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Heruye S, Myslinski J, Zeng C, Zollman A, Makino S, Nanamatsu A, Mir Q, Janga SC, Doud EH, Eadon MT, Maier B, Hamada M, Tran TM, Dagher PC, Hato T. Inflammation primes the kidney for recovery by activating AZIN1 A-to-I editing. bioRxiv 2023:2023.11.09.566426. [PMID: 37986799 PMCID: PMC10659426 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.09.566426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The progression of kidney disease varies among individuals, but a general methodology to quantify disease timelines is lacking. Particularly challenging is the task of determining the potential for recovery from acute kidney injury following various insults. Here, we report that quantitation of post-transcriptional adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing offers a distinct genome-wide signature, enabling the delineation of disease trajectories in the kidney. A well-defined murine model of endotoxemia permitted the identification of the origin and extent of A-to-I editing, along with temporally discrete signatures of double-stranded RNA stress and Adenosine Deaminase isoform switching. We found that A-to-I editing of Antizyme Inhibitor 1 (AZIN1), a positive regulator of polyamine biosynthesis, serves as a particularly useful temporal landmark during endotoxemia. Our data indicate that AZIN1 A-to-I editing, triggered by preceding inflammation, primes the kidney and activates endogenous recovery mechanisms. By comparing genetically modified human cell lines and mice locked in either A-to-I edited or uneditable states, we uncovered that AZIN1 A-to-I editing not only enhances polyamine biosynthesis but also engages glycolysis and nicotinamide biosynthesis to drive the recovery phenotype. Our findings implicate that quantifying AZIN1 A-to-I editing could potentially identify individuals who have transitioned to an endogenous recovery phase. This phase would reflect their past inflammation and indicate their potential for future recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Segewkal Heruye
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Jered Myslinski
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Chao Zeng
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo
| | - Amy Zollman
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Shinichi Makino
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Azuma Nanamatsu
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Quoseena Mir
- Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University
| | | | - Emma H Doud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Michael T Eadon
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Bernhard Maier
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Michiaki Hamada
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo
- AIST-Waseda University Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo
| | - Tuan M Tran
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine
- Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis
| | - Pierre C Dagher
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Takashi Hato
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine
- Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine
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2
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Kidwell A, Yadav SPS, Maier B, Zollman A, Ni K, Halim A, Janosevic D, Myslinski J, Syed F, Zeng L, Waffo AB, Banno K, Xuei X, Doud EH, Dagher PC, Hato T. Translation Rescue by Targeting Ppp1r15a through Its Upstream Open Reading Frame in Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in a Murine Model. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:220-240. [PMID: 36283811 PMCID: PMC10103092 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2022060644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Translation shutdown is a hallmark of late-phase, sepsis-induced kidney injury. Methods for controlling protein synthesis in the kidney are limited. Reversing translation shutdown requires dephosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) subunit eIF2 α ; this is mediated by a key regulatory molecule, protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 15A (Ppp1r15a), also known as GADD34. METHODS To study protein synthesis in the kidney in a murine endotoxemia model and investigate the feasibility of translation control in vivo by boosting the protein expression of Ppp1r15a, we combined multiple tools, including ribosome profiling (Ribo-seq), proteomics, polyribosome profiling, and antisense oligonucleotides, and a newly generated Ppp1r15a knock-in mouse model and multiple mutant cell lines. RESULTS We report that translation shutdown in established sepsis-induced kidney injury is brought about by excessive eIF2 α phosphorylation and sustained by blunted expression of the counter-regulatory phosphatase Ppp1r15a. We determined the blunted Ppp1r15a expression persists because of the presence of an upstream open reading frame (uORF). Overcoming this barrier with genetic and antisense oligonucleotide approaches enabled the overexpression of Ppp1r15a, which salvaged translation and improved kidney function in an endotoxemia model. Loss of this uORF also had broad effects on the composition and phosphorylation status of the immunopeptidome-peptides associated with the MHC-that extended beyond the eIF2 α axis. CONCLUSIONS We found Ppp1r15a is translationally repressed during late-phase sepsis because of the existence of an uORF, which is a prime therapeutic candidate for this strategic rescue of translation in late-phase sepsis. The ability to accurately control translation dynamics during sepsis may offer new paths for the development of therapies at codon-level precision. PODCAST This article contains a podcast at.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Kidwell
