1
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Baljon J, Kwiatkowski AJ, Pagendarm HM, Stone PT, Kumar A, Bharti V, Schulman JA, Becker KW, Roth EW, Christov PP, Joyce S, Wilson JT. A Cancer Nanovaccine for Co-Delivery of Peptide Neoantigens and Optimized Combinations of STING and TLR4 Agonists. ACS Nano 2024; 18:6845-6862. [PMID: 38386282 PMCID: PMC10919087 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has revolutionized cancer treatment and led to complete and durable responses, but only for a minority of patients. Resistance to ICB can largely be attributed to insufficient number and/or function of antitumor CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Neoantigen targeted cancer vaccines can activate and expand the antitumor T cell repertoire, but historically, clinical responses have been poor because immunity against peptide antigens is typically weak, resulting in insufficient activation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. Herein, we describe a nanoparticle vaccine platform that can overcome these barriers in several ways. First, the vaccine can be reproducibly formulated using a scalable confined impingement jet mixing method to coload a variety of physicochemically diverse peptide antigens and multiple vaccine adjuvants into pH-responsive, vesicular nanoparticles that are monodisperse and less than 100 nm in diameter. Using this approach, we encapsulated synergistically acting adjuvants, cGAMP and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), into the nanocarrier to induce a robust and tailored innate immune response that increased peptide antigen immunogenicity. We found that incorporating both adjuvants into the nanovaccine synergistically enhanced expression of dendritic cell costimulatory markers, pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, and peptide antigen cross-presentation. Additionally, the nanoparticle delivery increased lymph node accumulation and uptake of peptide antigen by dendritic cells in the draining lymph node. Consequently, nanoparticle codelivery of peptide antigen, cGAMP, and MPLA enhanced the antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response and delayed tumor growth in several mouse models. Finally, the nanoparticle platform improved the efficacy of ICB immunotherapy in a murine colon carcinoma model. This work establishes a versatile nanoparticle vaccine platform for codelivery of peptide neoantigens and synergistic adjuvants to enhance responses to cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessalyn
J. Baljon
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Alexander J. Kwiatkowski
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Hayden M. Pagendarm
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Payton T. Stone
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Amrendra Kumar
- Department
of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Vijaya Bharti
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Jacob A. Schulman
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Kyle W. Becker
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Eric W. Roth
- Northwestern
University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental (NUANCE)
Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Plamen P. Christov
- Vanderbilt
Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department
of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Veteran Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
- Vanderbilt
Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University
Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - John T. Wilson
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Vanderbilt
Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department
of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University
Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt-Ingram
Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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2
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Joyce S, Okoye GD, Driver JP. Die Kämpfe únd schláchten-the struggles and battles of innate-like effector T lymphocytes with microbes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1117825. [PMID: 37168859 PMCID: PMC10165076 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1117825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The large majority of lymphocytes belong to the adaptive immune system, which are made up of B2 B cells and the αβ T cells; these are the effectors in an adaptive immune response. A multitudinous group of lymphoid lineage cells does not fit the conventional lymphocyte paradigm; it is the unconventional lymphocytes. Unconventional lymphocytes-here called innate/innate-like lymphocytes, include those that express rearranged antigen receptor genes and those that do not. Even though the innate/innate-like lymphocytes express rearranged, adaptive antigen-specific receptors, they behave like innate immune cells, which allows them to integrate sensory signals from the innate immune system and relay that umwelt to downstream innate and adaptive effector responses. Here, we review natural killer T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells-two prototypic innate-like T lymphocytes, which sense their local environment and relay that umwelt to downstream innate and adaptive effector cells to actuate an appropriate host response that confers immunity to infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare Service, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, The Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation and Vanderbilt Center for Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Gosife Donald Okoye
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, The Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation and Vanderbilt Center for Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - John P. Driver
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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3
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Danielli S, Ma Z, Pantazi E, Kumar A, Demarco B, Fischer FA, Paudel U, Weissenrieder J, Lee RJ, Joyce S, Foskett JK, Bezbradica JS. The ion channel CALHM6 controls bacterial infection-induced cellular cross-talk at the immunological synapse. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111450. [PMID: 36861806 PMCID: PMC10068325 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane ion channels of the calcium homeostasis modulator (CALHM) family promote cell-cell crosstalk at neuronal synapses via ATP release, where ATP acts as a neurotransmitter. CALHM6, the only CALHM highly expressed in immune cells, has been linked to the induction of natural killer (NK) cell anti-tumour activity. However, its mechanism of action and broader functions in the immune system remain unclear. Here, we generated Calhm6-/- mice and report that CALHM6 is important for the regulation of the early innate control of Listeria monocytogenes infection in vivo. We find that CALHM6 is upregulated in macrophages by pathogen-derived signals and that it relocates from the intracellular compartment to the macrophage-NK cell synapse, facilitating ATP release and controlling the kinetics of NK cell activation. Anti-inflammatory cytokines terminate CALHM6 expression. CALHM6 forms an ion channel when expressed in the plasma membrane of Xenopus oocytes, where channel opening is controlled by a conserved acidic residue, E119. In mammalian cells, CALHM6 is localised to intracellular compartments. Our results contribute to the understanding of neurotransmitter-like signal exchange between immune cells that fine-tunes the timing of innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Danielli
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zhongming Ma
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eirini Pantazi
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amrendra Kumar
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Benjamin Demarco
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fabian A Fischer
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Usha Paudel
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jillian Weissenrieder
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - J Kevin Foskett
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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4
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Suryadevara N, Kumar A, Ye X, Rogers M, Williams JV, Wilson JT, Karijolich J, Joyce S. A molecular signature of lung-resident CD8 + T cells elicited by subunit vaccination. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19101. [PMID: 36351985 PMCID: PMC9645351 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21620-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural infection as well as vaccination with live or attenuated viruses elicit tissue resident, CD8+ memory T cell (Trm) response. Trm cells so elicited act quickly upon reencounter with the priming agent to protect the host. These Trm cells express a unique molecular signature driven by the master regulators-Runx3 and Hobit. We previously reported that intranasal instillation of a subunit vaccine in a prime boost vaccination regimen installed quick-acting, CD8+ Trm cells in the lungs that protected against lethal vaccinia virus challenge. It remains unexplored whether CD8+ Trm responses so elicited are driven by a similar molecular signature as those elicited by microbes in a real infection or by live, attenuated pathogens in conventional vaccination. We found that distinct molecular signatures distinguished subunit vaccine-elicited lung interstitial CD8+ Trm cells from subunit vaccine-elicited CD8+ effector memory and splenic memory T cells. Nonetheless, the transcriptome signature of subunit vaccine elicited CD8+ Trm resembled those elicited by virus infection or vaccination. Clues to the basis of tissue residence and function of vaccine specific CD8+ Trm cells were found in transcripts that code for chemokines and chemokine receptors, purinergic receptors, and adhesins when compared to CD8+ effector and splenic memory T cells. Our findings inform the utility of protein-based subunit vaccination for installing CD8+ Trm cells in the lungs to protect against respiratory infectious diseases that plague humankind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveenchandra Suryadevara
- grid.418356.d0000 0004 0478 7015Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare Center, Nashville, TN 37212 USA ,grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Amrendra Kumar
- grid.418356.d0000 0004 0478 7015Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare Center, Nashville, TN 37212 USA ,grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Xiang Ye
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Meredith Rogers
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA ,grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Paediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224 USA
| | - John V. Williams
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA ,grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Paediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224 USA ,Institute for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation in Children (i4Kids), Pittsburgh, PA 15224 USA
| | - John T. Wilson
- grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
| | - John Karijolich
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare Center, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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5
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Postoak JL, Song W, Yang G, Guo X, Xiao S, Saffold CE, Zhang J, Joyce S, Manley NR, Wu L, Van Kaer L. Thymic epithelial cells require lipid kinase Vps34 for CD4 but not CD8 T cell selection. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20212554. [PMID: 35997680 PMCID: PMC9402993 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20212554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of a functional, self-tolerant T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire depends on interactions between developing thymocytes and antigen-presenting thymic epithelial cells (TECs). Cortical TECs (cTECs) rely on unique antigen-processing machinery to generate self-peptides specialized for T cell positive selection. In our current study, we focus on the lipid kinase Vps34, which has been implicated in autophagy and endocytic vesicle trafficking. We show that loss of Vps34 in TECs causes profound defects in the positive selection of the CD4 T cell lineage but not the CD8 T cell lineage. Utilizing TCR sequencing, we show that T cell selection in conditional mutants causes altered repertoire properties including reduced clonal sharing. cTECs from mutant mice display an increased abundance of invariant chain intermediates bound to surface MHC class II molecules, indicating altered antigen processing. Collectively, these studies identify lipid kinase Vps34 as an important contributor to the repertoire of selecting ligands processed and presented by TECs to developing CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Luke Postoak
