vitro and inside living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, United States; Program of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Science, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, United States
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Pajares MA, Alvarez L, Pérez-Sala D. How are mammalian methionine adenosyltransferases regulated in the liver? A focus on redox stress. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:1711-1716. [PMID: 23669363 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
S-adenosylmethionine synthesis is a key process for cell function, and needs to be regulated at multiple levels. In recent years, advances in the knowledge of methionine adenosyltransferases have been significant. The discovery of nuclear localization of these enzymes suggests their transport to provide the methyl donor, S-adenosylmethionine, for DNA and histone methyltransferases in epigenetic modifications, opening new regulatory possibilities. Previous hypotheses considered only the cytoplasmic regulation of these enzymes, hence the need of an update to integrate recent findings. Here, we focus mainly on the liver and redox mechanisms, and their putative effects on localization and interactions of methionine adenosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Pajares
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.
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93
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Zano SP, Bhansali P, Luniwal A, Viola RE. Alternative substrates selective for S-adenosylmethionine synthetases from pathogenic bacteria. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 536:64-71. [PMID: 23711747 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
S-adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet) synthetase catalyzes the production of AdoMet, the major biological methyl donor and source of methylene, amino, ribosyl, and aminopropyl groups in the metabolism of all known organism. In addition to these essential functions, AdoMet can also serve as the precursor for two different families of quorum sensing molecules that trigger virulence in Gram-negative human pathogenic bacteria. The enzyme responsible for AdoMet biosynthesis has been cloned, expressed and purified from several of these infectious bacteria. AdoMet synthetase (MAT) from Neisseria meningitidis shows similar kinetic parameters to the previously characterized Escherichia coli enzyme, while the Pseudomonas aeruginosa enzyme has a decreased catalytic efficiency for its MgATP substrate. In contrast, the more distantly related MAT from Campylobacter jejuni has an altered quaternary structure and possesses a higher catalytic turnover than the more closely related family members. Methionine analogs have been examined to delineate the substrate specificity of these enzyme forms, and several alternative substrates have been identified with the potential to block quorum sensing while still serving as precursors for essential methyl donation and radical generation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Zano
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, United States
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94
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Kera Y, Katoh Y, Ohta M, Matsumoto M, Takano-Yamamoto T, Igarashi K. Methionine adenosyltransferase II-dependent histone H3K9 methylation at the COX-2 gene locus. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:13592-601. [PMID: 23539621 PMCID: PMC3650394 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.429738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MATII biosynthesizes AdoMet, which supplies methyl group for methylation of molecules, including histone. RESULTS MATII interacts with histone methyltransferase SETDB1 and inhibits COX-2 gene expression. CONCLUSION AdoMet synthesis and histone methylation are coupled on chromatin by a physical interaction of MATII and SETDB1 at the MafK target genes. SIGNIFICANCE MATII may be important for both gene-specific and epigenome-wide regulation of histone methylation. Methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) synthesizes S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), which is utilized as a methyl donor in transmethylation reactions involving histones. MATIIα, a MAT isozyme, serves as a transcriptional corepressor in the oxidative stress response and forms the AdoMet-integrating transcription regulation module, affecting histone methyltransferase activities. However, the identities of genes regulated by MATIIα or its associated methyltransferases are unclear. We show that MATIIα represses the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), encoded by Ptgs2, by specifically interacting with histone H3K9 methyltransferase SETDB1, thereby promoting the trimethylation of H3K9 at the COX-2 locus. We discuss both gene-specific and epigenome-wide functions of MATIIα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kera
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- the Department of Orthopedics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575, Japan, and
| | - Yasutake Katoh
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mineto Ohta
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Matsumoto
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Teruko Takano-Yamamoto
- the Department of Orthopedics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575, Japan, and
| | - Kazuhiko Igarashi
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- CREST (Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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95
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Tamiya H, Hirota K, Takahashi Y, Daitoku H, Kaneko Y, Sakuta G, Iizuka K, Watanabe S, Ishii N, Fukamizu A. Conserved SAMS function in regulating egg-laying in C. elegans. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2013; 33:56-62. [PMID: 23316847 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2012.756896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) is an intermediate metabolite of methionine and serves as the methyl donor for many biological methylation reactions. The synthesis of SAM is catalyzed by SAM synthetase (SAMS), which transfers the adenosyl moiety of adenosine-5'-triphosphate to methionine. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, four sams family genes, sams-1, -3, -4 and -5, are predicted to encode SAMS proteins. However, their physiological roles remain unclear. Here we show that the four predicted SAMS proteins in fact have the ability to catalyze the formation of SAM in vitro, and revealed that only sams-1 mutant animals among the family genes exhibited a significant reduction in egg-laying. Using transgenic animals carrying a transcriptional reporter for each sams gene promoter, we observed that each sams promoter confers a distinct expression pattern with respect to tissue, time of expression and expression level (i.e. promoter specificity). Promoter-swap experiments revealed that the ectopic expression of SAMS-3, -4 or -5 driven by the sams-1 promoter completely rescued egg-laying in sams-1 mutants. These data indicate that SAMS protein function is conserved throughout the entire family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Tamiya
- Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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96
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Igarashi K, Katoh Y. Metabolic aspects of epigenome: coupling of S-adenosylmethionine synthesis and gene regulation on chromatin by SAMIT module. Subcell Biochem 2013; 61:105-18. [PMID: 23150248 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4525-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Histone and DNA methyltransferases utilize S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), a key intermediate of sulfur amino acid metabolism, as a donor of methyl group. SAM is biosynthesized by methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) using two substrates, methionine and ATP. Three distinct forms of MAT (MATI, MATII and MATIII), encoded by two distinct genes (MAT1A and MAT2A), have been identified in mammals. MATII consists of α2 catalytic subunit encoded by MAT2A and β regulatory subunit encoded by MAT2B, but the physiological function of the β subunit is not clear. MafK is a member of Maf oncoproteins and functions as both transcription activator and repressor by forming diverse heterodimers to bind to DNA elements termed Maf recognition elements. Proteomics analysis of MafK-interactome revealed its interaction with both MATIIα and MATIIβ. They are recruited specifically to MafK target genes and are required for their repression by MafK and its partner Bach1. Because the catalytic activity of MATIIα is required for the MafK target gene repression, MATIIα is suggested to provide SAM locally on chromatin where it is recruited. One of the unexpected features of MATII is that MATIIα interacts with many chromatin-related proteins of diverse functions such as histone modification, chromatin remodeling, transcription regulation, and nucleo-cytoplasmic transport. MATIIα appears to generate multiple, heterogenous regulatory complexes where it provides SAM. Considering their function, the heterooligomer of MATIIα and β is named SAMIT (SAM-integrating transcription) module within their interactome where it serves SAM for nuclear methyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Seiryo 2-1, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan,
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97
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González B, Garrido F, Ortega R, Martínez-Júlvez M, Revilla-Guarinos A, Pérez-Pertejo Y, Velázquez-Campoy A, Sanz-Aparicio J, Pajares MA. NADP+ binding to the regulatory subunit of methionine adenosyltransferase II increases intersubunit binding affinity in the hetero-trimer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50329. [PMID: 23189196 PMCID: PMC3506619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian methionine adenosyltransferase II (MAT II) is the only hetero-oligomer in this family of enzymes that synthesize S-adenosylmethionine using methionine and ATP as substrates. Binding of regulatory β subunits and catalytic α2 dimers is known to increase the affinity for methionine, although scarce additional information about this interaction is available. This work reports the use of recombinant α2 and β subunits to produce oligomers showing kinetic parameters comparable to MAT II purified from several tissues. According to isothermal titration calorimetry data and densitometric scanning of the stained hetero-oligomer bands on denatured gels, the composition of these oligomers is that of a hetero-trimer with α2 dimers associated to single β subunits. Additionally, the regulatory subunit is able to bind NADP(+) with a 1:1 stoichiometry, the cofactor enhancing β to α2-dimer binding affinity. Mutants lacking residues involved in NADP(+) binding and N-terminal truncations of the β subunit were able to oligomerize with α2-dimers, although the kinetic properties appeared altered. These data together suggest a role for both parts of the sequence in the regulatory role exerted by the β subunit on catalysis. Moreover, preparation of a structural model for the hetero-oligomer, using the available crystal data, allowed prediction of the regions involved in β to α2-dimer interaction. Finally, the implications that the presence of different N-terminals in the β subunit could have on MAT II behavior are discussed in light of the recent identification of several splicing forms of this subunit in hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz González
- Departamento de Cristalografía y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Química-Física “Rocasolano” (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Garrido
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Ortega
- Departamento de Cristalografía y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Química-Física “Rocasolano” (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez-Júlvez
- Departmento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Complejos, Unidad Asociada IQFR-BIFI, Mariano Esquillor s/n, Edificio I+D, Campus Rio Ebro, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Yolanda Pérez-Pertejo
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología (INTOXCAL), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, León, Spain
| | - Adrián Velázquez-Campoy
- Departmento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Complejos, Unidad Asociada IQFR-BIFI, Mariano Esquillor s/n, Edificio I+D, Campus Rio Ebro, Zaragoza, Spain
- Fundacion ARAID, Diputación General de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Julia Sanz-Aparicio
- Departamento de Cristalografía y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Química-Física “Rocasolano” (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María A. Pajares
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Hepatology Group, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
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98
