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Wein AN, McMaster SR, Takamura S, Dunbar PR, Cartwright EK, Hayward SL, McManus DT, Shimaoka T, Ueha S, Tsukui T, Masumoto T, Kurachi M, Matsushima K, Kohlmeier JE. CXCR6 regulates localization of tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells to the airways. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2748-2762. [PMID: 31558615 PMCID: PMC6888981 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung TRM cells are present in both the interstitium and airways, but factors regulating their localization to these distinct sites are unknown. This work shows that the CXCR6/CXCL16 axis governs the partitioning of TRM cells to different compartments of the lung and maintains the airway TRM cell pool. Resident memory T cells (TRM cells) are an important first-line defense against respiratory pathogens, but the unique contributions of lung TRM cell populations to protective immunity and the factors that govern their localization to different compartments of the lung are not well understood. Here, we show that airway and interstitial TRM cells have distinct effector functions and that CXCR6 controls the partitioning of TRM cells within the lung by recruiting CD8 TRM cells to the airways. The absence of CXCR6 significantly decreases airway CD8 TRM cells due to altered trafficking of CXCR6−/− cells within the lung, and not decreased survival in the airways. CXCL16, the ligand for CXCR6, is localized primarily at the respiratory epithelium, and mice lacking CXCL16 also had decreased CD8 TRM cells in the airways. Finally, blocking CXCL16 inhibited the steady-state maintenance of airway TRM cells. Thus, the CXCR6/CXCL16 signaling axis controls the localization of TRM cells to different compartments of the lung and maintains airway TRM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Wein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sean R McMaster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Shiki Takamura
- Department of Immunology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Paul R Dunbar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Emily K Cartwright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sarah L Hayward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Daniel T McManus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Takeshi Shimaoka
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ueha
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukui
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Tomoko Masumoto
- Department of Immunology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Kurachi
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kouji Matsushima
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA .,Emory-UGA Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, Atlanta, GA
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Wein AN, Dunbar PR, McMaster SR, Li ZRT, Denning TL, Kohlmeier JE. IL-36γ Protects against Severe Influenza Infection by Promoting Lung Alveolar Macrophage Survival and Limiting Viral Replication. J Immunol 2018; 201:573-582. [PMID: 29848754 PMCID: PMC6089355 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although influenza virus infection remains a concerning disease for public health, the roles of individual cytokines during the immune response to influenza infection are not fully understood. We have identified IL-36γ as a key mediator of immune protection during both high- and low-pathogenesis influenza infection. Il36g mRNA is upregulated in the lung following influenza infection, and mice lacking IL-36γ have greatly increased morbidity and mortality upon infection with either H1N1 or H3N2 influenza. The increased severity of influenza infection in IL-36γ-knockout (KO) mice is associated with increased viral titers, higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines early in infection, and more diffuse pathologic conditions late in the disease course. Interestingly, the increased severity of disease in IL-36γ-KO mice correlates with a rapid loss of alveolar macrophages following infection. We find that the alveolar macrophages from naive IL-36γ-KO mice have higher expression of M2-like surface markers compared with wild-type (WT) mice and show increased apoptosis within 24 h of infection. Finally, transfer of WT alveolar macrophages to IL-36γ-KO mice restores protection against lethal influenza challenge to levels observed in WT mice. Together, these data identify a critical role for IL-36γ in immunity against influenza virus and demonstrate the importance of IL-36γ signaling for alveolar macrophage survival during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Wein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Paul R Dunbar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Sean R McMaster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Zheng-Rong Tiger Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Timothy L Denning
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
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3
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McMaster SR, Wein AN, Dunbar PR, Hayward SL, Cartwright EK, Denning TL, Kohlmeier JE. Pulmonary antigen encounter regulates the establishment of tissue-resident CD8 memory T cells in the lung airways and parenchyma. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1071-1078. [PMID: 29453412 PMCID: PMC6030505 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Resident memory CD8 T (TRM) cells in the lung parenchyma (LP) and airways provide heterologous protection against influenza virus challenge. However, scant knowledge exists regarding factors necessary to establish and maintain lung CD8 TRM. Here we demonstrate that, in contrast to mechanisms described for other tissues, airway, and LP CD8 TRM establishment requires cognate antigen recognition in the lung. Systemic effector CD8 T cells could be transiently pulled into the lung in response to localized inflammation, however these effector cells failed to establish tissue residency unless antigen was present in the pulmonary environment. The interaction of effector CD8 T cells with cognate antigen in the lung resulted in increased and prolonged expression of the tissue-retention markers CD69 and CD103, and increased expression of the adhesion molecule VLA-1. The inability of localized inflammation alone to establish lung TRM resulted in decreased viral clearance and increased mortality following heterosubtypic influenza challenge, despite equal numbers of circulating memory CD8 T cells. These findings demonstrate that pulmonary antigen encounter is required for the establishment of lung CD8 TRM and may inform future vaccine strategies to generate robust cellular immunity against respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R. McMaster