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Wenqiang Song
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Guan Yang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Xingyi Guo
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Shiyun Xiao
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Cherie E. Saffold
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Lan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
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6
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Mascarella M, Olonisakin T, Rumde P, Vendra V, Nance M, Kim S, Kubik M, Sridharan S, Ferris R, Moon F, Clayburgh D, Ohr J, Joyce S, Sen M, Herman J, Grandis J, Zandberg D, Duvvuri U. Response to neoadjuvant targeted therapy in operable head and neck cancer confers survival benefit. Eur J Cancer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(22)01141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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8
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Gu W, Madrid DMC, Joyce S, Driver JP. A single-cell analysis of thymopoiesis and thymic iNKT cell development in pigs. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111050. [PMID: 35793622 PMCID: PMC9704770 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many aspects of the porcine immune system remain poorly characterized, which poses a barrier to improving swine health and utilizing pigs as preclinical models. Here, we employ single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to create a cell atlas of the early-adolescent pig thymus. Our data show conserved features as well as species-specific differences in cell states and cell types compared with human thymocytes. We also describe several unconventional T cell types with gene expression profiles associated with innate effector functions. This includes a cell census of more than 11,000 differentiating invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, which reveals that the functional diversity of pig iNKT cells differs substantially from the iNKT0/1/2/17 subset differentiation paradigm established in mice. Our data characterize key differentiation events in porcine thymopoiesis and iNKT cell maturation and provide important insights into pig T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Gu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institution for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John P Driver
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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9
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Carson CS, Becker KW, Garland KM, Pagendarm HM, Stone PT, Arora K, Wang-Bishop L, Baljon JJ, Cruz LD, Joyce S, Wilson JT. A nanovaccine for enhancing cellular immunity via cytosolic co-delivery of antigen and polyIC RNA. J Control Release 2022; 345:354-370. [PMID: 35301055 PMCID: PMC9133199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Traditional approaches to cancer vaccines elicit weak CD8+ T cell responses and have largely failed to meet clinical expectations. This is in part due to inefficient antigen cross-presentation, inappropriate selection of adjuvant and its formulation, poor vaccine pharmacokinetics, and/or suboptimal coordination of antigen and adjuvant delivery. Here, we describe a nanoparticle vaccine platform for facile co-loading and dual-delivery of antigens and nucleic acid adjuvants that elicits robust antigen-specific cellular immune responses. The nanovaccine design is based on diblock copolymers comprising a poly(ethylene glycol)-rich first block that is functionalized with reactive moieties for covalent conjugation of antigen via disulfide linkages, and a pH-responsive second block for electrostatic packaging of nucleic acids that also facilitates endosomal escape of associated vaccine cargo to the cytosol. Using polyIC, a clinically-advanced nucleic acid adjuvant, we demonstrated that endosomolytic nanoparticles promoted the cytosolic co-delivery of polyIC and protein antigen, which acted synergistically to enhance antigen cross-presentation, co-stimulatory molecule expression, and cytokine production by dendritic cells. We also found that the vaccine platform increased the accumulation of antigen and polyIC in the local draining lymph nodes. Consequently, dual-delivery of antigen and polyIC with endsomolytic nanoparticles significantly enhanced the magnitude and functionality of CD8+ T cell responses relative to a mixture of antigen and polyIC, resulting in inhibition of tumor growth in a mouse tumor model. Collectively, this work provides a proof-of-principle for a new cancer vaccine platform that strongly augments anti-tumor cellular immunity via cytosolic co-delivery of antigen and nucleic acid adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carcia S Carson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Kyle W Becker
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Kyle M Garland
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Hayden M Pagendarm
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Payton T Stone
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Karan Arora
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Lihong Wang-Bishop
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Jessalyn J Baljon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Lorena D Cruz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John T Wilson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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10
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Miranda-Katz M, Erickson JJ, Lan J, Ecker A, Zhang Y, Joyce S, Williams JV. Novel HLA-B7-restricted human metapneumovirus epitopes enhance viral clearance in mice and are recognized by human CD8 + T cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20769. [PMID: 34675220 PMCID: PMC8531189 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract illness in children and adults. Repeated infections are common and can be severe in young, elderly, and immunocompromised persons due to short-lived protective humoral immunity. In turn, few protective T cell epitopes have been identified in humans. Thus, we infected transgenic mice expressing the common human HLA MHC-I allele B*07:02 (HLA-B7) with HMPV and screened a robust library of overlapping and computationally predicted HLA-B7 binding peptides. Six HLA-B7-restricted CD8+ T cell epitopes were identified using ELISPOT screening in the F, M, and N proteins, with M195-203 (M195) eliciting the strongest responses. MHC-tetramer flow cytometric staining confirmed HLA-B7 epitope-specific CD8+ T cells migrated to lungs and spleen of HMPV-immune mice. Immunization with pooled HLA-B7-restricted peptides reduced viral titer and protected mice from virulent infection. Finally, we confirmed that CD8+ T cells from HLA-B7 positive humans also recognize the identified epitopes. These results enable identification of HMPV-specific CD8+ T cells in humans and help to inform future HMPV vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Miranda-Katz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Ave, Rangos 9122, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - John J Erickson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
| | - Jie Lan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Ave, Rangos 9122, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Alwyn Ecker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Ave, Rangos 9122, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Ave, Rangos 9122, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation (VI4), Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - John V Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Ave, Rangos 9122, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
- Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity in Children (i4Kids), Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
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11
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Joyce S, Ternette N. Know thy immune self and non-self: Proteomics informs on the expanse of self and non-self, and how and where they arise. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2000143. [PMID: 34310018 PMCID: PMC8865197 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
T cells play an important role in the adaptive immune response to a variety of infections and cancers. Initiation of a T cell mediated immune response requires antigen recognition in a process termed MHC (major histocompatibility complex) restri ction. A T cell antigen is a composite structure made up of a peptide fragment bound within the antigen‐binding groove of an MHC‐encoded class I or class II molecule. Insight into the precise composition and biology of self and non‐self immunopeptidomes is essential to harness T cell mediated immunity to prevent, treat, or cure infectious diseases and cancers. T cell antigen discovery is an arduous task! The pioneering work in the early 1990s has made large‐scale T cell antigen discovery possible. Thus, advancements in mass spectrometry coupled with proteomics and genomics technologies make possible T cell antigen discovery with ease, accuracy, and sensitivity. Yet we have only begun to understand the breadth and the depth of self and non‐self immunopeptidomes because the molecular biology of the cell continues to surprise us with new secrets directly related to the source, and the processing and presentation of MHC ligands. Focused on MHC class I molecules, this review, therefore, provides a brief historic account of T cell antigen discovery and, against a backdrop of key advances in molecular cell biologic processes, elaborates on how proteogenomics approaches have revolutionised the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System and the Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nicola Ternette
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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12
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Moloney F, Kavanagh RG, Ronan NJ, Grey TM, Joyce S, Ryan DJ, Moore N, O'Connor OJ, Plant BJ, Maher MM. Ultra-low-dose thoracic CT with model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) in cystic fibrosis patients undergoing treatment with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulators (CFTR). Clin Radiol 2021; 76:393.e9-393.e17. [PMID: 33468311 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM To assess the utility of a volumetric low-dose computed tomography (CT) thorax (LDCTT) protocol at a dose equivalent to a posteroanterior (PA) and lateral chest radiograph for surveillance of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective study was undertaken of 19 adult patients with CF that proceeded to LDCTT at 12 and 24 months following initiation of ivacaftor. A previously validated seven-section, low-dose axial CT protocol was used for the 12-month study. A volumetric LDCTT protocol was developed for the 24-month study and reconstructed with hybrid iterative reconstruction (LD-ASIR) and pure iterative reconstruction (model-based IR [LD-MBIR]). Radiation dose was recorded for each scan. Image quality was assessed quantitatively and qualitatively, and disease severity was assessed using a modified Bhalla score. Statistical analysis was performed and p-values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS Volumetric LD-MBIR studies were acquired at a lower radiation dose than the seven-section studies (0.08 ± 0.01 versus 0.10 ± 0.02 mSv; p=0.02). LD-MBIR and seven-section ASIR images had significantly lower levels of image noise compared with LD-ASIR images (p<0.0001). Diagnostic acceptability scores and depiction of bronchovascular structures were found to be acceptable for axial and coronal LD-MBIR images. LD-MBIR images were superior to LD-ASIR images for all qualitative parameters assessed (p<0.0001). No significant change was observed in mean Bhalla score between 1-year and 2-year studies (p=0.84). CONCLUSIONS The use of a volumetric LDCTT protocol (reconstructed with pure IR) enabled acquisition of diagnostic quality CT images, which were considered extremely useful for surveillance of CF patients, at a dose equivalent to a PA and lateral chest radiograph.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Moloney
- Department of Radiology, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - R G Kavanagh
- Department of Radiology, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - N J Ronan
- Cork Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland; HRB Clinical Research Facility, Cork University Hospital, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - T M Grey
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - S Joyce
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Ireland.
