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Fu J, Shinjo T, Li Q, St-Louis R, Park K, Yu MG, Yokomizo H, Simao F, Huang Q, Wu IH, King GL. Regenerating glomerular metabolism and function by podocyte pyruvate kinase M2 in diabetic nephropathy. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155260. [PMID: 35133981 PMCID: PMC8983139 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) arises from systemic and local changes in glucose metabolism and hemodynamics. We have reported that many glycolytic and mitochondrial enzymes, such as pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), were elevated in renal glomeruli of DN-protected type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. Here, mice with PKM2-specific overexpression in podocytes (PPKM2Tg) were generated to uncover its renal protective function as potential therapeutic target, which prevented elevated albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR), mesangial expansion, basement membrane thickness and podocyte foot process effacement after 7-months of STZ-induced diabetes. Further, diabetes-induced impairment of glycolytic rate and mitochondrial function were normalized in diabetic PPKM2Tg glomeruli, in concordance with elevated Ppargc1a and Vegf expressions. Restored VEGF expression improved glomerular maximal mitochondrial function in diabetic PPKM2Tg and WT mice. Elevated VEGF levels were observed in the glomeruli of DN-protected patients with chronic type 1 diabetes, and clinically correlated with estimated GFR, but not glycemic control. Mechanistically, the preservations of mitochondrial function and VEGF expression were dependent on tetrameric structure and enzymatic activities of PKM2 in podocyte. These findings demonstrated that PKM2 structure and enzymatic activation in podocytes can preserve entire glomerular mitochondrial function against toxicity of hyperglycemia via paracrine factors such as VEGF and prevent DN progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Fu
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Takanori Shinjo
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Qian Li
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Ronald St-Louis
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Kyoungmin Park
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Marc G Yu
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Hisashi Yokomizo
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Fabricio Simao
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Qian Huang
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - I-Hsien Wu
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - George L King
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
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52
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Clark AR, Marshall J, Zhou Y, Montesinos MS, Chen H, Nguyen L, Chen F, Greka A. Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveal Disrupted Kidney Filter Cell-Cell Interactions after Early and Selective Podocyte Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:281-294. [PMID: 34861215 PMCID: PMC8892500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The health of the kidney filtration barrier requires communication among podocytes, endothelial cells, and mesangial cells. Disruption of these cell-cell interactions is thought to contribute to disease progression in chronic kidney diseases (CKDs). Podocyte ablation via doxycycline-inducible deletion of an essential endogenous molecule, CTCF [inducible podocyte-specific CTCF deletion (iCTCFpod-/-)], is sufficient to drive progressive CKD. However, the earliest events connecting podocyte injury to disrupted intercellular communication within the kidney filter remain unclear. Single-cell RNA sequencing of kidney tissue from iCTCFpod-/- mice after 1 week of doxycycline induction was performed to generate a map of the earliest transcriptional effects of podocyte injury on cell-cell interactions at single-cell resolution. A subset of podocytes had the earliest signs of injury due to disrupted gene programs for cytoskeletal regulation and mitochondrial function. Surviving podocytes up-regulated collagen type IV ɑ5, causing reactive changes in integrin expression in endothelial populations and mesangial cells. Intercellular interaction analysis revealed several receptor-ligand-target gene programs as drivers of endothelial cell injury and abnormal matrix deposition. This analysis reveals the earliest disruptive changes within the kidney filter, pointing to new, actionable targets within a therapeutic window that may allow us to maximize the success of much needed therapeutic interventions for CKDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbe R. Clark
- Kidney Disease Initiative, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jamie Marshall
- Kidney Disease Initiative, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yiming Zhou
- Kidney Disease Initiative, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Monica S. Montesinos
- Kidney Disease Initiative, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Haiqi Chen
- Kidney Disease Initiative, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Lan Nguyen
- Kidney Disease Initiative, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Fei Chen
- Kidney Disease Initiative, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Anna Greka
- Kidney Disease Initiative, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Address correspondence to Anna Greka, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institute of Medicine, Blackfan Circle, 5th Floor, Boston, MA 02115.
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53
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Audzeyenka I, Bierżyńska A, Lay AC. Podocyte Bioenergetics in the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy: The Role of Mitochondria. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6429716. [PMID: 34791124 PMCID: PMC8660556 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of kidney failure, with an increasing incidence worldwide. Mitochondrial dysfunction is known to occur in DN and has been implicated in the underlying pathogenesis of disease. These complex organelles have an array of important cellular functions and involvement in signaling pathways, and understanding the intricacies of these responses in health, as well as how they are damaged in disease, is likely to highlight novel therapeutic avenues. A key cell type damaged early in DN is the podocyte, and increasing studies have focused on investigating the role of mitochondria in podocyte injury. This review will summarize what is known about podocyte mitochondrial dynamics in DN, with a particular focus on bioenergetic pathways, highlighting key studies in this field and potential opportunities to target, enhance or protect podocyte mitochondrial function in the treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Audzeyenka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Correspondence: Irena Audzeyenka, PhD, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wita Stwosza St. 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Bierżyńska
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Abigail C Lay
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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54
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Lipidomic approaches to dissect dysregulated lipid metabolism in kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:38-55. [PMID: 34616096 PMCID: PMC9146017 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dyslipidaemia is a hallmark of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The severity of dyslipidaemia not only correlates with CKD stage but is also associated with CKD-associated cardiovascular disease and mortality. Understanding how lipids are dysregulated in CKD is, however, challenging owing to the incredible diversity of lipid structures. CKD-associated dyslipidaemia occurs as a consequence of complex interactions between genetic, environmental and kidney-specific factors, which to understand, requires an appreciation of perturbations in the underlying network of genes, proteins and lipids. Modern lipidomic technologies attempt to systematically identify and quantify lipid species from biological systems. The rapid development of a variety of analytical platforms based on mass spectrometry has enabled the identification of complex lipids at great precision and depth. Insights from lipidomics studies to date suggest that the overall architecture of free fatty acid partitioning between fatty acid oxidation and complex lipid fatty acid composition is an important driver of CKD progression. Available evidence suggests that CKD progression is associated with metabolic inflexibility, reflecting a diminished capacity to utilize free fatty acids through β-oxidation, and resulting in the diversion of accumulating fatty acids to complex lipids such as triglycerides. This effect is reversed with interventions that improve kidney health, suggesting that targeting of lipid abnormalities could be beneficial in preventing CKD progression.
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Piret SE, Attallah AA, Gu X, Guo Y, Gujarati NA, Henein J, Zollman A, Hato T, Ma'ayan A, Revelo MP, Dickman KG, Chen CH, Shun CT, Rosenquist TA, He JC, Mallipattu SK. Loss of proximal tubular transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 15 exacerbates kidney injury through loss of fatty acid oxidation. Kidney Int 2021; 100:1250-1267. [PMID: 34634362 PMCID: PMC8608748 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Loss of fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) in the proximal tubule is a critical mediator of acute kidney injury and eventual fibrosis. However, transcriptional mediators of FAO in proximal tubule injury remain understudied. Krüppel-like factor 15 (KLF15), a highly enriched zinc-finger transcription factor in the proximal tubule, was significantly reduced in proximal tubule cells after aristolochic acid I (AAI) treatment, a proximal tubule-specific injury model. Proximal tubule specific knockout of Klf15 exacerbated proximal tubule injury and kidney function decline compared to control mice during the active phase of AAI treatment, and after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Furthermore, along with worsening proximal tubule injury and kidney function decline, knockout mice exhibited increased kidney fibrosis as compared to control mice during the remodeling phase after AAI treatment. RNA-sequencing of kidney cortex demonstrated increased transcripts involved in immune system and integrin signaling pathways and decreased transcripts encompassing metabolic pathways, specifically FAO, and PPARα signaling, in knockout versus control mice after AAI treatment. In silico and experimental chromatin immunoprecipitation studies collectively demonstrated that KLF15 occupied the promoter region of key FAO genes, CPT1A and ACAA2, in close proximity to transcription factor PPARα binding sites. While the loss of Klf15 reduced the expression of Cpt1a and Acaa2 and led to compromised FAO, induction of KLF15 partially rescued loss of FAO in AAI-treated cells. Klf15, Ppara, Cpt1a, and Acaa2 expression was also decreased in other mouse kidney injury models. Tubulointerstitial KLF15 independently correlated with eGFR, PPARA and CPT1A appearance in expression arrays from human kidney biopsies. Thus, proximal tubule-specific loss of Klf15 exacerbates acute kidney injury and fibrosis, likely due to loss of interaction with PPARα leading to loss of FAO gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian E Piret
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Ahmed A Attallah
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Xiangchen Gu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Department of Nephrology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqing Guo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Nehaben A Gujarati
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Justina Henein
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Amy Zollman
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Takashi Hato
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Avi Ma'ayan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Monica P Revelo
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kathleen G Dickman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Chung-Hsin Chen
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Tung Shun
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thomas A Rosenquist
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - John C He
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sandeep K Mallipattu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Renal Division, Northport VA Medical Center, Northport, New York, USA.
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56
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Metabolic Reprogramming in Kidney Diseases: Evidence and Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Nephrol 2021; 2021:5497346. [PMID: 34733559 PMCID: PMC8560294 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5497346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming originally referred to the ability of cancer cells to metabolically adapt to changes in environmental conditions to meet both energy consumption and proliferation requirements. According to recent studies, renal cells are also capable of reprogramming their metabolism after kidney injury, and these cells undergo different kinds of metabolic reprogramming in different kidney diseases. Metabolic reprogramming also plays a role in the progression and prognosis of kidney diseases. Therefore, metabolic reprogramming is not only a prominent feature but also an important contributor to the pathophysiology of kidney diseases. Here, we briefly review kidney diseases and metabolic reprogramming and discuss new ways to treat kidney diseases.