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Alexander N. Wein
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Paul R. Dunbar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Sarah L. Hayward
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Emily K. Cartwright
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Timothy L. Denning
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Jacob E. Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322,Corresponding author: Jacob Kohlmeier, 1510 Clifton Road, RRC 3133, Atlanta, GA 30322, Telephone: 404-727-7023, Fax: 404-727-8250,
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4
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Wein AN, Dunbar P, McMaster SR, Denning TL, Kohlmeier JE. IL‐36γ Promotes Alveolar Macrophage Survival During Influenza Infection, Limiting Morbidity and Mortality. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.280.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Dunbar
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGA
| | - Sean R. McMaster
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGA
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Wein AN, Dunbar P, McMaster SR, Kumar N, Hayward SL, Denning TL, Kohlmeier JE. IL-36γ prevents immunopathology during influenza infection. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.148.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Influenza infection is a disease of high importance for public health, but the roles of individual cytokines in the pathogenesis of influenza infection remains to be elucidated. The IL-36 cytokine family is a relative of IL-1 and functions and signals in an analogous fashion. Despite their roles in many inflammatory conditions, the impact of IL-36 family cytokines on influenza pathogenesis and immunity remain largely undefined. To better understand the roles of IL-36 cytokines during influenza infection, we investigated IL-36 cytokine expression during low (x31) and high (PR8) pathogenesis influenza infection. We observed that IL-36γ is significantly upregulated during both low (x31) and high (PR8) pathogenesis influenza infection and has immune and non-immune cell sources. Unexpectedly, we observed that deletion of IL-36γ causes greater morbidity and mortality compared to WT mice, suggesting that the IL-36γ has a previously unknown protective function in addition to its pro-inflammatory roles. This increased morbidity correlates with a significant decrease in the number of alveolar macrophages in IL-36γ−/− mice during the early stages of influenza infection, and the rate of viral clearance varies between the WT and IL-36γ−/− mice based on the strain and dose of virus. We are currently performing RNA-Seq analysis to identify the protective immune mechanisms induced by IL-36γ signaling during highly pathogenic influenza infection. Overall, our results suggest a novel, protective role for IL-36γ during influenza infection and may suggest potential therapeutic approaches for ameliorating influenza pathogenesis.
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6
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Takamura S, Yagi H, Hakata Y, Motozono C, McMaster SR, Masumoto T, Fujisawa M, Chikaishi T, Komeda J, Itoh J, Umemura M, Kyusai A, Tomura M, Nakayama T, Woodland DL, Kohlmeier JE, Miyazawa M. Specific niches for lung-resident memory CD8+ T cells at the site of tissue regeneration enable CD69-independent maintenance. J Exp Med 2016; 213:3057-3073. [PMID: 27815325 PMCID: PMC5154946 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Takamura et al. show that most lung CD8+ TRM cells are not maintained in the inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) but are maintained in specific niches created at the site of tissue regeneration, which are termed as repair-associated memory depots (RAMDs). CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) reside permanently in nonlymphoid tissues and provide a first line of protection against invading pathogens. However, the precise localization of CD8+ TRM cells in the lung, which physiologically consists of a markedly scant interstitium compared with other mucosa, remains unclear. In this study, we show that lung CD8+ TRM cells localize predominantly in specific niches created at the site of regeneration after tissue injury, whereas peripheral tissue-circulating CD8+ effector memory T cells (TEM cells) are widely but sparsely distributed in unaffected areas. Although CD69 inhibited sphingosine 1–phosphate receptor 1–mediated egress of CD8+ T cells immediately after their recruitment into lung tissues, such inhibition was not required for the retention of cells in the TRM niches. Furthermore, despite rigid segregation of TEM cells from the TRM niche, prime-pull strategy with cognate antigen enabled the conversion from TEM cells to TRM cells by creating de novo TRM niches. Such damage site–specific localization of CD8+ TRM cells may be important for efficient protection against secondary infections by respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiki Takamura
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Hideki Yagi
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hakata
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Chihiro Motozono
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Sean R McMaster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Tomoko Masumoto
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Makoto Fujisawa
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Tomomi Chikaishi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Junko Komeda
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Jun Itoh
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Miki Umemura
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Ami Kyusai
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Michio Tomura
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Otani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka 584-8540, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - David L Woodland
- Keystone Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology, Silverthorne, CO 80498
| | - Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Masaaki Miyazawa