| | - D J Ryan
- Department of Radiology, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - N Moore
- Department of Radiography, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - O J O'Connor
- Department of Radiology, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - B J Plant
- Cork Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland; HRB Clinical Research Facility, Cork University Hospital, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - M M Maher
- Department of Radiology, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome, University College Cork, Ireland
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13
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Joyce S, Okoye GD, Van Kaer L. Natural killer T lymphocytes integrate innate sensory information & relay context to effector immune responses. Crit Rev Immunol 2021; 41:55-88. [DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2021040076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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14
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Abstract
The cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is critical for antimicrobial defenses; the inflammasome pathway typically controls IL-1β release, but pathogens often evade this pathway. In this issue Donado et al. (2020) describe an alternative, two-cell model, to instruct inflammasome-independent IL-1β release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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15
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Shae D, Baljon JJ, Wehbe M, Christov PP, Becker KW, Kumar A, Suryadevara N, Carson CS, Palmer CR, Knight FC, Joyce S, Wilson JT. Co-delivery of Peptide Neoantigens and Stimulator of Interferon Genes Agonists Enhances Response to Cancer Vaccines. ACS Nano 2020; 14:9904-9916. [PMID: 32701257 PMCID: PMC7775800 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines targeting patient-specific neoantigens have emerged as a promising strategy for improving responses to immune checkpoint blockade. However, neoantigenic peptides are poorly immunogenic and inept at stimulating CD8+ T cell responses, motivating a need for new vaccine technologies that enhance their immunogenicity. The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway is an endogenous mechanism by which the innate immune system generates an immunological context for priming and mobilizing neoantigen-specific T cells. Owing to this critical role in tumor immune surveillance, a synthetic cancer nanovaccine platform (nanoSTING-vax) was developed that mimics immunogenic cancer cells in its capacity to efficiently promote co-delivery of peptide antigens and the STING agonist, cGAMP. The co-loading of cGAMP and peptides into pH-responsive, endosomolytic polymersomes promoted the coordinated delivery of both cGAMP and peptide antigens to the cytosol, thereby eliciting inflammatory cytokine production, co-stimulatory marker expression, and antigen cross-presentation. Consequently, nanoSTING-vax significantly enhanced CD8+ T cell responses to a range of peptide antigens. Therapeutic immunization with nanoSTING-vax, in combination with immune checkpoint blockade, inhibited tumor growth in multiple murine tumor models, even leading to complete tumor rejection and generation of durable antitumor immune memory. Collectively, this work establishes nanoSTING-vax as a versatile platform for enhancing immune responses to neoantigen-targeted cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Shae
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Jessalyn J. Baljon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Mohamed Wehbe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Plamen P. Christov
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232
| | - Kyle W. Becker
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Amrendra Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Naveenchandra Suryadevara
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Carcia S. Carson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Christian R. Palmer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Frances C. Knight
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John T. Wilson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Corresponding Author:
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16
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Kumar A, Suryadevara NC, Wolf KJ, Wilson JT, Di Paolo RJ, Brien JD, Joyce S. Heterotypic immunity against vaccinia virus in an HLA-B*07:02 transgenic mousepox infection model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13167. [PMID: 32759969 PMCID: PMC7406653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69897-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with vaccinia virus (VACV) elicits heterotypic immunity to smallpox, monkeypox, and mousepox, the mechanistic basis for which is poorly understood. It is generally assumed that heterotypic immunity arises from the presentation of a wide array of VACV-derived, CD8+ T cell epitopes that share homology with other poxviruses. Herein this assumption was tested using a large panel of VACV-derived peptides presented by HLA-B*07:02 (B7.2) molecules in a mousepox/ectromelia virus (ECTV)-infection, B7.2 transgenic mouse model. Most dominant epitopes recognized by ECTV- and VACV-reactive CD8+ T cells overlapped significantly without altering immunodominance hierarchy. Further, several epitopes recognized by ECTV-reactive CD8+ T cells were not recognized by VACV-reactive CD8+ T cells, and vice versa. In one instance, the lack of recognition owed to a N72K variation in the ECTV C4R70–78 variant of the dominant VACV B8R70–78 epitope. C4R70–78 does not bind to B7.2 and, hence, it was neither immunogenic nor antigenic. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for VACV vaccination-induced heterotypic immunity which can protect against Variola and Monkeypox disease. The understanding of how cross-reactive responses develop is essential for the rational design of a subunit-based vaccine that would be safe, and effectively protect against heterologous infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrendra Kumar
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Naveen Chandra Suryadevara
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kyle J Wolf
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John T Wilson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Richard J Di Paolo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - James D Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, TN, USA.
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17
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Kumar A, Hill TM, Gordy LE, Suryadevara N, Wu L, Flyak AI, Bezbradica JS, Van Kaer L, Joyce S. Nur77 controls tolerance induction, terminal differentiation, and effector functions in semi-invariant natural killer T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17156-17165. [PMID: 32611812 PMCID: PMC7382224 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001665117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Semi-invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are self-reactive lymphocytes, yet how this lineage attains self-tolerance remains unknown. iNKT cells constitutively express high levels of Nr4a1-encoded Nur77, a transcription factor that integrates signal strength downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR) within activated thymocytes and peripheral T cells. The function of Nur77 in iNKT cells is unknown. Here we report that sustained Nur77 overexpression (Nur77tg) in mouse thymocytes abrogates iNKT cell development. Introgression of a rearranged Vα14-Jα18 TCR-α chain gene into the Nur77tg (Nur77tg;Vα14tg) mouse rescued iNKT cell development up to the early precursor stage, stage 0. iNKT cells in bone marrow chimeras that reconstituted thymic cellularity developed beyond stage 0 precursors and yielded IL-4-producing NKT2 cell subset but not IFN-γ-producing NKT1 cell subset. Nonetheless, the developing thymic iNKT cells that emerged in these chimeras expressed the exhaustion marker PD1 and responded poorly to a strong glycolipid agonist. Thus, Nur77 integrates signals emanating from the TCR to control thymic iNKT cell tolerance induction, terminal differentiation, and effector functions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/immunology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell
- Thymocytes
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrendra Kumar
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Timothy M Hill
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, US Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996
| | - Laura E Gordy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Naveenchandra Suryadevara
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Andrew I Flyak
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Biology, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Jelena S Bezbradica
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, United Kingdom
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37232;
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
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18
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Joyce S, O'Connor OJ, Maher MM, McEntee MF. Strategies for dose reduction with specific clinical indications during computed tomography. Radiography (Lond) 2020; 26 Suppl 2:S62-S68. [PMID: 32682731 DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Increasing integration of computed tomography (CT) into routine patient care has escalated concerns regarding associated radiation exposure. Specific patient cohorts, particularly those with cystic fibrosis (CF) and Crohn's disease, have repeat exposures and thus have an increased risk of high lifetime cumulative effective dose exposures. Thoracic CT is the gold standard imaging method in the diagnosis, assessment and management of pulmonary disease. In the setting of CF, CT demonstrates increased sensitivity compared with pulmonary function tests and chest radiography. Furthermore, in specific cases of Crohn's disease, CT demonstrates diagnostic superiority over magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for radiological evaluation. Low dose CT protocols have proven beneficial in the evaluation of CF, Crohn's disease and renal calculi, and in the follow up of testicular cancer patients. For individuals with chronic conditions warranting frequent radiological follow up, the focus must continue to be the incorporation of appropriate CT use into patient care. This is of particular importance for the paediatric population who are most susceptible to potential radiation induced malignancy. CT technological developments continue to focus on radiation dose optimisation. This article aims to highlight these advancements, which prioritise the acquisition of diagnostically satisfactory images with the least amount of radiation possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Joyce
- Department of Radiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - O J O'Connor
- Department of Radiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Radiology, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland
| | - M M Maher
- Department of Radiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Radiology, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland
| | - M F McEntee
- Discipline of Diagnostic Radiography, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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19
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Crowley C, Ekpo EU, Carey BW, Joyce S, Kennedy C, Grey T, Duffy B, Kavanagh R, James K, Moloney F, Normoyle B, Moore N, Chopra R, O'Driscoll JC, McEntee MF, Maher MM, O' Connor OJ. Radiation dose tracking in computed tomography: Red alerts and feedback. Implementing a radiation dose alert system in CT. Radiography (Lond) 2020; 27:67-74. [PMID: 32693990 DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study investigates instances of elevated radiation dose on a radiation tracking system to determine their aetiologies. It aimed to investigate the impact of radiographer feedback on these alerts. METHODS Over two six-month periods 11,298 CT examinations were assessed using DoseWatch. Red alerts (dose length products twice the median) were identified and two independent reviewers established whether alerts were true (unjustifiable) or false (justifiable). During the second time period radiographers used a feedback tool to state the cause of the alert. A Chi-Square test was used to assess whether red alert incidence decreased following the implementation of radiographer feedback. RESULTS There were 206 and 357 alerts during the first and second time periods, respectively. These occurred commonly with CT pulmonary angiography, brain, and body examinations. Procedural documentation errors and patient size accounted for 57% and 43% of false alerts, respectively. Radiographer feedback was provided for 17% of studies; this was not associated with a significant change in the number of alerts, but the number of true alerts declined (from 7 to 3) (χ2 = 4.14; p = 0.04). CONCLUSION Procedural documentation errors as well as patient-related factors are associated with false alerts in DoseWatch. Implementation of a radiographer feedback tool reduced true alerts. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The implementation of a radiographer feedback tool reduced the rate of true dose alerts. Low uptake with dose alert systems is an issue; the workflow needs to be considered to address this.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Crowley
- Department of Radiology, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, T12 DC4A, Ireland
| | - E U Ekpo
- Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, New South Wales, 2141, Australia
| | - B W Carey
- Department of Radiology, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, T12 DC4A, Ireland; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - S Joyce
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland.