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57
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Primary coenzyme Q10 nephropathy, a potentially treatable form of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2021; 36:3515-3527. [PMID: 33479824 PMCID: PMC8295399 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-020-04914-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) is a genetically heterogeneous kidney disease that is the second most frequent cause of kidney failure in the first 2 decades of life. Despite the identification of mutations in more than 39 genes as causing SRNS, and the localization of its pathogenesis to glomerular podocytes, the disease mechanisms of SRNS remain poorly understood and no universally safe and effective therapy exists to treat patients with this condition. Recently, genetic research has identified a subgroup of SRNS patients whose kidney pathology is caused by primary coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) deficiency due to recessive mutations in genes that encode proteins in the CoQ10 biosynthesis pathway. Clinical and preclinical studies show that primary CoQ10 deficiency may be responsive to treatment with CoQ10 supplements bypassing the biosynthesis defects. Coenzyme Q10 is an essential component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, where it transports electrons from complexes I and II to complex III. Studies in yeast and mammalian model systems have recently identified the molecular functions of the individual CoQ10 biosynthesis complex proteins, validated these findings, and provided an impetus for developing therapeutic compounds to replenish CoQ10 levels in the tissues/organs and thus prevent the destruction of tissues due to mitochondrial OXPHOS deficiencies. In this review, we will summarize the clinical findings of the kidney pathophysiology of primary CoQ10 deficiencies and discuss recent advances in the development of therapies to counter CoQ10 deficiency in tissues.
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58
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Sun Y, Cui S, Hou Y, Yi F. The Updates of Podocyte Lipid Metabolism in Proteinuric Kidney Disease. KIDNEY DISEASES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 7:438-451. [PMID: 34901191 DOI: 10.1159/000518132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Podocytes, functionally specialized and terminally differentiated glomerular visceral epithelial cells, are critical for maintaining the structure and function of the glomerular filtration barrier. Podocyte injury is considered as the most important early event contributing to proteinuric kidney diseases such as obesity-related renal disease, diabetic kidney disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous nephropathy, and minimal change disease. Although considerable advances have been made in the understanding of mechanisms that trigger podocyte injury, cell-specific and effective treatments are not clinically available. SUMMARY Emerging evidence has indicated that the disorder of podocyte lipid metabolism is closely associated with various proteinuric kidney diseases. Excessive lipid accumulation in podocytes leads to cellular dysfunction which is defined as lipotoxicity, a phenomenon characterized by mitochondrial oxidative stress, actin cytoskeleton remodeling, insulin resistance, and inflammatory response that can eventually result in podocyte hypertrophy, detachment, and death. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of lipids in podocyte biological function and the regulatory mechanisms leading to podocyte lipid accumulation in proteinuric kidney disease. KEY MESSAGES Targeting podocyte lipid metabolism may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with proteinuric kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Sijia Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yunfeng Hou
- Intensive Care Unit, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Fan Yi
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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59
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Shankland SJ, Wang Y, Shaw AS, Vaughan JC, Pippin JW, Wessely O. Podocyte Aging: Why and How Getting Old Matters. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:2697-2713. [PMID: 34716239 PMCID: PMC8806106 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021050614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of healthy aging on the kidney, and how these effects intersect with superimposed diseases, are highly relevant in the context of the population's increasing longevity. Age-associated changes to podocytes, which are terminally differentiated glomerular epithelial cells, adversely affect kidney health. This review discusses the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying podocyte aging, how these mechanisms might be augmented by disease in the aged kidney, and approaches to mitigate progressive damage to podocytes. Furthermore, we address how biologic pathways such as those associated with cellular growth confound aging in humans and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J. Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Yuliang Wang
- Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Andrey S. Shaw
- Department of Research Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Joshua C. Vaughan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jeffrey W. Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Oliver Wessely
- Lerner Research Institute, Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
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60
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Ahmad AA, Draves SO, Rosca M. Mitochondria in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112945. [PMID: 34831168 PMCID: PMC8616075 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD) in the USA. The pathogenesis of DKD is multifactorial and involves activation of multiple signaling pathways with merging outcomes including thickening of the basement membrane, podocyte loss, mesangial expansion, tubular atrophy, and interstitial inflammation and fibrosis. The glomerulo-tubular balance and tubule-glomerular feedback support an increased glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption, with the latter relying heavily on ATP and increasing the energy demand. There is evidence that alterations in mitochondrial bioenergetics in kidney cells lead to these pathologic changes and contribute to the progression of DKD towards ESRD. This review will focus on the dialogue between alterations in bioenergetics in glomerular and tubular cells and its role in the development of DKD. Alterations in energy substrate selection, electron transport chain, ATP generation, oxidative stress, redox status, protein posttranslational modifications, mitochondrial dynamics, and quality control will be discussed. Understanding the role of bioenergetics in the progression of diabetic DKD may provide novel therapeutic approaches to delay its progression to ESRD.
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61
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Zhang X, Agborbesong E, Li X. The Role of Mitochondria in Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease and Its Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011253. [PMID: 34681922 PMCID: PMC8537003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are heterogeneous and highly dynamic organelles, playing critical roles in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, metabolic modulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and cell differentiation and death. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been recognized as a contributor in many diseases. The kidney is an organ enriched in mitochondria and with high energy demand in the human body. Recent studies have been focusing on how mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of different forms of kidney diseases, including acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). AKI has been linked to an increased risk of developing CKD. AKI and CKD have a broad clinical syndrome and a substantial impact on morbidity and mortality, encompassing various etiologies and representing important challenges for global public health. Renal mitochondrial disorders are a common feature of diverse forms of AKI and CKD, which result from defects in mitochondrial structure, dynamics, and biogenesis as well as crosstalk of mitochondria with other organelles. Persistent dysregulation of mitochondrial homeostasis in AKI and CKD affects diverse cellular pathways, leading to an increase in renal microvascular loss, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and eventually renal failure. It is important to understand the cellular and molecular events that govern mitochondria functions and pathophysiology in AKI and CKD, which should facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies. This review provides an overview of the molecular insights of the mitochondria and the specific pathogenic mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in the progression of AKI, CKD, and AKI to CKD transition. We also discuss the possible beneficial effects of mitochondrial-targeted therapeutic agents for the treatment of mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated AKI and CKD, which may translate into therapeutic options to ameliorate renal injury and delay the progression of these kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (X.Z.); (E.A.)
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ewud Agborbesong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (X.Z.); (E.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (X.Z.); (E.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +507-266-0110
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62
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Galvan DL, Mise K, Danesh FR. Mitochondrial Regulation of Diabetic Kidney Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:745279. [PMID: 34646847 PMCID: PMC8502854 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.745279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role and nature of mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has been extensively studied. Yet, the molecular drivers of mitochondrial remodeling in DKD are poorly understood. Diabetic kidney cells exhibit a cascade of mitochondrial dysfunction ranging from changes in mitochondrial morphology to significant alterations in mitochondrial biogenesis, biosynthetic, bioenergetics and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). How these changes individually or in aggregate contribute to progression of DKD remain to be fully elucidated. Nevertheless, because of the remarkable progress in our basic understanding of the role of mitochondrial biology and its dysfunction in DKD, there is great excitement on future targeted therapies based on improving mitochondrial function in DKD. This review will highlight the latest advances in understanding the nature of mitochondria dysfunction and its role in progression of DKD, and the development of mitochondrial targets that could be potentially used to prevent its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Galvan
- Section of Nephrology, The University of Texas at MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Koki Mise
- Section of Nephrology, The University of Texas at MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Farhad R Danesh
- Section of Nephrology, The University of Texas at MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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63
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Audzeyenka I, Rachubik P, Typiak M, Kulesza T, Topolewska A, Rogacka D, Angielski S, Saleem MA, Piwkowska A. Hyperglycemia alters mitochondrial respiration efficiency and mitophagy in human podocytes. Exp Cell Res 2021; 407:112758. [PMID: 34437881 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Podocytes constitute the outer layer of the renal glomerular filtration barrier. Their energy requirements strongly depend on efficient oxidative respiration, which is tightly connected with mitochondrial dynamics. We hypothesized that hyperglycemia modulates energy metabolism in glomeruli and podocytes and contributes to the development of diabetic kidney disease. We found that oxygen consumption rates were severely reduced in glomeruli from diabetic rats and in human podocytes that were cultured in high glucose concentration (30 mM; HG). In these models, all of the mitochondrial respiratory parameters, including basal and maximal respiration, ATP production, and spare respiratory capacity, were significantly decreased. Podocytes that were treated with HG showed a fragmented mitochondrial network, together with a decrease in expression of the mitochondrial fusion markers MFN1, MFN2, and OPA1, and an increase in the activity of the fission marker DRP1. We showed that markers of mitochondrial biogenesis, such as PGC-1α and TFAM, decreased in HG-treated podocytes. Moreover, PINK1/parkin-dependent mitophagy was inhibited in these cells. These results provide evidence that hyperglycemia impairs mitochondrial dynamics and turnover, which may underlie the remarkable deterioration of mitochondrial respiration parameters in glomeruli and podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Audzeyenka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wita Stwosza St. 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza St. 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Patrycja Rachubik
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wita Stwosza St. 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marlena Typiak
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wita Stwosza St. 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kulesza
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wita Stwosza St. 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Topolewska
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wita Stwosza St. 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza St. 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dorota Rogacka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wita Stwosza St. 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza St. 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Stefan Angielski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wita Stwosza St. 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Moin A Saleem
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Agnieszka Piwkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wita Stwosza St. 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza St. 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
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64
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Li S, Ma Y, Ye S, Tang S, Liang N, Liang Y, Xiao F. Polystyrene microplastics trigger hepatocyte apoptosis and abnormal glycolytic flux via ROS-driven calcium overload. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 417:126025. [PMID: 34229379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Human health could be affected by the spread of microplastics in the food chain. Our previous research has indicated that microplastics accumulated in the liver and subsequently induce oxidative damage. However, the molecular events linking oxidative stress to calcium ion (Ca2+) signaling during microplastics stress remains elusive. The present research demonstrated that up-regulation of Orai 1 and stromal interaction molecule 1 (Stim1) expression participated in the microplastics-triggered Ca2+ overload, accompanied with the down-regulation of arcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA). However, when the protein expression of Stim1/SERCA is restored, microplastics-induced Ca2+ overload is ameliorated. Further analysis revealed that inhibiting the microplastics-induced Ca2+ overload was integral to prevent hepatocyte apoptosis and S phase arrest in the L02 hepatocyte. Simultaneously, we observed that inhibiting microplastics-evoked reactive oxygen species (ROS) could alleviate Ca2+ overload via reversing expression of store-operated Ca2+ channels (SOCs). These changes were accompanied by restoration of glycolytic flux, likely due to the regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-PGC-1α signaling. Our findings highlight the role of SOCs at microplastics-evoked ROS in Ca2+ overload, and its a crucial step in triggering hepatocyte death. Collectively, this study reveals a regulatory paradigm that links ROS with AMPK and Ca2+ signaling in microplastics-triggered hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Li
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Yu Ma
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Shuzi Ye
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Sixuan Tang
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Ningjuan Liang
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Yuehui Liang
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Fang Xiao
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China.
