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Zaric M, Becker PD, Hervouet C, Kalcheva P, Ibarzo Yus B, Cocita C, O'Neill LA, Kwon SY, Klavinskis LS. Long-lived tissue resident HIV-1 specific memory CD8 + T cells are generated by skin immunization with live virus vectored microneedle arrays. J Control Release 2017; 268:166-175. [PMID: 29056444 PMCID: PMC5735037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The generation of tissue resident memory (TRM) cells at the body surfaces to provide a front line defence against invading pathogens represents an important goal in vaccine development for a wide variety of pathogens. It has been widely assumed that local vaccine delivery to the mucosae is necessary to achieve that aim. Here we characterise a novel micro-needle array (MA) delivery system fabricated to deliver a live recombinant human adenovirus type 5 vaccine vector (AdHu5) encoding HIV-1 gag. We demonstrate rapid dissolution kinetics of the microneedles in skin. Moreover, a consequence of MA vaccine cargo release was the generation of long-lived antigen-specific CD8+ T cells that accumulate in mucosal tissues, including the female genital and respiratory tract. The memory CD8+ T cell population maintained in the peripheral mucosal tissues was attributable to a MA delivered AdHu5 vaccine instructing CD8+ T cell expression of CXCR3+, CD103+, CD49a+, CD69+, CD127+ homing, retention and survival markers. Furthermore, memory CD8+ T cells generated by MA immunization significantly expanded upon locally administered antigenic challenge and showed a predominant poly-functional profile producing high levels of IFNγ and Granzyme B. These data demonstrate that skin vaccine delivery using microneedle technology induces mobilization of long lived, poly-functional CD8+ T cells to peripheral tissues, phenotypically displaying hallmarks of residency and yields new insights into how to design and deliver effective vaccine candidates with properties to exert local immunosurveillance at the mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Zaric
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Daniel Becker
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Hervouet
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Petya Kalcheva
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Ibarzo Yus
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Clement Cocita
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Alexandra O'Neill
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Linda Sylvia Klavinskis
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
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52
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Kumar A, Suryadevara N, Hill TM, Bezbradica JS, Van Kaer L, Joyce S. Natural Killer T Cells: An Ecological Evolutionary Developmental Biology Perspective. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1858. [PMID: 29312339 PMCID: PMC5743650 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate-like T lymphocytes that recognize glycolipid antigens presented by the MHC class I-like protein CD1d. Agonistic activation of NKT cells leads to rapid pro-inflammatory and immune modulatory cytokine and chemokine responses. This property of NKT cells, in conjunction with their interactions with antigen-presenting cells, controls downstream innate and adaptive immune responses against cancers and infectious diseases, as well as in several inflammatory disorders. NKT cell properties are acquired during development in the thymus and by interactions with the host microbial consortium in the gut, the nature of which can be influenced by NKT cells. This latter property, together with the role of the host microbiota in cancer therapy, necessitates a new perspective. Hence, this review provides an initial approach to understanding NKT cells from an ecological evolutionary developmental biology (eco-evo-devo) perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrendra Kumar
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Naveenchandra Suryadevara
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Timothy M Hill
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States
| | - Jelena S Bezbradica
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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53
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Halle S, Halle O, Förster R. Mechanisms and Dynamics of T Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity In Vivo. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:432-443. [PMID: 28499492 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are critical in the elimination of infected or malignant cells and are emerging as a major therapeutic target. How CTLs recognize and kill harmful cells has been characterized in vitro but little is known about these processes in the living organism. Here we review recent insights into CTL-mediated killing with an emphasis on in vivo CTL biology. Specifically, we focus on the possible rate-limiting steps determining the efficiency of CTL-mediated killing. We also highlight the need for cell-based datasets that permit the quantification of CTL dynamics, including CTL location, migration, and killing rates. A better understanding of these factors is required to predict protective CD8 T cell immunity in vivo and to design optimized vaccination protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Halle
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Olga Halle
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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54