| | - C Kennedy
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - T Grey
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - B Duffy
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - R Kavanagh
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - K James
- Department of Radiology, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, T12 DC4A, Ireland; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - F Moloney
- Department of Radiology, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, T12 DC4A, Ireland; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - B Normoyle
- Department of Radiography, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, T12 DC4A, Ireland
| | - N Moore
- Discipline of Diagnostic Radiography, School of Medicine, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - R Chopra
- Department of Radiography, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, T12 DC4A, Ireland
| | - J C O'Driscoll
- Discipline of Diagnostic Radiography, School of Medicine, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - M F McEntee
- Discipline of Diagnostic Radiography, School of Medicine, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - M M Maher
- Department of Radiology, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, T12 DC4A, Ireland; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - O J O' Connor
- Department of Radiology, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, T12 DC4A, Ireland; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
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20
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Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like lymphocytes with unique signaling requirements for their development and differentiation. In this issue of JEM, Raynor et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20191157) report that the Hippo signaling pathway controls the maturation and effector differentiation of iNKT cells by modulating cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, TN
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21
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Kumar A, Hill TM, Gordy LE, Suryadevara N, Wu L, Flyak AI, Bezbradica JS, Van Kaer L, Joyce S. Nur77 controls tolerance induction, terminal differentiation, and effector functions in NKT cells. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.69.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are self-reactive lymphocytes, yet how this lineage attains self-tolerance remains unknown. NKT cells constitutively express high levels of Nr4a1-encoded Nur77, a transcription factor that integrates signal strength downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR) within activated thymocytes and peripheral T cells. Nur77 is associated with tolerance induction in conventional T cells but is of hitherto unknown function in NKT cells. Here we report that sustained Nur77 overexpression (Nur77tg) in mouse thymocytes abrogates NKT cell development. Introgression of a rearranged Vα14-Jα18 a-chain gene into the Nur77tg (Nur77tg;Vα14tg) mouse rescued development up to an early precursor stage 0. NKT cells in bone marrow chimeras that reconstituted thymic cellularity developed beyond stage 0 precursors, yielding interleukin-4-producing NKT2 but not interferon-g-producing NKT1 cell subsets. Nonetheless, NKT cells that emerged in these chimeras expressed the exhaustion marker PD1 and responded poorly to glycolipid agonists. Hence, Nur77 integrates signals emanating from the TCR to control NKT cell tolerance, terminal differentiation, and effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrendra Kumar
- 1Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
- 2Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Timothy M Hill
- 2Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- 3Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, 10996
| | - Laura E. Gordy
- 2Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Lan Wu
- 2Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Andrew I. Flyak
- 2Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- 4Department of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
| | - Jelena S. Bezbradica
- 2Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- 5The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, United Kingdom
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- 2Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- 1Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
- 2Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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22
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Joyce S, Spiller BW, Van Kaer L. What one lipid giveth, another taketh away. Nat Immunol 2020; 20:1559-1561. [PMID: 31636467 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0525-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Benjamin W Spiller
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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23
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Wolf K, Hether T, Gilchuk P, Kumar A, Rajeh A, Schiebout C, Maybruck J, Buller RM, Ahn TH, Joyce S, DiPaolo RJ. Identifying and Tracking Low-Frequency Virus-Specific TCR Clonotypes Using High-Throughput Sequencing. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2369-2378.e4. [PMID: 30485806 PMCID: PMC7770954 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tracking antigen-specific T cell responses over time within individuals is difficult because of lack of knowledge of antigen-specific TCR sequences, limitations in sample size, and assay sensitivities. We hypothesized that analyses of high-throughput sequencing of TCR clonotypes could provide functional readouts of individuals' immunological histories. Using high-throughput TCR sequencing, we develop a database of TCRβ sequences from large cohorts of mice before (naive) and after smallpox vaccination. We computationally identify 315 vaccine-associated TCR sequences (VATS) that are used to train a diagnostic classifier that distinguishes naive from vaccinated samples in mice up to 9 months post-vaccination with >99% accuracy. We determine that the VATS library contains virus-responsive TCRs by in vitro expansion assays and virus-specific tetramer sorting. These data outline a platform for advancing our capabilities to identify pathogen-specific TCR sequences, which can be used to identify and quantitate low-frequency pathogen-specific TCR sequences in circulation over time with exceptional sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Wolf
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Tyler Hether
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Amrendra Kumar
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ahmad Rajeh
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Courtney Schiebout
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Julie Maybruck
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington, DC 20535, USA
| | - R Mark Buller
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Tae-Hyuk Ahn
- Department of Computer Science, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA; Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Richard J DiPaolo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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24
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Knight FC, Gilchuk P, Kumar A, Becker KW, Sevimli S, Jacobson ME, Suryadevara N, Wang-Bishop L, Boyd KL, Crowe JE, Joyce S, Wilson JT. Mucosal Immunization with a pH-Responsive Nanoparticle Vaccine Induces Protective CD8 + Lung-Resident Memory T Cells. ACS Nano 2019; 13:10939-10960. [PMID: 31553872 PMCID: PMC6832804 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) patrol nonlymphoid organs and provide superior protection against pathogens that commonly infect mucosal and barrier tissues, such as the lungs, intestine, liver, and skin. Thus, there is a need for vaccine technologies that can induce a robust, protective TRM response in these tissues. Nanoparticle (NP) vaccines offer important advantages over conventional vaccines; however, there has been minimal investigation into the design of NP-based vaccines for eliciting TRM responses. Here, we describe a pH-responsive polymeric nanoparticle vaccine for generating antigen-specific CD8+ TRM cells in the lungs. With a single intranasal dose, the NP vaccine elicited airway- and lung-resident CD8+ TRM cells and protected against respiratory virus challenge in both sublethal (vaccinia) and lethal (influenza) infection models for up to 9 weeks after immunization. In elucidating the contribution of material properties to the resulting TRM response, we found that the pH-responsive activity of the carrier was important, as a structurally analogous non-pH-responsive control carrier elicited significantly fewer lung-resident CD8+ T cells. We also demonstrated that dual-delivery of protein antigen and nucleic acid adjuvant on the same NP substantially enhanced the magnitude, functionality, and longevity of the antigen-specific CD8+ TRM response in the lungs. Compared to administration of soluble antigen and adjuvant, the NP also mediated retention of vaccine cargo in pulmonary antigen-presenting cells (APCs), enhanced APC activation, and increased production of TRM-related cytokines. Overall, these data suggest a promising vaccine platform technology for rapid generation of protective CD8+ TRM cells in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances C. Knight
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Amrendra Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Kyle W. Becker
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Sema Sevimli
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Max E. Jacobson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Naveenchandra Suryadevara
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Lihong Wang-Bishop
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Kelli L. Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James E. Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John T. Wilson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Corresponding Author:
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25
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Howard LM, Goll JB, Jensen TL, Hoek KL, Prasad N, Gelber CE, Levy SE, Joyce S, Link AJ, Creech CB, Edwards KM. AS03-Adjuvanted H5N1 Avian Influenza Vaccine Modulates Early Innate Immune Signatures in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:1786-1798. [PMID: 30566602 PMCID: PMC6500554 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adjuvant System 03 (AS03) markedly enhances responses to influenza A/H5N1 vaccines, but the mechanisms of this enhancement are incompletely understood. METHODS Using ribonucleic acid sequencing on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from AS03-adjuvanted and unadjuvanted inactivated H5N1 vaccine recipients, we identified differentially expressed genes, enriched pathways, and genes that correlated with serologic responses. We compared bulk PBMC findings with our previously published assessments of flow-sorted immune cell types. RESULTS AS03-adjuvanted vaccine induced the strongest differential signals on day 1 postvaccination, activating multiple innate immune pathways including interferon and JAK-STAT signaling, Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated phagocytosis, and antigen processing and presentation. Changes in signal transduction and immunoglobulin genes predicted peak hemagglutinin inhibition (HAI) titers. Compared with individual immune cell types, activated PBMC genes and pathways were most similar to innate immune cells. However, several pathways were unique to PBMCs, and several pathways identified in individual cell types were absent in PBMCs. CONCLUSIONS Transcriptomic analysis of PBMCs after AS03-adjuvanted H5N1 vaccination revealed early activation of innate immune signaling, including a 5- to 8-fold upregulation of FcγR1A/1B/1C genes. Several early gene responses were correlated with HAI titer, indicating links with the adaptive immune response. Although PBMCs and cell-specific results shared key innate immune signals, unique signals were identified by both approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh M Howard