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Li L, Long J, Mise K, Galvan DL, Overbeek PA, Tan L, Kumar SV, Chan WK, Lorenzi PL, Chang BH, Danesh FR. PGC1α is required for the renoprotective effect of lncRNA Tug1 in vivo and links Tug1 with urea cycle metabolites. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109510. [PMID: 34380028 PMCID: PMC8369494 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
lncRNA taurine-upregulated gene 1 (Tug1) is a promising therapeutic target in the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN), but the molecular basis of its protection remains poorly understood. Here, we generate a triple-mutant diabetic mouse model coupled with metabolomic profiling data to interrogate whether Tug1 interaction with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC1α) is required for mitochondrial remodeling and progression of DN in vivo. We find that, compared with diabetic conditional deletion of Pgc1α in podocytes alone (db/db; Pgc1αPod-f/f), diabetic Pgc1α knockout combined with podocyte-specific Tug1 overexpression (db/db; TugPodTg; Pgc1αPod-f/f) reverses the protective phenotype of Tug1 overexpression, suggesting that PGC1α is required for the renoprotective effect of Tug1. Using unbiased metabolomic profiling, we find that altered urea cycle metabolites and mitochondrial arginase 2 play an important role in Tug1/PGC1α-induced mitochondrial remodeling. Our work identifies a functional role of the Tug1/PGC1α axis on mitochondrial metabolic homeostasis and urea cycle metabolites in experimental models of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Section of Nephrology, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Jianyin Long
- Section of Nephrology, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Koki Mise
- Section of Nephrology, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Daniel L Galvan
- Section of Nephrology, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paul A Overbeek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lin Tan
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shwetha V Kumar
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wai Kin Chan
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Phillip L Lorenzi
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Benny H Chang
- Section of Nephrology, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Farhad R Danesh
- Section of Nephrology, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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66
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Rogacka D. Insulin resistance in glomerular podocytes: Potential mechanisms of induction. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 710:109005. [PMID: 34371008 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glomerular podocytes are a target for the actions of insulin. Accumulating evidence indicates that exposure to nutrient overload induces insulin resistance in these cells, manifested by abolition of the stimulatory effect of insulin on glucose uptake. Numerous recent studies have investigated potential mechanisms of the induction of insulin resistance in podocytes. High glucose concentrations stimulated reactive oxygen species production through NADPH oxidase activation, decreased adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation, and reduced deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) protein levels and activity. Calcium signaling involving transient receptor potential cation channel C, member 6 (TRPC6) also was demonstrated to play an essential role in the regulation of insulin-dependent signaling and glucose uptake in podocytes. Furthermore, podocytes exposed to diabetic environment, with elevated insulin levels become insulin resistant as a result of degradation of insulin receptor (IR), resulting in attenuation of insulin signaling responsiveness. Also elevated levels of palmitic acid appear to be an important factor and contributor to podocytes insulin resistance. This review summarizes cellular and molecular alterations that contribute to the development of insulin resistance in glomerular podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Rogacka
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland; University of Gdansk, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
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67
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Typiak M, Kulesza T, Rachubik P, Rogacka D, Audzeyenka I, Angielski S, Saleem MA, Piwkowska A. Role of Klotho in Hyperglycemia: Its Levels and Effects on Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors, Glycolysis, and Glomerular Filtration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7867. [PMID: 34360633 PMCID: PMC8345972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemic conditions (HG), at early stages of diabetic nephropathy (DN), cause a decrease in podocyte numbers and an aberration of their function as key cells for glomerular plasma filtration. Klotho protein was shown to overcome some negative effects of hyperglycemia. Klotho is also a coreceptor for fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs), the signaling of which, together with a proper rate of glycolysis in podocytes, is needed for a proper function of the glomerular filtration barrier. Therefore, we measured levels of Klotho in renal tissue, serum, and urine shortly after DN induction. We investigated whether it influences levels of FGFRs, rates of glycolysis in podocytes, and albumin permeability. During hyperglycemia, the level of membrane-bound Klotho in renal tissue decreased, with an increase in the shedding of soluble Klotho, its higher presence in serum, and lower urinary excretion. The addition of Klotho increased FGFR levels, especially FGFR1/FGFR2, after their HG-induced decrease. Klotho also increased levels of glycolytic parameters of podocytes, and decreased podocytic and glomerular albumin permeability in HG. Thus, we found that the decrease in the urinary excretion of Klotho might be an early biomarker of DN and that Klotho administration may have several beneficial effects on renal function in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena Typiak
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (T.K.); (P.R.); (D.R.); (I.A.); (S.A.); (A.P.)
| | - Tomasz Kulesza
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (T.K.); (P.R.); (D.R.); (I.A.); (S.A.); (A.P.)
| | - Patrycja Rachubik
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (T.K.); (P.R.); (D.R.); (I.A.); (S.A.); (A.P.)
| | - Dorota Rogacka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (T.K.); (P.R.); (D.R.); (I.A.); (S.A.); (A.P.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Irena Audzeyenka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (T.K.); (P.R.); (D.R.); (I.A.); (S.A.); (A.P.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Stefan Angielski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (T.K.); (P.R.); (D.R.); (I.A.); (S.A.); (A.P.)
| | - Moin A. Saleem
- Bristol Renal, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK;
| | - Agnieszka Piwkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (T.K.); (P.R.); (D.R.); (I.A.); (S.A.); (A.P.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
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68
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Daehn IS, Duffield JS. The glomerular filtration barrier: a structural target for novel kidney therapies. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:770-788. [PMID: 34262140 PMCID: PMC8278373 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Loss of normal kidney function affects more than 10% of the population and contributes to morbidity and mortality. Kidney diseases are currently treated with immunosuppressive agents, antihypertensives and diuretics with partial but limited success. Most kidney disease is characterized by breakdown of the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB). Specialized podocyte cells maintain the GFB, and structure-function experiments and studies of intercellular communication between the podocytes and other GFB cells, combined with advances from genetics and genomics, have laid the groundwork for a new generation of therapies that directly intervene at the GFB. These include inhibitors of apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1), short transient receptor potential channels (TRPCs), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFLT1; also known as soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1), roundabout homologue 2 (ROBO2), endothelin receptor A, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor (suPAR) and substrate intermediates for coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). These molecular targets converge on two key components of GFB biology: mitochondrial function and the actin-myosin contractile machinery. This Review discusses therapies and developments focused on maintaining GFB integrity, and the emerging questions in this evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse S Daehn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jeremy S Duffield
- Research and Development, Prime Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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69
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Li L, Galichon P, Xiao X, Figueroa-Ramirez AC, Tamayo D, Lee JJK, Kalocsay M, Gonzalez-Sanchez D, Chancay MS, McCracken KW, Lee NN, Ichimura T, Mori Y, Valerius MT, Wilflingseder J, Lemos DR, Edelman ER, Bonventre JV. Orphan nuclear receptor COUP-TFII enhances myofibroblast glycolysis leading to kidney fibrosis. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51169. [PMID: 34031962 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrate that metabolic disturbance, such as augmented glycolysis, contributes to fibrosis. The molecular regulation of this metabolic perturbation in fibrosis, however, has been elusive. COUP-TFII (also known as NR2F2) is an important regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism. Its contribution to organ fibrosis is undefined. Here, we found increased COUP-TFII expression in myofibroblasts in human fibrotic kidneys, lungs, kidney organoids, and mouse kidneys after injury. Genetic ablation of COUP-TFII in mice resulted in attenuation of injury-induced kidney fibrosis. A non-biased proteomic study revealed the suppression of fatty acid oxidation and the enhancement of glycolysis pathways in COUP-TFII overexpressing fibroblasts. Overexpression of COUP-TFII in fibroblasts also induced production of alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and collagen 1. Knockout of COUP-TFII decreased glycolysis and collagen 1 levels in fibroblasts. Chip-qPCR revealed the binding of COUP-TFII on the promoter of PGC1α. Overexpression of COUP-TFII reduced the cellular level of PGC1α. Targeting COUP-TFII serves as a novel treatment approach for mitigating fibrosis in chronic kidney disease and potentially fibrosis in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pierre Galichon
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Xiao
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Diana Tamayo
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jake J-K Lee
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marian Kalocsay
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Maria S Chancay
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kyle W McCracken
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nathan N Lee
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Takaharu Ichimura
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yutaro Mori
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Todd Valerius
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Dario R Lemos
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elazer R Edelman
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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70