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Takamura S. Persistence in Temporary Lung Niches: A Survival Strategy of Lung-Resident Memory CD8 + T Cells. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:438-450. [PMID: 28418771 PMCID: PMC5512299 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory virus infections, such as those mediated by influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), rhinovirus, and adenovirus, are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality, especially in children and older adults. Furthermore, the potential emergence of highly pathogenic strains of influenza virus poses a significant public health threat. Thus, the development of vaccines capable of eliciting long-lasting protective immunity to those pathogens is a major public health priority. CD8+ Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells are a newly defined population that resides permanently in the nonlymphoid tissues including the lung. These cells are capable of providing local protection immediately after infection, thereby promoting rapid host recovery. Recent studies have offered new insights into the anatomical niches that harbor lung CD8+ TRM cells, and also identified the requirement and limitations of TRM maintenance. However, it remains controversial whether lung CD8+ TRM cells are continuously replenished by new cells from the circulation or permanently lodged in this site. A better understanding of how lung CD8+ TRM cells are generated and maintained and the tissue-specific factors that drive local TRM formation is required for optimal vaccine development. This review focuses on recent advance in our understanding of CD8+ TRM cell establishment and maintenance in the lung, and describes how those processes are uniquely regulated in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiki Takamura
- Department of Immunology, Kindai University , Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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55
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Sevimli S, Knight FC, Gilchuk P, Joyce S, Wilson JT. Fatty Acid-Mimetic Micelles for Dual Delivery of Antigens and Imidazoquinoline Adjuvants. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:179-194. [PMID: 29046894 PMCID: PMC5642296 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine design has undergone a shift towards the use of purified protein subunit vaccines, which offer increased safety and greater control over antigen specificity, but at the expense of immunogenicity. Here we report the development of a new polymer-based vaccine delivery platform engineered to enhance immunity through the co-delivery of protein antigens and the Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist imiquimod (IMQ). Owing to the preferential solubility of IMQ in fatty acids, a series of block copolymer micelles with a fatty acid-mimetic core comprising lauryl methacrylate (LMA) and methacrylic acid (MAA), and a poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) corona decorated with pyridyl disulfide ethyl methacrylate (PDSM) moieties for antigen conjugation were synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Carriers composed of 50 mole% LMA (LMA50) demonstrated the highest IMQ loading (2.2 w/w%) and significantly enhanced the immunostimulatory capacity of IMQ to induce dendritic cell maturation and proinflammatory cytokine production. Conjugation of a model antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), to the corona of IMQ-loaded LMA50 micelles enhanced in vitro antigen uptake and cross-presentation on MHC class I (MHC-I). A single intranasal (IN) immunization of mice with carriers co-loaded with IMQ and OVA elicited significantly higher pulmonary and systemic CD8+ T cell responses and increased serum IgG titer relative to a soluble formulation of antigen and adjuvant. Collectively, these data demonstrate that rationally designed fatty acid-mimetic micelles enhance intracellular antigen and IMQ delivery and have potential as synthetic vectors for enhancing the immunogenicity of subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Sevimli
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2400 Highland Avenue
| | - Frances C. Knight
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Medical Center North
- Department of Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, 1310 24th Avenue South
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Medical Center North
- Department of Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, 1310 24th Avenue South
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - John T. Wilson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2400 Highland Avenue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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56
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Rosato PC, Beura LK, Masopust D. Tissue resident memory T cells and viral immunity. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 22:44-50. [PMID: 27987416 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) constitute a recently identified T cell lineage that is responsible for frontline defense against viral infections. In contrast to central and effector memory T cells, which constitutively recirculate between tissues and blood, TRM reside permanently within tissues. As the main surveyors of non-lymphoid tissues, TRM are positioned to rapidly respond upon reinfection at barrier sites. During a viral reinfection, TRM trigger the local tissue environment to activate and recruit immune cells and establish an antiviral state. Consistent with this function, there is empirical evidence that TRM accelerate control in the event of reinfection or possible reactivation of latent infections in solid organs and barrier tissues. Here we review recent literature highlighting the protective functions of TRM in multiple viral challenge models and contextualize the implications of these findings for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela C Rosato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Lalit K Beura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
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