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | - Kristen L Hoek
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nripesh Prasad
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama
| | | | - Shawn E Levy
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville
| | - Andrew J Link
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - C Buddy Creech
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kathryn M Edwards
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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26
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Kumar A, Suryadevara N, Hill TM, Gordy LE, Bezbradica JS, Wu L, Acharya P, Hiebert SW, Van Kaer L, Joyce S. NUR77 HAS A CELL INTRINSIC ROLE IN NATURAL KILLER T CELL DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.60.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate-like lymphocytes that respond to self and foreign glycolipids under inflammatory conditions. NKT cells have constitutively high levels of Nur77, an orphan nuclear receptor family transcription factor that is induced very early during their ontogeny. Nur77 function in NKT cells has not been explored, however. Nur77 is known to transcriptionally control negative selection of conventional T cells, development of regulatory T cells and differentiation of effector CD8+ T cells. Thus, we hypothesized that Nur77 controls a lineage-specific gene expression program essential for the proper development of functional NKT cells. We found that, akin to conventional T cells, NKT cells poorly developed in transgenic mice that overexpressed wild type Nur77 (wtNur77tg) in T lineage only. Introgression of the rearranged Va14i a-chain gene into wtNur77tg mice (wtNur77tg; Va14tg mice) rescued NKT cell development but was arrested at the precursor stage 0. NKT cells in wtNur77tg; Va14tg mice expressed lower levels of PLZF when compared to NKT cells in non-transgenic mice. So also, NKT cells in wtNur77tg; Va14tg mice do not respond to glycolipid agonists. These findings are consistent with differences in the transcripomes of stage 0 NKT cells isolated from Va14tg versus wtNur77tg; Va14tg mice. Collectively, our data suggest that Nur77 induction initiates a gene expression program in developing NKT cells that are critical for developmental progression and function of NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrendra Kumar
- 1Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
- 2Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Timothy M Hill
- 2Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Laura E Gordy
- 2Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jelena S Bezbradica
- 2Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Lan Wu
- 2Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Pankaj Acharya
- 3Department of Biochemistry; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Scott W Hiebert
- 3Department of Biochemistry; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- 2Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- 1Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
- 2Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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27
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Suryadevara NC, Kumar A, Chimski P, Oh K, Caster C, Truman RR, Ren L, Criscitiello M, Joyce S. On The Evolutionary Origins Of Cd1d And The Type I, Semi-Invariant Natural Killer T Cells. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.73.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The evolutionary origins of CD1d molecules and the T cell receptors (TCR) that recognize them currently remain unknown. CD1d molecules control the functions of a specialized subset of lymphocytes called semi-invariant natural killer T (type I NKT) cells. Type I NKT cells recognize both the self and non-self agonist —α-galactosylceramide (αGC) and related glycolipids— when presented by CD1d molecules. NKT cells express an invariant TCR α-chain (iTCRα) resulting from the mouse Vα14 or human Vα24 to Jα18 rearrangement. iTCRα pairs with the mouse Vβ8 (Vβ7, Vβ6, Vβ2) or the orthologous human Vβ11 TCR β-chain to create a functional NKTCR. Our phylogenetic analyses revealed that whilst the mouse Cd1 homologs have Mesozoic origin in they they evolved as far back asin the anole lizards, the orthologues of Cd1d and that of Vα14/Vα24 and Jα18 gene segments emerged with the decent of mammals. Moreover, the known avian CD1 orthologs lack the α3 domain and both the reptilian and the avian CD1 lack a functional endo/lysosomal-recycling motif critical for NKT cell development and function. As well, monotreme genomes lack Cd1d, Vα14/Vα24 and Jα18 orthologs and the marsupial Cd1d, Vα14/Vα24 and Jα18 orthologs harbor indels that would render the encoded proteins non-functional. Consistent with these findings, one of the most divergent Cd1d gene isolated from the nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus and ectopically expressed in a cell line presented αGC and activated mouse NKT cell hybridomas. Hence, we conclude that the CD1d-restricted αGC-presentation in the immune system evolved more recently as an eutherian innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amrendra Kumar
- 1Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Paul Chimski
- 1Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Karin Oh
- 1Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Richard R Truman
- 3National Hansen’s Disease Program, Laboratory Research Branch, Louisiana State University
| | - Liming Ren
- 4State Key Laboratory of Agro-biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China, China
| | | | - Sebastian Joyce
- 1Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- 5VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System; Vanderbilt University Medical Centre; Nashville, TN
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Yang J, Kumar A, Vilgelm AE, Chen SC, Ayers GD, Novitskiy SV, Joyce S, Richmond A. Loss of CXCR4 in Myeloid Cells Enhances Antitumor Immunity and Reduces Melanoma Growth through NK Cell and FASL Mechanisms. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:1186-1198. [PMID: 30108045 PMCID: PMC6170679 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor, CXCR4, is involved in cancer growth, invasion, and metastasis. Several promising CXCR4 antagonists have been shown to halt tumor metastasis in preclinical studies, and clinical trials evaluating the effectiveness of these agents in patients with cancer are ongoing. However, the impact of targeting CXCR4 specifically on immune cells is not clear. Here, we demonstrate that genetic deletion of CXCR4 in myeloid cells (CXCR4MyeΔ/Δ) enhances the antitumor immune response, resulting in significantly reduced melanoma tumor growth. Moreover, CXCR4MyeΔ/Δ mice exhibited slowed tumor progression compared with CXCR4WT mice in an inducible melanocyte BrafV600E/Pten -/- mouse model. The percentage of Fas ligand (FasL)-expressing myeloid cells was reduced in CXCR4MyeΔ/Δ mice as compared with myeloid cells from CXCR4WT mice. In contrast, there was an increased percentage of natural killer (NK) cells expressing FasL in tumors growing in CXCR4MyeΔ/Δ mice. NK cells from CXCR4MyeΔ/Δ mice also exhibited increased tumor cell killing capacity in vivo, based on clearance of NK-sensitive Yac-1 cells. NK cell-mediated killing of Yac-1 cells occurred in a FasL-dependent manner, which was partially dependent upon the presence of CXCR4MyeΔ/Δ neutrophils. Furthermore, enhanced NK cell activity in CXCR4MyeΔ/Δ mice was also associated with increased production of IL18 by specific leukocyte subpopulations. These data suggest that CXCR4-mediated signals from myeloid cells suppress NK cell-mediated tumor surveillance and thereby enhance tumor growth. Systemic delivery of a peptide antagonist of CXCR4 to tumor-bearing CXCR4WT mice resulted in enhanced NK-cell activation and reduced tumor growth, supporting potential clinical implications for CXCR4 antagonism in some cancers. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(10); 1186-98. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Yang
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee., Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Amrendra Kumar
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Anna E. Vilgelm
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sheau-Chiann Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Gregory D. Ayers
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee,Division of Cancer Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Sebastian Joyce
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ann Richmond
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. .,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Qiu F, Becker KW, Knight FC, Baljon JJ, Sevimli S, Shae D, Gilchuk P, Joyce S, Wilson JT. Poly(propylacrylic acid)-peptide nanoplexes as a platform for enhancing the immunogenicity of neoantigen cancer vaccines. Biomaterials 2018; 182:82-91. [PMID: 30107272 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines targeting patient-specific tumor neoantigens have recently emerged as a promising component of the rapidly expanding immunotherapeutic armamentarium. However, neoantigenic peptides typically elicit weak CD8+ T cell responses, and so there is a need for universally applicable vaccine delivery strategies to enhance the immunogenicity of these peptides. Ideally, such vaccines could also be rapidly fabricated using chemically synthesized peptide antigens customized to an individual patient. Here, we describe a strategy for simple and rapid packaging of peptide antigens into pH-responsive nanoparticles with endosomal escape activity. Electrostatically-stabilized polyplex nanoparticles (nanoplexes) can be assembled instantaneously by mixing decalysine-modified antigenic peptides and poly(propylacrylic acid) (pPAA), a polyanion with pH-dependent, membrane destabilizing activity. These nanoplexes increase and prolong antigen uptake and presentation on MHC-I (major histocompatibility complex class I) molecules expressed by dendritic cells, resulting in enhanced activation of CD8+ T cells. Using an intranasal immunization route, nanoplex vaccines inhibit formation of lung metastases in a murine melanoma model. Additionally, nanoplex vaccines strongly synergize with the adjuvant α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) in stimulating robust CD8+ T cell responses, significantly increasing survival time in mice with established melanoma tumors. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that peptide/pPAA nanoplexes offer a facile and versatile platform for enhancing CD8+ T cell responses to peptide antigens, with potential to complement ongoing advancements in the development of neoantigen-targeted cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qiu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Laboratory of Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Kyle W Becker
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Frances C Knight
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, USA
| | | | - Sema Sevimli
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Daniel Shae
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, USA; Department of Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, USA; Department of Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, USA
| | - John T Wilson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, USA; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, USA.