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Barutta F, Kimura S, Hase K, Bellini S, Corbetta B, Corbelli A, Fiordaliso F, Barreca A, Papotti MG, Ghiggeri GM, Salvidio G, Roccatello D, Audrito V, Deaglio S, Gambino R, Bruno S, Camussi G, Martini M, Hirsch E, Durazzo M, Ohno H, Gruden G. Protective Role of the M-Sec-Tunneling Nanotube System in Podocytes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:1114-1130. [PMID: 33722931 PMCID: PMC8259684 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020071076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Podocyte dysfunction and loss are major determinants in the development of proteinuria. FSGS is one of the most common causes of proteinuria, but the mechanisms leading to podocyte injury or conferring protection against FSGS remain poorly understood. The cytosolic protein M-Sec has been involved in the formation of tunneling nanotubes (TNTs), membrane channels that transiently connect cells and allow intercellular organelle transfer. Whether podocytes express M-Sec is unknown and the potential relevance of the M-Sec-TNT system in FSGS has not been explored. METHODS We studied the role of the M-Sec-TNT system in cultured podocytes exposed to Adriamycin and in BALB/c M-Sec knockout mice. We also assessed M-Sec expression in both kidney biopsies from patients with FSGS and in experimental FSGS (Adriamycin-induced nephropathy). RESULTS Podocytes can form TNTs in a M-Sec-dependent manner. Consistent with the notion that the M-Sec-TNT system is cytoprotective, podocytes overexpressed M-Sec in both human and experimental FSGS. Moreover, M-Sec deletion resulted in podocyte injury, with mitochondrial abnormalities and development of progressive FSGS. In vitro, M-Sec deletion abolished TNT-mediated mitochondria transfer between podocytes and altered mitochondrial bioenergetics. Re-expression of M-Sec reestablishes TNT formation and mitochondria exchange, rescued mitochondrial function, and partially reverted podocyte injury. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the M-Sec-TNT system plays an important protective role in the glomeruli by rescuing podocytes via mitochondrial horizontal transfer. M-Sec may represent a promising therapeutic target in FSGS, and evidence that podocytes can be rescued via TNT-mediated horizontal transfer may open new avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Barutta
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Shunsuke Kimura
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stefania Bellini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Corbelli
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Pharmacological Research Mario Negri, Scientific Institute for Hospitalization and Care (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Fiordaliso
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Pharmacological Research Mario Negri, Scientific Institute for Hospitalization and Care (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Gian Marco Ghiggeri
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, Gaslini Children’s Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gennaro Salvidio
- Scientific Institute for Hospitalization and Care (IRCCS), San Martino University Hospital Clinic, Genoa, Italy
| | - Dario Roccatello
- Center of Research of Immunopathology and Rare Diseases, Coordinating Center of Piemonte and Valle d’Aosta Network for Rare Diseases, S. Giovanni Bosco Hospital, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy,Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, S. Giovanni Bosco Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Deaglio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Gambino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania Bruno
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Miriam Martini
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marilena Durazzo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Gabriella Gruden
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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71
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Singh AK, Kolligundla LP, Francis J, Pasupulati AK. Detrimental effects of hypoxia on glomerular podocytes. J Physiol Biochem 2021; 77:193-203. [PMID: 33835424 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-021-00788-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor1 (HIF1) plays a pivotal role in ensuring cells adapt to low-oxygen conditions. Depletion of oxygen, a co-substrate during hydroxylation of prolyl (P402 and P564) residues of HIF1⍺, evades HIF1⍺ ubiquitination and enables its dimerization with HIF1β to mediate global transcriptional response to hypoxia. Though HIF1 is largely considered eliciting a protective role during physiological or pathological hypoxia or ischemia, elevated HIF1 during chronic hypoxia contributes to glomerular diseases' pathology and proteinuria. The glomerulus is responsible for renal permselectivity and excretion of ultra-filtrated urine. Podocytes are the glomerulus' major cell types and are instrumental for glomerular filtration, permselectivity, and glomerular basement membrane maintenance. Podocyte injury is expected to impair the efficiency of glomerular filtration and manifestation of glomerulosclerosis and proteinuria. Accumulated evidence suggests that podocytes are susceptible to various insults during chronic hypoxia, including podocyte EMT, slit-diaphragm dysfunction, foot process effacement, and cytoskeletal derangement due to accumulation of HIF1. This review discusses how hypoxia/HIF1 signaling regulates various features and function of podocytes during exposure to chronic hypoxia or inducing HIF1 by various chemical modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Lakshmi P Kolligundla
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Justus Francis
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anil K Pasupulati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.
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72
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Baschiera E, Sorrentino U, Calderan C, Desbats MA, Salviati L. The multiple roles of coenzyme Q in cellular homeostasis and their relevance for the pathogenesis of coenzyme Q deficiency. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 166:277-286. [PMID: 33667628 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a redox active lipid that plays a central role in cellular homeostasis. It was discovered more than 60 years ago because of its role as electron transporter in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Since then it has become evident that CoQ has many other functions, not directly related to bioenergetics. It is a cofactor of several mitochondrial dehydrogenases involved in the metabolism of lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides, and in sulfide detoxification. It is a powerful antioxidant and it is involved in the control of programmed cell death by modulating both apoptosis and ferroptosis. CoQ deficiency is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by the impairment of CoQ biosynthesis. CoQ deficient patients display defects in cellular bioenergetics, but also in the other pathways in which CoQ is involved. In this review we will focus on the functions of CoQ not directly related to the respiratory chain, and on how their impairment is relevant for the pathophysiology of CoQ deficiency. A better understanding of the complex set of events triggered by CoQ deficiency will allow to design novel approaches for the treatment of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Baschiera
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Women and Children's Health, University of Padova and IPR Città Della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Ugo Sorrentino
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Women and Children's Health, University of Padova and IPR Città Della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Calderan
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Women and Children's Health, University of Padova and IPR Città Della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Andrea Desbats
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Women and Children's Health, University of Padova and IPR Città Della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Leonardo Salviati
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Women and Children's Health, University of Padova and IPR Città Della Speranza, Padova, Italy.
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73
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Sidhom EH, Kim C, Kost-Alimova M, Ting MT, Keller K, Avila-Pacheco J, Watts AJ, Vernon KA, Marshall JL, Reyes-Bricio E, Racette M, Wieder N, Kleiner G, Grinkevich EJ, Chen F, Weins A, Clish CB, Shaw JL, Quinzii CM, Greka A. Targeting a Braf/Mapk pathway rescues podocyte lipid peroxidation in CoQ-deficiency kidney disease. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:141380. [PMID: 33444290 DOI: 10.1172/jci141380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations affecting mitochondrial coenzyme Q (CoQ) biosynthesis lead to kidney failure due to selective loss of podocytes, essential cells of the kidney filter. Curiously, neighboring tubular epithelial cells are spared early in disease despite higher mitochondrial content. We sought to illuminate noncanonical, cell-specific roles for CoQ, independently of the electron transport chain (ETC). Here, we demonstrate that CoQ depletion caused by Pdss2 enzyme deficiency in podocytes results in perturbations in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolism and the Braf/Mapk pathway rather than ETC dysfunction. Single-nucleus RNA-Seq from kidneys of Pdss2kd/kd mice with nephrotic syndrome and global CoQ deficiency identified a podocyte-specific perturbation of the Braf/Mapk pathway. Treatment with GDC-0879, a Braf/Mapk-targeting compound, ameliorated kidney disease in Pdss2kd/kd mice. Mechanistic studies in Pdss2-depleted podocytes revealed a previously unknown perturbation in PUFA metabolism that was confirmed in vivo. Gpx4, an enzyme that protects against PUFA-mediated lipid peroxidation, was elevated in disease and restored after GDC-0879 treatment. We demonstrate broader human disease relevance by uncovering patterns of GPX4 and Braf/Mapk pathway gene expression in tissue from patients with kidney diseases. Our studies reveal ETC-independent roles for CoQ in podocytes and point to Braf/Mapk as a candidate pathway for the treatment of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriene-Heidi Sidhom
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Choah Kim
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - May Theng Ting
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Keith Keller
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Andrew Jb Watts
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine A Vernon
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jamie L Marshall
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Matthew Racette
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicolas Wieder
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Giulio Kleiner
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Fei Chen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Astrid Weins
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clary B Clish
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jillian L Shaw
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Catarina M Quinzii
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anna Greka
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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74
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Solidified glomerulosclerosis, identified using single glomerular proteomics, predicts end-stage renal disease in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4658. [PMID: 33633132 PMCID: PMC7907371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83856-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Few histological prognostic indicators for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have been validated in diabetic patients. This biopsy-based study aimed to identify nephropathological risk factors for ESRD in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Histological features of 322 Chinese type 2 diabetic patients with biopsy-confirmed diabetic nephropathy (DN) were retrospectively analysed. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) for ESRD. Single glomerular proteomics and immunohistochemistry were used to identify differentially expressed proteins and enriched pathways in glomeruli. During the median follow-up period of 24 months, 144 (45%) patients progressed to ESRD. In multivariable models, the Renal Pathology Society classification failed to predict ESRD, although the solidified glomerulosclerosis (score 1: HR 1.65, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-2.60; score 2: HR 2.48, 95% CI 1.40-4.37) and extracapillary hypercellularity (HR 2.68, 95% CI 1.55-4.62) were identified as independent risk factors. Additionally, single glomerular proteomics, combined with immunohistochemistry, revealed that complement C9 and apolipoprotein E were highly expressed in solidified glomerulosclerosis. Therefore, solidified glomerulosclerosis and extracapillary hypercellularity predict diabetic ESRD in Chinese patients. Single glomerular proteomics identified solidified glomerulosclerosis as a unique pathological change that may be associated with complement overactivation and abnormal lipid metabolism.