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Abstract
S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet, also known as SAM and SAMe) is the principal biological methyl donor synthesized in all mammalian cells but most abundantly in the liver. Biosynthesis of AdoMet requires the enzyme methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT). In mammals, two genes, MAT1A that is largely expressed by normal liver and MAT2A that is expressed by all extrahepatic tissues, encode MAT. Patients with chronic liver disease have reduced MAT activity and AdoMet levels. Mice lacking Mat1a have reduced hepatic AdoMet levels and develop oxidative stress, steatohepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In these mice, several signaling pathways are abnormal that can contribute to HCC formation. However, injury and HCC also occur if hepatic AdoMet level is excessive chronically. This can result from inactive mutation of the enzyme glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT). Children with GNMT mutation have elevated liver transaminases, and Gnmt knockout mice develop liver injury, fibrosis, and HCC. Thus a normal hepatic AdoMet level is necessary to maintain liver health and prevent injury and HCC. AdoMet is effective in cholestasis of pregnancy, and its role in other human liver diseases remains to be better defined. In experimental models, it is effective as a chemopreventive agent in HCC and perhaps other forms of cancer as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly C Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
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99
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Yadav MK, Chae SW, Song JJ. Effect of 5-azacytidine on in vitro biofilm formation of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Microb Pathog 2012; 53:219-26. [PMID: 22963864 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a gram-positive bacterium that causes otitis media, pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis in young children and the elderly. Previous studies reported that pneumococci in different diseases do not behave as planktonic cells, but predominantly show characteristics of a biofilm. In this study we examine the effect of 5-azacytidine on S. pneumoniae, particularly on biofilm formation and investigate the gene expression involved in synthesis of autoinducer-2, competence and DNA repair. The effect of 5-aza on in vitro biofilm formation was studied by the crystal violet microtiter plate method. The S. pneumoniae biofilms were grown with different concentration of 5-azacytidine (15-500 μm), at variable time intervals and the inhibition percentages were calculated. The effects of 5-aza on the morphology of biofilms were analyzed by scanning electron microscope. The relative quantification of 11 genes of biofilms grown with 5-aza involved in autoinducer-2 synthesis, competence and DNA repair was carried out by real-time RT-PCR with respect to biofilms grown without 5-aza. The crystal violet microtiter assay detected a significant inhibitory effect of 5-aza on in vitro biofilm formation, at concentration that did not inhibited planktonic cell growth. The SEM analysis demonstrated thin and disrupted biofilms, without micro-colonies in the samples treated with 5-aza, while these structures were present in the biofilms grown without 5-aza. The relative quantification of gene expression of 5-aza biofilms showed a significant down regulation of genes involved in the methionine and homocysteine recycling pathway which produces quorum sensing molecule autoinducer-2 as by-products. A significant decrease in the expressions of luxS, metK, pfs and cmK was detected. In conclusion, 5-aza inhibits in vitro biofilm formation and decreases the expression of luxS, pfs and metK, which are involved in the synthesis of autoinducer-2 as by-products of the methionine recycling pathway. The inhibitory effect of 5-aza may be either due to down regulation of pfs, luxS and metK or due to accumulation of the toxic substrate of pfs, luxS and metK genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, 814 Siksa-Dong, Goyang, Gyeonggi 410-773, South Korea
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100
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Wang R, Ibáñez G, Islam K, Zheng W, Blum G, Sengelaub C, Luo M. Formulating a fluorogenic assay to evaluate S-adenosyl-L-methionine analogues as protein methyltransferase cofactors. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:2970-81. [PMID: 21866297 DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05230f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein methyltransferases (PMTs) catalyze arginine and lysine methylation of diverse histone and nonhistone targets. These posttranslational modifications play essential roles in regulating multiple cellular events in an epigenetic manner. In the recent process of defining PMT targets, S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) analogues have emerged as powerful small molecule probes to label and profile PMT targets. To examine efficiently the reactivity of PMTs and their variants on SAM analogues, we transformed a fluorogenic PMT assay into a ready high throughput screening (HTS) format. The reformulated fluorogenic assay is featured by its uncoupled but more robust character with the first step of accumulation of the commonly-shared reaction byproduct S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH), followed by SAH-hydrolase-mediated fluorogenic quantification. The HTS readiness and robustness of the assay were demonstrated by its excellent Z' values of 0.83-0.95 for the so-far-examined 8 human PMTs with SAM as a cofactor (PRMT1, PRMT3, CARM1, SUV39H2, SET7/9, SET8, G9a and GLP1). The fluorogenic assay was further implemented to screen the PMTs against five SAM analogues (allyl-SAM, propargyl-SAM, (E)-pent-2-en-4-ynyl-SAM (EnYn-SAM), (E)-hex-2-en-5-ynyl-SAM (Hey-SAM) and 4-propargyloxy-but-2-enyl-SAM (Pob-SAM)). Among the examined 8 × 5 pairs of PMTs and SAM analogues, native SUV39H2, G9a and GLP1 showed promiscuous activity on allyl-SAM. In contrast, the bulky SAM analogues, such as EnYn-SAM, Hey-SAM and Pob-SAM, are inert toward the panel of human PMTs. These findings therefore provide the useful structure-activity guidance to further evolve PMTs and SAM analogues for substrate labeling. The current assay format is ready to screen methyltransferase variants on structurally-diverse SAM analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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