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30
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Rogers MC, Lamens KD, Shafagati N, Johnson M, Oury TD, Joyce S, Williams JV. CD4 + Regulatory T Cells Exert Differential Functions during Early and Late Stages of the Immune Response to Respiratory Viruses. J Immunol 2018; 201:1253-1266. [PMID: 29997123 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory virus infection (ARI) induces CD8+ T cells with diminished cytokine production and functional impairment. The role of cellular mediators of immune impairment, specifically CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), is incompletely understood in ARI. Tregs are known suppressors of effector T cell function, but whether they are detrimental or beneficial in ARI remains controversial. We show in this paper that Treg depletion leads to increased CD8+ T cell function and lower virus titer in mice infected with human metapneumovirus. We further demonstrate that Tregs play a temporal role in the immune response to human metapneumovirus and influenza: Treg depletion before infection pathologically reduces virus-specific CD8+ T cell numbers and delays virus clearance, whereas depletion 2 d postinoculation enhances CD8+ T cell functionality without reducing virus-specific CD8+ T cell numbers. Mechanistically, Treg depletion during immune priming led to impaired dendritic cell and CD8+ T cell migration. Further, early Treg depletion was associated with immune skewing toward a type 2 phenotype characterized by increased type 2 innate lymphoid cells and TH2 CD4+ T cells, which was not observed when Treg depletion was delayed until after inoculation. These results indicate that the presence of Tregs at inoculation is critical for efficient priming of the CD8+ T cell response to ARI, whereas later in infection, Tregs are dispensable for virus clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C Rogers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Kristina D Lamens
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Nazly Shafagati
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Monika Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Tim D Oury
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212
| | - John V Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224;
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Kumar A, Gordy LE, Bezbradica JS, Stanic AK, Hill TM, Boothby MR, Van Kaer L, Joyce S. STAYING ALIVE! SIGNAL PROCESSING BY NF-κB PROTECTS NKT CELLS FROM TNFR1-TRIGGERED DEATH. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.111.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A unique ontogenetic program controls the thymic development of type I nature killer T (NKT) cells. For example, signal integration by NF-κB plays a critical role in NKT cell development such that RelA and RelB play cell intrinsic and cell extrinsic roles, respectively. The key cell extrinsic role played by NF-κB seems to be the induction of IL-15 production that is required for the development and homeostasis of NKT cells. On the other hand, cell intrinsic NF-κB activity is essential for the development of both NK1.1neg and NK1.1pos NKT cells. We have demonstrated that NKT cells in mice expressing a dominant negative mutant IκBDNtg that prevents NF-κB activation were arrested at a very early stage of their development. Importantly, introgression of Bcl-xL-coding Bcl2l1 transgene into IκBDNtg mice lead to the development of NK1.1pos NKT cells. Further investigations revealed that NKT cell intrinsic NF-κB activation was required to protect developing NKT cells from tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 1-induced cell death and not from Fas/FasL- or NKT T cell receptor-induced apoptosis. Consistent with this finding, we found that TNF-α induces the activation of caspase 8- and 9-mediated apoptosis in NKT cells in which NF-κB activation was blocked. Thus, akin to hepatocytes and some cancer cells, TNF-α induces both cell intrinsic (caspase 8-mediated) and cell extrinsic (caspase 9-mediated) apototic pathways in developing NKT cells that are offset by the activation of NF-κB and the expression of one of its target gene, Bcl2l1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrendra Kumar
- 1Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- 2Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Laura E. Gordy
- 2Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jelena S. Bezbradica
- 2Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- 3The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandar K. Stanic
- 2Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- 4Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Timothy M. Hill
- 2Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- 5Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Mark R. Boothby
- 2Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- 2Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- 1Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- 2Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Kumar A, Suryadevara N, Hill TM, Bezbradica JS, Van Kaer L, Joyce S. Natural Killer T Cells: An Ecological Evolutionary Developmental Biology Perspective. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1858. [PMID: 29312339 PMCID: PMC5743650 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate-like T lymphocytes that recognize glycolipid antigens presented by the MHC class I-like protein CD1d. Agonistic activation of NKT cells leads to rapid pro-inflammatory and immune modulatory cytokine and chemokine responses. This property of NKT cells, in conjunction with their interactions with antigen-presenting cells, controls downstream innate and adaptive immune responses against cancers and infectious diseases, as well as in several inflammatory disorders. NKT cell properties are acquired during development in the thymus and by interactions with the host microbial consortium in the gut, the nature of which can be influenced by NKT cells. This latter property, together with the role of the host microbiota in cancer therapy, necessitates a new perspective. Hence, this review provides an initial approach to understanding NKT cells from an ecological evolutionary developmental biology (eco-evo-devo) perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrendra Kumar
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Naveenchandra Suryadevara
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Timothy M Hill
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States
| | - Jelena S Bezbradica
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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Galassie AC, Goll JB, Samir P, Jensen TL, Hoek KL, Howard LM, Allos TM, Niu X, Gordy LE, Creech CB, Hill H, Joyce S, Edwards KM, Link AJ. Proteomics show antigen presentation processes in human immune cells after AS03-H5N1 vaccination. Proteomics 2017; 17. [PMID: 28508465 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants enhance immunity elicited by vaccines through mechanisms that are poorly understood. Using a systems biology approach, we investigated temporal protein expression changes in five primary human immune cell populations: neutrophils, monocytes, natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells after administration of either an Adjuvant System 03 adjuvanted or unadjuvanted split-virus H5N1 influenza vaccine. Monocytes demonstrated the strongest differential signal between vaccine groups. On day 3 post-vaccination, several antigen presentation-related pathways, including MHC class I-mediated antigen processing and presentation, were enriched in monocytes and neutrophils and expression of HLA class I proteins was increased in the Adjuvant System 03 group. We identified several protein families whose proteomic responses predicted seroprotective antibody responses (>1:40 hemagglutination inhibition titer), including inflammation and oxidative stress proteins at day 1 as well as immunoproteasome subunit (PSME1 and PSME2) and HLA class I proteins at day 3 in monocytes. While comparison between temporal proteomic and transcriptomic results showed little overlap overall, enrichment of the MHC class I antigen processing and presentation pathway in monocytes and neutrophils was confirmed by both approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Parimal Samir
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Kristen L Hoek
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Leigh M Howard
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tara M Allos
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xinnan Niu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Laura E Gordy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - C Buddy Creech
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kathryn M Edwards
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andrew J Link
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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Kumar A, Gordy LE, Bezbradica JS, Stanic AK, Hill TM, Boothby MR, Van Kaer L, Joyce S. NF-κB Protects NKT Cells from Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1-induced Death. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15594. [PMID: 29142275 PMCID: PMC5688132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15461-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Semi-invariant natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate-like lymphocytes with immunoregulatory properties. NKT cell survival during development requires signal processing by activated RelA/NF-κB. Nonetheless, the upstream signal(s) integrated by NF-κB in developing NKT cells remains incompletely defined. We show that the introgression of Bcl-xL-coding Bcl2l1 transgene into NF-κB signalling-deficient IκBΔN transgenic mouse rescues NKT cell development and differentiation in this mouse model. We reasoned that NF-κB activation was protecting developing NKT cells from death signals emanating either from high affinity agonist recognition by the T cell receptor (TCR) or from a death receptor, such as tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) or Fas. Surprisingly, the single and combined deficiency in PKC-θ or CARMA-1-the two signal transducers at the NKT TCR proximal signalling node-only partially recapitulated the NKT cell deficiency observed in IκBΔN tg mouse. Accordingly, introgression of the Bcl2l1 transgene into PKC-θ null mouse failed to rescue NKT cell development. Instead, TNFR1-deficiency, but not the Fas-deficiency, rescued NKT cell development in IκBΔN tg mice. Consistent with this finding, treatment of thymocytes with an antagonist of the inhibitor of κB kinase -which blocks downstream NF-κB activation- sensitized NKT cells to TNF-α-induced cell death in vitro. Hence, we conclude that signal integration by NF-κB protects developing NKT cells from death signals emanating from TNFR1, but not from the NKT TCR or Fas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrendra Kumar
- Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Laura E Gordy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jelena S Bezbradica
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aleksandar K Stanic
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Timothy M Hill
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, 10996, USA
| | - Mark R Boothby
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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Elliott J, Murphy C, Docherty N, Doyle S, Gallardo A, Gahan C, Joyce S, Ravi N, Reynolds J, le Roux C. Pathophysiologic Gut Hormone and Bile Acid Signalling After Oesophagectomy: Implications for Appetite, Postprandial Hypoglycaemia and Nutritional Status in Survivorship. Int J Surg 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.08.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Galassie AC, Goll JB, Samir P, Jensen TL, Hoek KL, Howard LM, Allos TM, Niu X, Gordy LE, Creech CB, Hill H, Joyce S, Edwards KM, Link AJ. Front Cover: Proteomics show antigen presentation processes in human immune cells after AS03-H5N1 vaccination. Proteomics 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201770101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kumar A, Bezbradica JS, Stanic AK, Joyce S. Characterization and Functional Analysis of Mouse Semi-invariant Natural T Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 117:14.13.1-14.13.55. [PMID: 28369682 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Semi-invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are CD1d-restricted innate-like lymphocytes that recognize lipid agonists. Activated iNKT cells have immunoregulatory properties. Human and mouse iNKT cell functions elicited by different glycolipid agonists are highly conserved, making the mouse an excellent animal model for understanding iNKT cell biology in vivo. This unit describes basic methods for the characterization and quantification (see Basic Protocol 1) and functional analysis of mouse iNKT cells in vivo or in vitro. This unit also contains protocols that describe enrichment and purification of iNKT cells, generation of CD1d tetramer, and lipid antigen loading onto cell-bound and soluble CD1d for activation of NKT cell hybridomas. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrendra Kumar
- Veterans Administration, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee.,Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | - Sebastian Joyce
- Veterans Administration, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee.,Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Howard LM, Hoek KL, Goll JB, Samir P, Galassie A, Allos TM, Niu X, Gordy LE, Creech CB, Prasad N, Jensen TL, Hill H, Levy SE, Joyce S, Link AJ, Edwards KM. Cell-Based Systems Biology Analysis of Human AS03-Adjuvanted H5N1 Avian Influenza Vaccine Responses: A Phase I Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0167488. [PMID: 28099485 PMCID: PMC5242433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccine development for influenza A/H5N1 is an important public health priority, but H5N1 vaccines are less immunogenic than seasonal influenza vaccines. Adjuvant System 03 (AS03) markedly enhances immune responses to H5N1 vaccine antigens, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. Objective and Methods We compared the safety (primary endpoint), immunogenicity (secondary), gene expression (tertiary) and cytokine responses (exploratory) between AS03-adjuvanted and unadjuvanted inactivated split-virus H5N1 influenza vaccines. In a double-blinded clinical trial, we randomized twenty adults aged 18–49 to receive two doses of either AS03-adjuvanted (n = 10) or unadjuvanted (n = 10) H5N1 vaccine 28 days apart. We used a systems biology approach to characterize and correlate changes in serum cytokines, antibody titers, and gene expression levels in six immune cell types at 1, 3, 7, and 28 days after the first vaccination. Results Both vaccines were well-tolerated. Nine of 10 subjects in the adjuvanted group and 0/10 in the unadjuvanted group exhibited seroprotection (hemagglutination inhibition antibody titer > 1:40) at day 56. Within 24 hours of AS03-adjuvanted vaccination, increased serum levels of IL-6 and IP-10 were noted. Interferon signaling and antigen processing and presentation-related gene responses were induced in dendritic cells, monocytes, and neutrophils. Upregulation of MHC class II antigen presentation-related genes was seen in neutrophils. Three days after AS03-adjuvanted vaccine, upregulation of genes involved in cell cycle and division was detected in NK cells and correlated with serum levels of IP-10. Early upregulation of interferon signaling-related genes was also found to predict seroprotection 56 days after first vaccination. Conclusions Using this cell-based systems approach, novel mechanisms of action for AS03-adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccination were observed. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01573312
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh M. Howard
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Kristen L. Hoek
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | | | - Parimal Samir
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Allison Galassie
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Tara M. Allos
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Xinnan Niu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Laura E. Gordy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - C. Buddy Creech
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Nripesh Prasad
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology; Huntsville, AL, United States of America
| | | | - Heather Hill
- The Emmes Corporation, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Shawn E. Levy
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology; Huntsville, AL, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Link
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KME); (AJL)
| | - Kathryn M. Edwards
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KME); (AJL)
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Gilchuk P, Knight FC, Wilson JT, Joyce S. Eliciting Epitope-Specific CD8+ T Cell Response by Immunization with Microbial Protein Antigens Formulated with α-Galactosylceramide: Theory, Practice, and Protocols. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1494:321-352. [PMID: 27718206 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6445-1_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes confer protection against infectious diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Hence, significant efforts have been invested into devising ways to generate CD8+ T cell-targeted vaccines. Generation of microbe-free protein subunit vaccines requires a thorough knowledge of protective target antigens. Such antigens are proteolytically processed peptides presented by MHC class I molecules. To induce a robust antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response through vaccination, it is essential to formulate the antigen with an effective adjuvant. Here, we describe a versatile method for generating high-frequency antigen-specific CD8+ T cells through immunization of mice using the invariant natural killer T cell agonist α-galactosylceramide as the adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Gilchuk
- Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, 37332, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, A4223 Medical Centre North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37332, USA
| | - Frances C Knight
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37332, USA
| | - John T Wilson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37332, USA.,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37332, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, 37332, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, A4223 Medical Centre North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37332, USA.