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75
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Wang S, Yang Y, He X, Yang L, Wang J, Xia S, Liu D, Liu S, Yang L, Liu W, Duan H. Cdk5-Mediated Phosphorylation of Sirt1 Contributes to Podocyte Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Diabetic Nephropathy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:171-190. [PMID: 32660255 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to podocyte injury, which is the leading cause of proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy (DN). In this study, we explored the role of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) in mitochondrial dysfunction of podocytes under diabetic conditions. Results: Our results showed that the expression and activity of Cdk5 were significantly upregulated in vivo and in vitro under diabetic conditions, accompanied by the downregulation of synaptopodin and nephrin, as well as structural and functional mitochondrial dysfunction. Inhibition of Cdk5 with roscovitine or dominant-negative Cdk5 led to the attenuation of podocyte injury by upregulating synaptopodin and nephrin. The inhibition of Cdk5 also ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction by decreasing reactive oxygen species levels and cytochrome c release, while increasing adenosine triphosphate production. Sirt1, an NAD+-dependent deacetylase, was decreased in podocytes with high glucose (HG) treatment; however, its phosphorylation level at S47 was significantly upregulated. We demonstrated that HG levels cause overactive Cdk5 to phosphorylate Sirt1 at S47. Suppression of Cdk5 reduced Sirt1 phosphorylation levels and mutation of S47 to nonphosphorable alanine (S47A), significantly attenuated podocyte injury and mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic condition in vivo and in vitro. Innovation and Conclusion: Our study has demonstrated the role of Cdk5 in regulating mitochondrial function through Sirt1 phosphorylation and thus can potentially be a new therapeutic target for DN treatment. IRB number: 20190040. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 171-190.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yakun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xingyu He
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Nephrology and Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jianrong Wang
- Department of Nephrology and Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shunjie Xia
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shuxia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huijun Duan
- Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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76
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Nakamichi R, Hayashi K, Itoh H. Effects of High Glucose and Lipotoxicity on Diabetic Podocytes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010241. [PMID: 33467659 PMCID: PMC7830342 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glomerular podocytes are highly differentiated cells that cover glomerular capillaries from the outside and have a characteristic morphology with numerous foot processes. The formation of slit membranes between the foot processes serves as a final filtration barrier for urine filtration from the blood. Podocyte damage causes disruption of the slit membrane, subsequent proteinuria and finally glomerulosclerosis, which is a common pathway in various types of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In recent years, there has been an increase in diabetes, due to rapid lifestyle changes, which is the main cause of CKD. Therefore, understanding the effect of diabetic status on podocytes is of great importance to establish a strategy for preventing CKD progression. In this review, we summarize altered glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetic podocytes and also discuss the reversibility of the changes in podocyte phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaori Hayashi
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5363-3796; Fax: +81-3-3359-2745
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77
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Zhao M, Wang Y, Li L, Liu S, Wang C, Yuan Y, Yang G, Chen Y, Cheng J, Lu Y, Liu J. Mitochondrial ROS promote mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation in ischemic acute kidney injury by disrupting TFAM-mediated mtDNA maintenance. Theranostics 2021; 11:1845-1863. [PMID: 33408785 PMCID: PMC7778599 DOI: 10.7150/thno.50905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI)-induced acute kidney injury (IRI-AKI) is characterized by elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation, but the potential link among these features remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the specific role of mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) in initiating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and inflammation during IRI-AKI. Methods: The changes in renal function, mitochondrial function, and inflammation in IRI-AKI mice with or without mtROS inhibition were analyzed in vivo. The impact of mtROS on TFAM (mitochondrial transcription factor A), Lon protease, mtDNA, mitochondrial respiration, and cytokine release was analyzed in renal tubular cells in vitro. The effects of TFAM knockdown on mtDNA, mitochondrial function, and cytokine release were also analyzed in vitro. Finally, changes in TFAM and mtDNA nucleoids were measured in kidney samples from IRI-AKI mice and patients. Results: Decreasing mtROS levels attenuated renal dysfunction, mitochondrial damage, and inflammation in IRI-AKI mice. Decreasing mtROS levels also reversed the decrease in TFAM levels and mtDNA copy number that occurs in HK2 cells under oxidative stress. mtROS reduced the abundance of mitochondrial TFAM in HK2 cells by suppressing its transcription and promoting Lon-mediated TFAM degradation. Silencing of TFAM abolished the Mito-Tempo (MT)-induced rescue of mitochondrial function and cytokine release in HK2 cells under oxidative stress. Loss of TFAM and mtDNA damage were found in kidneys from IRI-AKI mice and AKI patients. Conclusion: mtROS can promote renal injury by suppressing TFAM-mediated mtDNA maintenance, resulting in decreased mitochondrial energy metabolism and increased cytokine release. TFAM defects may be a promising target for renal repair after IRI-AKI.
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78
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Zhang Z, Liang W, Luo Q, Hu H, Yang K, Hu J, Chen Z, Zhu J, Feng J, Zhu Z, Chi Q, Ding G. PFKP Activation Ameliorates Foot Process Fusion in Podocytes in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:797025. [PMID: 35095764 PMCID: PMC8794994 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.797025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycolysis dysfunction is an important pathogenesis of podocyte injury in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Foot process fusion of podocytes and increased albuminuria are markers of early DKD. Moreover, cytoskeletal remodeling has been found to be involved in the foot process fusion of podocytes. However, the connections between cytoskeletal remodeling and alterations of glycolysis in podocytes in DKD have not been clarified. METHODS mRNA sequencing of glomeruli obtained from db/db and db/m mice with albuminuria was performed to analyze the expression profiling of genes in glucose metabolism. Expressions of phosphofructokinase platelet type (PFKP) in the glomeruli of DKD patients were detected. Clotrimazole (CTZ) was used to explore the renal effects of PFKP inhibition in diabetic mice. Using Pfkp siRNA or recombinant plasmid to manipulate PFKP expression, the effects of PFKP on high glucose (HG) induced podocyte damage were assessed in vitro. The levels of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) were measured. Targeted metabolomics was performed to observe the alterations of the metabolites in glucose metabolism after HG stimulation. Furthermore, aldolase type b (Aldob) siRNA or recombinant plasmid were applied to evaluate the influence of FBP level alteration on podocytes. FBP was directly added to podocyte culture media. Db/db mice were treated with FBP to investigate its effects on their kidney. RESULTS mRNA sequencing showed that glycolysis enzyme genes were altered, characterized by upregulation of upstream genes (Hk1, and Pfkp) and down-regulation of downstream genes of glycolysis (Pkm, and Ldha). Moreover, the expression of PFKP was increased in glomeruli of DKD patients. The CTZ group presented more severe renal damage. In vitro, the Pfkp siRNA group and ALDOB overexpression group showed much more induced cytoskeletal remodeling in podocytes, while overexpression of PFKP and suppression of ALDOB in vitro rescued podocytes from cytoskeletal remodeling through regulation of FBP levels and inhibition of the RhoA/ROCK1 pathway. Furthermore, targeted metabolomics showed FBP level was significantly increased in HG group compared with the control group. Exogenous FBP addition reduced podocyte cytoskeletal remodeling and renal damage of db/db mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence that PFKP may be a potential target for podocyte injury in DN and provide a rationale for applying podocyte glycolysis enhancing agents in patients with DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongwei Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Liang, ; Guohua Ding,
| | - Qiang Luo
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongtu Hu
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Keju Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Jijia Hu
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaowei Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jili Zhu
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zijing Zhu
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingjia Chi
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Structure, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guohua Ding
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Liang, ; Guohua Ding,
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79
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Thallas-Bonke V, Tan SM, Lindblom RS, Snelson M, Granata C, Jha JC, Sourris KC, Laskowski A, Watson A, Tauc M, Rubera I, Zheng G, Shah AM, Harris DCH, Elbatreek MH, Kantharidis P, Cooper ME, Jandeleit-Dahm K, Coughlan MT. Targeted deletion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 from proximal tubules is dispensable for diabetic kidney disease development. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 36:988-997. [PMID: 33367789 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase isoform 4 (Nox4) mediates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and renal fibrosis in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) at the level of the podocyte. However, the mitochondrial localization of Nox4 and its role as a mitochondrial bioenergetic sensor has recently been reported. Whether Nox4 drives pathology in DKD within the proximal tubular compartment, which is densely packed with mitochondria, is not yet known. METHODS We generated a proximal tubular-specific Nox4 knockout mouse model by breeding Nox4flox/flox mice with mice expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 promoter. Subsets of Nox4ptKO mice and their Nox4flox/flox littermates were injected with streptozotocin (STZ) to induce diabetes. Mice were followed for 20 weeks and renal injury was assessed. RESULTS Genetic ablation of proximal tubular Nox4 (Nox4ptKO) resulted in no change in renal function and histology. Nox4ptKO mice and Nox4flox/flox littermates injected with STZ exhibited the hallmarks of DKD, including hyperfiltration, albuminuria, renal fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis. Surprisingly, diabetes-induced renal injury was not improved in Nox4ptKO STZ mice compared with Nox4flox/flox STZ mice. Although diabetes conferred ROS overproduction and increased the mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate, proximal tubular deletion of Nox4 did not normalize oxidative stress or mitochondrial bioenergetics. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results demonstrate that genetic deletion of Nox4 from the proximal tubules does not influence DKD development, indicating that Nox4 localization within this highly energetic compartment is dispensable for chronic kidney disease pathogenesis in the setting of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sih Min Tan
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Runa S Lindblom
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew Snelson
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cesare Granata
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jay Chandra Jha
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karly C Sourris
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrienne Laskowski
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Watson
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michel Tauc
- Laboratoire de Physiomédecine Moléculaire, LP2M, UMR-CNRS 7370, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Isabelle Rubera
- Laboratoire de Physiomédecine Moléculaire, LP2M, UMR-CNRS 7370, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Guoping Zheng
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ajay M Shah
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, UK
| | - David C H Harris
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mahmoud H Elbatreek
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Phillip Kantharidis
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark E Cooper
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karin Jandeleit-Dahm
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,German Diabetes Centre, Leibniz Centre for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Melinda T Coughlan
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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80
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Lassén E, Daehn IS. Molecular Mechanisms in Early Diabetic Kidney Disease: Glomerular Endothelial Cell Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249456. [PMID: 33322614 PMCID: PMC7764016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), with prevalence increasing at an alarming rate worldwide and today, there are no known cures. The pathogenesis of DKD is complex, influenced by genetics and the environment. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms that contribute to DKD risk in about one-third of diabetics are still poorly understood. The early stage of DKD is characterized by glomerular hyperfiltration, hypertrophy, podocyte injury and depletion. Recent evidence of glomerular endothelial cell injury at the early stage of DKD has been suggested to be critical in the pathological process and has highlighted the importance of glomerular intercellular crosstalk. A potential mechanism may include reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play a direct role in diabetes and its complications. In this review, we discuss different cellular sources of ROS in diabetes and a new emerging paradigm of endothelial cell dysfunction as a key event in the pathogenesis of DKD.