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Bernhard Maier
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Amy Zollman
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kevin Ni
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Arvin Halim
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Danielle Janosevic
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jered Myslinski
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Farooq Syed
- Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B. Wells Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lifan Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Alain Bopda Waffo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kimihiko Banno
- Department of Physiology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Xiaoling Xuei
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Emma H. Doud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Pierre C. Dagher
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Takashi Hato
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
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3
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Piret SE, Attallah AA, Gu X, Guo Y, Gujarati NA, Henein J, Zollman A, Hato T, Ma'ayan A, Revelo MP, Dickman KG, Chen CH, Shun CT, Rosenquist TA, He JC, Mallipattu SK. Loss of proximal tubular transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 15 exacerbates kidney injury through loss of fatty acid oxidation. Kidney Int 2021; 100:1250-1267. [PMID: 34634362 PMCID: PMC8608748 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Loss of fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) in the proximal tubule is a critical mediator of acute kidney injury and eventual fibrosis. However, transcriptional mediators of FAO in proximal tubule injury remain understudied. Krüppel-like factor 15 (KLF15), a highly enriched zinc-finger transcription factor in the proximal tubule, was significantly reduced in proximal tubule cells after aristolochic acid I (AAI) treatment, a proximal tubule-specific injury model. Proximal tubule specific knockout of Klf15 exacerbated proximal tubule injury and kidney function decline compared to control mice during the active phase of AAI treatment, and after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Furthermore, along with worsening proximal tubule injury and kidney function decline, knockout mice exhibited increased kidney fibrosis as compared to control mice during the remodeling phase after AAI treatment. RNA-sequencing of kidney cortex demonstrated increased transcripts involved in immune system and integrin signaling pathways and decreased transcripts encompassing metabolic pathways, specifically FAO, and PPARα signaling, in knockout versus control mice after AAI treatment. In silico and experimental chromatin immunoprecipitation studies collectively demonstrated that KLF15 occupied the promoter region of key FAO genes, CPT1A and ACAA2, in close proximity to transcription factor PPARα binding sites. While the loss of Klf15 reduced the expression of Cpt1a and Acaa2 and led to compromised FAO, induction of KLF15 partially rescued loss of FAO in AAI-treated cells. Klf15, Ppara, Cpt1a, and Acaa2 expression was also decreased in other mouse kidney injury models. Tubulointerstitial KLF15 independently correlated with eGFR, PPARA and CPT1A appearance in expression arrays from human kidney biopsies. Thus, proximal tubule-specific loss of Klf15 exacerbates acute kidney injury and fibrosis, likely due to loss of interaction with PPARα leading to loss of FAO gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian E Piret
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Ahmed A Attallah
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Xiangchen Gu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Department of Nephrology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqing Guo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Nehaben A Gujarati
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Justina Henein
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Amy Zollman
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Takashi Hato
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Avi Ma'ayan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Monica P Revelo
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kathleen G Dickman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Chung-Hsin Chen
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Tung Shun
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thomas A Rosenquist
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - John C He
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sandeep K Mallipattu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Renal Division, Northport VA Medical Center, Northport, New York, USA.