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40
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Li B, Siuta M, Bright V, Koktysh D, Matlock BK, Dumas ME, Zhu M, Holt A, Stec D, Deng S, Savage PB, Joyce S, Pham W. Improved proliferation of antigen-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes using a multimodal nanovaccine. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:6103-6121. [PMID: 27895483 PMCID: PMC5117944 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s112432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the immunoenhancing property of our newly designed nanovaccine, that is, its ability to induce antigen-specific immunity. This study also evaluated the synergistic effect of a novel compound PBS-44, an α-galactosylceramide analog, in boosting the immune response induced by our nanovaccine. The nanovaccine was prepared by encapsulating ovalbumin (ova) and an adjuvant within the poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles. Quantitative analysis of our study data showed that the encapsulated vaccine was physically and biologically stable; the core content of our nanovaccine was found to be released steadily and slowly, and nearly 90% of the core content was slowly released over the course of 25 days. The in vivo immunization studies exhibited that the nanovaccine induced stronger and longer immune responses compared to its soluble counterpart. Similarly, intranasal inhalation of the nanovaccine induced more robust antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response than intraperitoneal injection of nanovaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences
| | - Michael Siuta
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
| | - Vanessa Bright
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences
| | - Dmitry Koktysh
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University; Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering
| | | | - Megan E Dumas
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
| | - Meiying Zhu
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
| | - Alex Holt
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
| | - Donald Stec
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology
| | - Shenglou Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University
| | - Paul B Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University; Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System
| | - Wellington Pham
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology; Department of Biomedical Engineering; Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Abstract
Vaccine design has undergone a shift towards the use of purified protein subunit vaccines, which offer increased safety and greater control over antigen specificity, but at the expense of immunogenicity. Here we report the development of a new polymer-based vaccine delivery platform engineered to enhance immunity through the co-delivery of protein antigens and the Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist imiquimod (IMQ). Owing to the preferential solubility of IMQ in fatty acids, a series of block copolymer micelles with a fatty acid-mimetic core comprising lauryl methacrylate (LMA) and methacrylic acid (MAA), and a poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) corona decorated with pyridyl disulfide ethyl methacrylate (PDSM) moieties for antigen conjugation were synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Carriers composed of 50 mole% LMA (LMA50) demonstrated the highest IMQ loading (2.2 w/w%) and significantly enhanced the immunostimulatory capacity of IMQ to induce dendritic cell maturation and proinflammatory cytokine production. Conjugation of a model antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), to the corona of IMQ-loaded LMA50 micelles enhanced in vitro antigen uptake and cross-presentation on MHC class I (MHC-I). A single intranasal (IN) immunization of mice with carriers co-loaded with IMQ and OVA elicited significantly higher pulmonary and systemic CD8+ T cell responses and increased serum IgG titer relative to a soluble formulation of antigen and adjuvant. Collectively, these data demonstrate that rationally designed fatty acid-mimetic micelles enhance intracellular antigen and IMQ delivery and have potential as synthetic vectors for enhancing the immunogenicity of subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Sevimli
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2400 Highland Avenue
| | - Frances C Knight
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Medical Center North.,Department of Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, 1310 24th Avenue South
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Medical Center North.,Department of Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, 1310 24th Avenue South.,Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - John T Wilson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2400 Highland Avenue.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place.,Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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Spencer CT, Bezbradica JS, Ramos MG, Arico CD, Conant SB, Gilchuk P, Gray JJ, Zheng M, Niu X, Hildebrand W, Link AJ, Joyce S. Viral infection causes a shift in the self peptide repertoire presented by human MHC class I molecules. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 9:1035-52. [PMID: 26768311 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE MHC class I presentation of peptides allows T cells to survey the cytoplasmic protein milieu of host cells. During infection, presentation of self peptides is, in part, replaced by presentation of microbial peptides. However, little is known about the self peptides presented during infection, despite the fact that microbial infections alter host cell gene expression patterns and protein metabolism. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The self peptide repertoire presented by HLA-A*01;01, HLA-A*02;01, HLA-B*07;02, HLA-B*35;01, and HLA-B*45;01 (where HLA is human leukocyte antigen) was determined by tandem MS before and after vaccinia virus infection. RESULTS We observed a profound alteration in the self peptide repertoire with hundreds of self peptides uniquely presented after infection for which we have coined the term "self peptidome shift." The fraction of novel self peptides presented following infection varied for different HLA class I molecules. A large part (approximately 40%) of the self peptidome shift arose from peptides derived from type I interferon-inducible genes, consistent with cellular responses to viral infection. Interestingly, approximately 12% of self peptides presented after infection showed allelic variation when searched against approximately 300 human genomes. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Self peptidome shift in a clinical transplant setting could result in alloreactivity by presenting new self peptides in the context of infection-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Spencer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Jelena S Bezbradica
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mireya G Ramos
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Chenoa D Arico
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie B Conant
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, TN, USA.,Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer J Gray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mu Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xinnan Niu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - William Hildebrand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Centre, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Andrew J Link
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, TN, USA.,Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
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Gilchuk I, Gilchuk P, Sapparapu G, Lampley R, Singh V, Kose N, Blum DL, Hughes LJ, Satheshkumar PS, Townsend MB, Kondas AV, Reed Z, Weiner Z, Olson VA, Hammarlund E, Raue HP, Slifka MK, Slaughter JC, Graham BS, Edwards KM, Eisenberg RJ, Cohen GH, Joyce S, Crowe JE. Cross-Neutralizing and Protective Human Antibody Specificities to Poxvirus Infections. Cell 2016; 167:684-694.e9. [PMID: 27768891 PMCID: PMC5093772 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Monkeypox (MPXV) and cowpox (CPXV) are emerging agents that cause severe human infections on an intermittent basis, and variola virus (VARV) has potential for use as an agent of bioterror. Vaccinia immune globulin (VIG) has been used therapeutically to treat severe orthopoxvirus infections but is in short supply. We generated a large panel of orthopoxvirus-specific human monoclonal antibodies (Abs) from immune subjects to investigate the molecular basis of broadly neutralizing antibody responses for diverse orthopoxviruses. Detailed analysis revealed the principal neutralizing antibody specificities that are cross-reactive for VACV, CPXV, MPXV, and VARV and that are determinants of protection in murine challenge models. Optimal protection following respiratory or systemic infection required a mixture of Abs that targeted several membrane proteins, including proteins on enveloped and mature virion forms of virus. This work reveals orthopoxvirus targets for human Abs that mediate cross-protective immunity and identifies new candidate Ab therapeutic mixtures to replace VIG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia Gilchuk
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37332, USA
| | - Gopal Sapparapu
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rebecca Lampley
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Vidisha Singh
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nurgun Kose
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - David L Blum
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Laura J Hughes
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | | | - Michael B Townsend
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Ashley V Kondas
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Zachary Reed
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Laboratory Leadership Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Zachary Weiner
- Laboratory Leadership Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Victoria A Olson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Erika Hammarlund
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Raue
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Mark K Slifka
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - James C Slaughter
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kathryn M Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Roselyn J Eisenberg
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gary H Cohen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37332, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Van Kaer L, Wu L, Joyce S. Mechanisms and Consequences of Antigen Presentation by CD1. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:738-754. [PMID: 27623113 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The CD1 proteins are a family of non-polymorphic and MHC class I-related molecules that present lipid antigens to subsets of T lymphocytes with innate- or adaptive-like immune functions. Recent studies have provided new insight into the identity of immunogenic CD1 antigens and the mechanisms that control the generation and loading of these antigens onto CD1 molecules. Furthermore, substantial progress has been made in identifying CD1-restricted T cells and decoding the diverse immunological functions of distinct CD1-restricted T cell subsets. These findings shed new light on the contributions of the CD1 antigen-presentation pathway to normal health and to a diverse array of pathologies, and provide a new impetus for exploiting this fascinating recognition system for the development of vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