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81
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Lehtonen S. Metformin Protects against Podocyte Injury in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13120452. [PMID: 33321755 PMCID: PMC7764076 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin is the most commonly prescribed drug for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Its mechanisms of action have been under extensive investigation, revealing that it has multiple cellular targets, either direct or indirect ones, via which it regulates numerous cellular pathways. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), the serious complication of T2D, develops in up to 50% of the individuals with T2D. Various mechanisms contribute to the development of DKD, including hyperglycaemia, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, chronic low-grade inflammation, altered autophagic activity and insulin resistance, among others. Metformin has been shown to affect these pathways, and thus, it could slow down or prevent the progression of DKD. Despite several animal studies demonstrating the renoprotective effects of metformin, there is no concrete evidence in clinical settings. This review summarizes the renoprotective effects of metformin in experimental settings. Special emphasis is on the effects of metformin on podocytes, the glomerular epithelial cells that are central in maintaining the glomerular ultrafiltration function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Lehtonen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism and Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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82
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Fu Y, Sun Y, Wang M, Hou Y, Huang W, Zhou D, Wang Z, Yang S, Tang W, Zhen J, Li Y, Wang X, Liu M, Zhang Y, Wang B, Liu G, Yu X, Sun J, Zhang C, Yi F. Elevation of JAML Promotes Diabetic Kidney Disease by Modulating Podocyte Lipid Metabolism. Cell Metab 2020; 32:1052-1062.e8. [PMID: 33186558 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipid accumulation in podocytes is a major determinant of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and identification of potential therapeutic targets by mediating podocyte lipid metabolism has clinical importance. This study was to elucidate the role of JAML (junctional adhesion molecule-like protein) in the pathogenesis of DKD. We first confirmed the expression of JAML in podocytes and found that podocyte-specific deletion of Jaml ameliorated podocyte injury and proteinuria in two different models of diabetic mice. We further demonstrated a novel role of JAML in regulating podocyte lipid metabolism through SIRT1-mediated SREBP1 signaling. Similar results were also found in mice with adriamycin-induced nephropathy. Importantly, we observed a higher expression of JAML in glomeruli from subjects with DKD and other types of proteinuric kidney diseases, and the level of JAML was correlated with lipid accumulation and glomerular filtration rate, suggesting that JAML may be an attractive therapeutic target for proteinuric kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yu Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Mei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yunfeng Hou
- Intensive Care Unit, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Wei Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Di Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ziying Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Shuting Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Junhui Zhen
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yujia Li
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Min Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Baobao Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Guangyi Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012 China
| | - Jinpeng Sun
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Fan Yi
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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83
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Gujarati NA, Vasquez JM, Bogenhagen DF, Mallipattu SK. The complicated role of mitochondria in the podocyte. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 319:F955-F965. [PMID: 33073585 PMCID: PMC7792691 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00393.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a complex role in maintaining cellular function including ATP generation, generation of biosynthetic precursors for macromolecules, maintenance of redox homeostasis, and metabolic waste management. Although the contribution of mitochondrial function in various kidney diseases has been studied, there are still avenues that need to be explored under healthy and diseased conditions. Mitochondrial damage and dysfunction have been implicated in experimental models of podocytopathy as well as in humans with glomerular diseases resulting from podocyte dysfunction. Specifically, in the podocyte, metabolism is largely driven by oxidative phosphorylation or glycolysis depending on the metabolic needs. These metabolic needs may change drastically in the presence of podocyte injury in glomerular diseases such as diabetic kidney disease or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Here, we review the role of mitochondria in the podocyte and the factors regulating its function at baseline and in a variety of podocytopathies to identify potential targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehaben A Gujarati
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Jessica M Vasquez
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Daniel F Bogenhagen
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Sandeep K Mallipattu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
- Renal Section, Northport Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York
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84
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Schijvens AM, van de Kar NC, Bootsma-Robroeks CM, Cornelissen EA, van den Heuvel LP, Schreuder MF. Mitochondrial Disease and the Kidney With a Special Focus on CoQ 10 Deficiency. Kidney Int Rep 2020; 5:2146-2159. [PMID: 33305107 PMCID: PMC7710892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial cytopathies include a heterogeneous group of diseases that are characterized by impaired oxidative phosphorylation, leading to multi-organ involvement and progressive clinical deterioration. Most mitochondrial cytopathies that cause kidney symptoms are characterized by tubular defects, but glomerular, tubulointerstitial, and cystic diseases have also been described. Mitochondrial cytopathies can result from mitochondrial or nuclear DNA mutations. Early recognition of defects in the coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) biosynthesis is important, as patients with primary CoQ10 deficiency may be responsive to treatment with oral CoQ10 supplementation, in contrast to most mitochondrial diseases. A literature search was conducted to investigate kidney involvement in genetic mitochondrial cytopathies and to identify mitochondrial and nuclear DNA mutations involved in mitochondrial kidney disease. Furthermore, we identified all reported cases to date with a CoQ10 deficiency with glomerular involvement, including 3 patients with variable renal phenotypes in our clinic. To date, 144 patients from 95 families with a primary CoQ10 deficiency and glomerular involvement have been described based on mutations in PDSS1, PDSS2, COQ2, COQ6, and COQ8B/ADCK4. This review provides an overview of kidney involvement in genetic mitochondrial cytopathies with a special focus on CoQ10 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Schijvens
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole C. van de Kar
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte M. Bootsma-Robroeks
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A. Cornelissen
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Lambertus P. van den Heuvel
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Development and Regeneration,University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michiel F. Schreuder
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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85
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Ishii K, Kobayashi H, Taguchi K, Guan N, Li A, Tong C, Davidoff O, Tran PV, Sharma M, Chandel NS, Kapp ME, Fogo AB, Brooks CR, Haase VH. Kidney epithelial targeted mitochondrial transcription factor A deficiency results in progressive mitochondrial depletion associated with severe cystic disease. Kidney Int 2020; 99:657-670. [PMID: 33159962 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal mitochondrial function is a well-recognized feature of acute and chronic kidney diseases. To gain insight into the role of mitochondria in kidney homeostasis and pathogenesis, we targeted mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), a protein required for mitochondrial DNA replication and transcription that plays a critical part in the maintenance of mitochondrial mass and function. To examine the consequences of disrupted mitochondrial function in kidney epithelial cells, we inactivated TFAM in sine oculis-related homeobox 2-expressing kidney progenitor cells. TFAM deficiency resulted in significantly decreased mitochondrial gene expression, mitochondrial depletion, inhibition of nephron maturation and the development of severe postnatal cystic disease, which resulted in premature death. This was associated with abnormal mitochondrial morphology, a reduction in oxygen consumption and increased glycolytic flux. Furthermore, we found that TFAM expression was reduced in murine and human polycystic kidneys, which was accompanied by mitochondrial depletion. Thus, our data suggest that dysregulation of TFAM expression and mitochondrial depletion are molecular features of kidney cystic disease that may contribute to its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Ishii
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; The Vanderbilt O'Brien Kidney Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hanako Kobayashi
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; The Vanderbilt O'Brien Kidney Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Medical and Research Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kensei Taguchi
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; The Vanderbilt O'Brien Kidney Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nan Guan
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; The Vanderbilt O'Brien Kidney Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Andraia Li
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; The Vanderbilt O'Brien Kidney Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Carmen Tong
- Department Pediatric Urology, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Olena Davidoff
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; The Vanderbilt O'Brien Kidney Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Medical and Research Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Pamela V Tran
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Madhulika Sharma
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Meghan E Kapp
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Agnes B Fogo
- The Vanderbilt O'Brien Kidney Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Craig R Brooks
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; The Vanderbilt O'Brien Kidney Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Volker H Haase
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; The Vanderbilt O'Brien Kidney Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Medical and Research Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, and Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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86
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Meyer-Schwesinger C. The ins-and-outs of podocyte lipid metabolism. Kidney Int 2020; 98:1087-1090. [PMID: 33126971 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and hyperlipidemia are the most prevalent independent risk factors of ESRD, suggesting that lipid accumulation is detrimental to renal function. The origin of lipid accumulation (a common feature in podocyte injury) and its pathophysiological relevance are unknown. This commentary discusses the finding by Liu et al. that deficiency of the endoplasmic reticulum enzyme SOAT1, which metabolizes cholesterol to cholesterol esters, attenuates renal/podocyte injury in murine models of diabetes and Alport's syndrome.