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4
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Saxena V, Gao H, Arregui S, Zollman A, Kamocka MM, Xuei X, McGuire P, Hutchens M, Hato T, Hains DS, Schwaderer AL. Kidney intercalated cells are phagocytic and acidify internalized uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2405. [PMID: 33893305 PMCID: PMC8065053 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22672-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney intercalated cells are involved in acid-base homeostasis via vacuolar ATPase expression. Here we report six human intercalated cell subtypes, including hybrid principal-intercalated cells identified from single cell transcriptomics. Phagosome maturation is a biological process that increases in biological pathway analysis rank following exposure to uropathogenic Escherichia coli in two of the intercalated cell subtypes. Real time confocal microscopy visualization of murine renal tubules perfused with green fluorescent protein expressing Escherichia coli or pHrodo Green E. coli BioParticles demonstrates that intercalated cells actively phagocytose bacteria then acidify phagolysosomes. Additionally, intercalated cells have increased vacuolar ATPase expression following in vivo experimental UTI. Taken together, intercalated cells exhibit a transcriptional response conducive to the kidney's defense, engulf bacteria and acidify the internalized bacteria. Intercalated cells represent an epithelial cell with characteristics of professional phagocytes like macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Saxena
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Samuel Arregui
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Amy Zollman
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Malgorzata Maria Kamocka
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xiaoling Xuei
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Patrick McGuire
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael Hutchens
- Oregon Health and Science University, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Takashi Hato
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David S Hains
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrew L Schwaderer
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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5
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Janosevic D, Myslinski J, McCarthy TW, Zollman A, Syed F, Xuei X, Gao H, Liu YL, Collins KS, Cheng YH, Winfree S, El-Achkar TM, Maier B, Melo Ferreira R, Eadon MT, Hato T, Dagher PC. The orchestrated cellular and molecular responses of the kidney to endotoxin define a precise sepsis timeline. eLife 2021; 10:62270. [PMID: 33448928 PMCID: PMC7810465 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a dynamic state that progresses at variable rates and has life-threatening consequences. Staging patients along the sepsis timeline requires a thorough knowledge of the evolution of cellular and molecular events at the tissue level. Here, we investigated the kidney, an organ central to the pathophysiology of sepsis. Single-cell RNA-sequencing in a murine endotoxemia model revealed the involvement of various cell populations to be temporally organized and highly orchestrated. Endothelial and stromal cells were the first responders. At later time points, epithelial cells upregulated immune-related pathways while concomitantly downregulating physiological functions such as solute homeostasis. Sixteen hours after endotoxin, there was global cell–cell communication failure and organ shutdown. Despite this apparent organ paralysis, upstream regulatory analysis showed significant activity in pathways involved in healing and recovery. This rigorous spatial and temporal definition of murine endotoxemia will uncover precise biomarkers and targets that can help stage and treat human sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Janosevic
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Jered Myslinski
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Thomas W McCarthy
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Amy Zollman
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Farooq Syed
- Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B. Wells Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Xiaoling Xuei
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Yun-Long Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Kimberly S Collins
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Ying-Hua Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Seth Winfree
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Tarek M El-Achkar
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Roudebush Indianapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Bernhard Maier
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Ricardo Melo Ferreira
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Michael T Eadon
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Takashi Hato
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Pierre C Dagher
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Roudebush Indianapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, United States
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6