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.,Anti-Aging Center, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
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7
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Gilchuk P, Hill TM, Guy C, McMaster SR, Boyd KL, Rabacal WA, Lu P, Shyr Y, Kohlmeier JE, Sebzda E, Green DR, Joyce S. A Distinct Lung-Interstitium-Resident Memory CD8(+) T Cell Subset Confers Enhanced Protection to Lower Respiratory Tract Infection. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1800-9. [PMID: 27498869 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature and anatomic location of the protective memory CD8(+) T cell subset induced by intranasal vaccination remain poorly understood. We developed a vaccination model to assess the anatomic location of protective memory CD8(+) T cells and their role in lower airway infections. Memory CD8(+) T cells elicited by local intranasal, but not systemic, vaccination with an engineered non-replicative CD8(+) T cell-targeted antigen confer enhanced protection to a lethal respiratory viral challenge. This protection depends on a distinct CXCR3(LO) resident memory CD8(+) T (Trm) cell population that preferentially localizes to the pulmonary interstitium. Because they are positioned close to the mucosa, where infection occurs, interstitial Trm cells act before inflammation can recruit circulating memory CD8(+) T cells into the lung tissue. This results in a local protective immune response as early as 1 day post-infection. Hence, vaccine strategies that induce lung interstitial Trm cells may confer better protection against respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Gilchuk
- Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Timothy M Hill
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Clifford Guy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sean R McMaster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kelli L Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Whitney A Rabacal
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Pengcheng Lu
- Vanderbilt Technologies for Advanced Genomics Analyses and Research Design, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yu Shyr
- Vanderbilt Technologies for Advanced Genomics Analyses and Research Design, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Eric Sebzda
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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8
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Zarnitsyna VI, Handel A, McMaster SR, Hayward SL, Kohlmeier JE, Antia R. Mathematical Model Reveals the Role of Memory CD8 T Cell Populations in Recall Responses to Influenza. Front Immunol 2016; 7:165. [PMID: 27242779 PMCID: PMC4861172 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The current influenza vaccine provides narrow protection against the strains included in the vaccine, and needs to be reformulated every few years in response to the constantly evolving new strains. Novel approaches are directed toward developing vaccines that provide broader protection by targeting B and T cell epitopes that are conserved between different strains of the virus. In this paper, we focus on developing mathematical models to explore the CD8 T cell responses to influenza, how they can be boosted, and the conditions under which they contribute to protection. Our models suggest that the interplay between spatial heterogeneity (with the virus infecting the respiratory tract and the immune response being generated in the secondary lymphoid organs) and T cell differentiation (with proliferation occurring in the lymphoid organs giving rise to a subpopulation of resident T cells in the respiratory tract) is the key to understand the dynamics of protection afforded by the CD8 T cell response to influenza. Our results suggest that the time lag for the generation of resident T cells in the respiratory tract and their rate of decay following infection are the key factors that limit the efficacy of CD8 T cell responses. The models predict that an increase in the level of central memory T cells leads to a gradual decrease in the viral load, and, in contrast, there is a sharper protection threshold for the relationship between the size of the population of resident T cells and protection. The models also suggest that repeated natural influenza infections cause the number of central memory CD8 T cells and the peak number of resident memory CD8 T cells to reach their plateaus, and while the former is maintained, the latter decays with time since the most recent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika I Zarnitsyna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Andreas Handel
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia , Athens, GA , USA
| | - Sean R McMaster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Sarah L Hayward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Rustom Antia
- Department of Biology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA , USA
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9
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Shorter SK, Schnell FJ, McMaster SR, Pinelli DF, Andargachew R, Evavold BD. Viral Escape Mutant Epitope Maintains TCR Affinity for Antigen yet Curtails CD8 T Cell Responses. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149582. [PMID: 26915099 PMCID: PMC4767940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells have the remarkable ability to recognize antigen with great specificity and in turn mount an appropriate and robust immune response. Critical to this process is the initial T cell antigen recognition and subsequent signal transduction events. This antigen recognition can be modulated at the site of TCR interaction with peptide:major histocompatibility (pMHC) or peptide interaction with the MHC molecule. Both events could have a range of effects on T cell fate. Though responses to antigens that bind sub-optimally to TCR, known as altered peptide ligands (APL), have been studied extensively, the impact of disrupting antigen binding to MHC has been highlighted to a lesser extent and is usually considered to result in complete loss of epitope recognition. Here we present a model of viral evasion from CD8 T cell immuno-surveillance by a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) escape mutant with an epitope for which TCR affinity for pMHC remains high but where the antigenic peptide binds sub optimally to MHC. Despite