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87
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Critical Role for AMPK in Metabolic Disease-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217994. [PMID: 33121167 PMCID: PMC7663488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is prevalent in 9.1% of the global population and is a significant public health problem associated with increased morbidity and mortality. CKD is associated with highly prevalent physiological and metabolic disturbances such as hypertension, obesity, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and aging, which are also risk factors for CKD pathogenesis and progression. Podocytes and proximal tubular cells of the kidney strongly express AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK plays essential roles in glucose and lipid metabolism, cell survival, growth, and inflammation. Thus, metabolic disease-induced renal diseases like obesity-related and diabetic chronic kidney disease demonstrate dysregulated AMPK in the kidney. Activating AMPK ameliorates the pathological and phenotypical features of both diseases. As a metabolic sensor, AMPK regulates active tubular transport and helps renal cells to survive low energy states. AMPK also exerts a key role in mitochondrial homeostasis and is known to regulate autophagy in mammalian cells. While the nutrient-sensing role of AMPK is critical in determining the fate of renal cells, the role of AMPK in kidney autophagy and mitochondrial quality control leading to pathology in metabolic disease-related CKD is not very clear and needs further investigation. This review highlights the crucial role of AMPK in renal cell dysfunction associated with metabolic diseases and aims to expand therapeutic strategies by understanding the molecular and cellular processes underlying CKD.
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88
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Gallo G. The bioenergetics of neuronal morphogenesis and regeneration: Frontiers beyond the mitochondrion. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 80:263-276. [PMID: 32750228 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The formation of axons and dendrites during development, and their regeneration following injury, are energy intensive processes. The underlying assembly and dynamics of the cytoskeleton, axonal transport mechanisms, and extensive signaling networks all rely on ATP and GTP consumption. Cellular ATP is generated through oxidative phosphorylation (OxP) in mitochondria, glycolysis and "regenerative" kinase systems. Recent investigations have focused on the role of the mitochondrion in axonal development and regeneration emphasizing the importance of this organelle and OxP in axon development and regeneration. In contrast, the understanding of alternative sources of ATP in neuronal morphogenesis and regeneration remains largely unexplored. This review focuses on the current state of the field of neuronal bioenergetics underlying morphogenesis and regeneration and considers the literature on the bioenergetics of non-neuronal cell motility to emphasize the potential contributions of non-mitochondrial energy sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Gallo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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89
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Lin PH, Duann P. Dyslipidemia in Kidney Disorders: Perspectives on Mitochondria Homeostasis and Therapeutic Opportunities. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1050. [PMID: 33013450 PMCID: PMC7494972 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To excrete body nitrogen waste and regulate electrolyte and fluid balance, the kidney has developed into an energy factory with only second to the heart in mitochondrial content in the body to meet the high-energy demand and regulate homeostasis. Energy supply from the renal mitochondria majorly depends on lipid metabolism, with programed enzyme systems in fatty acid β-oxidation and Krebs cycle. Renal mitochondria integrate several metabolic pathways, including AMPK/PGC-1α, PPARs, and CD36 signaling to maintain energy homeostasis for dynamic and static requirements. The pathobiology of several kidney disorders, including diabetic nephropathy, acute and chronic kidney injuries, has been primarily linked to impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics. Such homeostatic disruption in turn stimulates a pathological adaptation, with mitochondrial enzyme system reprograming possibly leading to dyslipidemia. However, this alteration, while rescuing oncotic pressure deficit secondary to albuminuria and dissipating edematous disorder, also imposes an ominous lipotoxic consequence. Reprograming of lipid metabolism in kidney injury is essential to preserve the integrity of kidney mitochondria, thereby preventing massive collateral damage including excessive autophagy and chronic inflammation. Here, we review dyslipidemia in kidney disorders and the most recent advances on targeting mitochondrial energy metabolism as a therapeutic strategy to restrict renal lipotoxicity, achieve salutary anti-edematous effects, and restore mitochondrial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hui Lin
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Pu Duann
- Research and Development, Salem Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Salem, VA, United States
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90
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Mise K, Galvan DL, Danesh FR. Shaping Up Mitochondria in Diabetic Nephropathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 1:982-992. [PMID: 34189465 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0002352020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial medicine has experienced significant progress in recent years and is expected to grow significantly in the near future, yielding many opportunities to translate novel bench discoveries into clinical medicine. Multiple lines of evidence have linked mitochondrial dysfunction to a variety of metabolic diseases, including diabetic nephropathy (DN). Mitochondrial dysfunction presumably precedes the emergence of key histologic and biochemical features of DN, which provides the rationale to explore mitochondrial fitness as a novel therapeutic target in patients with DN. Ultimately, the success of mitochondrial medicine is dependent on a better understanding of the underlying biology of mitochondrial fitness and function. To this end, recent advances in mitochondrial biology have led to new understandings of the potential effect of mitochondrial dysfunction in a myriad of human pathologies. We have proposed that molecular mechanisms that modulate mitochondrial dynamics contribute to the alterations of mitochondrial fitness and progression of DN. In this comprehensive review, we highlight the possible effects of mitochondrial dysfunction in DN, with the hope that targeting specific mitochondrial signaling pathways may lead to the development of new drugs that mitigate DN progression. We will outline potential tools to improve mitochondrial fitness in DN as a novel therapeutic strategy. These emerging views suggest that the modulation of mitochondrial fitness could serve as a key target in ameliorating progression of kidney disease in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Mise
- Section of Nephrology, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Daniel L Galvan
- Section of Nephrology, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Farhad R Danesh
- Section of Nephrology, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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91
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Yuan Q, Miao J, Yang Q, Fang L, Fang Y, Ding H, Zhou Y, Jiang L, Dai C, Zen K, Sun Q, Yang J. Role of pyruvate kinase M2-mediated metabolic reprogramming during podocyte differentiation. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:355. [PMID: 32393782 PMCID: PMC7214446 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2481-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Podocytes, a type of highly specialized epithelial cells, require substantial levels of energy to maintain glomerular integrity and function, but little is known on the regulation of podocytes’ energetics. Lack of metabolic analysis during podocyte development led us to explore the distribution of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis, the two major pathways of cell metabolism, in cultured podocytes during in vitro differentiation. Unexpectedly, we observed a stronger glycolytic profile, accompanied by an increased mitochondrial complexity in differentiated podocytes, indicating that mature podocytes boost both glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism to meet their augmented energy demands. In addition, we found a shift of predominant energy source from anaerobic glycolysis in immature podocyte to oxidative phosphorylation during the differentiation process. Furthermore, we identified a crucial metabolic regulator for podocyte development, pyruvate kinase M2. Pkm2-knockdown podocytes showed dramatic reduction of energy metabolism, resulting in defects of cell differentiation. Meanwhile, podocyte-specific Pkm2-knockout (KO) mice developed worse albuminuria and podocyte injury after adriamycin treatment. We identified mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) as a critical regulator of PKM2 during podocyte development. Pharmacological inhibition of mTOR potently abrogated PKM2 expression and disrupted cell differentiation, indicating the existence of metabolic checkpoint that need to be satisfied in order to allow podocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yuan
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, China
| | - Jiao Miao
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, China
| | - Li Fang
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, China
| | - Hao Ding
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, China
| | - Chunsun Dai
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, China
| | - Ke Zen
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, China.
| | - Junwei Yang
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 262 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, China.