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Uchida M, Maier B, Waghwani HK, Selivanovitch E, Pay SL, Avera J, Yun EJ, Sandoval RM, Molitoris BA, Zollman A, Douglas T, Hato T. The archaeal Dps nanocage targets kidney proximal tubules via glomerular filtration. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:3941-3951. [PMID: 31424427 DOI: 10.1172/jci127511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nature exploits cage-like proteins for a variety of biological purposes, from molecular packaging and cargo delivery to catalysis. These cage-like proteins are of immense importance in nanomedicine due to their propensity to self-assemble from simple identical building blocks to highly ordered architecture and the design flexibility afforded by protein engineering. However, delivery of protein nanocages to the renal tubules remains a major challenge because of the glomerular filtration barrier, which effectively excludes conventional size nanocages. Here, we show that DNA-binding protein from starved cells (Dps) - the extremely small archaeal antioxidant nanocage - is able to cross the glomerular filtration barrier and is endocytosed by the renal proximal tubules. Using a model of endotoxemia, we present an example of the way in which proximal tubule-selective Dps nanocages can limit the degree of endotoxin-induced kidney injury. This was accomplished by amplifying the endogenous antioxidant property of Dps with addition of a dinuclear manganese cluster. Dps is the first-in-class protein cage nanoparticle that can be targeted to renal proximal tubules through glomerular filtration. In addition to its therapeutic potential, chemical and genetic engineering of Dps will offer a nanoplatform to advance our understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of glomerular filtration and tubular endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Uchida
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Bernhard Maier
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | | | - S Louise Pay
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - John Avera
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - EJun Yun
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Ruben M Sandoval
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Bruce A Molitoris
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Amy Zollman
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Takashi Hato
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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7
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Rodriguez S, Abundis C, Boccalatte F, Mehrotra P, Chiang MY, Yui MA, Wang L, Zhang H, Zollman A, Bonfim-Silva R, Kloetgen A, Palmer J, Sandusky G, Wunderlich M, Kaplan MH, Mulloy JC, Marcucci G, Aifantis I, Cardoso AA, Carlesso N. Therapeutic targeting of the E3 ubiquitin ligase SKP2 in T-ALL. Leukemia 2019; 34:1241-1252. [PMID: 31772299 PMCID: PMC7192844 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0653-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Timed degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 by the E3 ubiquitin ligase F-box protein SKP2 is critical for T-cell progression into cell cycle, coordinating proliferation and differentiation processes. SKP2 expression is regulated by mitogenic stimuli and by Notch signaling, a key pathway in T-cell development and in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL); however, it is not known whether SKP2 plays a role in the development of T-ALL. Here, we determined that SKP2 function is relevant for T-ALL leukemogenesis, whereas is dispensable for T-cell development. Targeted inhibition of SKP2 by genetic deletion or pharmacological blockade markedly inhibited proliferation of human T-ALL cells in vitro and antagonized disease in vivo in murine and xenograft leukemia models, with little effect on normal tissues. We also demonstrate a novel feed forward feedback loop by which Notch and IL-7 signaling cooperatively converge on SKP2 induction and cell cycle activation. These studies show that the Notch/SKP2/p27Kip1 pathway plays a unique role in T-ALL development and provide a proof-of-concept for the use of SKP2 as a new therapeutic target in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Rodriguez
- Beckman Research Institute, Gehr Leukemia Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.,Herman B Wells Center, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Christina Abundis
- Beckman Research Institute, Gehr Leukemia Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Francesco Boccalatte
- Department of Pathology and Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Purvi Mehrotra
- Herman B Wells Center, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Mark Y Chiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mary A Yui
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Herman B Wells Center, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Huajia Zhang
- Herman B Wells Center, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Amy Zollman
- Herman B Wells Center, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Ricardo Bonfim-Silva
- Herman B Wells Center, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Riberão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Andreas Kloetgen
- Department of Pathology and Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Joycelynne Palmer
- Beckman Research Institute, Gehr Leukemia Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - George Sandusky
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Mark Wunderlich
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Herman B Wells Center, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - James C Mulloy
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Guido Marcucci
- Beckman Research Institute, Gehr Leukemia Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Iannis Aifantis
- Department of Pathology and Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Angelo A Cardoso
- Beckman Research Institute, Gehr Leukemia Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Nadia Carlesso
- Beckman Research Institute, Gehr Leukemia Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA. .,Herman B Wells Center, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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8