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Gilchuk P, Hill TM, Guy C, McMaster SR, Boyd KL, Rabacal WA, Lu P, Shyr Y, Kohlmeier JE, Sebzda E, Green DR, Joyce S. A Distinct Lung-Interstitium-Resident Memory CD8(+) T Cell Subset Confers Enhanced Protection to Lower Respiratory Tract Infection. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1800-9. [PMID: 27498869 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature and anatomic location of the protective memory CD8(+) T cell subset induced by intranasal vaccination remain poorly understood. We developed a vaccination model to assess the anatomic location of protective memory CD8(+) T cells and their role in lower airway infections. Memory CD8(+) T cells elicited by local intranasal, but not systemic, vaccination with an engineered non-replicative CD8(+) T cell-targeted antigen confer enhanced protection to a lethal respiratory viral challenge. This protection depends on a distinct CXCR3(LO) resident memory CD8(+) T (Trm) cell population that preferentially localizes to the pulmonary interstitium. Because they are positioned close to the mucosa, where infection occurs, interstitial Trm cells act before inflammation can recruit circulating memory CD8(+) T cells into the lung tissue. This results in a local protective immune response as early as 1 day post-infection. Hence, vaccine strategies that induce lung interstitial Trm cells may confer better protection against respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Gilchuk
- Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Timothy M Hill
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Clifford Guy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sean R McMaster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kelli L Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Whitney A Rabacal
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Pengcheng Lu
- Vanderbilt Technologies for Advanced Genomics Analyses and Research Design, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yu Shyr
- Vanderbilt Technologies for Advanced Genomics Analyses and Research Design, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Eric Sebzda
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Hastings AK, Gilchuk P, Joyce S, Williams JV. Novel HLA-A2-restricted human metapneumovirus epitopes reduce viral titers in mice and are recognized by human T cells. Vaccine 2016; 34:2663-70. [PMID: 27105560 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality from acute lower respiratory tract illness, with most individuals seropositive by age five. Despite the presence of neutralizing antibodies, secondary infections are common and can be severe in young, elderly, and immunocompromised persons. Preclinical vaccine studies for HMPV have suggested a need for a balanced antibody and T cell immune response to enhance protection and avoid lung immunopathology. We infected transgenic mice expressing human HLA-A*0201 with HMPV and used ELISPOT to screen overlapping and predicted epitope peptides. We identified six novel HLA-A2 restricted CD8(+) T cell (TCD8) epitopes, with M39-47 (M39) immunodominant. Tetramer staining detected M39-specific TCD8 in lungs and spleen of HMPV-immune mice. Immunization with adjuvant-formulated M39 peptide reduced lung virus titers upon challenge. Finally, we show that TCD8 from HLA-A*0201 positive humans recognize M39 by IFNγ ELISPOT and tetramer staining. These results will facilitate HMPV vaccine development and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Hastings
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37332, USA
| | - John V Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, USA.
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Abstract
Depression and anxiety disorders are the leading cause of sickness absence and long-term work incapacity in most developed countries. The present study aimed to carry out a systematic meta-review examining the effectiveness of workplace mental health interventions, defined as any intervention that a workplace may either initiate or facilitate that aims to prevent, treat or rehabilitate a worker with a diagnosis of depression, anxiety or both. Relevant reviews were identified via a detailed systematic search of academic and grey literature databases. All articles were subjected to a rigorous quality appraisal using the AMSTAR assessment. Of the 5179 articles identified, 140 studies met the inclusion criteria, of which 20 were deemed to be of moderate or high quality. Together, these reviews analysed 481 primary research studies. Moderate evidence was identified for two primary prevention interventions; enhancing employee control and promoting physical activity. Stronger evidence was found for CBT-based stress management although less evidence was found for other secondary prevention interventions, such as counselling. Strong evidence was also found against the routine use of debriefing following trauma. Tertiary interventions with a specific focus on work, such as exposure therapy and CBT-based and problem-focused return-to-work programmes, had a strong evidence base for improving symptomology and a moderate evidence base for improving occupational outcomes. Overall, these findings demonstrate there are empirically supported interventions that workplaces can utilize to aid in the prevention of common mental illness as well as facilitating the recovery of employees diagnosed with depression and/or anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Joyce
- School of Psychiatry,University of New South Wales,Sydney,NSW,Australia
| | - M Modini
- School of Psychiatry,University of New South Wales,Sydney,NSW,Australia
| | | | - A Mykletun
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health,University of Bergen,Norway
| | - R Bryant
- School of Psychology,University of New South Wales,Sydney,NSW,Australia
| | - P B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry,University of New South Wales,Sydney,NSW,Australia
| | - S B Harvey
- School of Psychiatry,University of New South Wales,Sydney,NSW,Australia
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Howard L, Hoek K, Goll J, Samir P, Galassie A, Creech CB, Prasad N, Jensen T, Hill H, Joyce S, Edwards K, Link A. Systems Biology of Vaccination for AS03-adjuvanted H5N1 Avian Influenza in Humans. Open Forum Infect Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofv131.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Joyce S. Immunoproteasomes edit tumors, which then escapes immune recognition. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:3241-5. [PMID: 26527367 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In 1985, John Monaco--the discoverer of LMP-2 and -7, the inducible components of the immunoproteasome--asked his advanced immunology class as to why the MHC region contained not only structural genes, but several others as well, whose functions were then unknown. As we drew a blank, he quipped: perchance because many of the MHC genes are induced by IFN-γ! The ensuing three decades have witnessed the unveiling of the profound fundamental and clinical implications of that classroom tête-à-tête. Amongst its multitudinous effects, IFN-γ induces genes enhancing antigen processing and presentation to T cells; such as those encoding cellular proteases and activators of proteases. In this issue, Keller et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2015. 45: 3257-3268] demonstrate that the limited success of MART-1/Melan-A-targeted immunotherapy in melanoma patients could be due to inefficient MART-1(26-35) presentation, owing to the proteolytic activities of IFN-γ-inducible β2i/MECL-1, proteasome activator 28 (PA28), and endoplasmic reticulum-associated aminopeptidase-associated with antigen processing (ERAP). Specifically, whilst β2i and PA28 impede MART-1(26-35) liberation from its precursor protein, ERAP-1 degrades this epitope. Hence, critical to effective cancer immunotherapy is deep knowledge of T-cell-targeted tumor antigens and how cellular proteases generate protective epitope(s) from them, or destroy them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Joyce
- Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System and the Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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50
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Erickson JJ, Lu P, Wen S, Hastings AK, Gilchuk P, Joyce S, Shyr Y, Williams JV. Acute Viral Respiratory Infection Rapidly Induces a CD8+ T Cell Exhaustion-like Phenotype. J Immunol 2015; 195:4319-30. [PMID: 26401005 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute viral infections typically generate functional effector CD8(+) T cells (TCD8) that aid in pathogen clearance. However, during acute viral lower respiratory infection, lung TCD8 are functionally impaired and do not optimally control viral replication. T cells also become unresponsive to Ag during chronic infections and cancer via signaling by inhibitory receptors such as programmed cell death-1 (PD-1). PD-1 also contributes to TCD8 impairment during viral lower respiratory infection, but how it regulates TCD8 impairment and the connection between this state and T cell exhaustion during chronic infections are unknown. In this study, we show that PD-1 operates in a cell-intrinsic manner to impair lung TCD8. In light of this, we compared global gene expression profiles of impaired epitope-specific lung TCD8 to functional spleen TCD8 in the same human metapneumovirus-infected mice. These two populations differentially regulate hundreds of genes, including the upregulation of numerous inhibitory receptors by lung TCD8. We then compared the gene expression of TCD8 during human metapneumovirus infection to those in acute or chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. We find that the immunophenotype of lung TCD8 more closely resembles T cell exhaustion late into chronic infection than do functional effector T cells arising early in acute infection. Finally, we demonstrate that trafficking to the infected lung alone is insufficient for TCD8 impairment or inhibitory receptor upregulation, but that viral Ag-induced TCR signaling is also required. Our results indicate that viral Ag in infected lungs rapidly induces an exhaustion-like state in lung TCD8 characterized by progressive functional impairment and upregulation of numerous inhibitory receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Erickson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Pengcheng Lu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Sherry Wen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Andrew K Hastings
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Yu Shyr
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - John V Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
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