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92
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Daehn IS. Mitochondria Matter: A Critical Role of ADCK4 in Stabilizing the CoQ Complex in Podocytes in Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:1167-1169. [PMID: 32381602 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020040467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ilse S Daehn
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
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93
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Widmeier E, Yu S, Nag A, Chung YW, Nakayama M, Fernández-Del-Río L, Hugo H, Schapiro D, Buerger F, Choi WI, Helmstädter M, Kim JW, Ryu JH, Lee MG, Clarke CF, Hildebrandt F, Gee HY. ADCK4 Deficiency Destabilizes the Coenzyme Q Complex, Which Is Rescued by 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid Treatment. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:1191-1211. [PMID: 32381600 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019070756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in ADCK4 (aarF domain containing kinase 4) generally manifest as steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome and induce coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) deficiency. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome resulting from ADCK4 mutations are not well understood, largely because the function of ADCK4 remains unknown. METHODS To elucidate the ADCK4's function in podocytes, we generated a podocyte-specific, Adck4-knockout mouse model and a human podocyte cell line featuring knockout of ADCK4. These knockout mice and podocytes were then treated with 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,4-diHB), a CoQ10 precursor analogue, or with a vehicle only. We also performed proteomic mass spectrometry analysis to further elucidate ADCK4's function. RESULTS Absence of Adck4 in mouse podocytes caused FSGS and albuminuria, recapitulating features of nephrotic syndrome caused by ADCK4 mutations. In vitro studies revealed that ADCK4-knockout podocytes had significantly reduced CoQ10 concentration, respiratory chain activity, and mitochondrial potential, and subsequently displayed an increase in the number of dysmorphic mitochondria. However, treatment of 3-month-old knockout mice or ADCK4-knockout cells with 2,4-diHB prevented the development of renal dysfunction and reversed mitochondrial dysfunction in podocytes. Moreover, ADCK4 interacted with mitochondrial proteins such as COQ5, as well as cytoplasmic proteins such as myosin and heat shock proteins. Thus, ADCK4 knockout decreased the COQ complex level, but overexpression of ADCK4 in ADCK4-knockout podocytes transfected with wild-type ADCK4 rescued the COQ5 level. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that ADCK4 is required for CoQ10 biosynthesis and mitochondrial function in podocytes, and suggests that ADCK4 in podocytes stabilizes proteins in complex Q in podocytes. Our study also suggests a potential treatment strategy for nephrotic syndrome resulting from ADCK4 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Widmeier
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Seyoung Yu
- Departments of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea .,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Anish Nag
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Youn Wook Chung
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Makiko Nakayama
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lucía Fernández-Del-Río
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hannah Hugo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Schapiro
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Florian Buerger
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Won-Il Choi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martin Helmstädter
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jae-Woo Kim
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Hwan Ryu
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Goo Lee
- Departments of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Catherine F Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Heon Yung Gee
- Departments of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea .,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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94
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Audzeyenka I, Rachubik P, Rogacka D, Typiak M, Kulesza T, Angielski S, Rychłowski M, Wysocka M, Gruba N, Lesner A, Saleem MA, Piwkowska A. Cathepsin C is a novel mediator of podocyte and renal injury induced by hyperglycemia. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118723. [PMID: 32302668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests a role of proteolytic enzymes in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Cathepsin C (CatC) is a well-known regulator of inflammatory responses, but its involvement in podocyte and renal injury remains obscure. We used Zucker rats, a genetic model of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance, to determine the presence, quantity, and activity of CatC in the urine. In addition to the animal study, we used two cellular models, immortalized human podocytes and primary rat podocytes, to determine mRNA and protein expression levels via RT-PCR, Western blot, and confocal microscopy, and to evaluate CatC activity. The role of CatC was analyzed in CatC-depleted podocytes using siRNA and glycolytic flux parameters were obtained from extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) measurements. In functional analyses, podocyte and glomerular permeability to albumin was determined. We found that podocytes express and secrete CatC, and a hyperglycemic environment increases CatC levels and activity. Both high glucose and non-specific activator of CatC phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) diminished nephrin, cofilin, and GLUT4 levels and induced cytoskeletal rearrangements, increasing albumin permeability in podocytes. These negative effects were completely reversed in CatC-depleted podocytes. Moreover, PMA, but not high glucose, increased glycolytic flux in podocytes. Finally, we demonstrated that CatC expression and activity are increased in the urine of diabetic Zucker rats. We propose a novel mechanism of podocyte injury in diabetes, providing deeper insight into the role of CatC in podocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Audzeyenka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Patrycja Rachubik
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dorota Rogacka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marlena Typiak
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kulesza
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Stefan Angielski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michał Rychłowski
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk - Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | | | | | - Adam Lesner
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Moin A Saleem
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Agnieszka Piwkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Poland
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95
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McCrimmon A, Domondon M, Sultanova RF, Ilatovskaya DV, Stadler K. Comprehensive assessment of mitochondrial respiratory function in freshly isolated nephron segments. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F1237-F1245. [PMID: 32223308 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00031.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in mitochondrial function are central to many forms of kidney disease, including acute injury, diabetic nephropathy, hypertension, and chronic kidney diseases. As such, there is an increasing need for reliable and fast methods for assessing mitochondrial respiratory function in renal cells. Despite being indispensable for many mechanistic studies, cultured cells or isolated mitochondria, however, often do not recapitulate in vivo or close to in vivo situations. Cultured and/or immortalized cells often change their bioenergetic profile and phenotype compared with in vivo or ex vivo situations, and isolated mitochondria are simply removed from their cellular milieu. This is especially important for extremely complex organs such as the kidney. Here, we report the development and validation of a new approach for the rapid assessment of mitochondrial oxygen consumption on freshly isolated glomeruli or proximal tubular fragments using Agilent SeaHorse XFe24 and XF96 Extracellular Flux Analyzers. We validated the technique in several healthy and diseased rodent models: the C57BL/6J mouse, the diabetic db/db mouse and matching db/+ control mouse, and the Dahl salt-sensitive rat. We compared the data to respiration from isolated mitochondria. The method can be adapted and used for the rapid assessment of mitochondrial oxygen consumption from any rodent model of the investigator's choice. The isolation methods presented here ensure viable and functional proximal tubular fragments and glomeruli, with a preserved cellular environment for studying mitochondrial function within the context of their surroundings and interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison McCrimmon
- Oxidative Stress and Disease Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Mark Domondon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Regina F Sultanova
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Daria V Ilatovskaya
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Krisztian Stadler
- Oxidative Stress and Disease Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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96
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Fontecha-Barriuso M, Martin-Sanchez D, Martinez-Moreno JM, Monsalve M, Ramos AM, Sanchez-Niño MD, Ruiz-Ortega M, Ortiz A, Sanz AB. The Role of PGC-1α and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Kidney Diseases. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020347. [PMID: 32102312 PMCID: PMC7072614 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the fastest growing causes of death worldwide, emphasizing the need to develop novel therapeutic approaches. CKD predisposes to acute kidney injury (AKI) and AKI favors CKD progression. Mitochondrial derangements are common features of both AKI and CKD and mitochondria-targeting therapies are under study as nephroprotective agents. PGC-1α is a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and an attractive therapeutic target. Low PGC-1α levels and decreased transcription of its gene targets have been observed in both preclinical AKI (nephrotoxic, endotoxemia, and ischemia-reperfusion) and in experimental and human CKD, most notably diabetic nephropathy. In mice, PGC-1α deficiency was associated with subclinical CKD and predisposition to AKI while PGC-1α overexpression in tubular cells protected from AKI of diverse causes. Several therapeutic strategies may increase kidney PGC-1α activity and have been successfully tested in animal models. These include AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators, phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, and anti-TWEAK antibodies. In conclusion, low PGC-1α activity appears to be a common feature of AKI and CKD and recent characterization of nephroprotective approaches that increase PGC-1α activity may pave the way for nephroprotective strategies potentially effective in both AKI and CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Fontecha-Barriuso
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.-B.); (D.M.-S.); (J.M.M.-M.); (A.M.R.); (M.D.S.-N.); (M.R.-O.); (A.O.)
- REDINREN, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Martin-Sanchez
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.-B.); (D.M.-S.); (J.M.M.-M.); (A.M.R.); (M.D.S.-N.); (M.R.-O.); (A.O.)
- REDINREN, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Manuel Martinez-Moreno
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.-B.); (D.M.-S.); (J.M.M.-M.); (A.M.R.); (M.D.S.-N.); (M.R.-O.); (A.O.)
| | - Maria Monsalve
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Adrian Mario Ramos
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.-B.); (D.M.-S.); (J.M.M.-M.); (A.M.R.); (M.D.S.-N.); (M.R.-O.); (A.O.)
- REDINREN, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.-B.); (D.M.-S.); (J.M.M.-M.); (A.M.R.); (M.D.S.-N.); (M.R.-O.); (A.O.)
- REDINREN, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.-B.); (D.M.-S.); (J.M.M.-M.); (A.M.R.); (M.D.S.-N.); (M.R.-O.); (A.O.)
- REDINREN, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- School of Medicine, UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.-B.); (D.M.-S.); (J.M.M.-M.); (A.M.R.); (M.D.S.-N.); (M.R.-O.); (A.O.)
- REDINREN, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- School of Medicine, UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- IRSIN, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Belen Sanz
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.F.-B.); (D.M.-S.); (J.M.M.-M.); (A.M.R.); (M.D.S.-N.); (M.R.-O.); (A.O.)
- REDINREN, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-550-48-00
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97
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Domondon M, Nikiforova AB, DeLeon-Pennell KY, Ilatovskaya DV. Regulation of mitochondria function by natriuretic peptides. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1164-F1168. [PMID: 31509010 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00384.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natriuretic peptides (NPs) are well known to promote renal Na+ excretion, counteracting the effects of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Thus, NPs serve as a key component in the maintenance of blood pressure, influencing fluid retention capabilities via osmoregulation. Recently, NPs have been shown to affect lipolysis and enhance lipid oxidation and mitochondrial respiration. Here, we provide an overview of current knowledge about the relationship between NPs and mitochondria-mediated processes such as reactive oxygen species production, Ca2+ signaling, and apoptosis. Establishing a clear physiological and mechanistic connection between NPs and mitochondria in the cardiovascular system will open new avenues of research aimed at understanding and potentially using it as a therapeutic target from a completely new angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Domondon
- Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Anna B Nikiforova
- Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Kristine Y DeLeon-Pennell
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Daria V Ilatovskaya
- Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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98
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Torban E, Braun F, Wanner N, Takano T, Goodyer PR, Lennon R, Ronco P, Cybulsky AV, Huber TB. From podocyte biology to novel cures for glomerular disease. Kidney Int 2019; 96:850-861. [PMID: 31420194 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The podocyte is a key component of the glomerular filtration barrier. Podocyte dysfunction is central to the underlying pathophysiology of many common glomerular diseases, including diabetic nephropathy, glomerulonephritis and genetic forms of nephrotic syndrome. Collectively, these conditions affect millions of people worldwide, and account for the majority of kidney diseases requiring dialysis and transplantation. The 12th International Podocyte Conference was held in Montreal, Canada from May 30 to June 2, 2018. The primary aim of this conference was to bring together nephrologists, clinician scientists, basic scientists and their trainees from all over the world to present their research and to establish networks with the common goal of developing new therapies for glomerular diseases based on the latest advances in podocyte biology. This review briefly highlights recent advances made in understanding podocyte structure and metabolism, experimental systems in which to study podocytes and glomerular disease, disease mediators, genetic and immune origins of glomerulopathies, and the development of novel therapeutic agents to protect podocyte and glomerular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Torban
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Fabian Braun
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Wanner
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tomoko Takano
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul R Goodyer
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rachel Lennon
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Pierre Ronco
- Sorbonne University, INSERM UMR_S 1155, and Nephrology and Dialysis Department, Hôpital Tenon, Paris France
| | - Andrey V Cybulsky
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tobias B Huber
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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