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Hato T, Maier B, Syed F, Myslinski J, Zollman A, Plotkin Z, Eadon MT, Dagher PC. Bacterial sepsis triggers an antiviral response that causes translation shutdown. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:296-309. [PMID: 30507610 PMCID: PMC6307966 DOI: 10.1172/jci123284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to viral pathogens, the host upregulates antiviral genes that suppress translation of viral mRNAs. However, induction of such antiviral responses may not be exclusive to viruses, as the pathways lie at the intersection of broad inflammatory networks that can also be induced by bacterial pathogens. Using a model of Gram-negative sepsis, we show that propagation of kidney damage initiated by a bacterial origin ultimately involves antiviral responses that result in host translation shutdown. We determined that activation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-α kinase 2/eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (Eif2ak2/Eif2α) axis is the key mediator of translation initiation block in late-phase sepsis. Reversal of this axis mitigated kidney injury. Furthermore, temporal profiling of the kidney translatome revealed that multiple genes involved in formation of the initiation complex were translationally altered during bacterial sepsis. Collectively, our findings imply that translation shutdown is indifferent to the specific initiating pathogen and is an important determinant of tissue injury in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Farooq Syed
- Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center, and
| | | | | | | | | | - Pierre C. Dagher
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Roudebush Indianapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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9
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Kim YW, Sempkowski M, Soco C, Zollman A, Wang L, Branciamore S, Marcucci G, Rockne R, Rodriguez S, Carlesso N. Defective Notch Activation in Mesenchymal Cells Accelerates the Aging of the Bone Marrow Niche and Favor Hematopoietic Malignancies. Exp Hematol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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Hato T, Zollman A, Plotkin Z, El-Achkar TM, Maier BF, Pay SL, Dube S, Cabral P, Yoshimoto M, McClintick J, Dagher PC. Endotoxin Preconditioning Reprograms S1 Tubules and Macrophages to Protect the Kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 29:104-117. [PMID: 29018138 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017060624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Preconditioning with a low dose of endotoxin confers unparalleled protection against otherwise lethal models of sepsis. The mechanisms of preconditioning have been investigated extensively in isolated immune cells such as macrophages. However, the role of tissue in mediating the protective response generated by preconditioning remains unknown. Here, using the kidney as a model organ, we investigated cell type-specific responses to preconditioning. Compared with preadministration of vehicle, endotoxin preconditioning in the cecal ligation and puncture mouse model of sepsis led to significantly enhanced survival and reduced bacterial load in several organs. Furthermore, endotoxin preconditioning reduced serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines, upregulated molecular pathways involved in phagocytosis, and prevented the renal function decline and injury induced in mice by a toxic dose of endotoxin. The protective phenotype involved the clustering of macrophages around S1 segments of proximal tubules, and full renal protection required both macrophages and renal tubular cells. Using unbiased S1 transcriptomic and tissue metabolomic approaches, we identified multiple protective molecules that were operative in preconditioned animals, including molecules involved in antibacterial defense, redox balance, and tissue healing. We conclude that preconditioning reprograms macrophages and tubules to generate a protective environment, in which tissue health is preserved and immunity is controlled yet effective. Endotoxin preconditioning can thus be used as a discovery platform, and understanding the role and participation of both tissue and macrophages will help refine targeted therapies for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tarek M El-Achkar
- Departments of Medicine and.,Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Roudebush Indianapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | | | - Shataakshi Dube
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Pablo Cabral
- Miromatrix Medical Inc., Eden Prairie, Minnesota; and
| | - Momoko Yoshimoto
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Pierre C Dagher
- Departments of Medicine and .,Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Roudebush Indianapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
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11
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Wang L, Kamocka MM, Zollman A, Carlesso N. Combining Intravital Fluorescent Microscopy (IVFM) with Genetic Models to Study Engraftment Dynamics of Hematopoietic Cells to Bone Marrow Niches. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28362378 DOI: 10.3791/54253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that normal hematopoiesis is regulated by distinct microenvironmental cues in the BM, which include specialized cellular niches modulating critical hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions1,2. Indeed, a more detailed picture of the hematopoietic microenvironment is now emerging, in which the endosteal and the endothelial niches form functional units for the regulation of normal HSC and their progeny3,4,5. New studies have revealed the importance of perivascular cells, adipocytes and neuronal cells in maintaining and regulating HSC function6,7,8. Furthermore, there is evidence that cells from different lineages, i.e. myeloid and lymphoid cells, home and reside in specific niches within the BM microenvironment. However, a complete mapping of the BM microenvironment and its occupants is still in progress. Transgenic mouse strains expressing lineage specific fluorescent markers or mice genetically engineered to lack selected molecules in specific cells of the BM niche are now available. Knock-out and lineage tracking models, in combination with transplantation approaches, provide the opportunity to refine the knowledge on the role of specific "niche" cells for defined hematopoietic populations, such as HSC, B-cells, T-cells, myeloid cells and erythroid cells. This strategy can be further potentiated by merging the use of two-photon microscopy of the calvarium. By providing in vivo high resolution imaging and 3-D rendering of the BM calvarium, we can now determine precisely the location where specific hematopoietic subsets home in the BM and evaluate the kinetics of their expansion over time. Here, Lys-GFP transgenic mice (marking myeloid cells)9 and RBPJ knock-out mice (lacking canonical Notch signaling)10 are used in combination with IVFM to determine the engraftment of myeloid cells to a Notch defective BM microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Malgorzata M Kamocka
- Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Amy Zollman
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Nadia Carlesso
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine;
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12
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Wang L, Zhang H, Rodriguez S, Cao L, Parish J, Mumaw C, Zollman A, Kamoka MM, Mu J, Chen DZ, Srour EF, Chitteti BR, HogenEsch H, Tu X, Bellido TM, Boswell HS, Manshouri T, Verstovsek S, Yoder MC, Kapur R, Cardoso AA, Carlesso N. Notch-dependent repression of miR-155 in the bone marrow niche regulates hematopoiesis in an NF-κB-dependent manner. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 15:51-65. [PMID: 24996169 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The microRNA miR-155 has been implicated in regulating inflammatory responses and tumorigenesis, but its precise role in linking inflammation and cancer has remained elusive. Here, we identify a connection between miR-155 and Notch signaling in this context. Loss of Notch signaling in the bone marrow (BM) niche alters hematopoietic homeostasis and leads to lethal myeloproliferative-like disease. Mechanistically, Notch signaling represses miR-155 expression by promoting binding of RBPJ to the miR-155 promoter. Loss of Notch/RBPJ signaling upregulates miR-155 in BM endothelial cells, leading to miR-155-mediated targeting of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) inhibitor κB-Ras1, NF-κB activation, and increased proinflammatory cytokine production. Deletion of miR-155 in the stroma of RBPJ(-/-) mice prevented the development of myeloproliferative-like disease and cytokine induction. Analysis of BM from patients carrying myeloproliferative neoplasia also revealed elevated expression of miR-155. Thus, the Notch/miR-155/κB-Ras1/NF-κB axis regulates the inflammatory state of the BM niche and affects the development of myeloproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Huajia Zhang
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sonia Rodriguez
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Liyun Cao
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jonathan Parish
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Christen Mumaw
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Amy Zollman
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Malgorzata M Kamoka
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jian Mu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46556, USA
| | - Danny Z Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46556, USA
| | - Edward F Srour
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Brahmananda R Chitteti
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xiaolin Tu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Teresita M Bellido
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - H Scott Boswell
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Taghi Manshouri
- Leukemia Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Srdan Verstovsek
- Leukemia Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mervin C Yoder
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Reuben Kapur
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Angelo A Cardoso
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Nadia Carlesso
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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13
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Kamocka MM, Mu J, Liu X, Chen N, Zollman A, Sturonas-Brown B, Dunn K, Xu Z, Chen DZ, Alber MS, Rosen ED. Two-photon intravital imaging of thrombus development. J Biomed Opt 2010; 15:016020. [PMID: 20210466 PMCID: PMC2844130 DOI: 10.1117/1.3322676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Thrombus development in mouse mesenteric vessels following laser-induced injury was monitored by high-resolution, near-real-time, two-photon, intravital microscopy. In addition to the use of fluorescently tagged fibrin(ogen) and platelets, plasma was labeled with fluorescently tagged dextran. Because blood cells exclude the dextran in the single plane, blood cells appear as black silhouettes. Thus, in addition to monitoring the accumulation of platelets and fibrin in the thrombus, the protocol detects the movement and incorporation of unlabeled cells in and around it. The developing thrombus perturbs the blood flow near the thrombus surface, which affects the incorporation of platelets and blood cells into the structure. The hemodynamic effects and incorporation of blood cells lead to the development of thrombi with heterogeneous domain structures. Additionally, image processing algorithms and simulations were used to quantify structural features of developing thrombi. This analysis suggests a novel mechanism to stop the growth of developing thrombus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata M Kamocka