high TCR affinity for variant epitope, levels of interferon regulatory factor-4 (IRF4) are not sustained in response to the variant indicating differences in perceived TCR signal strength. The CD8+ T cell response to the variant epitope is characterized by early proliferation and up-regulation of activation markers. Interestingly, this response is not maintained and is characterized by a lack in IL-2 and IFNγ production, increased apoptosis and an abrogated glycolytic response. We show that disrupting the stability of peptide in MHC can effectively disrupt TCR signal strength despite unchanged affinity for TCR and can significantly impact the CD8+ T cell response to a viral escape mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayla K. Shorter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Frederick J. Schnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sean R. McMaster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David F. Pinelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rakieb Andargachew
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Evavold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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McMaster SR, Wilson JJ, Wang H, Kohlmeier JE. Airway-Resident Memory CD8 T Cells Provide Antigen-Specific Protection against Respiratory Virus Challenge through Rapid IFN-γ Production. J Immunol 2015; 195:203-9. [PMID: 26026054 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD8 airway resident memory T (TRM) cells are a distinctive TRM population with a high turnover rate and a unique phenotype influenced by their localization within the airways. Their role in mediating protective immunity to respiratory pathogens, although suggested by many studies, has not been directly proven. This study provides definitive evidence that airway CD8 TRM cells are sufficient to mediate protection against respiratory virus challenge. Despite being poorly cytolytic in vivo and failing to expand after encountering Ag, airway CD8 TRM cells rapidly express effector cytokines, with IFN-γ being produced most robustly. Notably, established airway CD8 TRM cells possess the ability to produce IFN-γ faster than systemic effector memory CD8 T cells. Furthermore, naive mice receiving intratracheal transfer of airway CD8 TRM cells lacking the ability to produce IFN-γ were less effective at controlling pathogen load upon heterologous challenge. This direct evidence of airway CD8 TRM cell-mediated protection demonstrates the importance of these cells as a first line of defense for optimal immunity against respiratory pathogens and suggests they should be considered in the development of future cell-mediated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R McMaster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jarad J Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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11
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Koutsonanos DG, Esser ES, McMaster SR, Kalluri P, Lee JW, Prausnitz MR, Skountzou I, Denning TL, Kohlmeier JE, Compans RW. Enhanced immune responses by skin vaccination with influenza subunit vaccine in young hosts. Vaccine 2015; 33:4675-82. [PMID: 25744228 PMCID: PMC5757502 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Skin has gained substantial attention as a vaccine target organ due to its immunological properties, which include a high density of professional antigen presenting cells (APCs). Previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of this vaccination route not only in animal models but also in adults. Young children represent a population group that is at high risk from influenza infection. As a result, this group could benefit significantly from influenza vaccine delivery approaches through the skin and the improved immune response it can induce. In this study, we compared the immune responses in young BALB/c mice upon skin delivery of influenza vaccine with vaccination by the conventional intramuscular route. Young mice that received 5 μg of H1N1 A/Ca/07/09 influenza subunit vaccine using MN demonstrated an improved serum antibody response (IgG1 and IgG2a) when compared to the young IM group, accompanied by higher numbers of influenza-specific antibody secreting cells (ASCs) in the bone marrow. In addition, we observed increased activation of follicular helper T cells and formation of germinal centers in the regional lymph nodes in the MN immunized group, rapid clearance of the virus from their lungs as well as complete survival, compared with partial protection observed in the IM-vaccinated group. Our results support the hypothesis that influenza vaccine delivery through the skin would be beneficial for protecting the high-risk young population from influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios G Koutsonanos
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Influenza Pathogenesis and Immunology Research Center (IPIRC), Emory University School of Medicine, 1462 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - E Stein Esser
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Sean R McMaster
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Influenza Pathogenesis and Immunology Research Center (IPIRC), Emory University School of Medicine, 1462 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Priya Kalluri
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Fest Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0100, United States
| | - Jeong-Woo Lee
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Fest Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0100, United States
| | - Mark R Prausnitz
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Fest Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0100, United States
| | - Ioanna Skountzou
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Influenza Pathogenesis and Immunology Research Center (IPIRC), Emory University School of Medicine, 1462 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Timothy L Denning
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Influenza Pathogenesis and Immunology Research Center (IPIRC), Emory University School of Medicine, 1462 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Richard W Compans
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Influenza Pathogenesis and Immunology Research Center (IPIRC), Emory University School of Medicine, 1462 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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