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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14
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Suckow MA, Zollman A, Cornelissen I, Casad M, Roahrig J, Castellino FJ, Rosen ED. Tissue distribution of fetal liver cells following in utero transplantation in mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2006; 230:860-4. [PMID: 16339751 DOI: 10.1177/153537020523001111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of hepatic stem cells in utero has been advanced as a potential clinical approach to a variety of diseases, including deficiencies of coagulation factors. Although syngeneic transplantation has met with some success, consideration needs to be given to the potential for transplanted cells to colonize nontarget tissues. Liver cells were harvested from Rosa26 embyros at embryonic age 12.5 days postconception (pc) and transplanted into the peritoneal cavity of syngeneic recipients in utero. Tissues were harvested from tissue recipients at various time points ranging from 1 to 328 days pc, and tissues were stained for beta-galactosidase to identify the existence of cells derived from Rosa26 donors. Beta-galactosidase-positive cells were found in the lung, liver, and brain as early as 20 days pc and through 328 days pc. Positive cells in these tissues existed as islands of cells that were morphologically similar to hepatocytes. In the spleen, individual beta-galactosidase-positive cells of both leukocytic and erythrocytic lineages were present, and suggest that hematopoietic cells were transferred to recipients along with hepatocytes. The lack of an inflammatory response to the beta-galactosidase-positive cells suggests that the donor cells were immunologically tolerated. In summary, the possibility that cells administered in utero may inadvertently colonize nontarget tissues suggests that clinical application of this method will need to be approached with diligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Suckow
- W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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15
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Rosen ED, Cornelissen I, Liang Z, Zollman A, Casad M, Roahrig J, Suckow M, Castellino FJ. In utero transplantation of wild-type fetal liver cells rescues factor X-deficient mice from fatal neonatal bleeding diatheses. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1:19-27. [PMID: 12871535 DOI: 10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Factor X (FX)-deficient embryos suffer partial embryonic lethality with approximately 30% of the embryos arresting at midgestation. The remaining animals survive to term but die perinatally mainly from abdominal or intracranial hemorrhage. We have rescued FX-deficient mice by transplanting fetal liver cells from FX+/+, Rosa26 fetuses into midgestation embryos derived from FX+/- heterozygous crosses. FX-/- embryos were born at the expected frequency and approximately 50% of the FX-/- neonates survived longer than 4 months. FX-/- embryos receiving saline injections that survived to term died perinatally similar to untreated FX-deficient mice. The plasma levels of FX in the rescued 16-week-old FX-/- mice were approximately 1-6% of wild-type levels. beta-Galactosidase-staining cells derived from the donor Rosa26 fetal liver cells were detected in 47% of the livers of adult mice. In addition, donor-derived cells were also recovered in the bone marrow, spleen, lung, and occasionally in the brain and testis. These results suggest that in utero cell transplantation could be an effective therapeutic strategy to treat pathologies resulting from the deficiency of hepatic-expressed factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Rosen
- W.M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.
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16
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Rosen ED, Raymond S, Zollman A, Noria F, Sandoval-Cooper M, Shulman A, Merz JL, Castellino FJ. Laser-induced noninvasive vascular injury models in mice generate platelet- and coagulation-dependent thrombi. Am J Pathol 2001; 158:1613-22. [PMID: 11337359 PMCID: PMC1891954 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64117-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A minimally invasive laser-induced injury model is described to study thrombus development in mice in vivo. The protocol involves focusing the beam of an argon-ion laser through a compound microscope on the vasculature of a mouse ear that is sufficiently thin such that blood flow can be visualized by intravital microscopy. Two distinct injury models have been established. The first involves direct laser illumination with a short, high-intensity pulse. In this case, thrombus formation is inhibited by the GPIIb/IIIa antagonist, G4120. However, the anticoagulants, hirulog, PPACK, and NapC2 have minimal effect. This indicates that thrombus development induced by this model mainly involves platelet interactions. The second model involves low-intensity laser illumination of mice injected with Rose Bengal dye to induce photochemical injury in the region of laser illumination. Thrombi generated by this latter procedure have a slower development and are inhibited by both anticoagulant and anti-platelet compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Rosen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.
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